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in 2004 there was a sharp decline of the black-necked swan population in the wetlands of the lower course of Cruces River. An estimated 96.4% of the black-necked swan population died or migrated in about six months. The event unleashed a large
221:
caused c. 2 m of subsidence around
Valdivia. As a result of this, a large area of former pastures and cultivated fields around the lower course of Cruces River was permanently flooded. Over the years the new wetlands were colonized chiefly by
505:
401:
Ramirez, C., E. Carrasco, S. Mariani & N. Palacios. 2006. La desapariciĂłn del luchecillo (Egeria densa) del
Santuario del Rio Cruces (Valdivia, Chile): una hipĂłtesis plausible. Ciencia & Trabajo, 20:
477:
427:
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Delgado, L.E., V.H. Marin, P.L. Bachmann & M. Torres-GĂłmez. 2009. Conceptual models for ecosystem management through the participation of local social actors: the Rio Cruces wetland conflict.
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881:
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283:'s water supply site at Cuesta Soto in Calle-Calle River. Such events tend to happen in autumn and are expected to become more frequent in the future due to a
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and flows then in south-west direction. The southern and final part of the river flows in a south-south-west direction following the eastern flank of
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Delgado, Luisa E.; Tironi, Antonio; Vila, Irma; Verardi, Gabriela; Ibåñez, Carlos; AgĂŒero, BelĂ©n; MarĂn, VĂctor H. (2014).
752:
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506:"CientĂficos proyectan en 80 años la llegada de mar a toma de agua en Valdivia para buscar soluciones"
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478:"El mar se acerca a principal toma de agua dulce en Valdivia y amenaza calidad del recurso"
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A 2020 study indicate that whenever the sum of the water discharge of Cruces and
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425:[The RĂo Cruces wetland, Valdivia, Chile: an ecosystemic synthesis].
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that swans feed on has been linked to the death and migration of the swans.
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rivers falls below 74 m/s (2,600 cu ft/s) saltwater reaches
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959:
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423:"El humedal del RĂo Cruces, Valdivia, Chile: una sĂntesis ecosistĂ©mica"
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45:
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41:
318:
Aerial view of Cruces River at its confluence with
Valdivia River
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94:
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View of
Valdivia from the western side of Cruces River
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is seen across the river in the centre of the picture.
40:
View of Cruces River from its western shore between
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264:between citizens of Valdivia and nearby areas and
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268:, the owner of the pulp mill. A decline of the
244:that attracted a permanent bird fauna, notably
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252:was created in 1981 to protect the ecosystem.
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504:Jara, Yonatan; Stuardo, Manuel (2020-09-21).
69:
466:
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194:. RĂo Cruces originates from hills near the
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882:
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428:Latin American Journal of Aquatic Research
54:
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293:around the lower course of the river are
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240:and other aquatic plants created a rich
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863:
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172:3,233 km (1,248 sq mi)
475:
354:
255:Coincident with the opening of the
13:
19:For the river in Puerto Rico, see
14:
1321:
250:Carlos Anwandter Nature Sanctuary
202:. At the latitude of the city of
1103:Draining directly to the Pacific
751:
323:
311:
34:
442:10.3856/vol42-issue5-fulltext-1
891:Hydrography of Los RĂos Region
449:
266:Celulosa Arauco y ConstituciĂłn
1:
347:
101:Physical characteristics
60:Cruces River on a map of 1903
44:and El Molino. The island of
285:trend of diminished rainfall
7:
476:Lara, Emilio (2020-09-16).
335:
150: • location
119: • location
10:
1326:
304:
21:Cruces River (Puerto Rico)
18:
1310:Rivers of Los RĂos Region
1234:
1153:
1132:
1102:
1043:
904:
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760:
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365:"Cuenca del rĂo Valdivia"
210:next to its outflow into
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90:
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65:
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33:
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248:. The protected area of
219:1960 Valdivia earthquake
164:125 km (78 mi)
342:List of rivers of Chile
262:environmental conflict
233:
187:
70:
1281:39.70722°S 73.19750°W
1252:Pichillancahue-Turbio
1286:-39.70722; -73.19750
1277: /
564:La AraucanĂa Region
458:Ecology and Society
200:Cordillera de Oncol
192:south-central Chile
461:, 14(1): 50. URL:
257:Valdivia Pulp Mill
246:black-necked swans
129:Villarrica Volcano
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1128:
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857:
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768:Ojos del Caburgua
242:aquatic ecosystem
208:RĂo Cruces Bridge
206:it is crossed by
196:Villarica volcano
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370:. Archived from
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190:) is a river in
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58:
38:
26:
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1305:Rivers of Chile
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123:Hills north of
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906:Valdivia River
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773:Salto la China
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431:(in Spanish).
