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since humans are the only ape to engage in food processing. The cooking of food has influenced genes to the extent that, research suggests, humans cannot live without cooking. A study on 513 individuals consuming long-term raw diets found that as the percentage of their diet which was made up of raw food and/or the length they had been on a diet of raw food increased, their BMI decreased. This is despite access to many non-thermal processing, like grinding, pounding or heating to 48 °C. (118 °F). With approximately 86 billion neurons in the human brain and 60–70 kg body mass, an exclusively raw diet close to that of what extant primates have would be not viable as, when modelled, it is argued that it would require an infeasible level of more than nine hours of feeding every day. However, this is contested, with alternative modelling showing enough calories could be obtained within 5–6 hours per day. Some scientists and anthropologists point to evidence that brain size in the Homo lineage started to increase well before the advent of cooking due to increased consumption of meat and that basic food processing (slicing) accounts for the size reduction in organs related to chewing. Cornélio et al. argues that improving cooperative abilities and a varying of diet to more meat and seeds improved foraging and hunting efficiency. It is this that allowed for the brain expansion, independent of cooking which they argue came much later, a consequence from the complex cognition that developed. Yet this is still an example of a cultural shift in diet and the resulting genetic evolution. Further criticism comes from the controversy of the archaeological evidence available. Some claim there is a lack of evidence of fire control when brain sizes first started expanding. Wrangham argues that anatomical evidence around the time of the origin of
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ancestors (e.g., choosing mates, hunting, avoiding predators, cooperating, using aggression). These evolved programs contain content-rich assumptions about how the world and other people work. When ideas are passed from mind to mind, they are changed by these evolved inference systems (much like messages get changed in a game of telephone). But the changes are not usually random. Evolved programs add and subtract information, reshaping the ideas in ways that make them more "intuitive", more memorable, and more attention-grabbing. In other words, "memes" (ideas) are not precisely like genes. Genes are normally copied faithfully as they are replicated, but ideas normally are not. It's not just that ideas mutate every once in a while, like genes do. Ideas are transformed every time they are passed from mind to mind, because the sender's message is being interpreted by evolved inference systems in the receiver. It is useful for some applications to note, however, that there are ways to pass ideas which are more resilient and involve substantially less mutation, such as by mass distribution of printed media.
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learning is more efficient. For environments that have very little variability, social learning is not needed since genes can adapt fast enough to the changes that occur, and innate behaviour is able to deal with the constant environment. In fast changing environments cultural learning would not be useful because what the previous generation knew is now outdated and will provide no benefit in the changed environment, and hence individual learning is more beneficial. It is only in the moderately changing environment where cultural learning becomes useful since each generation shares a mostly similar environment but genes have insufficient time to change to changes in the environment. While other species have social learning, and thus some level of culture, only humans, some birds and chimpanzees are known to have cumulative culture. Boyd and
Richerson argue that the evolution of cumulative culture depends on observational learning and is uncommon in other species because it is ineffective when it is rare in a population. They propose that the environmental changes occurring in the
304:(1.8 million years ago), indicates that the control of fire and hence cooking occurred. At this time, the largest reductions in tooth size in the entirety of human evolution occurred, indicating that softer foods became prevalent in the diet. Also at this time was a narrowing of the pelvis indicating a smaller gut and also there is evidence that there was a loss of the ability to climb which Wrangham argues indicates the control of fire, since sleeping on the ground needs fire to ward off predators. The proposed increases in brain size from food processing will have led to a greater mental capacity for further cultural innovation in food processing which will have increased digestive efficiency further providing more energy for further gains in brain size. This positive feedback loop is argued to have led to the rapid brain size increases seen in the
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processing. Early examples of food processing include pounding, marinating and most notably cooking. Pounding meat breaks down the muscle fibres, hence taking away some of the job from the mouth, teeth and jaw. Marinating emulates the action of the stomach with high acid levels. Cooking partially breaks down food making it more easily digestible. Food enters the body effectively partly digested, and as such food processing reduces the work that the digestive system has to do. This means that there is selection for smaller digestive organs as the tissue is energetically expensive, those with smaller digestive organs can process their food but at a lower energetic cost than those with larger organs. Cooking is notable because the energy available from food increases when cooked and this also means less time is spent looking for food.
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traits to spread through a population (see above section on transmission biases). Conformist bias also helps maintain variation between groups. These two properties, rare in genetic transmission, are necessary for group selection to operate. Based on an earlier model by
Cavalli-Sforza and Feldman, Boyd and Richerson show that conformist biases are almost inevitable when traits spread through social learning, implying that group selection is common in cultural evolution. Analysis of small groups in New Guinea imply that cultural group selection might be a good explanation for slowly changing aspects of social structure, but not for rapidly changing fads. The ability of cultural evolution to maintain intergroup diversity is what allows for the study of cultural phylogenetics.
403:. A measure of prestige could be the amount of deference shown to a potential cultural model by other individuals. A "skill bias" results when individuals can directly observe different cultural models performing a learned skill and are more likely to imitate cultural models that perform better at the specific skill. A "success bias" results from individuals preferentially imitating cultural models that they determine are most generally successful (as opposed to successful at a specific skill as in the skill bias.) A "similarity bias" results when individuals are more likely to imitate cultural models that are perceived as being similar to the individual based on specific traits.
696:, is similar to DIT in that it treats culture as an evolutionary process that is distinct from genetic transmission. However, there are some philosophical differences between memetics and DIT. One difference is that memetics' focus is on the selection potential of discrete replicators (memes), where DIT allows for transmission of both non-replicators and non-discrete cultural variants. DIT does not assume that replicators are necessary for cumulative adaptive evolution. DIT also more strongly emphasizes the role of genetic inheritance in shaping the capacity for cultural evolution. But perhaps the biggest difference is a difference in academic lineage.
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from a population. This effect should be especially strong in small populations. A model by Hahn and
Bentley shows that cultural drift gives a reasonably good approximation to changes in the popularity of American baby names. Drift processes have also been suggested to explain changes in archaeological pottery and technology patent applications. Changes in the songs of song birds are also thought to arise from drift processes, where distinct dialects in different groups occur due to errors in songbird singing and acquisition by successive generations. Cultural drift is also observed in an early computer model of cultural evolution.
672:(HBE) and DIT have a similar relationship to what ecology and evolutionary biology have in the biological sciences. HBE is more concerned about ecological process and DIT more focused on historical process. One difference is that human behavioral ecologists often assume that culture is a system that produces the most adaptive outcome in a given environment. This implies that similar behavioral traditions should be found in similar environments. However, this is not always the case. A study of African cultures showed that cultural history was a better predictor of cultural traits than local ecological conditions.
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a day chewing. This frees up time which can be used for hunting. A raw diet means hunting is constrained since time spent hunting is time not spent eating and chewing plant material, but cooking reduces the time required to get the day's energy requirements, allowing for more subsistence activities. Digestibility of cooked carbohydrates is approximately on average 30% higher than digestibility of non-cooked carbohydrates. This increased energy intake, more free time and savings made on tissue used in the digestive system allowed for the selection of genes for larger brain size.
174:, including success bias (copying from those who are perceived to be better off), status bias (copying from those with higher status), homophily (copying from those most like ourselves), conformist bias (disproportionately picking up behaviors that more people are performing), etc. Understanding social learning is a system of pattern replication, and understanding that there are different rates of survival for different socially learned cultural variants, this sets up, by definition, an evolutionary structure: cultural evolution.
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510:. This book outlined a series of mathematical models of how genetic evolution might favor the selection of cultural traits and how cultural traits might, in turn, affect the speed of genetic evolution. While it was the first book published describing how genes and culture might coevolve, it had relatively little effect on the further development of DIT. Some critics felt that their models depended too heavily on genetic mechanisms at the expense of cultural mechanisms. Controversy surrounding Wilson's
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556:. This book presents the now-standard mathematical models of the evolution of social learning under different environmental conditions, the population effects of social learning, various forces of selection on cultural learning rules, different forms of biased transmission and their population-level effects, and conflicts between cultural and genetic evolution. The book's conclusion also outlined areas for future research that are still relevant today.
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591:"In many ways the most complex and potentially rewarding of all approaches, , with its multiple processes and cerebral onslaught of sigmas and deltas, may appear too abstract to all but the most enthusiastic reader. Until such a time as the theoretical hieroglyphics can be translated into a respectable empirical science most observers will remain immune to its message."
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sees DIT models as providing the best explanations for the ultimate cause of human behavior and the best paradigm for integrating those disciplines with evolutionary theory. In a review of competing evolutionary perspectives on human behavior, Laland and Brown see DIT as the best candidate for uniting the other evolutionary perspectives under one theoretical umbrella.
189:. DIT recognizes that the natural selection of genotypes is an important component of the evolution of human behavior and that cultural traits can be constrained by genetic imperatives. However, DIT also recognizes that genetic evolution has endowed the human species with a parallel evolutionary process of cultural evolution. DIT makes three main claims:
163:. Genes and culture continually interact in a feedback loop: changes in genes can lead to changes in culture which can then influence genetic selection, and vice versa. One of the theory's central claims is that culture evolves partly through a Darwinian selection process, which dual inheritance theorists often describe by analogy to genetic evolution.
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and in societies which did not develop dairying, such as East Asians and
Amerindians, this is still true today. In areas with lactase persistence, it is believed that by domesticating animals, a source of milk became available while an adult and thus strong selection for lactase persistence could occur; in a Scandinavian population, the estimated
230:, which describes the fall of birth rates within industrialized societies. Dual inheritance theorists hypothesize that the demographic transition may be a result of a prestige bias, where individuals that forgo reproduction to gain more influence in industrial societies are more likely to be chosen as cultural models.
166:'Culture', in this context, is defined as 'socially learned behavior', and 'social learning' is defined as copying behaviors observed in others or acquiring behaviors through being taught by others. Most of the modelling done in the field relies on the first dynamic (copying), though it can be extended to teaching.
223:, respectively. As another example, it is likely that once culture became adaptive, genetic selection caused a refinement of the cognitive architecture that stores and transmits cultural information. This refinement may have further influenced the way culture is stored and the biases that govern its transmission.
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mode cultural variant in the population. Another possible frequency dependent bias is the "rarity bias." The rarity bias results when individuals preferentially choose cultural variants that are less common in the population. The rarity bias is also sometimes called a "nonconformist" or "anti-conformist" bias.
