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deprogrammers. The total number that occurred is unknown, but in 1980 Ted
Patrick claimed to have been hired over 2000 times as a professional abductor. Many other operators emerged both during and after the period in which he was active, many of them trained by him. The practice of deprogramming was an integral part of the anti-cult ideology and economy, and was seen as an effective response to the demand emanating from people who wanted a family member extracted, but it also clashed with the need for anti-cult organizations to present themselves as "educational" associations (the CFF, for example, received tax-exempt status as an educational trust). This, along with its tenuous legal and moral status, meant that deprogramming tended to be publicly disavowed, while its practice continued clandestinely.
80:" to New Religious Movements. Brainwashing theory denied the possibility of authentic spiritual choice for an NRM member, proposing instead that such individuals were subject to systematic mind control programs that overrode their capacity for independent volition. Ted Patrick's theory of brainwashing was that individuals were hypnotized by brainwaves projected from a recruiter's eyes and fingertips, after which the state was maintained by constant indoctrination, a totalistic environment, and self-hypnosis. Most academic research, however, indicated that the reasons for people joining, remaining in, or leaving NRMs were complex, varied from group to group and individual to individual, and generally reflected the continued presence of a capacity for individual responsibility and choice.
628:
alienation of the subject from their family). In exit counseling, these psychological and legal risks are reduced. Although deprogrammers prepare family members (other than the subject) for the process, exit counselors tend to work with such family members directly, expecting those requesting the intervention to contribute to the process. Exit counseling requires that families establish a reasonable and respectful level of communication with their loved one before the program itself can begin. Because deprogramming relies on coercion (which is illegal except in the case of
152:, who worked for the Cult Awareness Network in the 1980s (later advocating for "voluntary exit counseling" and "thought reform consultation") said that although abductions certainly occurred, the more common practice was to forcefully detain people in their own homes, or in a cabin or motel room. Giambalvo tells of "horror stories" of restraint, beatings, use of handcuffs and weapons, sexual abuse, and even rape, although she claims that these were only used in a minority of cases and that deprogramming "helped to free many individuals".
73:, the "father of deprogramming", formed an organization he called "The Citizens' Freedom Foundation" and began offering 'deprogramming' services to people who wanted to break a family member's connection to an NRM. Patrick's methods involved abduction, physical restraint, detention over days or weeks while maintaining a constant presence with the victim, food and sleep deprivation, prolonged verbal and emotional abuse, and desecration of the symbols of the victim's faith.
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146:, "One does not have to rely on the victims for stories of violence: Ted Patrick, one of the most notorious deprogrammers used by CAGs (who has spent several terms in prison for his exploits) openly boasts about some of the violence he employed." A number of other prominent members of "cult-awareness groups" have been convicted of violent crimes committed in the course of deprogrammings.
139:
forced into a vehicle and taken to a place where they are isolated from everyone but their captors. Told that they would not be released until they renounce their beliefs, they are then subjected to days and sometimes weeks of verbal, emotional, psychological, and/or physical pressure until the demands of their abductors are satisfied.
237:
protections for religious groups, government officials and agencies frequently "turned a blind eye" to the activities of deprogrammers. In China, government agencies have at times promoted activities resembling deprogramming to enforce official views of "correct" beliefs and behaviors, for example in the suppression of the
615:
Proponents of "Exit counseling" distinguish it from coercive forms of deprogramming. The fundamental difference is that involuntary deprogramming involves forced confinement of the individual whereas in exit counseling they are free to leave at any time. The absence of physical coercion is thought to
189:
According to
Giambalvo and others, however, deprogramming frequently failed completely to achieve the desired outcome and often caused significant harm. While some advocates claimed a high success rate, studies show that natural attrition rates are actually higher than those achieved by deprogramming
164:
It was believed that the hold of the brainwashing over the cognitive processes of a cult member needed to be broken – or "snapped" as some termed it – by means that would shock or frighten the cultist into thinking again. For that reason, in some cases cult leader's pictures were burned or there were
138:
Violence of one degree or another is common to all anecdotal accounts of deprogramming. There are numerous testimonies from people who describe being threatened with a gun, beaten, denied food and sleep, and sexually assaulted. In these accounts, the deprogramming usually begins with the victim being
34:
connections to the group associated with them. Typically, people identifying themselves as deprogrammers are hired by a person's relatives, often parents of adult children. The subject of the deprogramming is usually forced to undergo the procedure, which might last days or weeks, against their will.
512:
Kidnapped during the day on the central street of Dijon, Château was pulled into a moving car, screaming for help. Medical-psychological examination showed that she had been in good mental health with no traces of "brainwashing". Seven people—family members and ADFI "professional deprogrammers"—were
91:
of the 1970s and 80s. The anti-cult movement lobbied for state and national legislative action to legitimize its activities, and although this had very limited success, the movement was nevertheless able to forge alliances with a number of governmental agencies. This was primarily on the back of its
241:
movement. This can involve "vigorous, even violent, efforts to dissuade people from participating in groups deemed unacceptable to the government" and have been "given legal sanction by the passage of laws that make illegal the activities or even the beliefs of the unpopular movement or group being
197:
suggests that it is doubtful that deprogramming helps many people and goes on to say that it actually causes harm to the victim by the very nature of deprogramming. For deprogramming to work, the victim must be convinced that they joined a religious group against their will. They then must renounce
245:
In the United States—in New York, Kansas, Nebraska, Connecticut, Illinois, New Jersey, Ohio, Oregon and Texas—lawmakers unsuccessfully attempted to legalize involuntary deprogramming, either through a deprogramming bill or conservatorship legislation. In New York, two bills were actually passed by
540:
Seized and shoved into a van by 3 men at
Seattle airport. Held captive for 8 days (guarded 24 hours a day with no privacy) by 7 deprogrammers hired by her parents. After the complete failure of their enterprise, the deprogrammers returned Lever to her car at the airport. Advised by Seattle police
134:
Deprogrammers generally operated on the presumption that the people they were paid to extract from religious organizations were victims of mind control or brainwashing. Since the theory was that such individuals were incapable of rational thought, extreme measures were thought to be justified for
129:
Beginning in the 1970s, many parents responded to the initial conversion with "deprogramming." The essence of deprogramming was to physically abduct the convert, isolate him and physically restrain him, and barrage him with continuous arguments and attacks against his new religion, threatening to
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Held captive for 35 days and subjected to physical and psychological abuse by deprogrammers and family members. In Ward's civil action, the 4th U.S. Circuit Court of
Appeals ruled that federal civil rights laws protect against religious discrimination. The judgment contradicted the (then common)
423:
27,000 for the deprogramming, which included being gagged, handcuffed to a bed for two weeks, denied food and water, and repeatedly threatened. Despite the ordeal, Wirth remained committed to her causes and spoke out against deprogramming, but declined to press legal charges against her parents.
198:
responsibility and accept that in some mysterious way that their minds were controlled. He argues that deprogramming destroys a person's identity and is likely to create permanent anxiety about freedom of choice and leave the deprogrammed subject dependent upon the guidance and advice of others.
33:
is a controversial tactic that seeks to dissuade someone from "strongly held convictions" such as religious beliefs. Deprogramming purports to assist a person who holds a particular belief system—of a kind considered harmful by those initiating the deprogramming—to change those beliefs and sever
627:
10,000, compared to exit counseling which typically costs US$ 2,000 to US$ 4,000, although cases requiring extensive research of little-known groups can cost much more. Deprogramming, especially when it fails, also entails considerable legal risk and psychological risk (for example, a permanent
116:
described deprogramming as a "private, self-help process whereby participants in unpopular new religious movements (NRMs) were forcibly removed from the group, incarcerated, and put through radical resocialization processes that were supposed to result in their agreeing to leave the group." Law
236:
Deprogrammers have sometimes operated with overt or tacit support of law enforcement and judicial officials. Richardson sees government involvement in deprogramming as existing on a continuum from implicit approval to active involvement. In the United States, where there are First
Amendment
95:
Although the CFF and CAN were in favor of deprogramming, they distanced themselves from the practice from the late 1970s onwards. Despite this apparent repudiation, however, they continued the practice. CFF and CAN referred thousands of paying clients to activist members who kept lists of
288:. Lawyers for some groups who have lost members due to deprogramming, as well as some civil liberties advocates, sociologists and psychologists, argue that it is not the religious groups but rather the deprogrammers who are the ones who deceive and manipulate people.
