418:. They have well-developed legs and short antennae. Some remain concealed under the female, which dies after the eggs are laid, and others disperse to cracks and crevices on the tree. A few get washed down or fall to the ground and most of these perish. Occasionally one may find its way to another beech tree, perhaps wafted there by the wind or on the foot of a bird, and founds a new colony. Having found a location on a suitable tree, the crawler forces its tubular stylet into the bark and starts to feed. At this stage, it
62:
459:
fungi. It usually takes three to six years of infestation by the scale insect before the fungus reaches critical levels. Where beech bark disease becomes established, most of the larger trees will die. Some trees seem to be partially resistant to the disease and a small number seem to be completely
454:
does not reduce scale populations sufficiently to control infestations. Persistent severely cold weather may kill beech scale and air temperatures of -37 °C have been shown to be lethal to insects not protected by snow. Although trees are weakened when supporting scale colonies, this does not
422:
and becomes a second-stage, legless nymph, and will remain sedentary for the rest of its life. It secretes wax from glands and is soon covered in a protective coating of wool-like material. After overwintering it completes a second moult in the spring to become a mature female.
564:
Gwiazdowski, Rodger A; Van
Driesche, Roy G; Desnoyers, Adrienne; Lyon, Suzanne; Wu, San-an; Kamata, Naotoa; Normark, Benjamin B (2006). "Possible geographic origin of beech scale, Cryptococcus fagisuga (Hemiptera: Eriococcidae), an invasive pest in North America".
414:. From midsummer onwards, they deposit four to eight pale yellow eggs, attached to each other in strings end to end, on the bark of the trees where they have been feeding. The wingless larvae that hatch out about twenty days later are known as crawlers or
397:
Adult scales are elliptical and about one millimetre long and are covered by a cream coloured, cottony wax secretion. They have reddish-brown eyes, no wings, rudimentary antennae and legs, and numerous minute wax-secreting glands. The
592:
Gora, Vincenz; König, Jürgen; Lunderstädt, Jörg (1996). "Population dynamics of beech scale (Cryptococcus fagisuga) (Coccina, Pseudococcidae) related to physiological defence reactions of attacked beech trees (Fagus sylvatica)".
443:
fungi to invade infested trees. The insect colonises beech trees that are aged at least thirty years. Studies have shown that younger trees produce defensive chemicals which deter infestation. A ladybird beetle
44:
327:
since before 1849. Until 1914 it was thought that the beech scale insect itself was responsible for the disease. Subsequently it was discovered that a fungus, then identified as
385:
analysis, it seems likely that the pest originated in the region of northeast Greece, northern Iran, the
Caucasus and the Black Sea drainage basin on the host beech subspecies
910:
377:. Attempts are being made to discover the geographic origin of beech scale in order to try to identify any natural enemies that might hold promise for its
460:
resistant. This may be partly due to the fact that trees with smooth bark provide fewer cracks and crevices in which the scale insect can flourish.
830:
869:
636:. Nashville, TN: Tennessee Exotic Plant Pest Council: In cooperation with U.S.Department of Agriculture, Forest Service. pp. 29–41.
933:
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333:, was in fact killing the trees infested by the scale. Around 1890 the scale insect was accidentally introduced into
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feeds on this scale and is common throughout most of the
Eastern United States, but this
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usually cause mortality, which only occurs after the trees have been invaded by the
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Houston, D R (1994). "Major New Tree
Disease Epidemics: Beech Bark Disease".
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aka Beech bark disease has been recorded as affecting common beech trees,
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tissue of the bark. The small wounds produced when it feeds allow the
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113:
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There are no male beech scale insects and the females reproduce by
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through which they suck sap can be up to two millimetres long.