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Content biases result from situations where some aspect of a cultural variant's content makes them more likely to be adopted. Content biases can result from genetic preferences, preferences determined by existing cultural traits, or a combination of the two. For example, food preferences can result
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Understanding the different ways that culture traits can be transmitted between individuals has been an important part of DIT research since the 1970s. Transmission biases occur when some cultural variants are favored over others during the process of cultural transmission. Boyd and
Richerson (1985)
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Evolutionary psychologists study the evolved architecture of the human mind. They see it as composed of many different programs that process information, each with assumptions and procedures that were specialized by natural selection to solve a different adaptive problem faced by our hunter-gatherer
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Frequency-dependent biases result when an individual is biased to choose particular cultural variants based on their perceived frequency in the population. The most explored frequency-dependent bias is the "conformity bias." Conformity biases result when individuals attempt to copy the mean or the
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in evolutionary biology. In cultural drift, the frequency of cultural traits in a population may be subject to random fluctuations due to chance variations in which traits are observed and transmitted (sometimes called "sampling error"). These fluctuations might cause cultural variants to disappear
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Humans living on cooked diets spend only a fraction of their day chewing compared to other extant primates living on raw diets. American girls and boys spent on average 7 to 8 percent of their day chewing respectively (1.68 to 1.92 hours per day), compared to chimpanzees, who spend more than 6 hours
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There is no necessary contradiction between evolutionary psychology and DIT, but evolutionary psychologists argue that the psychology implicit in many DIT models is too simple; evolved programs have a rich inferential structure not captured by the idea of a "content bias". They also argue that some
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Herb Gintis has named DIT one of the two major conceptual theories with potential for unifying the behavioral sciences, including economics, biology, anthropology, sociology, psychology and political science. Because it addresses both the genetic and cultural components of human inheritance, Gintis
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One of the best known examples is the prevalence of the genotype for adult lactose absorption in human populations, such as
Northern Europeans and some African societies, with a long history of raising cattle for milk. Until around 7,500 years ago, lactase production stopped shortly after weaning,
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In their 1985 book, Boyd and
Richerson outlined an agenda for future DIT research. This agenda, outlined below, called for the development of both theoretical models and empirical research. DIT has since built a rich tradition of theoretical models over the past two decades. However, there has not
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In DIT, the evolution of culture is dependent on the evolution of social learning. Analytic models show that social learning becomes evolutionarily beneficial when the environment changes with enough frequency that genetic inheritance can not track the changes, but not fast enough that individual
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are human cultures and cultural variation. However, Dual
Inheritance theorists charge that both disciplines too often treat culture as a static superorganic entity that dictates human behavior. Cultures are defined by a suite of common traits shared by a large group of people. DIT theorists argue
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is commonly thought to be nonexistent or unimportant in genetic evolution, DIT predicts that, due to the nature of cultural inheritance, it may be an important force in cultural evolution. Group selection occurs in cultural evolution because conformist biases make it difficult for novel cultural
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Cultural traits may be gained in a population through the process of individual learning. Once an individual learns a novel trait, it can be transmitted to other members of the population. The process of guided variation depends on an adaptive standard that determines what cultural variants are
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Despite its benefits, brain tissue requires a large amount of calories, hence a main constraint in selection for larger brains is calorie intake. A greater calorie intake can support greater quantities of brain tissue. This is argued to explain why human brains can be much larger than other apes,
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Culture has driven changes to the human digestive systems making many digestive organs, such as teeth or stomach, smaller than expected for primates of a similar size, and has been attributed to one of the reasons why humans have such large brains compared to other great apes. This is due to food
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Genes affect cultural evolution via psychological predispositions on cultural learning. Genes encode much of the information needed to form the human brain. Genes constrain the brain's structure and, hence, the ability of the brain to acquire and store culture. Genes may also endow individuals
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as a label is more influential in popular culture than in academia. Critics of memetics argue that it is lacking in empirical support or is conceptually ill-founded, and question whether there is hope for the memetic research program succeeding. Proponents point out that many cultural traits are
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that began when humans developed the cognitive architecture to understand others as mental agents. Furthermore, Tomasello proposed in the 80s that there are some disparities between the observational learning mechanisms found in humans and great apes - which go some way to explain the observable
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Context biases result from individuals using clues about the social structure of their population to determine what cultural variants to adopt. This determination is made without reference to the content of the variant. There are two major categories of context biases: model-based biases, and
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try to understand how maximizing genetic fitness, in either the modern era or past environments, can explain human behavior. When faced with a trait that seems maladaptive, some sociobiologists try to determine how the trait actually increases genetic fitness (maybe through kin selection or by
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Model-based biases result when an individual is biased to choose a particular "cultural model" to imitate. There are four major categories of model-based biases: prestige bias, skill bias, success bias, and similarity bias. A "prestige bias" results when individuals are more likely to imitate
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Differences between cultural phenomena result in differential rates of their spread; similarly, cultural differences among individuals can lead to differential survival and reproduction rates of individuals. The patterns of this selective process depend on transmission biases and can result in
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This view of culture emphasizes population thinking by focusing on the process by which culture is generated and maintained. It also views culture as a dynamic property of individuals, as opposed to a view of culture as a superorganic entity to which individuals must conform. This view's main
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techniques may also be useful for testing hypothesis stemming from DIT. Although findings from traditional ethnologic studies have been used to buttress DIT arguments, thus far there have been little ethnographic fieldwork designed to explicitly test these hypotheses.
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that this doesn't sufficiently explain variation in cultural traits at the individual level. By contrast, DIT models human culture at the individual level and views culture as the result of a dynamic evolutionary process at the population level.
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Cultural traits alter the social and physical environments under which genetic selection operates. For example, the cultural adoptions of agriculture and dairying have, in humans, caused genetic selection for the traits to digest starch and
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introduced ideas of cultural evolution to a popular audience. Although one of the best-selling science books of all time, because of its lack of mathematical rigor, it had little effect on the development of DIT. Also in 1976, geneticists
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transmitted by way of a self-assembly code (as in genetic evolution) is misleading, because this second use does not capture the algorithmic structure that makes an inheritance system require a particular kind of mathematical framework.
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Perry, George H; Dominy, Nathaniel J; Claw, Katrina G; Lee, Arthur S; Fiegler, Heike; Redon, Richard; Werner, John; Villanea, Fernando A; Mountain, Joanna L; Misra, Rajeev; Carter, Nigel P; Lee, Charles; Stone, Anne C (October 2007).
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McElreath, Richard; Lubell, Mark; Richerson, Peter J.; Waring, Timothy M.; Baum, William; Edsten, Edward; Efferson, Charles; Paciotti, Brian (November 2005). "Applying evolutionary models to the laboratory study of social learning".
603:. These behavioral economic techniques have been adapted to test predictions of cultural evolutionary models in laboratory settings as well as studying differences in cooperation in fifteen small-scale societies in the field.
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Richerson, Peter J.; Boyd, Robert (2001). "Evolutionary Theory and the Social
Sciences Increasingly a Mutual Exchange. Culture is Part of Human Biology. Why the Superorganic Concept Serves the Human Sciences Badly".
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published some of the first theoretical work that adapted principles of evolutionary theory to the evolution of cultures. In 1976, two developments in cultural evolutionary theory set the stage for DIT. In that year
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of the phenomena DIT models attribute to cultural evolution are cases of "evoked culture"—situations in which different evolved programs are activated in different places, in response to cues in the environment.
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Social learning processes give rise to cultural evolution. Cultural traits are transmitted differently from genetic traits and, therefore, result in different population-level effects on behavioral variation.
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Baum, William M.; Richerson, Peter J.; Efferson, Charles M.; Paciotti, Brian M. (September 2004). "Cultural evolution in laboratory microsocieties including traditions of rule giving and rule following".
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In DIT, the evolution and maintenance of cultures is described by five major mechanisms: natural selection of cultural variants, random variation, cultural drift, guided variation and transmission bias.
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speculating about early evolutionary environments). Dual inheritance theorists, in contrast, will consider a variety of genetic and cultural processes in addition to natural selection on genes.
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published the first dynamic models of gene–culture coevolution. These models were to form the basis for subsequent work on DIT, heralded by the publication of three seminal books in the 1980s.
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The human capacity to store and transmit culture arose from genetically evolved psychological mechanisms. This implies that at some point during the evolution of the human species a type of
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Bersaglieri, Todd; Sabeti, Pardis C.; Patterson, Nick; Vanderploeg, Trisha; Schaffner, Steve F.; Drake, Jared A.; Rhodes, Matthew; Reich, David E.; Hirschhorn, Joel N. (June 2004).
1995:
Koebnick, C.; Strassner, C.; Hoffmann, I.; Leitzmann, C. (1999). "Consequences of a Long-Term Raw Food Diet on Body Weight and
Menstruation: Results of a Questionnaire Survey".
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as “…the best nineteenth-century case for gene-culture coevolution.” The idea that human cultures undergo a similar evolutionary process as genetic evolution also goes back to
469:, accredited as a founding document of DIT; “The approach to gene-culture coevolution first developed by Engels and developed later on by anthropologists…” is described by
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Because genetic evolution is relatively well understood, most of DIT examines cultural evolution and the interactions between cultural evolution and genetic evolution.
537:, passing cultural traits from parents to offspring; oblique transmission, passing cultural traits from any member of an older generation to a younger generation; and
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Simoons, F (1970). "Primary adult lactose intolerance and the milking habit: A problem in biologic and cultural interrelations: II. A culture historical hypothesis".
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defined and analytically modeled a number of possible transmission biases. The list of biases has been refined over the years, especially by Henrich and McElreath.
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Simoons, F (1969). "Primary adult lactose intolerance and the milking habit: A problem in biologic and cultural interrelations: I. Review of the medical research".
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281:. Recently, analysis of natural selection on the human genome suggests that civilization has accelerated genetic change in humans over the past 10,000 years.
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Kerr, Benjamin; Feldman, Marcus W. (January 2003). "Carving the Cognitive Niche: Optimal Learning Strategies in Homogeneous and Heterogeneous Environments".
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Malmström, Helena; Linderholm, Anna; Lidén, Kerstin; Storå, Jan; Molnar, Petra; Holmlund, Gunilla; Jakobsson, Mattias; Götherström, Anders (December 2010).
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from genetic preferences for sugary or fatty foods and socially-learned eating practices and taboos. Content biases are sometimes called "direct biases."
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Soltis, Joseph; Boyd, Robert; Richerson, Peter J. (June 1995). "Can Group-Functional Behaviors Evolve by Cultural Group Selection?: An Empirical Test".
576:"...for some reason I haven't fully fathomed, this most promising frontier of scientific research has attracted very few people and very little effort."
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People have defined the word "culture" to describe a large set of different phenomena. A definition that sums up what is meant by "culture" in DIT is:
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DIT also predicts that, under certain situations, cultural evolution may select for traits that are genetically maladaptive. An example of this is the
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Marwick, Ben (December 2008). "Three Styles of Darwinian Evolution in the Analysis Of Stone Artefacts: Which One to Use in Mainland Southeast Asia?".
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Aiello, Leslie C.; Wheeler, Peter (1995-01-01). "The Expensive-Tissue Hypothesis: The Brain and the Digestive System in Human and Primate Evolution".
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170:, at its simplest, involves blind copying of behaviors from a model (someone observed behaving), though it is also understood to have many potential
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Zink, Katherine D.; Lieberman, Daniel E. (24 March 2016). "Impact of meat and Lower Palaeolithic food processing techniques on chewing in humans".
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Bentley, R.A., C. Lipo, H.D.G. Maschner and B. Marler 2007. Darwinian Archaeologies. In R.A. Bentley, H.D.G. Maschner & C. Chippendale (Eds.)
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Barkow, J., Cosmides, L, & Tooby, J. (1992) The Adapted Mind: Evolutionary Psychology and the Generation of Culture. Oxford University Press.
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Cornélio, Alianda M.; de Bittencourt-Navarrete, Ruben E.; de Bittencourt Brum, Ricardo; Queiroz, Claudio M.; Costa, Marcos R. (25 April 2016).
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Mcelreath, Richard (June 2004). "Social Learning and the Maintenance of Cultural Variation: An Evolutionary Model and Data from East Africa".
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Feldman, M.; Cavalli-Sforna, L. (1976). "Cultural and biological evolutionary processes, selection for a trait under complex transmission".
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Laland, K.N.; Odling-Smee, J.; Myles, S. (2010). "How culture shaped the human genome: bringing genetics and the human sciences together".
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Random variation arises from errors in the learning, display or recall of cultural information, and is roughly analogous to the process of
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Henrich, Joseph; McElreath, Richard (2012). "Dual-inheritance theory: The evolution of human cultural capacities and cultural evolution".
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Henrich, Joseph; McElreath, Richard (2012). "Dual-inheritance theory: The evolution of human cultural capacities and cultural evolution".
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Henrich, Joseph; McElreath, Richard (2012). "Dual-inheritance theory: The evolution of human cultural capacities and cultural evolution".
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may have provided the right environmental conditions. Michael Tomasello argues that cumulative cultural evolution results from a
171:
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Feldman, M; Cavalli-Sfornza, L. (1977). "The evolution of continuous variation: II, complex transmission and assortive mating".
533:, this book built a mathematical theory concerning the spread of cultural traits. It describes the evolutionary implications of
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Cavalli-Sforza, L. L.; Feldman, M. W. (1973). "Models for cultural inheritance. I. Group mean and within group variation".
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discrete, and that many existing models of cultural inheritance assume discrete cultural units, and hence involve memes.
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Richerson, P.J. and R. Boyd. 2000. Climate, culture, and the evolution of cognition. In C.M. Heyes and L. Huber, (Eds),
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Richerson, P. J.; Boyd, R. (2000). "Built for Speed: Pleistocene Climate Variation and the Origin of Human Culture".
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Sasaki, Joni Y. (2013). "Promise and Challenges Surrounding Culture–Gene Coevolution and Gene–Culture Interactions".