57:, and the use of violence. Proponents of deprogramming present the practice as a necessary counter-measure to the systematic "brainwashing" procedures allegedly employed by religious groups, which they claim deprive the individual of their capacity for free choice.
1984:
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Kidnapped by deprogrammers hired by her parents; she was allegedly held against her will and repeatedly raped. Filed civil charges against her parents and the deprogrammers, which were dismissed in a trial that generated some controversy in the media.
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propagation of the brainwashing/mind control ideology, which succeeded in turning affiliation with NRMs into an issue of public—rather than private—concern and gave a pseudo-legitimacy to the anti-cultists more extreme claims and actions.
562:
Deprogrammers were hired by her husband to return her to him and the Amish church. Criminal charges of conspiracy were filed against the husband, brother, and two others but were later dropped on her request to the prosecuting attorney.
398:
The abduction and deprogramming were televised across the United States; shortly after what was thought to be a 'successful' deprogramming, she went back to the group. Deprogrammer charged with kidnapping but acquitted.
277:—to get their relative into deprogrammers' hands, without allowing them any recourse to a lawyer or psychiatrist of their own choosing. Previously, there would be a sanity hearing first, and only then a commitment to an
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their own good, up to and including the use of criminal violence. Ted
Patrick was eventually tried and convicted of multiple felonies relating to kidnapping and false imprisonment of deprogramming subjects.
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was a widely accepted theory in public opinion, and the vast majority of newspaper and magazine accounts of deprogrammings assumed that recruits' relatives were well justified to seek
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highly confrontational interactions between deprogrammers and cultist. What was often sought was an emotional response to the information, the shock, the fear, and the confrontation.
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and is generally viewed as unethical) deprogrammers' critiques of the religious organization tend to be less credible to the subject than the arguments of exit counselors.
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169:
Another associate of Ted
Patrick, Sylvia Buford, identified five stages in the deprogramming which would, ideally, bring the subject to a recognition of their condition:
104:
Deprogramming became a controversial practice due to the violent and illegal nature of some of its methods. Various academics have commented on the practice. Sociologist
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increase the likelihood of establishing a rapport and of not alienating, enraging or terrifying the subject. Exit counsellors are typically brought in during a "family
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Abducted off the street by relatives who thought she had joined a cult, McElfish managed to escape before a deprogramming was administered. Deprogrammer convicted of
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groups play a central role in maintaining the underground network of communications, referrals, transportation, and housing necessary for continued deprogramming.
228:, rejects deprogramming, believing that it is counterproductive, ineffective, and can harm the relationship between a cult member and concerned family members.
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1985:"Sept personnes sont inculpées à Besançon pour avoir séquestré une adepte de Moon La secte à l'intention de se porter partie civile Un drame en trois actes"
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601:(CAN), and US$ 2,500,000 against Ross (later settled for US$ 5,000 and 200 hours of services "as an expert consultant and intervention specialist").
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Identification and transference: the subject begins to identify with the deprogrammers, thinking as an opponent of the cult rather than as a member.
345:) in which they would refer people to deprogrammers in return for a "kickback" in the form of a donation or as a commission. Deprogrammers such as
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or involuntary therapy. But with deprogramming, judges routinely granted parents legal authority over their adult children without a hearing.
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against Ross, which were later settled for US$ 5,000 and 200 hours of services. More significantly, the jury also found that the leading
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620:", where they explain their role and seek to change the subject's attitude to their religious group through reasoning and persuasion.
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because of their violation of religious and other constitutional freedoms. In other states the bills failed to pass the legislature.
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Presenting contradictions - comparing the ideology with the reality; for example, "How can he preach love when he exploits people?"
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Anthony, Dick; Robbins, Thomas (Winter 1992). "Law, social science and the "brainwashing" exception to the first amendment".
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327:. This case is often seen as effectively closing the door on the practice of involuntary deprogramming in the United States.
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Ikemoto, Keiko; Nakamura, Masakazu (2004). "Forced deprogramming from a religion and mental health: A case report of PTSD".
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point of view, was that people hiring deprogrammers would use deception or other ethically questionable methods—including
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323:(CAN) was a co-conspirator in the crime and fined CAN around US$ 1,000,000 in punitive damages, forcing the group into
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group called the Life
Tabernacle Church, after an unsuccessful deprogramming attempt. In 1995, the jury awarded Scott
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The breaking point, at which the subject begins to accept the deprogrammer's position and begins doubting the ideology
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Richardson, James T. (October 1991). "Reflexivity and objectivity in the study of controversial new religions".
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Taken off the street and shoved into a van by 4 kidnappers, at the instigation of her parents. The parents paid
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1203:(2002). "Watching for Violence: A Comparative Analysis of the Roles of Five Types of Cult-Watching Groups". In
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Richardson, James T. (2011). "Deprogramming: from private self-help to governmental organized repression".
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Introduction to New and
Alternative Religions in America : Volume 1 : History and Controversies
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Unsuccessful deprogramming. Scott became a former member and sued. The jury awarded Scott US$ 875,000 in
202:
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1405:
1216:
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Clarke, P. and R.M.H.F.P. Clarke. 2004. Encyclopedia of New
Religious Movements: Taylor & Francis.
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45:, which have sometimes resulted in criminal convictions. The practice has led to controversies over
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Shupe, Anson D.; Spielmann, Roger; Stigall, Sam (July 1977). "Deprogramming: The New Exorcism".
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accused of kidnapping by the Dijon Regional Criminal Investigation Department under §341 of the
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978:
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McAllister, Shawn (1999). "Holy Wars: Involuntary Deprogramming as a Weapon Against Cults".
517:. The case contributed to the gradual abandonment of abductions and deprogramming attempts.
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Coalition to Fight the Death Penalty; African People's Solidarity Committee; anti-nuclear
8:
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3339:
3309:
3274:
3164:
2979:
2944:
2860:
2512:
2214:
1794:
1002:
842:"Ted Patrick Convicted of Seizing Woman Said to Have Joined Cult; Escaped From Abductors"
775:
726:
113:
46:
2144:
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Langone, writing in 1993, estimated that deprogramming costs typically rise to at least
182:
Self-expression: the subject begins to voice criticisms and complaints against the cult.
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88:
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1966:
1900:
1829:
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Agents of Discord: Deprogramming, Pseudo-Science, and the American Anticult Movement.
1714:
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Agents of Discord: Deprogramming, Pseudo-science, and the American Anticult Movement
1961:
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in both methodology and manifestation. Professor of Sociology and Judicial Studies
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1020:
920:
746:
629:
436:
354:
263:
149:
118:
2553:
1561:"Deprogramming, Brainwashing and the Medicalization of Deviant Religious Groups"
1001:(2006). "Affiliation and Disaffiliation Careers in New Religious movements". In
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718:
579:
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300:
278:
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105:
2010:
1945:"Fronteiras espirituais e fronteiras nacionais: o combate às seitas na França"
1145:
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3329:
2725:
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2700:
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2578:
2568:
2558:
2341:
2326:
2209:
1970:
1679:
1475:
1332:
Levine, Saul V. (1979). "The Role of Psychiatry in the Phenomenon of Cults".
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that she had grounds to press charges for kidnapping and false imprisonment.
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350:
285:
143:
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2229:
2099:
1615:
1532:
884:
646:
259:
77:
65:
In the United States in the early 1970s, there was an increasing number of
50:
2645:
European Federation of Centres of Research and Information on Sectarianism
2251:
APA Task Force on Deceptive and Indirect Methods of Persuasion and Control
2096:
Recovery from Cults: Help for Victims of Psychological and Spiritual Abuse
1652:
37:
Methods and practices of deprogramming are varied but have often involved
3413:
3229:
2695:
2655:
Union nationale des associations de défense des familles et de l'individu
2421:
2396:
2361:
2351:
2346:
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Center for Religious Studies in the name of Hieromartyr Irenaeus of Lyons
1355:
393:
70:
54:
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The New Vigilantes: Deprogrammers, Anti-Cultists, and the New Religions
2801:
2639:
2608:
2603:
2573:
2125:"Deprogramming, Exit Counseling, and Ethics - Clarifying the Confusion"
796:
770:
324:
274:
247:
238:
214:
38:
1586:
1560:
532:
Karen Lever, a 33 years old director of a computer consulting company
3760:
3473:
2659:
1308:
695:
246:
the legislature (in 1980 and 1981), but both were vetoed by Governor
218:
1449:
Cults, Culture, and the Law: Perspectives on New Religious Movements
788:
284:
Critics contend that deprogramming and exit counseling begin with a
3971:
3497:
3234:
1629:
Coleman, Lee (1984). "New Religions and the Myth of Mind Control".
