Croatia in personal union with Hungary

84: 1224: 502: 1464: 2608: 98: 2169: 1976:(also known as Charles Robert). Croatian and Hungarian nobles eventually accepted Andrew III as King, but a new revolt started when in 1299 Andrew named his uncle, Albertino Morosini as heir, since he had no sons. Paul sent his brother, George I Šubić, to Rome to gain papal approval for their requests and bring Charles I to Croatia, where he arrived in August 1300. Andrew III died in January 1301 and brought the Árpád dynasty to an end. Ban Paul Šubić accompanied Charles I to Zagreb, where he was recognized as king. In March 1301 the Archbishop crowned him with a provisional crown King of Hungary and Croatia in 2075: 2503: 2641: 2625: 1356: 1853:, Stjepko Šubić and Daniel Šubić was sent against Split, which immediately surrendered. Peace was signed on 19 July 1244. A second army led by King Béla IV breached into Bosnia and forced Ban Matej Ninoslav to sign a peace treaty on 20 July 1244. To prevent further wars among the Dalmatian coastal cities, King Béla IV transferred the election of their governors, that were previously done by cities themselves, to the Ban of Croatia. The Šubić family was dissatisfied with this decision, as they had previously governed most of the coastal cities. 2205:. Tvrtko and his allies managed to acquire most of Croatia and Dalmatia between 1387 and 1390, and all efforts of Sigismund to take these back ended in failure. In 1390 Tvrtko began to call himself "King of Croatia and Dalmatia" and awarded Hrvoje with acquired Dalmatian possessions. Tvrtko died in March 1391 and John of Palisna died a few weeks later. Hrvoje Vukčić Hrvatinić was left the strongest nobleman in Bosnia after the death of King Tvrtko. Same year, Ladislaus appointed him as his deputy in Dalmatia, and also granted him a title of 1992: 477: 117: 1295:

the union was a personal one in the form of a shared king, a view also accepted by a number of Hungarian historians, while Serbian and Hungarian nationalist historians preferred to see it as a form of annexation. The claim of a Hungarian occupation was made in the 19th century during the Hungarian national reawakening. Thus in older Hungarian historiography Coloman's coronation in Biograd was a subject of dispute and their stance was that Croatia was conquered. Although claims of this kind can also be found today, since the

1968:, awarded in the name of his son all lands from the Gvozd Mountain to the Neretva River hereditarily to Paul Šubić. The position of the ban was thus made hereditary for the Šubić family, while the local Croatian nobles became vassals of Paul and his descendants. In response Andrew III also issued a charter naming Paul a hereditary Croatian ban. As a result of this bidding for support and the absence of central power in the midst of a civil war, the Šubić family became the most powerful family in Croatia. 1453: 2543:

battle of Mohács – the king's death, two elected rulers, Ottoman conquests and, consequently, the splitting of Hungary into three parts, changed the entire medieval relation system. Civil war broke out between the supporters of Ferdinand and Zápolya that ended soon in an agreement to Ferdinand's benefit and both crowns would again be united in Habsburgs' hands. While this technically meant the restoration of a Croatian-Hungarian union, the relationship between two countries was changed permanently.