819:"Exploring gene–culture interactions: insights from handedness, sexual selection and niche-construction case studies"
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The Secret of Our Success: How Culture Is Driving Human Evolution, Domesticating Our Species, and Making Us Smarter
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The Secret of Our Success: How Culture Is Driving Human Evolution, Domesticating Our Species, and Making Us Smarter
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Richerson, Peter J.; Boyd, Robert (2001). "Built For Speed, Not For Comfort: Darwinian Theory and Human Culture".
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Mesoudi, Alex; Whiten, Andrew; Laland, Kevin N. (August 2006). "Towards a unified science of cultural evolution".
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was 0.09-0.19. This implies that the cultural practice of raising cattle first for meat and later for milk led to
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Uyenoyama, M.; Feldman, M. W. (1980). "Theories of kin and group selection: a population genetics perspective".
2099:"06.14.99 - Meat-eating was essential for human evolution, says UC Berkeley anthropologist specializing in diet"
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Boyd, R.; Richerson, P. (1983). "The cultural transmission of acquired variation: effects on genetic fitness".
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4596:, Department of Developmental and Comparative Psychology, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology
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2495:(1976). "Cultural and biological evolutionary processes, selection for a trait under complex transmission".
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Culture is socially learned information stored in individuals' brains that is capable of affecting behavior.
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Marwick, Ben (2005). "What Can Archaeology Do With Boyd and Richerson's Cultural Evolutionary Program?".
1650:"Metabolic constraint imposes tradeoff between body size and number of brain neurons in human evolution"
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1367:"High frequency of lactose intolerance in a prehistoric hunter-gatherer population in northern Europe"
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Holden, C.; Mace, R. (1997). "Phylogenetic analysis of the evolution of lactose digestion in adults".
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disagrees with this critique, citing empirical work as well as more recent work using techniques from
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Henrich, Joseph; Boyd, Robert; Bowles, Samuel; Camerer, Colin; Fehr, Ernst; Gintis, Herbert (2004).
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3122:, ed. H. Barringer, G. Blanksten, and R. Mack, 19-49. Cambridge, MA: Schenkman Publishing Company.
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Gabora, L (2013). "An evolutionary framework for culture: Selectionism versus communal exchange".
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Boyer, P. (2001) Religion Explained: The Evolutionary Origins of Religious Thought. Basic Books.
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Tooby, J. & Cosmides, L., (1992) Psychological foundations of culture. In The Adapted Mind.
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Gintis, Herbert (February 2007). "A framework for the unification of the behavioral sciences".
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Gintis, Herbert (February 2007). "A framework for the unification of the behavioral sciences".
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Gabora, Liane (2013). Meme and Variations: A Computer Model of Cultural Evolution (Preprint).
1744:"The effect on digestibility of methods commonly used to increase the tenderness of lean meat"
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Other criticisms of the effort to frame culture in tandem with evolution have been leveled by
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Henrich, Joseph; McElreath, Richard (January 2003). "The evolution of cultural evolution".
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Henrich, Joseph; McElreath, Richard (January 2003). "The evolution of cultural evolution".
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Henrich, Joseph; McElreath, Richard (January 2003). "The evolution of cultural evolution".
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1455:"How long have adult humans been consuming milk?: Consumption of Milk and Dairy Products"
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Boyd, Robert; Richerson, Peter J. (2001). "Memes: Universal acid or a better mousetrap".
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Campbell, D. T. (1965). "Variation and selective retention in socio-cultural evolution".
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Koerper, H.; Stickel, E. (1980). "Cultural Drift: A Primary Process of Culture Change".
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4565:, Emeritus Professor of Economics, University of Massachusetts & Santa Fe Institute
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Campbell, D. 1965. Variation and selective retention in socio-cultural evolution. In
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CARTA: The Evolution of Human Nutrition -- Richard Wrangham: Fire Starch Meat and Honey
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Since one of the goals of DIT is to explain the distribution of human cultural traits,
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advantage is that it connects individual-level processes to population-level outcomes.
160:
3385:"Conformists and mavericks: the empirics of frequency-dependent cultural transmission"
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Gabora, Liane (March 2008). "The cultural evolution of socially situated cognition".
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2049:"Human Brain Expansion during Evolution Is Independent of Fire Control and Cooking"
2004:
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Temkin, I.; Eldredge, N. (2007). "Phylogenetics and material cultural evolution".
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Boyd, Robert; Richerson, Peter J. (2007). "Culture, Adaptation, and Innateness".
3812:
3720:"Cultural variation in Africa: role of mechanisms of transmission and adaptation"
2804:
Adaptation and Natural Selection: A Critique of Some Current Evolutionary Thought
1850:
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Carmody, Rachel N.; Weintraub, Gil S.; Wrangham, Richard W. (29 November 2011).
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Guglielmino, C R; Viganotti, C; Hewlett, B; Cavalli-Sforza, L L (August 1995).
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Efferson, C; Lalive, R; Richerson, P; Mcelreath, R; Lubell, M (January 2008).
1964:
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4511:
3849:
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Bentley, R. Alexander; Hahn, Matthew W.; Shennan, Stephen J. (22 July 2004).
2272:
2065:
757: – Study of cultural change modelled on theories of evolutionary biology
748:
587:
attribute this lack of attention to DIT's heavy reliance on formal modeling.
350:
185:
DIT holds that genetic and cultural evolution interacted in the evolution of
4313:
McElreath, Richard; Henrich, Joseph (2012). "Modelling cultural evolution".
4096:
Genes, Memes and Human History: Darwinian Archaeology and Cultural Evolution
3946:
3744:
3120:
Social change in developing areas: A reinterpretation of evolutionary theory
2199:
1906:
1674:
1507:"Genetic Signatures of Strong Recent Positive Selection at the Lactase Gene"
1391:
880:
Social Change in Developing Areas, A Reinterpretation of Evolutionary Theory
400:
6981:
6282:
6259:
5835:
5783:
5728:
5561:
5556:
5150:
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4473:
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3911:
3763:
3656:
Sperber, D. (1996). Explaining Culture: A Naturalistic Approach. Blackwell.
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3566:
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2726:
2403:
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2218:
2151:
2084:
2016:
1925:
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300:
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2967:
2924:
2524:
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1962:
1820:
1818:
1816:
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993:
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201:
leading to cumulative cultural evolution was evolutionarily advantageous.
7120:
7032:
6976:
6814:
6599:
6298:
6117:
5862:
5733:
5462:
4997:
4827:
4733:
4691:
4602:
Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Connecticut
4514:, Departments of Psychology and Economics, University of British Columbia
3717:
2567:
2319:
Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences
607:
422:
5302:
4498:
4465:
3696:
2143:
1760:
1743:
430:
difference between great ape traditions and human types of culture (see
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6779:
6514:
6054:
5723:
5624:
5546:
5533:
5167:
4967:
4854:
4832:
4785:
4780:
4728:
4696:
4611:
4590:
Human Biological and Cultural Evolution Group, University of Exeter, UK
4225:
2678:
2615:
1813:
1617:
1568:
The 10,000 Year Explosion: How Civilization Accelerated Human Evolution
985:
942:
3826:
Gabora, Liane (2011). "Five Clarifications about Cultural Evolution".
3259:
2873:
2367:"Drift as a mechanism for cultural change: An example from baby names"
2008:
1179:
1177:
823:
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences
6729:
5857:
5708:
5317:
4935:
4683:
4568:
1648:
Fonseca-Azevedo, Karina; Herculano-Houzel, Suzana (6 November 2012).
1504:
1471:
1454:
633:
611:
152:
4552:
Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, Jena, Germany
4536:
4394:
1072:"Diet and the evolution of human amylase gene copy number variation"
415:
35:
7181:
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1609:
1522:
1452:
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1087:
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335:
264:
Culture can profoundly influence gene frequencies in a population.
4555:
3894:
3840:
3803:
2468:
1994:
1882:"Energetic consequences of thermal and nonthermal food processing"
572:
expressed disappointment at the little attention afforded to DIT:
7082:
5145:
4859:
644:
220:
4104:
Sense and Nonsense: Evolutionary Perspectives on Human Behaviour
3382:
2974:
1124:
1112:
147:, was developed in the 1960s through early 1980s to explain how
3770:
1647:
4605:
3933:
Fracchia, J.; Lewontin, R. C. (1999). "Does culture evolve?".
3573:
3346:
2410:
1643:
1641:
1639:
1637:
1635:
5066:
4581:
4206:
Adaptation and Human Behavior: An Anthropological Perspective
4167:
Darwin's Unfinished Symphony: How Culture Made the Human Mind
4037:
Cultural Transmission and Evolution: A Quantitative Approach.
3506:
Cultural Transmission and Evolution: A Quantitative Approach.
3432:
3023:
Mace, Ruth; Holden, Clare J.; Shennan, Stephen, eds. (2016).
2175:"On the earliest evidence for habitual use of fire in Europe"
1364:
4264:"A framework for the integration of the behavioral sciences"
4202:
Three styles in the evolutionary analysis of human behavior.
3620:
2298:
Cultural Transmission and Evolution: A Quantitative Approach
1699:
Gorman, Rachael Moeller (2008). "Cooking Up Bigger Brains".
523:
Cultural Transmission and Evolution: A Quantitative Approach
4130:
Not By Genes Alone: How Culture Transformed Human Evolution
1632:
684:
467:
The Part Played by Labour in the Transition from Ape to Man
259:
256:
with certain types of transmission bias (described below).
4546:, Department of Psychology, University of British Columbia
4526:, Department of Environmental Science and Policy, UC Davis
4376:. Stephen Shennan. London: Thames and Hudson. p. 304.
3316:
2242:
2240:
2225:
1547:
1249:
1162:
250:
1963:
University of California Television (UCTV) (2013-03-21),
1825:
Carmody, Rachel N.; Wrangham, Richard W. (October 2009).
541:, passing traits between members of the same population.
514:
may also have decreased the lasting effect of this book.
3471:
1879:
1305:
4584:, Department of Anthropology, University College London
2237:
1944:
1932:
1144:
Culture; A Critical Review of Concepts and Definitions.
326:
behavior that is more adaptive to a given environment.
4380:
2537:
2429:
Slater, P.J.B.; Janik, V.M. (2010). "Vocal Learning".
1801:
1186:
Darwinizing CultureThe Status of Memetics as a Science
627:
4027:
Genes, Mind, and Culture: The Coevolutionary Process.
3131:
2937:
2490:
2300:. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press.
1014:
Cavalli-Sforza, L., P. Menozzi and A. Piazza. 1994.
442:
Further information on cultural group selection:
192:
4214:
Evolutionary Anthropology: Issues, News, and Reviews
4065:. Stanford, California: Stanford University Press.
3176:
Genes, Mind and Culture: The Coevolutionary Process.
3107:
The descent of man and selection in relation to sex.
2667:
Evolutionary Anthropology: Issues, News, and Reviews
2604:
Evolutionary Anthropology: Issues, News, and Reviews
713:
has criticised DIT. She argues that traits that are
4232:
4029:
Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press.
3864:
How a generation was misled about natural selection
2995:
311:
60:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
4039:Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press.
3508:Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press.
3298:(7): 46. Archived from the original on 2007-02-10.
2312:
1068:
1058:. Stanford: Stanford University Press. Chapter 5
763: – Study of self-replicating units of culture
279:selection for genetic traits for lactose digestion
3336:https://www.amazon.com/review/product/0198508840/
3022:
2292:
2290:
1565:
416:Social learning and cumulative cultural evolution
7277:
4427:The Innate Mind: Volume 2: Culture and Cognition
4339:
4312:
4211:
3932:
3109:2nd ed. 2 vols. New York: American Home Library.
2894:
2664:
2631:
2601:
895:
4063:Coevolution: Genes, Culture and Human Diversity
3724:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
3276:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 294-299.
3060:. New York: Monthly Review Press. p. 203.
2308:
2306:
2179:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
1886:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
1824:
1654:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
1056:Coevolution: Genes, culture and human diversity
4578:, School of Biology, University of St. Andrews
4204:In L. Cronk, N. Chagnon, and W. Irons, (Eds.)
3959:
2287:
2258:
2173:Roebroeks, Wil; Villa, Paola (29 March 2011).