1578:
754:
221:
109:
1503:"Court Rules Rights Laws Protect Against Religious Discrimination"
258:
In the United States, from the mid-1970s and throughout the 1980s
160:
Carol Giambalvo described the reasoning behind deprogramming thus:
83:
The Citizens' Freedom Foundation, which later became known as the
2285:
470:
210:
812:
3294:
2219:
76:
Deprogrammers justified their actions by applying a theory of "
1286:
All Gods Children: The Cult Experience – Salvation or Slavery?
3546:
2064:"Amish Woman Asks Prosecutor to Drop Charges on Kidnapping",
1447:
Robbins, Thomas; Sheperd, William C.; McBride, James (1985).
553:
3035:
743:
Encyclopedia of Religious Controversies in the United States
2199:
465:
87:, became the most prominent group in the emerging national
2792:
The Prohibited and Unlawful Societies and Associations Act
1451:. Chico, California: Scholars Press. pp. 17, 108–110.
815:"Regulation of religious proselytism in the United States"
2952:
Snapping: America's Epidemic of Sudden Personality Change
2174:
1733:
New Religious Movements and Religious Liberty in America.
771:"Notes: Cults, Deprogrammers, and the Necessity Defense"
453:; sentenced to one year in prison and fined US$ 5,000.
341:
The Cult Awareness Network operated a referral scheme (
3699:
Antireligious campaigns of the Chinese Communist Party
1875:"Ted Patrick is sentenced in seizure of cult member".
3627:
Genocide of Serbs in the Independent State of Croatia
3480:
Persecution of Muslims during the Ottoman contraction
2011:"Croyances et appartenances : un débat français"
1496:
1494:
1446:
1170:
Religious Liberty, Volume 2: The Free Exercise Clause
1087:
108:
and others wrote that deprogramming is comparable to
975:
The Bloomsbury Companion to New Religious Movements.
2291:
National Network of Lawyers Against Spiritual Sales
1259:"From Deprogramming to Thought Reform Consultation"
725:, edited by Lindsay Jones, 2291–3. Vol. 4. 2nd ed.
1491:
2039:. New Jersey: Transaction Publishers. p. 56.
1277:
1252:
1250:
582:group called the Life Tabernacle Church (part of
253:
3987:
1844:"Feared kidnapped, she reconciles with mother",
1559:Robbins, Thomas; Anthony, Dick (February 1982).
27:Coercive intervention against a person's beliefs
2123:Langone, Michael D. and Paul R. Martin (1993).
2008:
860:
330:
3378:Decline of Buddhism in the Indian subcontinent
3372:Persecution of pagans in the late Roman Empire
2296:People's Organised Workshop on Ersatz Religion
1599:
1558:
1247:
1196:
1194:
1075:The Oxford Handbook of New Religious Movements
836:
834:
506:Claire Château, 21-year-old, in Dijon, France
155:
3559:Persecution of Christians in the Eastern Bloc
3366:Persecution of Christians in the Roman Empire
3021:
2966:Thought Reform and the Psychology of Totalism
2160:
1125:
1123:
1121:
496:"parental immunity" principle in such cases.
410:Susan Wirth, a 35-year-old teacher living in
130:hold him forever until he agreed to leave it.
3681:Violence against Hindus in independent India
2854:The Challenge of the Cults and New Religions
2840:Brainwashing: The Science of Thought Control
2034:
1868:
1526:
3893:Attacks by Islamic extremists in Bangladesh
3408:Muslim conquests in the Indian subcontinent
2959:Strange Gods: The Great American Cult Scare
2938:On the Edge: Political Cults Right and Left
2665:Parliamentary Commission on Cults in France
2498:New England Institute of Religious Research
2458:Christian Apologetics and Research Ministry
1529:Strange Gods: The Great American Cult Scare
1527:Bromley, David G.; Shupe, Anson D. (1981).
1191:
864:International Journal of Law and Psychiatry
831:
813:Hunter, Howard O.; Price, Polly J. (2001).
357:were among the CAN-referred deprogrammers.
123:Religious Liberty: The Free Exercise Clause
3028:
3014:
2167:
2153:
1471:"Deprogramming A Disgrace To Free Society"
1417:
1231:"Deprogramming Members of Religious Sects"
1129:
1118:
993:
991:
989:
987:
941:
935:
921:"Deprogramming Members of Religious Sects"
896:
894:
3528:Massacres of Albanians in the Balkan Wars
2772:Kingdom of Jesus Christ compound standoff
1960:
1742:
1668:"A.C.L.U. AIDE WARNS ON SEIZING CULTISTS"
1464:
1462:
1460:
1458:
1256:
2650:Centre contre les manipulations mentales
2276:International Cultic Studies Association
1772:"Ted Patrick Freed in Coast Abduction".
1731:Davis, Derek H.; Hankins, Barry (2003).
1283:Stoner, Carroll; Parke, Jo Anne (1977).
1264:International Cultic Studies Association
948:Continuum International Publishing Group
3492:French Revolutionary dechristianisation
2478:Evangelical Ministries to New Religions
2122:
2093:
1628:
1228:
1166:
1077:. Oxford University Press. p. 191.
997:
984:
918:
891:
741:Neal, Lynn S. (2012). "Deprogramming".
584:United Pentecostal Church International
14:
3988:
3438:Forced conversions of Muslims in Spain
2518:Wellspring Retreat and Resource Center
2286:Fight Against Coercive Tactics Network
1942:
1468:
1455:
1411:
1331:
1325:
689:
360:
3687:1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight
3009:
2757:Governmental lists of cults and sects
2176:Opposition to new religious movements
2148:
2076:
2074:
2049:"Amish Woman Charges Deprogramming",
2035:Shupe, Anson; Darnell, Susan (2006).
1893:Violence Against Lesbians and Gay Men
1727:
1725:
1554:
1552:
1302:
1072:
973:; Zeller, Benjamin E. (eds.) (2014).
1860:"Cult Deprogrammer Is Found Guilty,"
1665:
808:
806:
765:
763:
737:
735:
464:Stephanie Riethmiller, who lived in
3831:Ethnic cleansing in the Bosnian War
3781:Persecution of Hindus in Bangladesh
3693:Jewish exodus from the Muslim world
3486:Christianization of the Sámi people
1712:"Cult Awareness Network bankrupt".
1632:American Journal of Orthopsychiatry
820:Brigham Young University Law Review
24:
2875:Cults: Faith, Healing and Coercion
2787:Persecution of Jehovah's Witnesses
2071:
1820:Postpage, Stephen Garrard (1993).
1790:"Daughter kidnapped over politics"
1722:
1645:10.1111/j.1939-0025.1984.tb01499.x
1549:
1469:Rusher, William A. (28 May 1983).
610:
209:organization founded in 1973 by a
99:
25:
4017:
3675:Violence against Muslims in India
3669:Persecution of Hindus in Pakistan
3615:Nazi boycott of Jewish businesses
1918:"'Deprogrammed' Woman Files Suit"
1718:. 14–21 August 1996. p. 777.
1173:. Vol. 2. Grand Rapids, MI:
803:
760:
732:
173:Discrediting the authority figure
3970:
2483:Institute for Religious Research
1500:
435:Roberta McElfish, a 26-year-old
3947:2023 Hamas-led attack on Israel
3917:Persecution of Uyghurs in China
2116:
2087:
2058:
2043:
2028:
2002:
1977:
1962:10.1590/S0104-93132005000100001
1943:Birman, Patricia (2005-04-01).