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299:red clay soils
212:Valdivia River
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155:Valdivia River
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125:Calafquén Lake
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16:River in Chile
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1030:Tornagaleones
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788:Salto Palguin
786:
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783:Salto el Leon
781:
779:
778:Salto el Puma
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511:Radio BĂo-BĂo
507:
500:
485:
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483:Radio BĂo-BĂo
479:
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438:
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424:
417:
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377:on 2007-09-27
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43:
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27:
22:
1262:
1069:Contrafuerte
934:
738:Trufultruful
602:
516:. Retrieved
514:(in Spanish)
509:
499:
488:. Retrieved
486:(in Spanish)
481:
456:
451:
432:
426:
379:. Retrieved
372:the original
289:
274:
270:Egeria densa
269:
254:
238:Egeria densa
237:
225:Egeria densa
223:
216:
180:Cruces River
179:
177:
29:Cruces River
1284: /
1226:Seven Lakes
1191:Panguipulli
1140:Huilo-Huilo
1089:PillanleufĂș
1045:Bueno River
920:Calle-Calle
653:Maitenrehue
648:Mahuidanche
560:Hydrography
277:Calle-Calle
66:Native name
1299:Categories
1272:73°11âČ51âłW
1269:39°42âČ26âłS
1242:Choshuenco
1201:Pirihueico
1133:Waterfalls
1094:Pilmaiquén
1079:Llollelhue
1059:Calcurrupe
980:Llanquihue
930:Collileufu
915:Angachilla
849:Villarrica
834:HuilipilĂșn
824:ConguillĂo
761:Waterfalls
518:2022-03-07
490:2022-03-07
381:2007-08-01
348:References
234:luchecillo
188:RĂo Cruces
169:Basin size
71:RĂo Cruces
1206:Pullinque
1161:Calafquén
1074:Hueinahue
1025:San Pedro
1020:Pullinque
990:Llancahue
844:Tinquilco
814:Calafquén
673:Picoiquén
638:Lonquimay
623:Huichahue
46:Isla Teja
1235:Glaciers
1196:Pellaifa
1110:ChaihuĂn
1064:Caunahue
1035:Valdivia
1005:NaguilĂĄn
965:Guanehue
829:Galletué
809:Caburgua
733:Trancura
728:Traiguén
718:Tavolevo
713:Repocura
703:Reigolil
628:Imperial
593:Cholchol
336:See also
281:Valdivia
204:Valdivia
86:Location
42:Punucapa
1221:Riñihue
1211:Puyehue
1186:Neltume
1176:Huishue
1145:Nilahue
1084:Nilahue
1010:Neltume
1000:Malihue
985:Liquiñe
945:Cutipay
925:Cau-Cau
743:Vergara
708:Renaico
693:Quillen
683:Puyehue
663:Mininco
658:Malleco
633:Liucura
608:Culenco
583:BĂo-BĂo
578:Allipén
305:Gallery
295:trumaos
230:Spanish
184:Spanish
127:, near
91:Country
78:Spanish
1181:Maihue
1120:Lingue
1015:Pichoy
975:Iñaque
970:Huahum
940:Cuacua
935:Cruces
898:Rivers
839:Icalma
819:Colico
723:Toltén
643:Lumaco
618:Dongul
613:Curaco
603:Cruces
598:Collin
588:CautĂn
571:Rivers
161:Length
144:
113:
110:Source
74:
1247:Mocho
1216:Ranco
1171:ColĂșn
1154:Lakes
1115:ColĂșn
1054:Bueno
1047:Basin
995:MĂĄfil
908:Basin
797:Lakes
698:Quino
688:Quepe
678:Puren
435:(5).
402:79-86
375:(PDF)
368:(PDF)
291:Soils
140:Mouth
95:Chile
1166:Gris
960:Futa
950:Enco
804:Budi
668:Muco
297:and
217:The
178:The
955:Fuy
562:of
437:doi
287:.
236:).
214:.
1301::
508:.
480:.
468:^
433:42
407:^
390:^
356:^
301:.
232::
186::
883:e
876:t
869:v
552:e
545:t
538:v
521:.
493:.
445:.
439::
384:.
228:(
182:(
80:)
76:(
23:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