2172:
1308:"The Origins of Lactase Persistence in Europe"
645:Human sociobiology and evolutionary psychology
559:
213:
151:is a product of two different and interacting
5922:
4627:
4508:, Department of Biological Sciences, Stanford
4451:
4424:
4127:
4042:
3626:
3504:Cavalli-Sfornza, L. L. and M. Feldman. 1981.
3202:
2980:
2850:(1964). "Group selection and kin selection".
2846:
2750:
2589:
2416:
2121:
1595:
1255:
1221:
1183:
1168:
1130:
1118:
865:
406:
399:cultural models that are seen as having more
4102:Laland, Kevin N.; Brown, Gillian R. (2011).
3467:
3465:
2303:
1566:Cochran, Gregory; Harpending, Henry (2009).
1067:Perry, G., N. Dominy, K. Claw, A. Lee, H>
5936:
4454:History and Philosophy of the Life Sciences
4101:
3776:
3579:
3322:
3190:
3085:. New York: W.W. Norton. pp. 111–112.
2704:
2428:
2364:
2296:Cavalli-Sfornza, L. and M. Feldman. 1981.
1553:
891:
889:
664:
622:
565:been a comparable level of empirical work.
437:
5929:
5915:
4634:
4620:
4486:
4342:Oxford Handbook of Evolutionary Psychology
4315:Oxford Handbook of Evolutionary Psychology
4128:Richerson, Peter J.; Boyd, Robert (2008).
4043:Boyd, Robert; Richerson, Peter J. (1985).
2634:Oxford Handbook of Evolutionary Psychology
2627:
2625:
1787:. Princeton University Press. p. 66.
1027:
974:The American Journal of Digestive Diseases
931:The American Journal of Digestive Diseases
898:Oxford Handbook of Evolutionary Psychology
4435:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195310139.003.0002
4075:
4025:Lumsden, C. J. and E. O. Wilson. 1981.
3893:
3839:
3802:
3753:
3743:
3517:
3462:
2991:
2989:
2807:. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
2786:
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2198:
2074:
2064:
1915:
1905:
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1683:
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1390:
1341:
1331:
1194:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780192632449.003.0007
1095:
842:
751: – Theory of bias in human reasoning
544:The next significant DIT publication was
456:
120:Learn how and when to remove this message
7093:Transgenerational epigenetic inheritance
5868:Transgenerational epigenetic inheritance
4641:
4366:
4176:Catching Fire: How Cooking Made Us Human
4172:
4169:. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
3994:
3178:Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
2246:
2231:
1950:
1938:
1807:
1016:The history and geography of human genes
886:
877:
260:Cultural influences on genetic evolution
4350:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198568308.013.0038
4323:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198568308.013.0039
4146:
4078:The Cultural Origins of Human Cognition
3674:
3245:
2642:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198568308.013.0038
2622:
2360:
2358:
1827:"The energetic significance of cooking"
1782:
1741:
971:
928:
906:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198568308.013.0038
251:Genetic influence on cultural evolution
14:
7278:
4530:
4261:
3879:
3825:
3788:
3591:
3544:
3058:Marx's Ecology: Materialism and Nature
3055:
2986:
2461:
1698:
1511:The American Journal of Human Genetics
1267:
816:
785:
568:In a 2006 interview Harvard biologist
366:
6585:Psychological effects of Internet use
5910:
5631:Dialogues Concerning Natural Religion
4615:
4370:Review Genes, Memes and Human History
4120:Boyd, R. and P. J. Richerson. 2005.
3080:
2746:
2744:
1591:
1589:
1587:
1142:Kroeberm A. and C. Kluckhohn. 1952.
1018:Princeton: Princeton University Press
393:
4520:, Anthropology Department, UC Davis
4122:The Origin and Evolution of Cultures
4045:Culture and the Evolutionary Process
3285:
3274:The Origin and Evolution of Cultures
3272:Boyd, R. and P. J. Richerson. 2005.
2355:
817:Laland, Kevin N (12 November 2008).
554:Culture and the Evolutionary Process
320:
180:
58:adding citations to reliable sources
29:
6565:Digital media use and mental health
4418:
4307:Handbook of Archaeological Theories
4124:. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
3174:Lumsden C., and E. Wilson. 1981.
3025:The Evolution of Cultural Diversity
2365:Hahn, M.W.; Bentley, R. A. (2003).
2261:Journal of Anthropological Research
1227:. Sozialtheorie. pp. 145–178.
628:Sociology and cultural anthropology
357:
329:
24:
6196:Automatic and controlled processes
5036:Evolutionary developmental biology
4495:, Department of Anthropology, UCLA
4014:
3456:10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2004.05.003
3412:10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2007.08.003
3370:10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2005.04.003
2828:Evolution Through Group Selection.
2741:
2439:10.1016/B978-0-08-045337-8.00056-5
2374:Proceedings of the Royal Society B
1997:Annals of Nutrition and Metabolism
1721:10.1038/scientificamerican0108-102
1584:
1146:Cambridge, MA: Harvard University.
632:Two major topics of study in both
503:The first was Charles Lumsden and
432:Emulation (observational learning)
349:is a process roughly analogous to
233:
204:
193:Culture capacities are adaptations
25:
7322:
6605:Smartphones and pedestrian safety
4481:
2315:"Random drift and culture change"
341:
7256:
7243:
7231:
7230:
6630:Mobile phones and driving safety
5890:
5881:
5880:
3988:
3953:
3926:
3873:
3856:
3828:Journal of Cognition and Culture
3819:
3782:
312:Mechanisms of cultural evolution
34:
6533:Computer-mediated communication
5693:Extended evolutionary synthesis
4882:Gene-centered view of evolution
4132:. University of Chicago Press.
4047:. University of Chicago Press.
3711:
3668:
3659:
3650:
3641:
3632:
3585:
3538:
3511:
3498:
3426:
3376:
3340:
3334:Herb Gintis Amazon.com review:
3328:
3279:
3266:
3239:
3196:
3168:
3125:
3112:
3099:
3074:
3049:
3016:
2931:
2888:
2840:
2817:
2792:
2755:. Vol. 13. pp. 1–45.
2698:
2685:
2658:
2595:
2531:
2484:
2455:
2431:Encyclopedia of Animal Behavior
2422:
2252:
2166:
2115:
2091:
1973:from the original on 2021-12-19
1956:
1873:
1776:
1735:
1692:
1559:
1446:
1417:
1358:
1261:
1149:
1136:
1061:
1048:
384:
375:
45:needs additional citations for
6810:Empathising–systemising theory
6113:female intrasexual competition
6050:Evolutionarily stable strategy
5821:Hologenome theory of evolution
5688:History of molecular evolution
4914:Evolutionarily stable strategy
4803:Last universal common ancestor
4309:. Lanham (MD): AltaMira Press.
4151:. Princeton University Press.
3689:10.1080/03122417.2008.11681880
3474:Foundations of Human Sociality
3205:Journal of Theoretical Biology
3134:Theoretical Population Biology
2940:Theoretical Population Biology
2897:Theoretical Population Biology
2707:Journal of Theoretical Biology
2540:Theoretical Population Biology
2497:Theoretical Population Biology
1021:
1008:
965:
922:
871:
810:
779:
769: – Evolution of societies
13:
1:
7170:Standard social science model
6223:Cognitive tradeoff hypothesis
5615:Renaissance and Enlightenment
4271:Behavioral and Brain Sciences
4235:Behavioral and Brain Sciences
3594:Behavioral and Brain Sciences
3547:Behavioral and Brain Sciences
773:
704:
7018:Missing heritability problem
6610:Social aspects of television
6233:Evolution of nervous systems
6201:Computational theory of mind
5826:Missing heritability problem
5453:Gamete differentiation/sexes
4208:New York: Aldine de Gruyter.
4098:. London: Thames and Hudson.
4080:. Harvard University Press.
3813:10.1016/j.cogsys.2007.05.004
3436:Evolution and Human Behavior
3392:Evolution and Human Behavior
3350:Evolution and Human Behavior
3225:10.1016/0022-5193(83)90324-7
3154:10.1016/0040-5809(76)90047-2
2960:10.1016/0040-5809(73)90005-1
2917:10.1016/0040-5809(80)90033-7
2560:10.1016/0040-5809(77)90024-7
2517:10.1016/0040-5809(76)90047-2
1851:10.1016/j.jhevol.2009.02.011
1748:British Journal of Nutrition
1333:10.1371/journal.pcbi.1000491
1282:10.1080/1047840X.2013.764814
1155:Fox, R. and B. King. 2002.
792:Modern Theories of Evolution
390:frequency-dependent biases.
7:
7264:Evolutionary biology portal
4076:Tomasello, Michael (1999).
3904:10.1016/j.plrev.2013.03.006
3482:10.1093/0199262055.001.0001
2761:10.1007/978-1-4615-1221-9_1
2693:The Evolution of Cognition.
1742:Farrell, J. H. (May 1956).
1157:Anthropology Beyond Culture
736:
675:
560:Current and future research
214:Genes and culture co-evolve
10:
7327:
7225:Evolutionary psychologists
7098:Trivers–Willard hypothesis
7013:Human–animal communication
6725:Ovulatory shift hypothesis
6575:Imprinted brain hypothesis
6543:Human–computer interaction
5458:Life cycles/nuclear phases
5010:Trivers–Willard hypothesis
4194:
4173:Wrangham, Richard (2009).
3791:Cognitive Systems Research
1831:Journal of Human Evolution
1312:PLOS Computational Biology
1233:10.14361/9783839400647-005
525:. Borrowing heavily from
465:wrote a manuscript titled
441:
407:Frequency-dependent biases
7219:
7145:Environmental determinism
7116:Cultural selection theory
7108:
7003:Evolutionary epistemology
6990:
6917:evolutionary neuroscience
6879:
6872:
6770:
6645:
6590:Rank theory of depression
6513:
6437:
6339:
6145:
6138:
6092:Parent–offspring conflict
6001:
5944:
5876:
5776:
5701:
5605:
5532:
5488:
5343:
5247:
5064:
5023:
4956:Parent–offspring conflict
4892:
4761:Earliest known life forms
4682:
4649:
4283:10.1017/s0140525x07000581
4247:10.1017/S0140525X06009083
3627:Richerson & Boyd 2008
3606:10.1017/s0140525x07000581
3559:10.1017/s0140525x07000581
3532:10.1525/aa.2004.106.2.308
3308:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
2981:Boyd & Richerson 1985
2695:Massachusetts: MIT Press.
2590:Boyd & Richerson 1985
2417:Boyd & Richerson 1985
2053:Frontiers in Neuroscience
1256:Richerson & Boyd 2008
1169:Richerson & Boyd 2008
1131:Richerson & Boyd 2008
1119:Boyd & Richerson 1985
866:Richerson & Boyd 2008
755:Cultural selection theory
517:The second 1981 book was
498:Luigi Luca Cavalli-Sforza
69:"Dual inheritance theory"
7038:Cultural group selection
6922:Biocultural anthropology
6615:Societal impacts of cars
6548:Media naturalness theory
6238:Fight-or-flight response
5809:Cultural group selection
5673:The eclipse of Darwinism
5645:On the Origin of Species
5620:Transmutation of species
4147:Henrich, Joseph (2015).
4019:
3850:10.1163/156853711x568699
2753:Perspectives in Ethology
2273:10.1086/jar.36.4.3629615
2066:10.3389/fnins.2016.00167
1783:Henrich, Joseph (2015).
1371:BMC Evolutionary Biology
670:Human behavioral ecology
665:Human behavioral ecology
623:Relation to other fields
512:sociobiological theories
444:Cultural group selection
438:Cultural group selection
141:gene–culture coevolution
27:Theory of human behavior
7238:Evolutionary psychology
7202:Sociocultural evolution
7043:Dual inheritance theory
6500:Personality development
5961:Theoretical foundations
5938:Evolutionary psychology
5814:Dual inheritance theory
5653:History of paleontology
4487:Current DIT researchers
4383:Nature Reviews Genetics
3947:10.1111/0018-2656.00104
3882:Physics of Life Reviews
3777:Laland & Brown 2011
3745:10.1073/pnas.92.16.7585
3580:Laland & Brown 2011
3520:American Anthropologist
3323:Laland & Brown 2011
3191:Laland & Brown 2011
3081:Gould, Stephen (1987).