1936:
1910:
1885:
1853:
1838:
1814:
1782:
1765:
1705:
1692:
1659:
1622:
1603:Behavioral Sciences and the Law
1593:
1520:
1440:
1383:
1370:
1296:
1222:
1160:
1081:
1066:
1040:
1031:
1005:; Ashcraft, W. Michael (eds.).
977:Bloomsbury Companions. London:
964:
912:
291:During the 1990s, deprogrammer
3935:2019 Sri Lanka Easter bombings
3905:Genocide of Christians by ISIL
3639:Communist Romanian persecution
2508:Spiritual Counterfeits Project
2195:Christian countercult movement
2009:Birman_Patricia (2024-04-06).
1924:. December 10, 1981. p. 1
1335:Canadian Journal of Psychiatry
854:
753:. Vol. 1. 2nd ed. Denver, CO:
712:
683:
659:
254:Controversy and related issues
13:
1:
3953:2024 Istanbul church shooting
3929:Christchurch mosque shootings
3717:Religious violence in Nigeria
3711:Exodus of Turks from Bulgaria
2847:Captive Hearts, Captive Minds
2762:Mass suicide of Heaven's Gate
1891:Comstock, Gard David (1995).
1398:Cults, Religion, and Violence
1205:Cults, Religion, and Violence
1091:American Behavioral Scientist
783:(2): 271–311. December 1981.
652:
269:One disturbing aspect from a
231:
60:
4006:Anti-cult terms and concepts
3843:War crimes in the Kosovo War
3633:Communist Polish persecution
3504:1860 Mount Lebanon civil war
3432:Crusades against schismatics
2463:Christian Research Institute
2094:Langone, Michael D. (1995).
1802:. July 2, 1980. p. A-13
1751:; Darnell, Susan E. (2006).
1666:Blau, Eleanor (1977-02-06).
1434:10.1016/0048-721X(91)90034-N
1133:Crime, Law and Social Change
919:LeMoult, John (1978-01-01).
903:Thurgood Marshall Law Review
331:Referral and kickback system
7:
4001:Disengagement from religion
2868:Combating Cult Mind Control
2752:Assassination of Shinzo Abe
2468:Dialog Center International
1826:Georgetown University Press
942:Chryssides, George (1999).
635:
266:and to hire deprogrammers.
203:Dialog Center International
156:Rationale and effectiveness
10:
4022:
2994:Zealot: A Book About Cults
2633:Governmental organizations
2493:Midwest Christian Outreach
1406:Cambridge University Press
1348:10.1177/070674377902400703
1217:Cambridge University Press
1175:Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing
1104:10.1177/000276427702000609
877:10.1016/j.ijlp.2004.01.005
690:Melton, J. Gordon (1999).
3967:
3875:South Thailand insurgency
3851:Walisongo school massacre
3819:Exodus of Kashmiri Hindus
3468:Expulsion of the Moriscos
3444:European wars of religion
3358:
3202:
3047:
2810:
2797:Tokyo subway sarin attack
2782:Persecution of Falun Gong
2734:
2674:Individuals in government
2673:
2632:
2526:
2488:Personal Freedom Outreach
2450:
2304:
2281:The Family Survival Trust
2243:
2182:
1897:Columbia University Press
1257:Giambalvo, Carol (1998).
1229:LeMoult, John E. (1978).
1167:Laycock, Douglas (2011).
1146:10.1007/s10611-011-9286-5
667:"Definition of DEPROGRAM"
142:According to sociologist
3265:Extrajudicial punishment
2910:The Kingdom of the Cults
2819:All Gods Children (book)
1073:Lewis, James R. (2004).
723:Encyclopedia of religion
193:Professor of psychiatry
3958:Crocus City Hall attack
3705:Persecution of Tibetans
3462:French Wars of Religion
3384:Yellow Turban Rebellion
2266:Cult Information Centre
2102:. pp. 166, 171–4.
1991:(in French). 1982-03-09
1822:Inquiries in Bioethics.
1737:Baylor University Press
1700:Exploring New Religions
1378:Exploring New Religions
1303:Gomes, Alan W. (1995).
944:Exploring New Religions
692:New Religious Movements
671:www.merriam-webster.com
299:, a former member of a
67:New Religious Movements
3911:Iraqi Turkmen genocide
3887:Maspero demonstrations
3735:Huế Phật Đản shootings
2924:Misunderstanding Cults
2917:The Making of a Moonie
2777:Persecution of Baháʼís
2261:Cult Awareness Network
2235:New religious movement
1760:Transaction Publishers
1616:10.1002/bsl.2370100103
599:Cult Awareness Network
321:Cult Awareness Network
207:Christian counter-cult
167:
132:
85:Cult Awareness Network
3881:Boko Haram insurgency
3540:Pontic Greek genocide
3450:Ottoman–Habsburg wars
3260:Extrajudicial killing
3037:Religious persecution
2619:Walter Ralston Martin
2527:Religious individuals
1215:, 123–48. Cambridge:
1048:"Religion: Cultnaper"
979:Bloomsbury Publishing
971:Chryssides, George D.
442:Wesley Thomas Family
311:and US$ 2,500,000 in
162:
127:
3863:September 11 attacks
3799:1984 anti-Sikh riots
3663:Rawalpindi massacres
3609:White Terror (Spain)
3420:Massacre at Ayyadieh
3305:Population cleansing
2544:Robert M. Bowman Jr.
2442:Lawrence Wollersheim
2055:, November 30, 1990.
1535:. pp. 198–204.
1307:. Grand Rapids, MI:
1003:Gallagher, Eugene V.
950:. pp. 346–348.
591:compensatory damages
309:compensatory damages
3996:Human rights abuses
3775:Bangladesh genocide
3755:Cultural Revolution
3747:Xá Lợi Pagoda raids
3510:Circassian genocide
3396:Rhineland massacres
3310:Population transfer
3275:Forced displacement
3087:Jehovah's Witnesses
2980:When Prophecy Fails
2945:Recovery from Cults
2861:Churches That Abuse
2513:Watchman Fellowship
2305:Secular individuals
2215:Freedom of religion
2080:Shupe and Darnell,
2015:ethnographiques.org
1795:Beaver County Times
1507:The Washington Post
1305:Unmasking the Cults
1009:. Greenwood Press.
776:Michigan Law Review
727:Macmillan Reference
593:, US$ 1,000,000 in
524:and family members
509:Unification Church
366:
361:Historical examples
319:group known as the
114:James T. Richardson
47:freedom of religion
3869:2002 Gujarat riots
3793:Cambodian genocide
3787:Lebanese Civil War
3565:Soviet persecution
3402:Jerusalem massacre
3315:Sectarian violence
3300:Political violence
2987:The Wrong Way Home
2973:Twisted Scriptures
2882:Cults in Our Midst
2312:Jean-Marie Abgrall
2271:Cultists Anonymous
2225:Heterodox teaching
2190:Anti-cult movement
1878:The New York Times
1672:The New York Times
1589:– via JSTOR.
1236:Fordham Law Review
925:Fordham Law Review
850:. August 30, 1980.
847:The New York Times
799:– via JSTOR.
642:Anti-cult movement
491:Unification Church
451:false imprisonment
449:, kidnapping, and
365:
89:anti-cult movement
43:false imprisonment
3983:
3982:
3923:Rohingya genocide
3651:Direct Action Day
3603:Šahovići massacre
3553:Armenian genocide
3547:Assyrian genocide
3434:(13th–15th cent.)
3428:(12th–16th cent.)
3426:Northern Crusades
3270:Forced conversion
3220:Cultural genocide
3215:Communal violence
3097:post–Cold War era
3082:Eastern Orthodoxy
3003:
3002:
2889:Cults of Unreason
2735:Historical events
2624:Robert Passantino
2564:Alexander Dvorkin
2437:Louis Jolyon West
2402:Tsutsumi Sakamoto
2317:John Gordon Clark
2082:Agents of Discord
2068:December 8, 1990.
1951:(in Portuguese).
1905:978-0-231-07331-8
1865:, 30 August 1980.
1834:978-0-87840-538-1
1756:New Brunswick, NJ
1715:Christian Century
1394:Melton, J. Gordon
1184:978-0-8028-6522-9
999:Bromley, David G.
