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404:, who succeeded him as ruler, but died of smallpox shortly afterwards. In keeping with traditional practice, the most able candidate among the high noblemen was chosen by vote of the highest noblemen, and Cuauhtemoc assumed the rulership. Although under Cuitlahuac Tenochtitlan began mounting a defense against the invaders, it was increasingly isolated militarily and largely faced the crisis alone, as the numbers of Spanish allies increased with the desertion of many polities previously under its control.
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820:(SEP) had another panel examine the bones, which gave support to INAH's original finding, but did not report on the finding publicly. A scholarly study of the controversy was published in 2011 and argued that the available data suggests that the grave is an elaborate hoax prepared by a local of Ichcateopan as a way of generating publicity, and that subsequently supported by Mexican nationalists such as Guzman who wished to use the find for political purposes.
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816:(INAH). Initially, Mexican scholars congratulated Guzmán, but after a similar examination by scholars at INAH, their authenticity as Cuauhtemoc's was rejected, as the bones in the ossuary belonged to several different persons, several of them seemingly women. The finding caused a public uproar. A panel assembled by Guzmán gave support to the initial contention. The
531:, were plotting his death. Cortés interrogated them until each confessed and then had Cuauhtémoc, Tetlepanquetzal, and another lord, Tlacatlec, hanged. Cortés wrote that the other lords would be too frightened to plot against him again, as they believed he had uncovered the plan through magic powers. Cortés's account was accepted by contemporary historian
444:(nobles) and, according to Spanish sources, he asked Cortés to take his knife and "strike me dead immediately". According to the same Spanish accounts, Cortés refused the offer and treated his foe magnanimously. "You have defended your capital like a brave warrior," he declared. "A Spaniard knows how to respect valor, even in an enemy."
590:. According to Ixtlilxóchitl, the three lords were joking cheerfully with one another because of a rumor that Cortés had decided to return the expedition to Mexico, when Cortés asked a spy to tell him what they were talking about. The spy reported honestly, but Cortés invented the plot himself. Cuauhtémoc, Coanacoch, and
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from 1520 to 1521, making him the last Aztec
Emperor. The name Cuauhtemōc means "one who has descended like an eagle", and is commonly rendered in English as "Descending Eagle", as in the moment when an eagle folds its wings and plummets down to strike its prey. This is a name that implies
460:
Cuauhtémoc, now baptized as
Fernando Cuauhtémotzín, continued to hold his position under the Spanish, keeping the title of tlatoani, but he was no longer the sovereign ruler. From his surrender until his death, Cuauhtémoc was mostly kept in guarded custody by the Spaniards.
552:, the supposed plot was revealed by two men, named Tapia and Juan Velásquez. Díaz portrays the executions as unjust and based on no evidence, and he admits to having liked Cuauhtémoc personally. He also records Cuauhtémoc giving the following speech to Cortés through his
379:. According to several sources his mother, Tiyacapantzin, was a Tlatelolcan princess. Like the rest of Cuauhtemoc's early biography, that is inferred from knowledge of his age, and the likely events and life path of someone of his rank. Following education in the
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were hanged as well as eight others. However, Cortés cut down
Coanacoch, the last to be hanged, after his brother began rallying his warriors. Coanacoch did not have long to enjoy his reprieve, as Ixtlilxóchitl wrote that he died a few days later.
418:
Cuauhtémoc called for reinforcements from the countryside to aid the defense of
Tenochtitlán, after eighty days of warfare against the Spanish. Of all the Nahuas, only Tlatelolcas remained loyal, and the surviving Tenochcas looked for refuge in
563:
Oh
Malinzin ! Now I understand your false promises and the kind of death you have had in store for me. For you are killing me unjustly. May God demand justice from you, as it was taken from me when I entrusted myself to you in my city of
387:("eagle ruler") in 1515. To have reached this position of rulership, Cuauhtemoc had to be a male of high birth and a warrior who had captured enemies for sacrifice. Cuauhtemoc married the Aztec princess who later became known as
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by fire", whereby the soles of his bare feet were slowly broiled over red-hot coals, in an unsuccessful attempt to discover its whereabouts. On the statue to
Cuauhtemoc, on the Paseo de la Reforma in Mexico City, there is a
76:, is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into the English Knowledge.