2200:10.1073/pnas.1018116108
1907:10.1073/pnas.1112128108
1675:10.1073/pnas.1206390109
1554:Laland & Brown 2011
1392:10.1186/1471-2148-10-89
767:Sociocultural evolution
683:, which comes from the
539:horizontal transmission
508:Genes, Mind and Culture
133:Dual inheritance theory
7160:Social constructionism
7155:Psychological nativism
7130:Biological determinism
7078:Recent human evolution
7073:Punctuated equilibrium
6896:Behavioral epigenetics
6891:evolutionary economics
6860:Variability hypothesis
6805:Emotional intelligence
6538:Engineering psychology
6228:Evolution of the brain
5502:Punctuated equilibrium
4823:Non-adaptive radiation
4771:Evolutionary arms race
4367:Sterelny, Kim (2002).
4035:and M. Feldman. 1981.
3677:Australian Archaeology
3286:Haag, Allison (2006).
3083:An Urchin in the Storm
2727:10.1006/jtbi.2003.3146
2386:10.1098/rsbl.2003.0045
2380:(Suppl 1): S120–S123.
2331:10.1098/rspb.2004.2746
835:10.1098/rstb.2008.0132
593:
578:
457:Historical development
338:in genetic evolution.
244:
228:demographic transition
7296:Cultural anthropology
7187:Multilineal evolution
7150:Nature versus nurture
7109:Theoretical positions
6957:Functional psychology
6952:Evolutionary medicine
6927:Biological psychiatry
6635:Texting while driving
6625:Lead–crime hypothesis
6485:Cognitive development
6470:Caregiver deprivation
5981:Gene selection theory
5794:Evolutionary medicine
5668:Mendelian inheritance
5376:Biological complexity
5364:Programmed cell death
5056:Phenotypic plasticity
4776:Evolutionary pressure
4766:Evidence of evolution
4664:Timeline of evolution
4094:Shennan, S. J. 2002.
4033:Cavalli-Sforza, L. L.
3248:Review of Archaeology
3056:Foster, John (2000).
3033:10.4324/9781315418612
1270:Psychological Inquiry
743:Nature versus nurture
638:cultural anthropology
589:
574:
535:vertical transmission
275:selection coefficient
240:
145:biocultural evolution
7291:Behavioural genetics
7140:Cultural determinism
6947:Evolutionary biology
6932:Cognitive psychology
6880:Academic disciplines
6528:Cognitive ergonomics
6495:Language acquisition
6475:Childhood attachment
6288:Wason selection task
6182:Behavioral modernity
5971:Cognitive revolution
5954:Evolutionary thought
5768:Teleology in biology
5663:Blending inheritance
5041:Genetic assimilation
4904:Artificial selection
4643:Evolutionary biology
4344:. pp. 555–570.
4317:. pp. 571–586.
4061:Durham, W. H. 1991.
3995:Kauffman, S (1999).
3962:Current Anthropology
3862:Gabora, L. (2011).
2998:Current Anthropology
2636:. pp. 555–570.
2433:. pp. 551–557.
1598:Current Anthropology
1188:. pp. 142–162.
900:. pp. 555–570.
798:on 10 September 2017
601:behavioral economics
54:improve this article
7306:Population genetics
7207:Unilineal evolution
6972:Population genetics
6757:Sexy son hypothesis
6695:Hormonal motivation
6675:Concealed ovulation
6216:Dual process theory
6087:Parental investment
5831:Molecular evolution
5789:Ecological genetics
5658:Transitional fossil
5448:Sexual reproduction
5288:endomembrane system
5217:pollinator-mediated
5173:dolphins and whales
4951:Parental investment
4531:Related researchers
4200:Smith, E. A. 1999.
4165:Laland, K.H. 2017.
3779:, pp. 289–290.
3736:1995PNAS...92.7585G
3582:, pp. 287–319.
3448:2004EHumB..25..305B
3404:2008EHumB..29...56E
3362:2005EHumB..26..483M
3217:1983JThBi.100..567B
3146:1976TPBio...9..238F
2983:, pp. 227–240.
2952:1973TPBio...4...42C
2909:1980TPBio..17..380U
2866:1964Natur.201.1145S
2860:(4924): 1145–1147.
2719:2003JThBi.220..169K
2552:1977TPBio..11..161F
2509:1976TPBio...9..238F
2478:2013arXiv1309.7524G
2325:(1547): 1443–1450.
2191:2011PNAS..108.5209R
2144:10.1038/nature16990
2136:2016Natur.531..500Z
1898:2011PNAS..10819199C
1892:(48): 19199–19203.
1843:2009JHumE..57..379C
1761:10.1079/bjn19560019
1713:2008SciAm.298a.102G
1701:Scientific American
1666:2012PNAS..10918571F
1660:(45): 18571–18576.
1383:2010BMCEE..10...89M
1324:2009PLSCB...5E0491I
1133:, pp. 169–182.
1121:, pp. 199–202.
1054:Durham, W. 1991.
829:(1509): 3577–3589.
788:"Glossary of Terms"
527:population genetics
367:Biased transmission
268:Lactase persistence
7165:Social determinism
7048:Fisher's principle
7008:Great ape language
6998:Cultural evolution
6967:Philosophy of mind
6800:Division of labour
6762:Westermarck effect
6710:Mating preferences
6620:Distracted driving
6354:Literary criticism
6211:Domain specificity
6191:modularity of mind
5804:Cultural evolution
4919:Fisher's principle
4848:Handicap principle
4838:Parallel evolution
4702:Adaptive radiation
4574:2019-01-09 at the
4561:2007-06-12 at the
4542:2018-10-02 at the
4524:Peter J. Richerson
4504:2015-11-28 at the
4429:. pp. 23–38.
4262:Gintis, H (2006).
4226:10.1002/evan.10110
3935:History and Theory
3105:Darwin, C. 1874.
2679:10.1002/evan.10110
2616:10.1002/evan.10110
2493:Cavalli-Sforza, L.
2234:, pp. 98–102.
986:10.1007/bf02235991
943:10.1007/bf02233204
687:idea described in
585:Gillian Ruth Brown
479:Donald T. Campbell
394:Model-based biases
161:cultural evolution
7273:
7272:
7251:Psychology portal
7215:
7214:
7058:Hologenome theory
7028:Unit of selection
7023:Primate cognition
6937:Cognitive science
6868:
6867:
6739:Sexual attraction
6715:Mating strategies
6480:Cinderella effect
6410:Moral foundations
6314:Visual perception
6206:Domain generality
6175:Facial expression
6123:Sexual dimorphism
6082:Natural selection
6028:Hamiltonian spite
5904:
5903:
5520:Uniformitarianism
5473:Sex-determination
4978:Sexual dimorphism
4973:Natural selection
4877:Unit of selection
4843:Signalling theory
4594:Michael Tomasello
4518:Richard McElreath
4444:978-0-19-531013-9
4359:978-0-19-856830-8
4332:978-0-19-856830-8
4186:978-0-7867-4478-7
4158:978-1-4008-7329-6
4139:978-0-226-71213-0
4113:978-0-19-958696-7
4087:978-0-674-00582-2
4054:978-0-226-06931-9
3730:(16): 7585–7589.
3491:978-0-19-926205-2
3288:"The synthesizer"
3042:978-1-315-41860-5
2874:10.1038/2011145a0
2848:Maynard Smith, J.
2770:978-1-4613-5447-5
2651:978-0-19-856830-8
2448:978-0-08-045337-8
2419:, pp. 9, 69.
2185:(13): 5209–5214.
2130:(7595): 500–503.
2009:10.1159/000012770
1794:978-1-4008-7329-6
1577:978-0-7867-2750-6
1242:978-3-933127-64-8
1203:978-0-19-263244-9
1082:(10): 1256–1260.
915:978-0-19-856830-8
484:Richard Dawkins's
471:Stephen Jay Gould
321:Natural selection
181:Theoretical basis
157:genetic evolution
139:), also known as
130:
129:
122:
104:
16:(Redirected from
7318:
7260:
7247:
7234:
7233:
6877:
6876:
6873:Related subjects
6660:Adult attachment
6187:Cognitive module
6143:
6142:
6130:Social selection
6104:Costly signaling
6099:Sexual selection
5986:Modern synthesis
5931:
5924:
5917:
5908:
5907:
5894:
5884:
5883:
5683:Modern synthesis
5443:Multicellularity
5438:Mosaic evolution
5323:auditory ossicle
5005:Social selection
4988:Flowering plants
4983:Sexual selection
4636:
4629:
4622:
4613:
4612:
4477:
4460:(3–4): 425–465.
4448:
4419:Journal articles
4414:
4377:
4375:
4363:
4336:
4302:
4268:
4258:
4229:
4190:
4162:
4143:
4117:
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3871:
3870:, Mindbloggling.
3868:Psychology Today
3860:
3854:
3853:
3843:
3823:
3817:
3816:
3806:
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3780:
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2103:www.berkeley.edu
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1502:
1493:
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1472:10.1002/iub.1227
1450:
1444:
1443:
1441:
1440:
1431:. Archived from
1421:
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1362:
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794:. Archived from
786:O'Neil, Dennis.
783:
723:Richard Lewontin
693:The Selfish Gene
488:The Selfish Gene
477:. In the 1960s,
463:Friedrich Engels
358:Guided variation
330:Random variation
125:
118:
114:
111:
105:
103:
62:
38:
30:
21:
7326:
7325:
7321:
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7315:
7301:Human evolution
7276:
7275:
7274:
7269:
7211:
7197:Neoevolutionism
7104:
7088:Species complex
7053:Group selection
6991:Research topics
6986:
6962:Neuropsychology
6864:
6850:Substance abuse
6772:Sex differences
6766:
6680:Coolidge effect
6641:
6553:Neuroergonomics
6518:
6509:
6433:
6335:
6269:Folk psychology
6150:
6134:
6004:
5997:
5940:
5935:
5905:
5900:
5872:
5799:Group selection
5772:
5697:
5601:
5528:
5490:Tempo and modes
5484:
5339:
5243:
5060:
5019:
4895:
4888:
4865:Species complex
4678:
4669:History of life
4645:
4640:
4576:Wayback Machine
4563:Wayback Machine
4544:Wayback Machine
4533:
4506:Wayback Machine
4489:
4484:
4445:
4421:
4395:10.1038/nrg2734
4373:
4360:
4333:
4266:
4197:
4187:
4179:. Basic Books.
4159:
4140:
4114:
4088:
4055:
4022:
4017:
4015:Further reading
4012:
3993:
3989:
3958:
3954:
3931:
3927:
3878:
3874:
3861:
3857:
3824:
3820:
3787:
3783:
3775:
3771:
3716:
3712:
3673:
3669:
3664:
3660:
3655:
3651:
3646:
3642:
3637:
3633:
3629:, pp. 5–8.
3625:
3621:
3590:
3586:
3578:
3574:
3543:
3539:
3516:
3512:
3503:
3499:
3492:
3470:
3463:
3431:
3427:
3387:
3381:
3377:
3345:
3341:
3333:
3329:
3321:
3317:
3301:
3300:
3284:
3280:
3271:
3267:
3244:
3240:
3201:
3197:
3189:
3182:
3173:
3169:
3130:
3126:
3117:
3113:
3104:
3100:
3093:
3079:
3075:
3068:
3054:
3050:
3043:
3021:
3017:
2994:
2987:
2979:
2975:
2936:
2932:
2893:
2889:
2845:
2841:
2822:
2818:
2797:
2793:
2785:
2778:
2771:
2749:
2742:
2703:
2699:
2690:
2686:
2663:
2659:
2652:
2630:
2623:
2600:
2596:
2588:
2575:
2536:
2532:
2489:
2485:
2460:
2456:
2449:
2427:
2423:
2415:
2411:
2369:
2363:
2356:
2311:
2304:
2295:
2288:
2257:
2253:
2245:
2238:
2230:
2226:
2171:
2167:
2120:
2116:
2107:
2105:
2097:
2096:
2092:
2045:
2032:
1993:
1984:
1976:
1974:
1961:
1957:
1949:
1945:
1937:
1933:
1878:
1874:
1823:
1814:
1806:
1802:
1795:
1781:
1777:
1740:
1736:
1697:
1693:
1646:
1633:
1594:
1585:
1578:
1570:. Basic Books.