751:Jill Y. Crainshaw
608:
607:
515:French Penal Code
18:Cult deprogrammer
16:(Redirected from
4013:
3975:
3974:
3941:2020 Delhi riots
3857:Kosheh massacres
3837:Bosnian genocide
3657:1946 Bihar riots
3320:Social cleansing
3245:Ethnic cleansing
3030:
3023:
3016:
3007:
3006:
2903:The Incendiaries
2767:Jason Scott case
2742:About–Picard law
2711:Kenneth Robinson
2706:Catherine Picard
2534:Johannes Aagaard
2473:Dialogue Ireland
2451:Religious groups
2169:
2162:
2155:
2146:
2145:
2139:
2138:
2136:
2135:
2120:
2114:
2113:
2091:
2085:
2078:
2069:
2066:Madison Courier.
2062:
2056:
2052:Pittsburgh Press
2047:
2041:
2040:
2032:
2026:
2025:
2023:
2022:
2006:
2000:
1999:
1997:
1996:
1981:
1975:
1974:
1964:
1940:
1934:
1933:
1931:
1929:
1914:
1908:
1889:
1883:
1882:
1872:
1866:
1857:
1851:
1850:, July 29, 1980.
1842:
1836:
1818:
1812:
1811:
1809:
1807:
1800:Associated Press
1786:
1780:
1779:
1769:
1763:
1746:
1740:
1729:
1720:
1719:
1709:
1703:
1696:
1690:
1689:
1687:
1686:
1663:
1657:
1656:
1626:
1620:
1619:
1597:
1591:
1590:
1556:
1547:
1546:
1524:
1518:
1517:
1515:
1513:
1501:Hyer, Marjorie.
1498:
1489:
1488:
1486:
1484:
1466:
1453:
1452:
1444:
1438:
1437:
1415:
1409:
1387:
1381:
1374:
1368:
1367:
1329:
1323:
1322:
1300:
1294:
1281:
1275:
1274:
1272:
1271:
1254:
1245:
1244:
1226:
1220:
1213:J. Gordon Melton
1209:David G. Bromley
1198:
1189:
1188:
1164:
1158:
1157:
1127:
1116:
1115:
1085:
1079:
1078:
1070:
1064:
1063:
1061:
1059:
1044:
1038:
1035:
1029:
1028:
995:
982:
968:
962:
961:
939:
933:
932:
916:
910:
898:
889:
888:
858:
852:
851:
838:
829:
828:
810:
801:
800:
767:
758:
739:
730:
716:
710:
709:
687:
681:
680:
678:
677:
663:
595:punitive damages
552:Elma Miller, an
544:Joseph Szimhart
367:
364:
313:punitive damages
264:conservatorships
226:Johannes Aagaard
21:
4021:
4020:
4016:
4015:
4014:
4012:
4011:
4010:
3986:
3985:
3984:
3979:
3969:
3963:
3899:Yazidi genocide
3805:Revival Process
3741:Thích Quảng Đức
3729:Buddhist crisis
3723:Istanbul pogrom
3591:1970–1987
3586:1958–1964
3581:1928–1941
3576:1921–1928
3571:1917–1921
3456:Goa Inquisition
3390:Battle of Tours
3380:(c.550–c. 1200)
3374:(c. 324–c. 491)
3354:
3255:Ethnic violence
3250:Ethnic conflict
3198:
3197:
3196:
3043:
3034:
3004:
2999:
2806:
2730:
2669:
2628:
2599:Reinhart Hummel
2594:Hank Hanegraaff
2522:
2446:
2417:Margaret Singer
2387:Jesse S. Miller
2372:Michael Langone
2357:Stephen A. Kent
2337:Carol Giambalvo
2300:
2239:
2178:
2173:
2143:
2142:
2133:
2131:
2121:
2117:
2110:
2092:
2088:
2079:
2072:
2063:
2059:
2048:
2044:
2033:
2029:
2020:
2018:
2007:
2003:
1994:
1992:
1983:
1982:
1978:
1941:
1937:
1927:
1925:
1916:
1915:
1911:
1890:
1886:
1874:
1873:
1869:
1858:
1854:
1847:Merced Sun-Star
1843:
1839:
1819:
1815:
1805:
1803:
1788:
1787:
1783:
1771:
1770:
1766:
1747:
1743:
1730:
1723:
1711:
1710:
1706:
1697:
1693:
1684:
1682:
1664:
1660:
1627:
1623:
1598:
1594:
1566:Social Problems
1557:
1550:
1543:
1525:
1521:
1511:
1509:
1499:
1492:
1482:
1480:
1467:
1456:
1445:
1441:
1416:
1412:
1388:
1384:
1375:
1371:
1330:
1326:
1319:
1301:
1297:
1282:
1278:
1269:
1267:
1255:
1248:
1227:
1223:
1199:
1192:
1185:
1177:. p. 746.
1165:
1161:
1128:
1119:
1086:
1082:
1071:
1067:
1057:
1055:
1046:
1045:
1041:
1036:
1032:
1017:
996:
985:
969:
965:
958:
940:
936:
917:
913:
899:
892:
859:
855:
840:
839:
832:
811:
804:
789:10.2307/1288050
769:
768:
761:
747:Bill J. Leonard
740:
733:
717:
713:
706:
698:. p. 218.
688:
684:
675:
673:
665:
664:
660:
655:
638:
630:conservatorship
613:
611:Exit counseling
390:Kathy Crampton
363:
355:Carol Giambalvo
333:
256:
234:
190:interventions.
158:
150:Carol Giambalvo
119:Douglas Laycock
102:
100:Use of violence
63:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4019:
4009:
4008:
4003:
3998:
3981:
3980:
3968:
3965:
3964:
3962:
3961:
3955:
3950:
3944:
3938:
3932:
3926:
3925:(2016–ongoing)
3920:
3919:(2014–ongoing)
3914:
3908:
3907:(2014–ongoing)
3902:
3896:
3890:
3884:
3883:(2009–ongoing)
3878:
3877:(2004–ongoing)
3872:
3866:
3860:
3854:
3848:
3847:
3846:
3840:
3834:
3822:
3816:
3815:
3814:
3802:
3796:
3790:
3784:
3783:(1971–ongoing)
3778:
3772:
3771:
3770:
3764:
3752:
3751:
3750:
3744:
3738:
3726:
3720:
3719:(1953–ongoing)
3714:
3708:
3707:(1950–ongoing)
3702:
3701:(1949–ongoing)
3696:
3690:
3684:
3683:(1947–ongoing)
3678:
3677:(1947–ongoing)
3672:
3671:(1947–ongoing)
3666:
3660:
3654:
3648:
3645:Noakhali riots
3642:
3636:
3630:
3624:
3618:
3612:
3606:
3600:
3599:
3598:
3593:
3588:
3583:
3578:
3573:
3562:
3556:
3550:
3544:
3543:
3542:
3534:Greek genocide
3531:
3525:
3522:Adana massacre
3519:
3513:
3507:
3501:
3495:
3489:
3483:
3477:
3471:
3465:
3459:
3453:
3447:
3441:
3435:
3429:
3423:
3417:
3411:
3405:
3399:
3393:
3387:
3386:(c.184–c. 205)
3381:
3375:
3369:
3362:
3360:
3356:
3355:
3353:
3352:
3347:
3342:
3337:
3335:State religion
3332:
3327:
3322:
3317:
3312:
3307:
3302:
3297:
3292:
3287:
3282:
3277:
3272:
3267:
3262:
3257:
3252:
3247:
3242:
3240:Discrimination
3237:
3232:
3227:
3222:
3217:
3212:
3206:
3204:
3200:
3199:
3195:
3194:
3192:Zoroastrianism
3189:
3184:
3179:
3174:
3169:
3168:
3167:
3157:
3156:
3155:
3154:
3153:
3148:
3143:
3138:
3123:
3122:
3121:
3119:Untouchability
3116:
3106:
3101:
3100:
3099:
3094:
3089:
3084:
3079:
3069:
3064:
3059:
3053:
3052:
3051:
3049:
3045:
3044:
3041:discrimination
3033:
3032:
3025:
3018:
3010:
3001:
3000:
2998:
2997:
2990:
2983:
2976:
2969:
2962:
2955:
2948:
2941:
2934:
2927:
2920:
2913:
2906:
2899:
2892:
2885:
2878:
2871:
2864:
2857:
2850:
2843:
2836:
2833:Bounded Choice