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324:
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103:
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349:. It continues to spread in North America and is now found in
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346:
274:
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Exotic pests of eastern forests: Proceedings of a conference
435:, being found only on beech trees, and sucks sap from the
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553:U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service
278:. It is associated with the transmission of
309:
282:because the puncture holes it makes in the
42:
498:
337:. By 1932, the scale and its associated
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516:
345:and parts of eastern and south central
341:fungus had spread to many areas of the
14:
926:
272:that infests beech trees of the genus
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510:
784:7e9f9d51-1125-4863-9e56-6ab3c92c65ce
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381:. From these studies and associated
531:10.1146/annurev.py.32.090194.000451
24:
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25:
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934:Insect vectors of plant pathogens
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579:10.1016/j.biocontrol.2006.04.009
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519:Annual Review of Phytopathology
499:Campbell, Faith (August 2004).
648:
632:. In Britton, Kerry O. (ed.).
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481:
470:
392:
293:which have been identified as
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1:
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405:
7:
655:Forest Encyclopedia Network
10:
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939:Hemiptera of North America
628:Houston, David R. (1998).
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944:Insects described in 1936
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194:
187:
172:
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57:Scientific classification
55:
50:
41:
34:
310:History and distribution
250:, commonly known as the
387:F. sylvatica orientalis
503:. Don't Move Firewood.
911:Cryptococcus fagisuga
677:Cryptococcus fagisuga
315:Cryptococcus fagisuga
247:Cryptococcus fagisuga
176:Cryptococcus fagisuga
36:Cryptococcus fagisuga
779:Fauna Europaea (new)
630:"Beech bark disease"
501:"Beech Bark Disease"
330:Neonectria ditissima
431:The beech scale is
27:Species of true bug
607:10.1007/BF01239488
567:Biological Control
379:biological control
343:Maritime Provinces
280:beech bark disease
256:woolly beech scale
204:Baerensprung, 1849
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920:
896:Open Tree of Life
669:Taxon identifiers
447:Chilocorus stigma
303:Nectria galligena
243:
242:
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233:Pseudococcus fagi
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209:Cryptococcus fagi
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18:Cryptococcus fagi
16:(Redirected from
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862:NHMSYS0021005158
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158:C. fagisuga
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412:parthenogenesis
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320:Fagus sylvatica
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286:allow entry of
228:Lindinger, 1957
217:Eriococcus fagi
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182:Lindinger, 1936
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601:(2): 112–20.
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383:ribosomal DNA
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375:West Virginia
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167:Binomial name
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949:Eriococcidae
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263:scale insect
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145:Cryptococcus
144:
134:Eriococcidae
35:
29:
844:NatureServe
818:iNaturalist
573:(1): 9–18.
488:Zipcode Zoo
433:monophagous
393:Description
359:New England
335:Nova Scotia
267:superfamily
252:beech scale
225:Kermes fagi
201:Coccus fagi
928:Categories
908:ScaleNet:
464:References
437:parenchyme
406:Life cycle
367:New Jersey
339:Neonectria
288:pathogenic
120:Suborder:
94:Arthropoda
525:: 75–87.
270:Coccoidea
152:Species:
114:Hemiptera
80:Kingdom:
74:Eukaryota
849:2.120305
836:10736624
701:BugGuide
686:Wikidata
642:45085218
615:36587090
452:predator
363:New York
189:Synonyms
130:Family:
90:Phylum:
84:Animalia
70:Domain:
797:5160450
692:Q998347
477:Uniprot
457:Nectria
441:Nectria
427:Biology
355:Ontario
265:in the
258:, is a
140:Genus:
110:Order:
104:Insecta
100:Class:
901:119170
875:347678
758:101990
745:CRYCFA
732:841281
706:733771
640:
613:
420:moults
416:nymphs
400:stylet
351:Quebec
325:Europe
260:felted
51:Nymph
888:25408
831:IRMNG
823:54061
771:98361
753:EUNIS
611:S2CID
347:Maine
323:, in
291:fungi
275:Fagus
870:NCBI
810:1695
805:GISD
792:GBIF
740:EPPO
719:ZWNL
638:OCLC
373:and
284:bark
857:NBN
727:EoL
714:CoL
603:doi
575:doi
527:doi
254:or
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539:^
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599:7
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20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