1564:
1560:
1552:
1548:
1503:
1496:
1465:(12): 983–990.
1451:
1447:
1438:
1436:
1423:
1422:
1418:
1363:
1359:
1318:(8): e1000491.
1304:
1297:
1266:
1262:
1254:
1250:
1243:
1225:Science Studies
1220:
1211:
1204:
1182:
1175:
1167:
1163:
1154:
1150:
1141:
1137:
1129:
1125:
1117:
1113:
1076:Nature Genetics
1066:
1062:
1053:
1049:
1026:
1022:
1013:
1009:
970:
966:
937:(12): 819–836.
927:
923:
916:
894:
887:
876:
872:
864:
860:
815:
811:
801:
799:
784:
780:
776:
739:
731:Stuart Kauffman
707:
678:
667:
658:Sociobiologists
647:
630:
625:
562:
550:Peter Richerson
459:
450:group selection
446:
440:
418:
409:
396:
387:
378:
369:
360:
344:
332:
323:
314:
285:Food processing
262:
253:
236:
234:View of culture
216:
207:
205:Culture evolves
199:social learning
195:
183:
168:Social learning
126:
115:
109:
106:
63:
61:
51:
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
7324:
7314:
7313:
7308:
7303:
7298:
7293:
7288:
7271:
7270:
7268:
7267:
7254:
7241:
7228:
7220:
7217:
7216:
7213:
7212:
7210:
7209:
7204:
7199:
7194:
7189:
7184:
7179:
7174:
7173:
7172:
7167:
7162:
7157:
7152:
7147:
7142:
7137:
7132:
7118:
7112:
7110:
7106:
7105:
7103:
7102:
7101:
7100:
7095:
7090:
7085:
7080:
7075:
7070:
7065:
7060:
7055:
7050:
7045:
7040:
7035:
7025:
7020:
7015:
7010:
7005:
7000:
6994:
6992:
6988:
6987:
6985:
6984:
6979:
6974:
6969:
6964:
6959:
6954:
6949:
6944:
6939:
6934:
6929:
6924:
6919:
6902:
6893:
6883:
6881:
6874:
6870:
6869:
6866:
6865:
6863:
6862:
6857:
6852:
6847:
6842:
6837:
6832:
6827:
6822:
6817:
6812:
6807:
6802:
6797:
6792:
6787:
6782:
6776:
6774:
6768:
6767:
6765:
6764:
6759:
6754:
6741:
6732:
6727:
6722:
6717:
6712:
6707:
6702:
6697:
6692:
6687:
6682:
6677:
6672:
6667:
6662:
6657:
6651:
6649:
6643:
6642:
6640:
6639:
6638:
6637:
6632:
6627:
6622:
6612:
6607:
6602:
6597:
6592:
6587:
6582:
6580:Mind-blindness
6577:
6572:
6567:
6562:
6557:
6556:
6555:
6550:
6545:
6540:
6535:
6524:
6522:
6511:
6510:
6508:
6507:
6502:
6497:
6492:
6487:
6482:
6477:
6472:
6467:
6454:
6449:
6443:
6441:
6435:
6434:
6432:
6431:
6426:
6425:
6424:
6414:
6413:
6412:
6402:
6401:
6400:
6395:
6390:
6380:
6375:
6374:
6373:
6363:
6362:
6361:
6356:
6345:
6343:
6337:
6336:
6334:
6333:
6332:
6331:
6326:
6321:
6311:
6306:
6301:
6292:
6291:
6290:
6285:
6275:
6273:theory of mind
6266:
6257:
6256:
6255:
6250:
6245:
6235:
6230:
6225:
6220:
6219:
6218:
6213:
6208:
6203:
6198:
6184:
6179:
6178:
6177:
6172:
6167:
6156:
6154:
6140:
6136:
6135:
6133:
6132:
6127:
6126:
6125:
6120:
6115:
6106:
6096:
6095:
6094:
6084:
6079:
6074:
6069:
6068:
6067:
6057:
6052:
6047:
6042:
6040:Baldwin effect
6037:
6036:
6035:
6030:
6025:
6015:
6009:
6007:
5999:
5998:
5996:
5995:
5990:
5989:
5988:
5983:
5978:
5973:
5968:
5958:
5957:
5956:
5945:
5942:
5941:
5934:
5933:
5926:
5919:
5911:
5902:
5901:
5899:
5898:
5888:
5877:
5874:
5873:
5871:
5870:
5865:
5860:
5855:
5850:
5849:
5848:
5838:
5833:
5828:
5823:
5818:
5817:
5816:
5811:
5806:
5796:
5791:
5786:
5780:
5778:
5774:
5773:
5771:
5770:
5765:
5764:
5763:
5758:
5753:
5752:
5751:
5741:
5736:
5731:
5726:
5721:
5711:
5705:
5703:
5699:
5698:
5696:
5695:
5690:
5685:
5680:
5675:
5670:
5665:
5660:
5655:
5650:
5649:
5648:
5639:Charles Darwin
5636:
5635:
5634:
5622:
5617:
5611:
5609:
5603:
5602:
5600:
5599:
5594:
5589:
5584:
5579:
5577:Non-ecological
5574:
5569:
5564:
5559:
5554:
5549:
5544:
5538:
5536:
5530:
5529:
5527:
5526:
5517:
5508:
5494:
5492:
5486:
5485:
5483:
5482:
5477:
5476:
5475:
5470:
5465:
5460:
5455:
5445:
5440:
5435:
5430:
5425:
5420:
5415:
5410:
5405:
5400:
5395:
5394:
5393:
5383:
5378:
5373:
5368:
5367:
5366:
5361:
5350:
5348:
5341:
5340:
5338:
5337:
5336:
5335:
5330:
5328:nervous system
5325:
5320:
5315:
5307:
5306:
5305:
5300:
5295:
5290:
5285:
5280:
5270:
5265:
5260:
5254:
5252:
5245:
5244:
5242:
5241:
5236:
5231:
5226:
5221:
5220:
5219:
5209:
5208:
5207:
5202:
5201:
5200:
5195:
5185:
5180:
5175:
5170:
5165:
5164:
5163:
5158:
5148:
5138:
5133:
5132:
5131:
5121:
5116:
5111:
5106:
5105:
5104:
5094:
5089:
5088:
5087:
5077:
5071:
5069:
5062:
5061:
5059:
5058:
5053:
5048:
5043:
5038:
5033:
5027:
5025:
5021:
5020:
5018:
5017:
5012:
5007:
5002:
5001:
5000:
4995:
4990:
4980:
4975:
4970:
4965:
4960:
4959:
4958:
4953:
4943:
4938:
4933:
4932:
4931:
4921:
4916:
4911:
4906:
4900:
4898:
4890:
4889:
4887:
4886:
4885:
4884:
4874:
4869:
4868:
4867:
4862:
4852:
4851:
4850:
4840:
4835:
4830:
4828:Origin of life
4825:
4820:
4815:
4813:Microevolution
4810:
4808:Macroevolution
4805:
4800:
4795:
4794:
4793:
4783:
4778:
4773:
4768:
4763:
4758:
4753:
4748:
4746:Common descent
4743:
4742:
4741:
4731:
4726:
4724:Baldwin effect
4721:
4720:
4719:
4714:
4704:
4699:
4694:
4688:
4686:
4680:
4679:
4677:
4676:
4671:
4666:
4661:
4656:
4650:
4647:
4646:
4639:
4638:
4631:
4624:
4616:
4610:
4609:
4603:
4597:
4591:
4585:
4579:
4566:
4553:
4547:
4532:
4529:
4528:
4527:
4521:
4515:
4509:
4499:Marcus Feldman
4496:
4488:
4485:
4483:
4482:External links
4480:
4479:
4478:
4449:
4443:
4420:
4417:
4416:
4415:
4389:(2): 137–148.
4378:
4364:
4358:
4337:
4331:
4310:
4303:
4259:
4241:(4): 329–347.
4230:
4220:(3): 123–135.
4209:
4196:
4193:
4192:
4191:
4185:
4170:
4163:
4157:
4144:
4138:
4125:
4118:
4112:
4106:. OUP Oxford.
4099:
4092:
4086:
4073:
4059:
4053:
4040:
4030:
4021:
4018:
4016:
4013:
4011:
4010:
3987:
3974:10.1086/510463
3968:(1): 146–153.
3952:
3925:
3888:(2): 117–145.
3872:
3855:
3834:(1–2): 61–83.
3818:
3781:
3769:
3710:
3667:
3658:
3649:
3640:
3631:
3619:
3584:
3572:
3537:
3526:(2): 308–321.
3510:
3497:
3490:
3461:
3442:(5): 305–326.
3425:
3375:
3356:(6): 483–508.
3339:
3327:
3325:, p. 290.
3315:
3278:
3265:
3238:
3195:
3180:
3167:
3124:
3111:
3098:
3091:
3073:
3066:
3048:
3041:
3015:
3010:10.1086/204381
3004:(3): 473–494.
2985:
2973:
2930:
2903:(3): 380–414.
2887:
2839:
2824:Williams, G.C.
2816:
2799:Williams, G.C.
2791:
2787:Tomasello 1999
2776:
2769:
2740:
2713:(2): 169–188.
2697:
2684:
2673:(3): 123–135.
2657:
2650:
2621:
2610:(3): 123–135.
2594:
2573:
2546:(2): 161–181.
2530:
2503:(2): 238–259.
2483:
2454:
2447:
2421:
2409:
2354:
2302:
2286:
2267:(4): 463–469.
2251:
2249:, p. 127.
2236:
2224:
2165:
2114:
2090:
2030:
1982:
1955:
1953:, p. 142.
1943:
1941:, p. 140.
1931:
1872:
1837:(4): 379–391.
1812:
1800:
1793:
1775:
1754:(2): 111–115.
1734:
1707:(1): 102–105.
1691:
1631:
1610:10.1086/204350
1604:(2): 199–221.
1583:
1576:
1558:
1556:, p. 260.
1546:
1523:10.1086/421051
1494:
1445:
1416:
1357:
1295:
1260:
1248:
1241:
1209:
1202:
1173:
1161:
1148:
1135:
1123:
1111:
1088:10.1038/ng2123
1060:
1047:
1036:(5): 605–628.
1020:
1007:
980:(8): 695–710.