2829:
2826:Another Gospel
2822:
2814:
2812:
2808:
2807:
2805:
2804:
2799:
2794:
2789:
2784:
2779:
2774:
2769:
2764:
2759:
2754:
2749:
2747:Anti-Mormonism
2744:
2738:
2736:
2732:
2731:
2729:
2728:
2723:
2718:
2713:
2708:
2703:
2698:
2693:
2691:Georges Fenech
2688:
2683:
2677:
2675:
2671:
2670:
2668:
2667:
2662:
2657:
2652:
2647:
2642:
2636:
2634:
2630:
2629:
2627:
2626:
2621:
2616:
2614:Paul R. Martin
2611:
2606:
2601:
2596:
2591:
2586:
2584:Norman Geisler
2581:
2576:
2571:
2566:
2561:
2556:
2551:
2549:Harold Busséll
2546:
2541:
2539:Graham Baldwin
2536:
2530:
2528:
2524:
2523:
2521:
2520:
2515:
2510:
2505:
2503:Reachout Trust
2500:
2495:
2490:
2485:
2480:
2475:
2470:
2465:
2460:
2454:
2452:
2448:
2447:
2445:
2444:
2439:
2434:
2429:
2424:
2419:
2414:
2409:
2404:
2399:
2394:
2389:
2384:
2379:
2377:Saul V. Levine
2374:
2369:
2364:
2359:
2354:
2349:
2344:
2339:
2334:
2332:Leon Festinger
2329:
2324:
2319:
2314:
2308:
2306:
2302:
2301:
2299:
2298:
2293:
2288:
2283:
2278:
2273:
2268:
2263:
2258:
2253:
2247:
2245:
2244:Secular groups
2241:
2240:
2238:
2237:
2232:
2227:
2222:
2217:
2212:
2207:
2202:
2197:
2192:
2186:
2184:
2180:
2179:
2172:
2171:
2164:
2157:
2149:
2141:
2140:
2129:www.iclnet.org
2115:
2108:
2086:
2070:
2057:
2042:
2027:
2001:
1976:
1935:
1909:
1884:
1867:
1852:
1837:
1813:
1781:
1775:New York Times
1764:
1741:
1721:
1704:
1691:
1658:
1621:
1592:
1579:10.2307/800160
1548:
1541:
1519:
1490:
1454:
1439:
1410:
1390:Bromley, David
1382:
1369:
1342:(7): 593–603.
1324:
1317:
1295:
1276:
1246:
1221:
1201:Barker, Eileen
1190:
1183:
1159:
1140:(4): 321–336.
1117:
1098:(6): 941–956.
1080:
1065:
1039:
1030:
1015:
983:
963:
956:
934:
911:
890:
871:(2): 147–155.
853:
830:
802:
759:
731:
711:
704:
682:
657:
656:
654:
651:
650:
649:
644:
637:
634:
612:
609:
606:
605:
602:
587:
580:Pentecostalist
577:
572:
568:
567:
564:
560:
557:
550:
546:
545:
542:
538:
533:
530:
526:
525:
518:
510:
507:
504:
500:
499:
497:
493:
488:
485:
481:
480:
478:
474:
468:
462:
458:
457:
454:
443:
440:
433:
429:
428:
425:
417:
414:
408:
404:
403:
400:
396:
391:
388:
384:
383:
380:
377:
374:
371:
362:
359:
347:Rick Alan Ross
332:
329:
255:
252:
233:
230:
205:(DCI) a major
195:Saul V. Levine
187:
186:
183:
180:
177:
174:
157:
154:
106:Anson D. Shupe
101:
98:
62:
59:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4018:
4007:
4004:
4002:
3999:
3997:
3994:
3993:
3991:
3978:
3973:
3966:
3959:
3956:
3954:
3951:
3948:
3945:
3942:
3939:
3936:
3933:
3930:
3927:
3924:
3921:
3918:
3915:
3912:
3909:
3906:
3903:
3900:
3897:
3894:
3891:
3888:
3885:
3882:
3879:
3876:
3873:
3870:
3867:
3864:
3861:
3858:
3855:
3852:
3849:
3844:
3841:
3838:
3835:
3832:
3829:
3828:
3826:
3825:Yugoslav Wars
3823:
3820:
3817:
3812:
3811:Big Excursion
3809:
3808:
3806:
3803:
3800:
3797:
3794:
3791:
3788:
3785:
3782:
3779:
3776:
3773:
3768:
3765:
3762:
3759:
3758:
3756:
3753:
3748:
3745:
3742:
3739:
3736:
3733:
3732:
3730:
3727:
3724:
3721:
3718:
3715:
3712:
3709:
3706:
3703:
3700:
3697:
3694:
3691:
3688:
3685:
3682:
3679:
3676:
3673:
3670:
3667:
3664:
3661:
3658:
3655:
3652:
3649:
3646:
3643:
3640:
3637:
3634:
3631:
3628:
3625:
3622:
3621:The Holocaust
3619:
3616:
3613:
3610:
3607:
3604:
3601:
3597:
3594:
3592:
3589:
3587:
3584:
3582:
3579:
3577:
3574:
3572:
3569:
3568:
3566:
3563:
3560:
3557:
3554:
3551:
3548:
3545:
3541:
3538:
3537:
3535:
3532:
3529:
3526:
3523:
3520:
3517:
3516:Dungan Revolt
3514:
3511:
3508:
3505:
3502:
3499:
3496:
3493:
3490:
3487:
3484:
3481:
3478:
3475:
3472:
3469:
3466:
3463:
3460:
3457:
3454:
3451:
3448:
3445:
3442:
3439:
3436:
3433:
3430:
3427:
3424:
3421:
3418:
3415:
3412:
3409:
3406:
3403:
3400:
3397:
3394:
3391:
3388:
3385:
3382:
3379:
3376:
3373:
3370:
3367:
3364:
3363:
3361:
3357:
3351:
3348:
3346:
3343:
3341:
3338:
3336:
3333:
3331:
3330:State atheism
3328:
3326:
3323:
3321:
3318:
3316:
3313:
3311:
3308:
3306:
3303:
3301:
3298:
3296:
3293:
3291:
3288:
3286:
3283:
3281:
3278:
3276:
3273:
3271:
3268:
3266:
3263:
3261:
3258:
3256:
3253:
3251:
3248:
3246:
3243:
3241:
3238:
3236:
3233:
3231:
3228:
3226:
3225:Deprogramming
3223:
3221:
3218:
3216:
3213:
3211:
3208:
3207:
3205:
3201:
3193:
3190:
3188:
3185:
3183:
3180:
3178:
3177:Protestantism
3175:
3173:
3170:
3166:
3163:
3162:
3161:
3158:
3152:
3149:
3147:
3144:
3142:
3139:
3137:
3134:
3133:
3132:
3129:
3128:
3127:
3124:
3120:
3117:
3115:
3112:
3111:
3110:
3107:
3105:
3102:
3098:
3095:
3093:
3092:LDS or Mormon
3090:
3088:
3085:
3083:
3080:
3078:
3075:
3074:
3073:
3070:
3068:
3065:
3063:
3060:
3058:
3055:
3054:
3050:
3046:
3042:
3038:
3031:
3026:
3024:
3019:
3017:
3012:
3011:
3008:
2996:
2995:
2991:
2989:
2988:
2984:
2982:
2981:
2977:
2975:
2974:
2970:
2968:
2967:
2963:
2961:
2960:
2956:
2954:
2953:
2949:
2947:
2946:
2942:
2940:
2939:
2935:
2933:
2932:
2928:
2926:
2925:
2921:
2919:
2918:
2914:
2912:
2911:
2907:
2905:
2904:
2900:
2898:
2897:
2893:
2891:
2890:
2886:
2884:
2883:
2879:
2877:
2876:
2872:
2870:
2869:
2865:
2863:
2862:
2858:
2856:
2855:
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2848:
2844:
2842:
2841:
2837:
2835:
2834:
2830:
2828:
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2823:
2821:
2820:
2816:
2815:
2813:
2809:
2803:
2800:
2798:
2795:
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2790:
2788:
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2783:
2780:
2778:
2775:
2773:
2770:
2768:
2765:
2763:
2760:
2758:
2755:
2753:
2750:
2748:
2745:
2743:
2740:
2739:
2737:
2733:
2727:
2726:Nick Xenophon
2724:
2722:
2721:Tom Sackville
2719:
