407:. They have well-developed legs and short antennae. Some remain concealed under the female, which dies after the eggs are laid, and others disperse to cracks and crevices on the tree. A few get washed down or fall to the ground and most of these perish. Occasionally one may find its way to another beech tree, perhaps wafted there by the wind or on the foot of a bird, and founds a new colony. Having found a location on a suitable tree, the crawler forces its tubular stylet into the bark and starts to feed. At this stage, it
51:
448:
fungi. It usually takes three to six years of infestation by the scale insect before the fungus reaches critical levels. Where beech bark disease becomes established, most of the larger trees will die. Some trees seem to be partially resistant to the disease and a small number seem to be completely
443:
does not reduce scale populations sufficiently to control infestations. Persistent severely cold weather may kill beech scale and air temperatures of -37 °C have been shown to be lethal to insects not protected by snow. Although trees are weakened when supporting scale colonies, this does not
411:
and becomes a second-stage, legless nymph, and will remain sedentary for the rest of its life. It secretes wax from glands and is soon covered in a protective coating of wool-like material. After overwintering it completes a second moult in the spring to become a mature female.
553:
Gwiazdowski, Rodger A; Van
Driesche, Roy G; Desnoyers, Adrienne; Lyon, Suzanne; Wu, San-an; Kamata, Naotoa; Normark, Benjamin B (2006). "Possible geographic origin of beech scale, Cryptococcus fagisuga (Hemiptera: Eriococcidae), an invasive pest in North America".
403:. From midsummer onwards, they deposit four to eight pale yellow eggs, attached to each other in strings end to end, on the bark of the trees where they have been feeding. The wingless larvae that hatch out about twenty days later are known as crawlers or
386:
Adult scales are elliptical and about one millimetre long and are covered by a cream coloured, cottony wax secretion. They have reddish-brown eyes, no wings, rudimentary antennae and legs, and numerous minute wax-secreting glands. The
581:
Gora, Vincenz; König, Jürgen; Lunderstädt, Jörg (1996). "Population dynamics of beech scale (Cryptococcus fagisuga) (Coccina, Pseudococcidae) related to physiological defence reactions of attacked beech trees (Fagus sylvatica)".
432:
fungi to invade infested trees. The insect colonises beech trees that are aged at least thirty years. Studies have shown that younger trees produce defensive chemicals which deter infestation. A ladybird beetle
33:
316:
since before 1849. Until 1914 it was thought that the beech scale insect itself was responsible for the disease. Subsequently it was discovered that a fungus, then identified as
374:
analysis, it seems likely that the pest originated in the region of northeast Greece, northern Iran, the
Caucasus and the Black Sea drainage basin on the host beech subspecies
899:
366:. Attempts are being made to discover the geographic origin of beech scale in order to try to identify any natural enemies that might hold promise for its
449:
resistant. This may be partly due to the fact that trees with smooth bark provide fewer cracks and crevices in which the scale insect can flourish.
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625:. Nashville, TN: Tennessee Exotic Plant Pest Council: In cooperation with U.S.Department of Agriculture, Forest Service. pp. 29–41.
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322:, was in fact killing the trees infested by the scale. Around 1890 the scale insect was accidentally introduced into
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feeds on this scale and is common throughout most of the
Eastern United States, but this
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usually cause mortality, which only occurs after the trees have been invaded by the
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Houston, D R (1994). "Major New Tree
Disease Epidemics: Beech Bark Disease".
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aka Beech bark disease has been recorded as affecting common beech trees,
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tissue of the bark. The small wounds produced when it feeds allow the
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There are no male beech scale insects and the females reproduce by
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through which they suck sap can be up to two millimetres long.
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338:. It continues to spread in North America and is now found in
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Exotic pests of eastern forests: Proceedings of a conference
424:, being found only on beech trees, and sucks sap from the
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542:U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service
267:. It is associated with the transmission of
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271:because the puncture holes it makes in the
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326:. By 1932, the scale and its associated
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334:and parts of eastern and south central
330:fungus had spread to many areas of the
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261:that infests beech trees of the genus
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773:7e9f9d51-1125-4863-9e56-6ab3c92c65ce
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370:. From these studies and associated
520:10.1146/annurev.py.32.090194.000451
13:
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14:
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923:Insect vectors of plant pathogens
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568:10.1016/j.biocontrol.2006.04.009
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508:Annual Review of Phytopathology
488:Campbell, Faith (August 2004).
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621:. In Britton, Kerry O. (ed.).
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381:
282:which have been identified as
1:
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7:
644:Forest Encyclopedia Network
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928:Hemiptera of North America
617:Houston, David R. (1998).
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933:Insects described in 1936
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176:
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46:Scientific classification
44:
39:
30:
23:
299:History and distribution
239:, commonly known as the
376:F. sylvatica orientalis
492:. Don't Move Firewood.
900:Cryptococcus fagisuga
666:Cryptococcus fagisuga
304:Cryptococcus fagisuga
236:Cryptococcus fagisuga
165:Cryptococcus fagisuga
25:Cryptococcus fagisuga
768:Fauna Europaea (new)
619:"Beech bark disease"
490:"Beech Bark Disease"
319:Neonectria ditissima
420:The beech scale is
16:Species of true bug
596:10.1007/BF01239488
556:Biological Control
368:biological control
332:Maritime Provinces
269:beech bark disease
245:woolly beech scale
193:Baerensprung, 1849
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885:Open Tree of Life
658:Taxon identifiers
436:Chilocorus stigma
292:Nectria galligena
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222:Pseudococcus fagi
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198:Cryptococcus fagi
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401:parthenogenesis
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309:Fagus sylvatica
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275:allow entry of
217:Lindinger, 1957
206:Eriococcus fagi
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171:Lindinger, 1936
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590:(2): 112–20.
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372:ribosomal DNA
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364:West Virginia
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156:Binomial name
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938:Eriococcidae
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252:scale insect
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134:Cryptococcus
133:
123:Eriococcidae
24:
18:
833:NatureServe
807:iNaturalist
562:(1): 9–18.
477:Zipcode Zoo
422:monophagous
382:Description
348:New England
324:Nova Scotia
256:superfamily
241:beech scale
214:Kermes fagi
190:Coccus fagi
917:Categories
897:ScaleNet:
453:References
426:parenchyme
395:Life cycle
356:New Jersey
328:Neonectria
277:pathogenic
109:Suborder:
83:Arthropoda
514:: 75–87.
259:Coccoidea
141:Species:
103:Hemiptera
69:Kingdom:
63:Eukaryota
838:2.120305
825:10736624
690:BugGuide
675:Wikidata
631:45085218
604:36587090
441:predator
352:New York
178:Synonyms
119:Family:
79:Phylum:
73:Animalia
59:Domain:
786:5160450
681:Q998347
466:Uniprot
446:Nectria
430:Nectria
416:Biology
344:Ontario
254:in the
247:, is a
129:Genus:
99:Order:
93:Insecta
89:Class:
890:119170
864:347678
747:101990
734:CRYCFA
721:841281
695:733771
629:
602:
409:moults
405:nymphs
389:stylet
340:Quebec
314:Europe
249:felted
40:Nymph
877:25408
820:IRMNG
812:54061
760:98361
742:EUNIS
600:S2CID
336:Maine
312:, in
280:fungi
264:Fagus
859:NCBI
799:1695
794:GISD
781:GBIF
729:EPPO
708:ZWNL
627:OCLC
362:and
273:bark
846:NBN
716:EoL
703:CoL
592:doi
564:doi
516:doi
243:or
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