964:
921:
914:
885:
870:
858:
809:
777:
775:
772:
771:
770:
764:
758:
752:
746:
738:
735:
727:Niles Eldredge
706:
703:
677:
674:
666:
663:
646:
643:
629:
626:
624:
621:
597:Herbert Gintis
561:
558:
521:and Feldman's
519:Cavalli-Sforza
494:Marcus Feldman
458:
455:
439:
436:
427:ratchet effect
417:
414:
408:
405:
395:
392:
386:
383:
377:
374:
368:
365:
359:
356:
347:Cultural drift
343:
342:Cultural drift
340:
331:
328:
322:
319:
313:
310:
261:
258:
252:
249:
235:
232:
215:
212:
206:
203:
194:
191:
182:
179:
149:human behavior
128:
127:
42:
40:
33:
26:
18:Cultural drift
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
7323:
7312:
7309:
7307:
7304:
7302:
7299:
7297:
7294:
7292:
7289:
7287:
7284:
7283:
7281:
7266:
7265:
7259:
7255:
7253:
7252:
7246:
7242:
7240:
7239:
7229:
7227:
7226:
7222:
7221:
7218:
7208:
7205:
7203:
7200:
7198:
7195:
7193:
7192:Neo-Darwinism
7190:
7188:
7185:
7183:
7180:
7178:
7177:Functionalism
7175:
7171:
7168:
7166:
7163:
7161:
7158:
7156:
7153:
7151:
7148:
7146:
7143:
7141:
7138:
7136:
7135:Connectionism
7133:
7131:
7128:
7127:
7126:
7125:indeterminism
7122:
7119:
7117:
7114:
7113:
7111:
7107:
7099:
7096:
7094:
7091:
7089:
7086:
7084:
7081:
7079:
7076:
7074:
7071:
7069:
7066:
7064:
7061:
7059:
7056:
7054:
7051:
7049:
7046:
7044:
7041:
7039:
7036:
7034:
7031:
7030:
7029:
7026:
7024:
7021:
7019:
7016:
7014:
7011:
7009:
7006:
7004:
7001:
6999:
6996:
6995:
6993:
6989:
6983:
6980:
6978:
6975:
6973:
6970:
6968:
6965:
6963:
6960:
6958:
6955:
6953:
6950:
6948:
6945:
6943:
6940:
6938:
6935:
6933:
6930:
6928:
6925:
6923:
6920:
6918:
6914:
6910:
6906:
6903:
6901:
6897:
6894:
6892:
6888:
6885:
6884:
6882:
6878:
6875:
6871:
6861:
6858:
6856:
6853:
6851:
6848:
6846:
6845:Schizophrenia
6843:
6841:
6838:
6836:
6833:
6831:
6830:Mental health
6828:
6826:
6823:
6821:
6818:
6816:
6813:
6811:
6808:
6806:
6803:
6801:
6798:
6796:
6793:
6791:
6788:
6786:
6783:
6781:
6778:
6777:
6775:
6773:
6769:
6763:
6760:
6758:
6755:
6753:
6749:
6745:
6742:
6740:
6736:
6733:
6731:
6728:
6726:
6723:
6721:
6718:
6716:
6713:
6711:
6708:
6706:
6705:Mate guarding
6703:
6701:
6698:
6696:
6693:
6691:
6688:
6686:
6683:
6681:
6678:
6676:
6673:
6671:
6668:
6666:
6665:Age disparity
6663:
6661:
6658:
6656:
6653:
6652:
6650:
6648:
6644:
6636:
6633:
6631:
6628:
6626:
6623:
6621:
6618:
6617:
6616:
6613:
6611:
6608:
6606:
6603:
6601:
6598:
6596:
6595:Schizophrenia
6593:
6591:
6588:
6586:
6583:
6581:
6578:
6576:
6573:
6571:
6568:
6566:
6563:
6561:
6558:
6554:
6551:
6549:
6546:
6544:
6541:
6539:
6536:
6534:
6531:
6530:
6529:
6526:
6525:
6523:
6521:
6520:Mental health
6516:
6515:Human factors
6512:
6506:
6505:Socialization
6503:
6501:
6498:
6496:
6493:
6491:
6488:
6486:
6483:
6481:
6478:
6476:
6473:
6471:
6468:
6466:
6465:paternal bond
6462:
6458:
6455:
6453:
6450:
6448:
6445:
6444:
6442:
6440:
6436:
6430:
6427:
6423:
6420:
6419:
6418:
6415:
6411:
6408:
6407:
6406:
6403:
6399:
6396:
6394:
6391:
6389:
6386:
6385:
6384:
6381:
6379:
6376:
6372:
6369:
6368:
6367:
6364:
6360:
6357:
6355:
6352:
6351:
6350:
6347:
6346:
6344:
6342:
6338:
6330:
6329:NaĂŻve physics
6327:
6325:
6322:
6320:
6317:
6316:
6315:
6312:
6310:
6307:
6305:
6302:
6300:
6296:
6295:Motor control
6293:
6289:
6286:
6284:
6281:
6280:
6279:
6276:
6274:
6270:
6267:
6265:
6261:
6258:
6254:
6253:Ophidiophobia
6251:
6249:
6246:
6244:
6243:Arachnophobia
6241:
6240:
6239:
6236:
6234:
6231:
6229:
6226:
6224:
6221:
6217:
6214:
6212:
6209:
6207:
6204:
6202:
6199:
6197:
6194:
6193:
6192:
6188:
6185:
6183:
6180:
6176:
6173:
6171:
6170:Display rules
6168:
6166:
6163:
6162:
6161:
6158:
6157:
6155:
6153:
6148:
6144:
6141:
6137:
6131:
6128:
6124:
6121:
6119:
6116:
6114:
6110:
6107:
6105:
6102:
6101:
6100:
6097:
6093:
6090:
6089:
6088:
6085:
6083:
6080:
6078:
6075:
6073:
6072:Kin selection
6070:
6066:
6063:
6062:
6061:
6058:
6056:
6053:
6051:
6048:
6046:
6043:
6041:
6038:
6034:
6031:
6029:
6026:
6024:
6021:
6020:
6019:
6016:
6014:
6011:
6010:
6008:
6006:
6000:
5994:
5991:
5987:
5984:
5982:
5979:
5977:
5974:
5972:
5969:
5967:
5966:Adaptationism
5964:
5963:
5962:
5959:
5955:
5952:
5951:
5950:
5947:
5946:
5943:
5939:
5932:
5927:
5925:
5920:
5918:
5913:
5912:
5909:
5897:
5893:
5889:
5887:
5879:
5878:
5875:
5869:
5866:
5864:
5861:
5859:
5856:
5854:
5851:
5847:
5844:
5843:
5842:
5841:Phylogenetics
5839:
5837:
5834:
5832:
5829:
5827:
5824:
5822:
5819:
5815:
5812:
5810:
5807:
5805:
5802:
5801:
5800:
5797:
5795:
5792:
5790:
5787:
5785:
5782:
5781:
5779:
5775:
5769:
5766:
5762:
5759:
5757:
5754:
5750:
5747:
5746:
5745:
5744:Structuralism
5742:
5740:
5737:
5735:
5732:
5730:
5727:
5725:
5722:
5720:
5719:Catastrophism
5717:
5716:
5715:
5712:
5710:
5707:
5706:
5704:
5700:
5694:
5691:
5689:
5686:
5684:
5681:
5679:
5678:Neo-Darwinism
5676:
5674:
5671:
5669:
5666:
5664:
5661:
5659:
5656:
5654:
5651:
5647:
5646:
5642:
5641:
5640:
5637:
5633:
5632:
5628:
5627:
5626:
5623:
5621:
5618:
5616:
5613:
5612:
5610:
5608:
5604:
5598:
5595:
5593:
5592:Reinforcement
5590:
5588:
5585:
5583:
5580:
5578:
5575:
5573:
5570:
5568:
5565:
5563:
5560:
5558:
5555:
5553:
5550:
5548:
5545:
5543:
5540:
5539:
5537:
5535:
5531:
5525:
5524:Catastrophism
5521:
5518:
5516:
5515:Macromutation
5512:
5511:Micromutation
5509:
5507:
5503:
5499:
5496:
5495:
5493:
5491:
5487:
5481:
5478:
5474:
5471:
5469:
5466:
5464:
5461:
5459:
5456:
5454:
5451:
5450:
5449:
5446:
5444:
5441:
5439:
5436:
5434:
5431:
5429:
5426:
5424:
5421:
5419:
5418:Immune system
5416:
5414:
5411:
5409:
5406:
5404:
5401:
5399:
5396:
5392:
5389:
5388:
5387:
5384:
5382:
5379:
5377:
5374:
5372:
5369:
5365:
5362:
5360:
5357:
5356:
5355:
5352:
5351:
5349:
5347:
5342:
5334:
5331:
5329:
5326:
5324:
5321:
5319:
5316:
5314:
5311:
5310:
5308:
5304:
5301:
5299:
5296:
5294:
5291:
5289:
5286:
5284:
5281:
5279:
5278:symbiogenesis
5276:
5275:
5274:
5271:
5269:
5266:
5264:
5261:
5259:
5256:
5255:
5253:
5251:
5246:
5240:
5237:
5235:
5232:
5230:
5227:
5225:
5222:
5218:
5215:
5214:
5213:
5210:
5206:
5203:
5199:
5196:
5194:
5191:
5190:
5189:
5186:
5184:
5181:
5179:
5176:
5174:
5171:
5169:
5166:
5162:
5159:
5157:
5154:
5153:
5152:
5149:
5147:
5144:
5143:
5142:
5139:
5137:
5134:
5130:
5127:
5126:
5125:
5122:
5120:
5117:
5115:
5112:
5110:
5107:
5103:
5100:
5099:
5098:
5095:
5093:
5090:
5086:
5083:
5082:
5081:
5078:
5076:
5073:
5072:
5070:
5068:
5063:
5057:
5054:
5052:
5049:
5047:
5044:
5042:
5039:
5037:
5034:
5032:
5029:
5028:
5026:
5022:
5016:
5013:
5011:
5008:
5006:
5003:
4999:
4996:
4994:
4991:
4989:
4986:
4985:
4984:
4981:
4979:
4976:
4974:
4971:
4969:
4966:
4964:
4961:
4957:
4954:
4952:
4949:
4948:
4947:
4946:Kin selection
4944:
4942:
4941:Genetic drift
4939:
4937:
4934:
4930:
4927:
4926:
4925:
4922:
4920:
4917:
4915:
4912:
4910:
4907:
4905:
4902:
4901:
4899:
4897:
4891:
4883:
4880:
4879:
4878:
4875:
4873:
4870:
4866:
4863:
4861:
4858:
4857:
4856:
4853:
4849:
4846:
4845:
4844:
4841:
4839:
4836:
4834:
4831:
4829:
4826:
4824:
4821:
4819:
4816:
4814:
4811:
4809:
4806:
4804:
4801:
4799:
4796:
4792:
4789:
4788:
4787:
4784:
4782:
4779:
4777:
4774:
4772:
4769:
4767:
4764:
4762:
4759:
4757:
4754:
4752:
4749:
4747:
4744:
4740:
4737:
4736:
4735:
4732:
4730:
4727:
4725:
4722:
4718:
4715:
4713:
4710:
4709:
4708:
4705:
4703:
4700:
4698:
4695:
4693:
4690:
4689:
4687:
4685:
4681:
4675:
4672:
4670:
4667:
4665:
4662:
4660:
4657:
4655:
4652:
4651:
4648:
4644:
4637:
4632:
4630:
4625:
4623:
4618:
4617:
4614:
4607:
4604:
4601:
4600:Peter Turchin
4598:
4595:
4592:
4589:
4586:
4583:
4580:
4577:
4573:
4570:
4567:
4564:
4560:
4557:
4554:
4551:
4548:
4545:
4541:
4538:
4535:
4534:
4525:
4522:
4519:
4516:
4513:
4510:
4507:
4503:
4500:
4497:
4494:
4491:
4490:
4475:
4471:
4467:
4463:
4459:
4455:
4450:
4446:
4440:
4436:
4432:
4428:
4423:
4422:
4412:
4408:
4404:
4400:
4396:
4392:
4388:
4384:
4379:
4372:
4371:
4365:
4361:
4355:
4351:
4347:
4343:
4338:
4334:
4328:
4324:
4320:
4316:
4311:
4308:
4304:
4300:
4296:
4292:
4288:
4284:
4280:
4276:
4272:
4265:
4260:
4256:
4252:
4248:
4244:
4240:
4236:
4231:
4227:
4223:
4219:
4215:
4210:
4207:
4203:
4199:
4198:
4188:
4182:
4178:
4177:
4171:
4168:
4164:
4160:
4154:
4150:
4145:
4141:
4135:
4131:
4126:
4123:
4119:
4115:
4109:
4105:
4100:
4097:
4093:
4089:
4083:
4079:
4074:
4072:
4071:0-8047-1537-8
4068:
4064:
4060:
4056:
4050:
4046:
4041:
4038:
4034:
4031:
4028:
4024:
4023:
4006:
4002:
3998:
3991:
3983:
3979:
3975:
3971:
3967:
3963:
3956:
3948:
3944:
3940:
3936:
3929:
3921:
3917:
3913:
3909:
3905:
3901:
3896:
3891:
3887:
3883:
3876:
3869:
3865:
3859:
3851:
3847:
3842:
3837:
3833:
3829:
3822:
3814:
3810:
3805:
3800:
3796:
3792:
3785:
3778:
3773:
3765:
3761:
3756:
3751:
3746:
3741:
3737:
3733:
3729:
3725:
3721:
3714:
3706:
3702:
3698:
3694:
3690:
3686:
3682:
3678:
3671:
3662:
3653:
3644:
3635:
3628:
3623:
3615:
3611:
3607:
3603:
3599:
3595:
3588:
3581:
3576:
3568:
3564:
3560:
3556:
3552:
3548:
3541:
3533:
3529:
3525:
3521:
3514:
3507:
3501:
3493:
3487:
3483:
3479:
3475:
3468:
3466:
3457:
3453:
3449:
3445:
3441:
3437:
3429:
3421:
3417:
3413:
3409:
3405:
3401:
3397:
3393:
3386:
3379:
3371:
3367:
3363:
3359:
3355:
3351:
3343:
3337:
3331:
3324:
3319:
3311:
3305:
3297:
3293:
3289:
3282:
3275:
3269:
3261:
3257:
3253:
3249:
3242:
3234:
3230:
3226:
3222:
3218:
3214:
3211:(4): 567–96.