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At Cuauhtémoc's request, Cortés also allowed the defeated Mexica to depart the city unmolested. Subsequently, however, when the booty found did not measure up to the
Spaniards' expectations, Cuauhtémoc was subjected to
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When
Cuauhtemoc was elected tlatoani in 1520, Tenochtitlan had already been rocked by the invasion of the Spanish and their indigenous allies, the death of Moctezuma II, and the death of Moctezuma's brother
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1209:, p. 14 and footnote 8, p. 242. Gillingham discusses the sources for this contention, including Tezozomoc, Fernando Alva Ixtlilxochitl, Juan de Torquemada, and Bernardino de Sahagún.
62:
945:. The inscription at the bottom of the statue translates as "In memory of Cuauhtémoc (spelled Quautemoc) and his warriors who battled heroically in defense of their country."
1102:. First appearing in Chapter XIV, he becomes friends with the protagonist after they save each other's lives. His coronation, torture, and death are described in the novel.
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There are a number of discrepancies in the various accounts of the event. According to Cortés himself, on 27 February 1525, he learned from a citizen of
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Cuauhtemoc's date of birth is unknown, as he does not enter the historical record until he became emperor. He was the eldest legitimate son of
Emperor
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Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality. If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article.
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Chipman, Donald E. (2005), Moctezuma's
Children: Aztec Royalty Under Spanish Rule, 1520–1700, Austin: University of Texas Press, pp. 40–41, 60.
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for the campaign itself, and Cuauhtémoc narrates the openings and closings to each scenario. In the next installment to the series,
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965:. Dedicated in 1922, the monument was a gift from the Mexican government to Brazil in celebration of the 100th anniversary of the
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showing the Spaniards' torture of the emperor. Eventually, some gold was recovered but far less than Cortés and his men expected.
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Cuauhtemoc is the embodiment of indigenist nationalism in Mexico, being the only Aztec emperor who survived the conquest by the
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historian and descendant of Coanacoch, wrote an account of the executions in the 17th century partly based on Texcocan
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Content in this edit is translated from the existing Spanish Knowledge article at ]; see its history for attribution.
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De Leon, Ann. "Archeology, Monuments and Writing the Mexican Nation" Antonio Peñafiel and the 'Aztec Palimpsest'”,
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1605:. Washington, D.C., 1948. Includes a unique text in Chontal that tells about the death of Cuauhtémoc.
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1585:. Boston, 1992. Presents Nahuatl texts about Cuauhtémoc's deeds during the siege of Tenochtitlan.
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rhymes "When the fifth sun sets get back reclaimed, The spirit of Cuauhtémoc alive and untamed".
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for Mexican boys that is perennially popular. Individuals with this name include the politician
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Cuauhtémoc, in the name Guatemoc, is portrayed sympathetically in the adventure novel
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Many places in Mexico are named in honour of Cuauhtémoc. These include
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In 1525, Cortés took Cuauhtémoc and several other indigenous nobles on
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Death, Dismemberment, and Memory: Body Politics in Latin America
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Cuauhtémoc's Bones: Forging National Identity in Modern Mexico
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Cuauhtemoc's Bones: Forging National Identity in Modern Mexico
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Cuauhtemoc's Bones: Forging National Identity in Modern Mexico
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serving under Cortés who recorded his experiences in his book
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for allegedly conspiring to kill him and the other Spaniards.
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1483:, New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press, 1971, pp. 468–469.
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and badly injured himself while he was wandering at night.
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The Broken Spears: Aztec Account of the Conquest of Mexico
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purportedly containing Cuauhtémoc's remains. Archeologist
504:"The Martyrdom of Cuauhtémoc", a 19th-century painting by
1196:. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press 2011, p. 11
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brought to the Americas by Spanish conquerors. After the
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Wigberto Jiménez Moreno, "Los hallazgos de Ixcateopan",
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Xochipilli e Cuauhtémoc – o México no Rio de Janeiro
1509:. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 2011.
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a machine-translated version of the Spanish article.