1279: 749: 4475: 139: 1930: 2244: 2048:, became the Prince of Split. Paul issued his own money and was for all practical purposes an independent ruler. In 1311 Paul triggered a successful rebellion in Zadar against Venetian rule. War with Venice continued after Paul's death on 1 May 1312, who was succeeded by his son Mladen II. With Paul's death began a gradual decline of the Bribir Princes. Venice eventually restored their rule in Zadar in 1313. In 1322 another civil war in Croatia started, culminating in the 2321: 2224: 1656:, who was then Prince of Split and Count of Cetina, and the Šubić family over the ownership of Split. Domald's family ties are unknown, but he was probably from the Snačić or the Kačić family. Domald also held Šibenik and Klis fortress and briefly took Zadar from Venice in 1209. The citizens of Split expelled Domald in 1221 and elected Višan Šubić from Zvonigrad near Knin as their prince. Although the Šubić family was victorious, another war started among its members, 1323:, Coloman crushed opposition after the death of Ladislaus I and won the crown of Dalmatia and Croatia in 1102, thus forging a link between the Croatian and Hungarian crowns that lasted until the end of World War I. Hungarian culture permeated northern Croatia, the Croatian-Hungarian border shifted often, and at times Hungary treated Croatia as a vassal state. Croatia had its own local governor, or Ban; a privileged landowning nobility; and an assembly of nobles, the 2335: 1391:, was not always in Croatia's possession. The term "Dalmatia" referred to several coastal cities and islands, at times used as a synonym of Croatia, and was to spread further inland only with the expansion of Venice in the 15th century. In the second half of the 15th and early 16th century borders of Croatia spread north and included the territory of the Zagreb county and its surroundings, that have already been under the same administration. 1038: 2100: 1085: 1327:. According to some historians, Croatia became part of Hungary in the late 11th and early 12th century, yet the actual nature of the relationship is difficult to define. Sometimes Croatia acted as an independent agent and at other times as a vassal of Hungary. However, Croatia retained a large degree of internal independence. The degree of Croatian autonomy fluctuated throughout the centuries as did its borders. 1661:

defeat Gregory's deputy in Split and was re-elected as the prince of Split. However, by 1231 Gregory returned to his position in Split. After Gregory died Domald took advantage of the new situation and for the second time reclaimed Split in 1235, but lost it 2 years after to Gregory's son Marko I Šubić of Bribir. War with Domald was finally over when Stjepko Šubić defeated and captured him in Klis.

2255:, made peace with Sigismund. He returned Tvrtko's recent acquisitions, but was allowed to keep the territories in western Bosnia that had been conquered in 1385. Hrvoje Vukčić also submitted in 1393. In July 1394 Sigismund took Dobor in Bosnia and captured John Horvat, thus ending the uprising of the Horvats. On Queen Mary's orders, as a revenge of her mother's death, John was tortured to death in 1833: 1553: 2267:

Ladislaus as his deputy for Croatia, was invited on a safe-conduct. At the gathering Lackfi, his nephew Andrew and the supporting nobility were murdered, which set off a new uprising in the name of Ladislaus. This uprising was led by Hrvoje Vukčić, who took a very active role and was able to extend his own authority. The council of Križevci later became known as the "

2403:), that was returning from a raid in Carniola through Croatia, forced them to make peace. Croatian nobles gathered around 10,000 men and decided to face them in an open battle, although some insisted that an ambush would be a better option. on 9 September 1493 the Croatian army intercepted Ottoman forces near Udbina in Lika and suffered a huge defeat in the 1575:. Nobility created by the monarchs or based upon royal service never existed in Croatia. Those nobles held and administered whole counties, presided over local courts and enforced their decisions, therefore local population was entirely separated from any state organisation. Most prominent Croatian noble families of the 12th and early 13th century were the 2302:. In January 1409 it was announced that Hrvoje had submitted to Sigismund and that Ostoja was restored to the Bosnian throne. By this Sigismund had put an end to the unrest in Hungary, Bosnia and Croatia. Eventually in 1409 Ladislaus sold his rights in Dalmatia to Venice for 100,000 ducats in an attempt to gain allies in the upcoming war against the 2116:

result, the economy of Croatia flourished in the late 14th century, especially in cities on the eastern Adriatic coast. New royal towns were established on trade routes, richer merchants' increased dominance over towns, and new conditions marked the beginning of cultural integration between coastal and continental Croatia.

2062:

to the Cetina River was in fact outside the king's authority. Nelipić had tense relations with the Šubići and had frequent conflicts with them. During these conflicts Venice took control over Split in 1327 and Nin in 1329, gaining most of the coast from Zrmanja River to the mouth of the Cetina. At the same time,