3210:
3206:
3199:
3192:
3187:
3185:
3177:
3171:
3163:
3159:
3155:
3151:
3147:
3143:
3140:(2): 238–59.
3139:
3135:
3128:
3121:
3115:
3108:
3102:
3094:
3092:0-393-02492-X
3088:
3084:
3077:
3069:
3067:9781583670125
3063:
3059:
3052:
3044:
3038:
3034:
3030:
3026:
3019:
3011:
3007:
3003:
2999:
2992:
2990:
2982:
2977:
2969:
2965:
2961:
2957:
2953:
2949:
2945:
2941:
2934:
2926:
2922:
2918:
2914:
2910:
2906:
2902:
2898:
2891:
2883:
2879:
2875:
2871:
2867:
2863:
2859:
2855:
2854:
2849:
2843:
2837:
2836:0-632-01541-1
2833:
2829:
2825:
2820:
2814:
2813:0-691-02357-3
2810:
2806:
2805:
2800:
2795:
2788:
2783:
2781:
2772:
2766:
2762:
2758:
2754:
2747:
2745:
2736:
2732:
2728:
2724:
2720:
2716:
2712:
2708:
2701:
2694:
2688:
2680:
2676:
2672:
2668:
2661:
2653:
2647:
2643:
2639:
2635:
2628:
2626:
2617:
2613:
2609:
2605:
2598:
2591:
2586:
2584:
2582:
2580:
2578:
2569:
2565:
2561:
2557:
2553:
2549:
2545:
2541:
2534:
2526:
2522:
2518:
2514:
2510:
2506:
2502:
2498:
2494:
2491:Feldman, M.;
2487:
2479:
2475:
2470:
2465:
2458:
2450:
2444:
2440:
2436:
2432:
2425:
2418:
2413:
2405:
2401:
2396:
2391:
2387:
2383:
2379:
2375:
2368:
2361:
2359:
2350:
2346:
2341:
2336:
2332:
2328:
2324:
2320:
2316:
2309:
2307:
2299:
2293:
2291:
2282:
2278:
2274:
2270:
2266:
2262:
2255:
2248:
2247:Wrangham 2009
2243:
2241:
2233:
2232:Wrangham 2009
2228:
2220:
2216:
2211:
2206:
2201:
2196:
2192:
2188:
2184:
2180:
2176:
2169:
2161:
2157:
2153:
2149:
2145:
2141:
2137:
2133:
2129:
2125:
2118:
2104:
2100:
2094:
2086:
2082:
2077:
2072:
2067:
2062:
2058:
2054:
2050:
2043:
2041:
2039:
2037:
2035:
2026:
2022:
2018:
2014:
2010:
2006:
2002:
1998:
1991:
1989:
1987:
1972:
1968:
1967:
1959:
1952:
1951:Wrangham 2009
1947:
1940:
1939:Wrangham 2009
1935:
1927:
1923:
1918:
1913:
1908:
1903:
1899:
1895:
1891:
1887:
1883:
1876:
1868:
1864:
1860:
1856:
1852:
1848:
1844:
1840:
1836:
1832:
1828:
1821:
1819:
1817:
1810:, p. 40.
1809:
1808:Wrangham 2009
1804:
1796:
1790:
1786:
1779:
1771:
1767:
1762:
1757:
1753:
1749:
1745:
1738:
1730:
1726:
1722:
1718:
1714:
1710:
1706:
1702:
1695:
1686:
1681:
1676:
1671:
1667:
1663:
1659:
1655:
1651:
1644:
1642:
1640:
1638:
1636:
1627:
1623:
1619:
1615:
1611:
1607:
1603:
1599:
1592:
1590:
1588:
1579:
1573:
1569:
1562:
1555:
1550:
1542:
1538:
1533:
1528:
1524:
1520:
1516:
1512:
1508:
1501:
1499:
1490:
1486:
1482:
1478:
1473:
1468:
1464:
1460:
1456:
1449:
1435:on 2017-03-28
1434:
1430:
1429:www.ucl.ac.uk
1426:
1420:
1412:
1408:
1403:
1398:
1393:
1388:
1384:
1380:
1376:
1372:
1368:
1361:
1353:
1349:
1344:
1339:
1334:
1329:
1325:
1321:
1317:
1313:
1309:
1302:
1300:
1291:
1287:
1283:
1279:
1275:
1271:
1264:
1257:
1252:
1244:
1238:
1234:
1230:
1226:
1218:
1216:
1214:
1205:
1199:
1195:
1191:
1187:
1180:
1178:
1170:
1165:
1159:Oxford: Berg.
1158:
1152:
1145:
1139:
1132:
1127:
1120:
1115:
1107:
1103:
1098:
1093:
1089:
1085:
1081:
1077:
1073:
1064:
1057:
1051:
1043:
1039:
1035:
1031:
1030:Human Biology
1024:
1017:
1011:
1003:
999:
995:
991:
987:
983:
979:
975:
968:
960:
956:
952:
948:
944:
940:
936:
932:
925:
917:
911:
907:
903:
899:
892:
890:
881:
874:
867:
862:
854:
850:
845:
840:
836:
832:
828:
824:
820:
813:
797:
793:
789:
782:
778:
768:
765:
762:
759:
756:
753:
750:
749:Adaptive bias
747:
744:
741:
740:
734:
732:
728:
724:
719:
716:
712:
709:Psychologist
702:
699:
695:
694:
690:
686:
682:
673:
671:
662:
659:
655:
651:
642:
639:
635:
620:
616:
613:
609:
604:
602:
598:
592:
588:
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43:This article
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7311:Sociobiology
7286:Anthropology
7262:
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6982:Sociobiology
6840:Neuroscience
6820:Intelligence
6366:Anthropology
6319:Color vision
6304:Multitasking
6283:Flynn effect
6278:Intelligence
6260:Folk biology
6003:Evolutionary
5853:Polymorphism
5836:Astrobiology
5813:
5784:Biogeography
5739:Saltationism
5729:Orthogenesis
5714:Alternatives
5643:
5629:
5562:Cospeciation
5557:Cladogenesis
5506:Saltationism
5463:Mating types
5386:Color vision
5371:Avian flight
5293:mitochondria
5031:Canalisation
4909:Biodiversity
4654:Introduction
4606:Mark Collard
4588:Alex Mesoudi
4569:Kevin Laland
4550:Russell Gray
4537:Liane Gabora
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711:Liane Gabora
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608:ethnographic
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531:epidemiology
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153:evolutionary
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52:Please help
47:verification
44:
7121:Determinism
7033:Coevolution
6977:Primatology
6815:Gender role
6720:Orientation
6600:Screen time
6457:Affectional
6439:Development
6118:Mate choice
6045:By-products
6013:Adaptations
5976:Cognitivism
5863:Systematics
5734:Mutationism
5552:Catagenesis
5480:Snake venom
5413:Eusociality
5391:in primates
5381:Cooperation
5309:In animals
5129:butterflies
5102:Cephalopods
5092:Brachiopods
5024:Development
4998:Mate choice
4751:Convergence
4734:Coevolution
4692:Abiogenesis
4556:Herb Gintis
4512:Joe Henrich
4277:(1): 1–61.
3600:(1): 1–16.
3553:(1): 1–16.
3193:, p. .
2830:Blackwell.
2789:, p. .
2592:, p. .
868:, p. .
546:Robert Boyd
423:Pleistocene
155:processes:
7280:Categories
7068:Population
7063:Lamarckism
6909:behavioral
6887:Behavioral
6835:Narcissism
6780:Aggression
6570:Hypophobia
6560:Depression
6447:Attachment
6429:Universals
6393:Psychology
6371:Biological
6359:Musicology
6349:Aesthetics
6248:Basophobia
6055:Exaptation
6033:Reciprocal
5724:Lamarckism
5702:Philosophy
5625:David Hume
5587:Peripatric
5582:Parapatric
5567:Ecological
5547:Anagenesis
5542:Allopatric
5534:Speciation
5498:Gradualism
5423:Metabolism
5283:chromosome
5273:Eukaryotes
5051:Modularity
4968:Population
4894:Population
4855:Speciation
4833:Panspermia
4786:Extinction
4781:Exaptation
4756:Divergence
4729:Cladistics
4717:Reciprocal
4697:Adaptation
4007:(22): 1–4.
4001:Psycoloquy
3260:1885/44496
2108:2017-03-27
1977:2017-03-27
1459:IUBMB Life
1439:2017-03-27
802:28 October
774:References
705:Criticisms
612:ethnologic
595:Economist
110:March 2023
80:newspapers
6913:cognitive
6905:Affective
6790:Cognition
6744:Sexuality
6730:Pair bond
6490:Education
6147:Cognition
6065:Inclusive
6005:processes
5993:Criticism
5858:Protocell
5709:Darwinism
5597:Sympatric
5346:processes
5234:Tetrapods
5183:Kangaroos
5109:Dinosaurs
5046:Inversion
5015:Variation
4936:Gene flow
4929:Inclusive
4739:Mutualism
4684:Evolution
4582:Ruth Mace
3895:1206.4386
3841:1309.2622
3804:0803.2568
2469:1309.7524
2281:163932368
1626:144317407
1377:(1): 89.
1290:144039856
1276:: 64–70.
689:Dawkins's
634:sociology
461:In 1876,
448:Although
363:learned.
308:lineage.
7182:Memetics
6942:Ethology
6900:genetics
6735:Physical
6700:Jealousy
6655:Activity
6461:maternal
6417:Religion
6405:Morality
6383:Language
6264:taxonomy
6077:Mismatch
6023:Cheating
6018:Altruism
5886:Category
5761:Vitalism
5756:Theistic
5749:Spandrel
5433:Morality
5428:Monogamy
5303:plastids
5268:Flagella
5224:Reptiles
5205:sea cows
5188:primates
5097:Molluscs
5075:Bacteria
4963:Mutation
4896:genetics
4872:Taxonomy
4818:Mismatch
4798:Homology
4712:Cheating
4707:Altruism
4572:Archived
4559:Archived
4540:Archived
4502:Archived
4493:Rob Boyd
4474:12472064
4466:23332522
4411:10287878
4403:20084086
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2017:10436305
1971:archived
1926:22065771
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1859:19732938
1770:13315930
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1489:34564411
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761:Memetics
737:See also
698:Memetics
681:Memetics
676:Memetics
552:'s 1985
401:prestige
336:mutation
7083:Species
6855:Suicide
6690:Fantasy
6670:Arousal
6452:Bonding
6341:Culture
6165:Display
6152:Emotion
6060:Fitness
5949:History
5777:Related
5607:History
5468:Meiosis
5403:Empathy
5398:Emotion
5298:nucleus
5239:Viruses
5229:Spiders
5141:Mammals
5124:Insects
4924:Fitness
4860:Species
4659:Outline
4195:Reviews
3732:Bibcode
3444:Bibcode
3420:2107499
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221:lactose
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6785:Autism
6752:female
6685:Desire
6422:Origin
6398:Speech
6388:Origin
6160:Affect
5896:Portal
5572:Hybrid
5408:Ethics
5250:organs
5212:Plants
5198:lemurs
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5178:horses
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5359:Death
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5333:brain
5119:Fungi
5080:Birds
4993:Fungi
4791:Event
4674:Index
4462:JSTOR
4407:S2CID
4374:(PDF)
4295:S2CID
4267:(PDF)
4020:Books
3978:S2CID
3916:S2CID
3890:arXiv
3836:arXiv
3799:arXiv
3755:41384
3701:S2CID
3693:JSTOR
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101:JSTOR
87:books
6748:male
6109:Male
5846:Tree
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