1060:, the player plays as Cuauhtémoc, despite the name
1402:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 9–10.
568:Díaz wrote that afterwards, Cortés suffered from
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1236:The Oxford Encyclopedia of Mesoamerican Cultures
1220:The Oxford Encyclopedia of Mesoamerican Cultures
1868:16th-century indigenous leaders of the Americas
1571:. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press.
1518:
1527:(in Portuguese). www.educacaopublica.rj.gov.br
1036:Cuauhtémoc is also one of the few non-Spanish
1029:as well as one for Moctezuma. There is also a
335:Cuauhtémoc took power in 1520 as successor of
94:accompanying your translation by providing an
56:Click for important translation instructions.
43:expand this article with text translated from
1840:("eagle ruler"; a non-dynastic interim ruler)
1678:
1574:Johnson, Lyman L. "Digging Up Cuauhtémoc" in
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814:Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia
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549:The True History of the Conquest of New Spain
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977:(and their native allies). He is honored by
1624:Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography
16:Eleventh and final Tlatoani of Tenochtitlan
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343:. His young wife, who was later known as
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1562:The Colorado Review of Hispanic Studies
1863:16th-century monarchs in North America
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1399:Fifth Sun: A New History of the Aztecs
1238:. : Oxford University Press, 2001
1218:Miguel León-Portilla, "Cuauhtémoc" in
1072:, Cuauhtémoc is the leader of Aztecs.
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979:a monument on the Paseo de la Reforma
580:Fernando de Alva Cortés Ixtlilxóchitl
339:and was a cousin of the late emperor
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1601:Scholes, France V., and Ralph Roys.
1519:Cláudia Sampaio (February 1, 2011).
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856:adding citations to reliable sources
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739:Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire
431:with his wife, family, and friends.
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1908:People executed by Spain by hanging
1591:Seven Myths of the Spanish Conquest
13:
1938:Monarchs taken prisoner in wartime
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1481:The Aztec Image in Western Thought
1385:Bas-relief on statue to Gautamozin
1324:León-Portilla, "Cuauhtemoc", ibid.
332:aggressiveness and determination.
240:Circa 1525 (aged 27–28)
14:
1949:
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1551:Introduction to Classical Nahuatl
1357:(New York, 1843), vol. 3, p. 206.
1355:History of the Conquest of Mexico
1265:León-Portilla, "Cuauhtemoc" ibid.
1057:Age of Empires II: The Conquerors
607:, was appointed his successor as
515:, Mexicalcingo, that Cuauhtémoc,
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414:. 17th century, oil on canvas.
104:You may also add the template
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1443:Restall (2004, pp. 150, 152).
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1051:In the Aztec campaign of the
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1903:People executed by New Spain
1704:Monarchic period (1375–1525)
1555:University of Oklahoma Press
1434:Restall (2004, pp. 149–150).
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106:{{Translated|es|Cuauhtémoc}}
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1162:"Aztec Political Structure"
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21:Cuauhtémoc (disambiguation)
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1396:Townsend, Camilla (2019).
1031:metro station in Monterrey
1006:Ciudad Cuauhtémoc, Chiapas
953:Monument to Cuauhtémoc at
479:his expedition to Honduras
351:was being besieged by the
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1337:, London: Penguin Books,
1335:The Conquest of New Spain
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1463:"Festival of Cuauhtemoc"
1077:Rage Against the Machine
1000:. Smaller towns include
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540:Bernal Díaz del Castillo
493:, Cortés had Cuauhtémoc
250:Ixcateopan de Cuauhtémoc
1898:Mexican torture victims
1893:Executed Mexican people
1596:Oxford University Press
1594:. Oxford and New York:
1452:Restall (2004, p. 152).
1425:Restall (2004, p. 148).
957:(Cuauhtémoc Square) in
788:The modern-day town of
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115:For more guidance, see
1496:XII (1962–63), 161–181
1232:León-Portilla, Miguel.