2717:
2714:
2712:
2709:
2707:
2704:
2702:
2701:Stephen Mutch
2699:
2697:
2694:
2692:
2689:
2687:
2684:
2682:
2681:Nicolas About
2679:
2678:
2676:
2672:
2666:
2663:
2661:
2658:
2656:
2653:
2651:
2648:
2646:
2643:
2641:
2638:
2637:
2635:
2631:
2625:
2622:
2620:
2617:
2615:
2612:
2610:
2607:
2605:
2602:
2600:
2597:
2595:
2592:
2590:
2589:Jan Groenveld
2587:
2585:
2582:
2580:
2579:Robin Garbose
2577:
2575:
2572:
2570:
2569:Ronald Enroth
2567:
2565:
2562:
2560:
2559:Maurice Davis
2557:
2555:
2552:
2550:
2547:
2545:
2542:
2540:
2537:
2535:
2532:
2531:
2529:
2525:
2519:
2516:
2514:
2511:
2509:
2506:
2504:
2501:
2499:
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2471:
2469:
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2456:
2455:
2453:
2449:
2443:
2440:
2438:
2435:
2433:
2430:
2428:
2425:
2423:
2420:
2418:
2415:
2413:
2412:Chris Shelton
2410:
2408:
2405:
2403:
2400:
2398:
2395:
2393:
2390:
2388:
2385:
2383:
2380:
2378:
2375:
2373:
2370:
2368:
2365:
2363:
2360:
2358:
2355:
2353:
2350:
2348:
2345:
2343:
2342:Steven Hassan
2340:
2338:
2335:
2333:
2330:
2328:
2327:Martin Faiers
2325:
2323:
2320:
2318:
2315:
2313:
2310:
2309:
2307:
2303:
2297:
2294:
2292:
2289:
2287:
2284:
2282:
2279:
2277:
2274:
2272:
2269:
2267:
2264:
2262:
2259:
2257:
2254:
2252:
2249:
2248:
2246:
2242:
2236:
2233:
2231:
2228:
2226:
2223:
2221:
2218:
2216:
2213:
2211:
2210:Doomsday cult
2208:
2206:
2205:Deprogramming
2203:
2201:
2198:
2196:
2193:
2191:
2188:
2187:
2185:
2181:
2177:
2170:
2165:
2163:
2158:
2156:
2151:
2150:
2147:
2130:
2126:
2119:
2111:
2109:9780393313215
2105:
2101:
2097:
2090:
2083:
2077:
2075:
2067:
2061:
2054:
2053:
2046:
2038:
2031:
2016:
2012:
2005:
1990:
1986:
1980:
1972:
1968:
1963:
1958:
1954:
1950:
1946:
1939:
1923:
1922:Gadsden Times
1919:
1913:
1906:
1902:
1898:
1894:
1888:
1881:. 1980-09-27.
1880:
1879:
1871:
1864:
1861:
1856:
1849:
1848:
1841:
1835:
1831:
1827:
1823:
1817:
1801:
1797:
1796:
1791:
1785:
1778:. 1974-12-12.
1777:
1776:
1768:
1761:
1757:
1754:
1750:
1745:
1738:
1734:
1728:
1726:
1717:
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1695:
1681:
1677:
1673:
1669:
1662:
1654:
1650:
1646:
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1638:
1634:
1633:
1625:
1617:
1613:
1609:
1605:
1604:
1596:
1588:
1584:
1580:
1576:
1573:(3): 283–97.
1572:
1568:
1567:
1562:
1555:
1553:
1544:
1538:
1534:
1530:
1523:
1508:
1504:
1497:
1495:
1478:
1477:
1476:Gadsden Times
1472:
1465:
1463:
1461:
1459:
1450:
1443:
1435:
1431:
1428:(4): 305–18.
1427:
1423:
1422:
1414:
1407:
1403:
1399:
1395:
1391:
1386:
1379:
1373:
1365:
1361:
1357:
1353:
1349:
1345:
1341:
1337:
1336:
1328:
1320:
1318:9780310704416
1314:
1310:
1306:
1299:
1292:
1288:
1287:
1280:
1266:
1265:
1260:
1253:
1251:
1243:(4): 599–640.
1242:
1238:
1237:
1232:
1225:
1218:
1214:
1210:
1206:
1202:
1197:
1195:
1186:
1180:
1176:
1172:
1171:
1163:
1155:
1151:
1147:
1143:
1139:
1135:
1134:
1126:
1124:
1122:
1113:
1109:
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1101:
1097:
1093:
1092:
1084:
1076:
1069:
1053:
1049:
1043:
1034:
1026:
1022:
1018:
1012:
1008:
1004:
1000:
994:
992:
990:
988:
980:
976:
972:
967:
959:
957:0-8264-5959-5
953:
949:
945:
938:
930:
926:
922:
915:
908:
905:
904:
897:
895:
886:
882:
878:
874:
870:
866:
865:
857:
849:
848:
843:
837:
835:
826:
822:
821:
816:
809:
807:
798:
794:
790:
786:
782:
778:
777:
772:
766:
764:
756:
752:
748:
744:
738:
736:
728:
724:
720:
715:
707:
705:0-415-20049-0
701:
697:
693:
686:
672:
668:
662:
658:
648:
645:
643:
640:
639:
633:
631:
626:
621:
619:
603:
600:
596:
592:
588:
585:
581:
578:
576:
573:
570:
569:
565:
561:
559:liberal sect
558:
555:
551:
548:
547:
543:
539:
537:
536:Rama Seminars
534:
531:
528:
527:
523:
519:
516:
511:
508:
505:
502:
501:
498:
494:
492:
489:
486:
483:
482:
479:
475:
473:relationship
472:
469:
467:
463:
460:
459:
455:
452:
448:
444:
441:
438:
434:
431:
430:
426:
422:
418:
415:
413:
412:San Francisco
409:
406:
405:
401:
397:
395:
392:
389:
386:
385:
382:Deprogrammer
381:
378:
375:
372:
369:
368:
358:
356:
352:
351:Steven Hassan
348:
344:
339:
337:
328:
326:
322:
318:
314:
310:
306:
302:
298:
294:
289:
287:
286:false premise
282:
280:
276:
272:
267:
265:
261:
251:
249:
243:
240:
229:
227:
223:
220:
216:
213:professor of
212:
208:
204:
199:
196:
191:
184:
181:
178:
175:
172:
171:
170:
166:
161:
153:
151:
147:
145:
144:Eileen Barker
140:
136:
131:
126:
124:
120:
115:
111:
107:
97:
93:
90:
86:
81:
79:
74:
72:
68:
58:
56:
52:
48:
44:
40:
35:
32:
31:Deprogramming
19:
3827:(1991–2001)
3807:(1984–1989)
3767:Famen Temple
3757:(1966–1976)
3567:(1922–1991)
3536:(1913–1922)
3224:
3072:Christianity
3062:Baháʼí Faith
2992:
2985:
2978:
2971:
2964:
2957:
2950:
2943:
2936:
2929:
2922:
2915:
2908:
2901:
2896:Deadly Cults
2894:
2887:
2880:
2873:
2866:
2859:
2852:
2845:
2838:
2831:
2824:
2817:
2811:Publications
2686:Serge Blisko
2554:Gérard Dagon
2432:Cyril Vosper
2427:Alain Vivien
2392:Sayuri Ogawa
2382:Casey McCann
2367:Janja Lalich
2322:Steve Eichel
2230:Mind control
2204:
2132:. Retrieved
2128:
2118:
2100:W. W. Norton
2098:. New York:
2095:
2089:
2081:
2065:
2060:
2050:
2045:
2036:
2030:
2019:. Retrieved
2014:
2004:
1993:. Retrieved
1988:
1979:
1952:
1948:
1938:
1926:. Retrieved
1921:
1912:
1895:. New York:
1892:
1887:
1876:
1870:
1863:Toledo Blade
1862:
1855:
1845:
1840:
1821:
1816:
1806:November 14,
1804:. Retrieved
1793:
1784:
1773:
1767:
1752:
1749:Shupe, Anson
1744:
1732:
1713:
1707:
1699:
1698:Chryssides,
1694:
1683:. Retrieved
1671:
1661:
1639:(2): 322–5.