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967:Brazilian independence
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935:Monument to Cuauhtémoc
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290:Spanish pronunciation:
277:[kʷaːʍˈtemoːk]
273:Nahuatl pronunciation:
1918:Masculine given names
1618:"Cuauhtemotzín"
1549:Andrews, J. Richard,
1353:William H. Prescott,
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88:copyright attribution
1564:. Vol. 6, Fall 2008.
1095:Montezuma's Daughter
852:improve this article
749:Fall of Tenochtitlan
294:[kwawˈtemok]
209:(in Spanish custody)
19:For other uses, see
1167:Tarlton Law Library
1042:Cuauhtémoc Cárdenas
1017:is a vessel of the
1933:Dethroned monarchs
1928:1520s in New Spain
1588:Restall, Matthew,
1567:Gillingham, Paul.
1469:. 15 January 2019.
1289:Cuauhtemoc's Bones
1276:Cuauhtemoc's Bones
1249:Cuauhtemoc's Bones
1207:Cuauhtemoc's Bones
1174:on 11 January 2023
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1761:Moctezuma II
1721:Chimalpopoca
1711:Acamapichtli
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867:"Cuauhtémoc"
862:
850:Please help
845:verification
842:
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744:Moctezuma II
729:Aztec Empire
724:Aztec script
689:Templo Mayor
684:Tenochtitlan
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429:Lake Texcoco
427:by crossing
425:Tenochtitlán
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329:Tenochtitlan
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198:Tenochtitlan
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160:Aztec Empire
153:
92:edit summary
83:
50:
42:
1878:1525 deaths
1736:Moctezuma I
1085:, lyricist
1038:given names
998:Mexico City
996:borough of
943:Mexico City
810:indigenista
572:because of
554:interpreter
181:Predecessor
146:Aubin Codex
1852:Categories
1771:Cuauhtémoc
1766:Cuitláhuac
1649:1520–1521
1638:Cuitláhuac
1343:0140441239
1306:0292706286
1148:References
1014:Cuauhtémoc
994:Cuauhtémoc
878:newspapers
790:Ixcateopan
734:Tlaxcallan
664:Philosophy
604:cihuacoatl
455:bas relief
421:Tlatelolco
402:Cuitlahuac
367:Early life
337:Cuitláhuac
317:, was the
311:Guatimozín
269:Cuauhtémoc
232:Circa 1497
207:1521–1525
185:Cuitlahuac
133:Cuauhtémoc
47:in Spanish
1808:Huanitzin
1788:Tlacotzin
1756:Ahuitzotl
1746:Axayacatl
1741:Atotoztli
1531:April 21,
1063:Montezuma
990:Chihuahua
659:Mythology
599:Tlacotzin
517:Coanacoch
465:Execution
373:Ahuitzotl
261:Ahuitzotl
219:Tlacotzin
215:Successor
176:1520–1521
110:talk page
1818:Cecetzin
1731:Itzcoatl
1695:Tlatoque
1553:Norman:
1314:57134288
1291:, p. 19.
1251:, 14–15.
1178:10 March
1106:See also
992:and the
798:Guerrero
674:Medicine
669:Calendar
654:Religion
609:tlatoani
570:insomnia
557:Malinche
529:Tlacopan
495:executed
441:pipiltin
381:calmecac
357:smallpox
324:tlatoani
315:Guatémoc
193:Tlatoani
165:Tlatoani
86:provide
1834:Italics
1627:. 1900.
1278:, p. 19
1079:single
1053:PC game
892:scholar
802:ossuary
792:in the
719:Codices
714:Warfare
584:castizo
564:Mexico!
523:), and
521:Texcoco
491:Nahuatl
450:torture
353:Spanish
321:ruler (
158:of the
108:to the
90:in the
49:.
1557:2003.
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894:
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709:Aztlán
487:Acalan
257:Father
245:Burial
1823:Cipac
1751:Tizoc
1598:2004.
1098:, by
899:JSTOR
885:books
794:state
615:Bones
574:guilt
327:) of
319:Aztec
313:, or
204:Reign
173:Reign
70:DeepL
1533:2015
1404:ISBN
1339:ISBN
1310:OCLC
1302:ISBN
1180:2020
1011:The
1004:and
871:news
582:, a
542:, a
395:Rule
237:Died
229:Born
84:must
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