1636:
1630:
1624:
1607:
1601:
1595:
1570:
1564:
1533:Beacon Press
1528:
1522:
1510:. Retrieved
1506:
1481:. Retrieved
1479:. p. A4
1474:
1448:
1442:
1425:
1419:
1413:
1397:
1385:
1377:
1376:Chryssides,
1372:
1339:
1333:
1327:
1304:
1298:
1284:
1279:
1268:. Retrieved
1262:
1240:
1234:
1224:
1207:, edited by
1204:
1169:
1162:
1137:
1131:
1095:
1089:
1083:
1074:
1068:
1056:. Retrieved
1051:
1042:
1033:
1006:
974:
966:
943:
937:
928:
924:
914:
906:
901:
868:
862:
856:
845:
824:
818:
780:
774:
745:. Edited by
742:
722:
719:Shupe, Anson
714:
694:. New York:
691:
685:
674:. Retrieved
670:
661:
647:Brainwashing
622:
618:Intervention
614:
597:against the
566:Ted Patrick
487:Thomas Ward
456:Ted Patrick
427:Ted Patrick
402:Ted Patrick
379:Description
340:
334:
295:was sued by
290:
283:
271:civil rights
268:
260:mind control
257:
244:
235:
200:
192:
188:
168:
163:
159:
148:
141:
137:
133:
128:
122:
121:, author of
103:
94:
82:
78:brainwashing
75:
64:
51:civil rights
36:
30:
29:
3913:(2014–2017)
3901:(2014–2017)
3895:(2013–2016)
3833:(1992–1996)
3795:(1975–1979)
3789:(1975–1990)
3695:(1948–1980)
3641:(1945–1989)
3635:(1945–1989)
3629:(1941–1945)
3623:(1939–1945)
3611:(1936–1975)
3596:legislation
3561:(1917–1990)
3555:(1915–1923)
3549:(1914–1924)
3530:(1912–1913)
3518:(1862–1877)
3500:(1857–1858)
3494:(1789–1801)
3482:(1683–1922)
3476:(1673–1829)
3470:(1609–1614)
3464:(1562–1598)
3458:(1561–1812)
3452:(1526–1791)
3446:(1522–1712)
3440:(1500–1526)
3416:(1184–1908)
3414:Inquisition
3325:Segregation
3290:Intolerance
3230:Desecration
3172:Neopaganism
3165:Persecution
3131:Persecution
3114:Persecution
3077:Catholicism
2696:Ford Greene
2422:Eito Suzuki
2397:Ted Patrick
2362:Masaki Kito
2352:Galen Kelly
2347:Ian Haworth
2017:(in French)
1989:Le Monde.fr
1928:14 November
1610:(1): 5–29.
1483:14 November
909:(2): 359–85
575:Jason Scott
394:Love Family
307:875,000 in
301:Pentecostal
297:Jason Scott
242:targeted".
71:Ted Patrick
55:criminality
3990:Categories
3410:(643–1526)
3285:Iconoclasm
3280:Hate crime
3210:Censorship
3104:Falun Gong
2802:Waco siege
2640:610 Office
2609:Bob Larson
2604:Roger Ikor
2574:Mike Garde
2134:2019-04-07
2021:2024-04-06
1995:2024-04-06
1899:. p. 201.
1824:New York:
1735:Waco, TX:
1685:2022-09-05
1542:0807032565
1531:. Boston:
1402:West Nyack
1293:: Chilton.
1291:Radnor, PA
1270:2022-09-05
1058:24 October
1054:. Time USA
1016:0275987132
676:2022-09-17
653:References
604:Rick Ross
520:7 people:
447:conspiracy
439:waitress.
325:bankruptcy
275:kidnapping
248:Hugh Carey
239:Falun Gong
232:Government
219:ecumenical
215:missiology
117:professor
61:Background
39:kidnapping
3761:Four Olds
3474:Test Acts
3340:Terrorism
3182:Rastafari
3136:Ahmadiyya
2716:Paul Rose
2660:MIVILUDES
2407:Rick Ross
1971:0104-9313
1828:. p. 71.
1680:0362-4331
1512:3 October
1380:, 353–54.
1309:Zondervan
1154:145343864
1112:220680074
1025:10289608M
931:(4): 599.
696:Routledge
336:Anti-cult
317:anti-cult
293:Rick Ross
125:, wrote:
3977:Religion
3498:Utah War
3368:(64–313)
3345:Violence
3235:Domicide
3187:Yazidism
3109:Hinduism
3067:Buddhism
3048:By group
2183:Concepts
2084:, 180–4.
1955:: 7–39.
1421:Religion
1396:(2002).
1364:27997894
885:15063639
755:ABC-CLIO
721:(2005).
636:See also
373:Subject
222:theology
110:exorcism
3731:(1963)
3488:(1700s)
3203:Methods
3160:Judaism
3151:Sunnism
3141:Shi'ism
3057:Atheism
1653:6731597
797:1288050
471:lesbian
3960:(2024)
3949:(2023)
3943:(2020)
3937:(2019)
3931:(2019)
3889:(2011)
3871:(2002)
3865:(2001)
3859:(2000)
3853:(2000)
3845:(1999)
3839:(1995)
3821:(1990)
3813:(1989)
3801:(1984)
3777:(1971)
3769:(1966)
3763:(1966)
3749:(1963)
3743:(1963)
3737:(1963)
3725:(1955)
3713:(1950)
3689:(1948)
3665:(1947)
3659:(1946)
3653:(1946)
3647:(1946)
3617:(1933)
3605:(1924)
3524:(1909)
3512:(1864)
3506:(1860)
3422:(1191)
3404:(1099)
3398:(1096)
3359:Events
3295:Pogrom
3146:Sufism
2220:Heresy
2106:
1969:
1903:
1832:
1702:, 348.
1678:
1651:
1587:800160
1585:
1539:
1404:, NY:
1362:
1356:519625
1354:
1315:
1181:
1152:
1110:
1023:
1013:
954:
883:
795:
729:, USA.
702:
571:1990s
556:woman
437:Tucson
376:Group
343:NARDEC
279:asylum
211:Danish
3392:(732)
3126:Islam
1583:JSTOR
1360:S2CID
1150:S2CID
1108:S2CID
793:JSTOR
554:Amish
549:1990
529:1990
503:1982
484:1981
461:1981
432:1980
407:1980
387:1974
370:Year
3039:and
2200:Cult
2104:ISBN
1967:ISSN
1949:Mana
1930:2013
1901:ISBN
1830:ISBN
1808:2013
1676:ISSN
1649:PMID
1537:ISBN
1514:2023
1485:2013
1352:PMID
1313:ISBN
1211:and
1179:ISBN
1060:2023
1052:Time
1011:ISBN
952:ISBN
881:PMID
827:(2).
825:2001
749:and
700:ISBN
625:US$
522:ADFI
466:Ohio
421:US$
353:and
305:US$
217:and
201:The
41:and
3350:War
1957:doi
1641:doi
1612:doi
1575:doi
1430:doi
1344:doi
1142:doi
1100:doi
873:doi
785:doi
3992::
2127:.
2073:^
2013:.
1987:.
1965:.
1953:11
1947:.
1920:.
1798:.
1792:.
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1670:.
1647:.
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1635:.
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1426:21
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1338:.
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1261:.
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1136:.
1120:^
1106:.
1096:20
1094:.
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1021:OL
1019:.
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927:.
923:.
907:24
893:^
879:.
869:27
867:.
844:.
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817:.
805:^
791:.
781:80
779:.
773:.
762:^
734:^
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2024:.
1998:.
1973:.
1959::
1932:.
1907:.
1810:.
1762:.
1739:.
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1655:.
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1577::
1545:.
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1487:.
1436:.
1432::
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1366:.
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