2066:, Ban of Bosnia, annexed the territory between Cetina and Neretva, as well as Imotski, Duvno, Livno i Glamoč. Over the remainder of Croatia Ivan Nelipić ruled independently from Knin until his death in 1344. Following that Louis I restored royal power in Croatia and pacified the country by the end of 1345. 1168:, contesting the succession after the death of Zvonimir, asked King Ladislaus I to help Helen and offered him the Croatian throne, which was seen as rightfully his by inheritance rights. According to some sources, several Dalmatian cities also asked King Ladislaus for assistance, and Petar Gusić with Petar 2032:, and only the city of Zadar remained outside his realm and under the rule of Venice. In 1304 Ban Mladen I was killed in Bosnia. Paul carried out a campaign against Bosnia to reaffirm his authority, bringing more of its lands under his rule, as Paul referred to himself from 1305 as "lord of all Bosnia" ( 2542:

The Croatian historical narrative insists that the decision to join the Habsburg Empire was the result of a free choice made by the Sabor. Austrian historians align with this view and there appears to be little reason to doubt Croatian claims about the events of 1526.The political situation after the

2266:

was elected as queen. Hrvoje Vukčić again actively opposed to Sigismund and proclaimed his support for Ladislaus of Naples. In an attempt to reconcile with the rebellious nobility, Sigismund summoned a council at Križevci in Croatia on 27 February 1397 to which Stephen II Lackfi, who was appointed by

1410:

between them. Thus from 1198 Croatia and Slavonia were under the Dukes of Croatia, who ran their duchy, still known as the Kingdom of Croatia, as semi-independent rulers. Under the duke there also stood a ban who was usually a major nobleman, sometimes of Croatian origin and sometimes of Hungarian. A

2526:

in the rump diet in Pozsony on 16 December 1526. The Austrian Archduke was interested in the Croatian election in order to oppose Zápolya, promising at the same time to protect Croatia in turbulent period of Ottoman expansion to the west. The Croatian nobles met on December 31, 1526 to discuss their

2442:

in 1519, given that several Croatian soldiers made significant contributions to the struggle against the Ottoman Empire. Petar Berislavić spent 7 years in constant fighting with the Ottomans, faced with continuous money shortages and an insufficient number of troops, until he was killed in an ambush

2192:

Sigismund's ally Ivan V Frankopan laid siege to Novigrad Castle with the assistance of a Venetian fleet. They captured the castle on 4 June 1387 and released Mary from captivity. She remained Sigismund's co-ruler until the end of her life, but her influence was minimal. In the meantime King Tvrtko I

2115:

in Albania, including Dubrovnik (Ragusa), which acted as an independent unit. The Doge of Venice had to renounce its title "Duke of Croatia and Dalmatia". After this the entire Croatian territory was integrated under one administration and under the authority of the Ban of Croatia and Dalmatia. As a

2061:

had risen to become the dominant figure in Croatia. He seized the royal city of Knin, which led to the removal of John Babonić from his banship and the appointment of Nicholas Felsőlendvai and later Mikcs Ákos, whose army was defeated in 1326 by Ivan Nelipić. Thus all of Croatia from Lika and Krbava

1346:

made an agreement, in which Coloman recognised their autonomy and specific privileges. Although it is not an authentic document from 1102, nonetheless there was at least a non-written agreement that regulated the relations between Hungary and Croatia in approximately the same way, while the content

1294:

as "King of Croatia and Dalmatia" in Biograd. The precise terms of the union between the two realms became a matter of dispute in the 19th century. The two kingdoms were united under the Árpád dynasty either by the choice of the Croatian nobility or by Hungarian force. Croatian historians hold that

1660:

and Višan. Gregory Šubić won, executed Višan and took his lands, thus securing supremacy in the Šubić family. Domald was still in possession of Klis and had ambitions to retake Split. In the course of the war Domald lost Klis and then allied himself with the Kačić family. In 1229 Domald managed to

2176:

The two brothers were joined by John of Palisna, who had been named Ban of Croatia, Dalmatia, and Slavonia in 1385 by Charles III. They assisted Charles in deposing Queen Mary who renounced the crown without resistance in late 1385, but Elizabeth soon had him murdered in February 1386. The Horvat

2052:

when Mladen II and his allies were defeated by a coalition of Croatian noblemen, including his brother Paul II, and coastal towns under the command of John Babonić, the Ban of Slavonia. A council in Knin was convened by the King where John Babonić was named Ban of Croatia and Dalmatia, ending the

1844:

The Mongol invasion temporarily stopped internal warfare among the nobles, but right after they left in the early 1240s a civil war broke out in Croatia. The cause of the war was the possession of Ostrog village, that both Split and Trogir claimed as theirs and which was in 1242 confirmed by King

1263:

agreed to recognise Coloman as king. In return, the 12 Croatian nobles that signed the agreement retained their lands and properties and were granted exemption from tax or tributes. The nobles were to send at least ten armed horsemen each beyond the Drava River at the kings expense if his borders

3843:

Ladislav of Naples, who in the first years of the fifteenth century laid claim to the Hungarian throne, made Hrvoje his deputy for this Dalmatian territory, calling him his Vicar General for the regions of Slavonia (in partibus Sclavonie). Thus, like Venice, the Neapolitans still considered the

2087:

In 1345 Zadar again rebelled against Venice, but after a lengthy siege in late 1346 the Venetians regained the city. In retaliation for the rebellion Venice destroyed Zadar's sea walls, confiscated weapons from its citizens and sent a Venetian to be the town's governor. King Louis I signed an

2474:

left Istanbul with 80,000 regular troops and a crowd of irregular auxiliaries, beginning his invasion of Hungary. He reached the Sava on 2 July, took Petrovaradin on 27 July after a two-week siege, and Ilok on 8 August. By 23 August his troops had crossed the Drava at Osijek without meeting

2189:, husband of Queen Mary, marched towards Novigrad to rescue the queens. When news of Sigismund's approach reached Novigrad, Elizabeth was strangled in her prison in Mary's presence. As the throne could no longer be left vacant, Sigismund was crowned king on 31 March 1387 at Székesfehérvár. 1964:. Croatian Ban Paul Šubić and most of the Croatian nobility supported Charles Martel, while most of the Hungarian nobles supported Andrew III. The Babonić family was initially on the Anjou side, but soon came out for Andrew III. To retain Croatian support, father of Charles Martel, 1299:

tensions are gone, it has generally been accepted that Coloman was crowned in Biograd for king. Today, Hungarian legal historians hold that the relationship of Hungary with the area of Croatia and Dalmatia in the period till 1526 and the death of Louis II was most similar to a

3895: 2399:, and the Frankopan family. The Frankopans were initially more successful and started to besiege the town of Senj, but the siege was lifted after an army led by Ban Derenčin was sent against them. However, the incoming Ottoman army led by Hadim Yakup Pasha (bey of the 1241:

to continue the campaign. Coloman, as was the case with Ladislaus before him, was not seen as a conqueror but rather as a pretender to the Croatian throne. Coloman assembled a large army to press his claim on the throne and in 1097 defeated King Petar's troops in the

2479:

arrived at Mohács with about 25,000. Count Christopher Frankopan's 5,000 men-strong army did not arrive to the battlefield in time. The Hungarian army waited for the Ottomans on the plain south of Mohács on 29 August and was routed in less than two hours. The 1526

1536:, despite the fact that King Emeric pledged himself to join the Crusade. It was the first attack against a Catholic city by the Crusaders. Venice demanded this as a compensation for their transport further east towards Constantinople, where they later founded the 2290:. However, Ladislaus' passivity and hesitation to move towards Buda distressed his followers, so Sigismund offered an amnesty to all those who had opposed him. Many Hungarian and Croatian nobles, including the Frankopans, accepted it and sided with Sigismund. 1192:). Since the Croatian nobles were divided, Ladislaus had success in his campaign, yet he was not able to establish his control over entire Croatia, although the exact extent of his conquest is not known. At this time the Kingdom of Hungary was attacked by the 2407:. Although the defeat was heavy, the Ottoman Empire had no territorial gains as a result of it. Croatian population from the war-affected areas gradually started to move into safer parts of the country, while some refugees fled outside Croatia to 2181:. On 25 July 1386 they attacked Queen Mary, Elizabeth and their retinue at Gorjani and captured the queens. Mary and her mother were imprisoned and held in captivity at the bishop of Zagreb's castle of Gomnec. Elizabeth and Mary were soon sent to 1250:

had numerous fortified towns that would be difficult to defeat, negotiations started between Coloman and the Croatian feudal lords. It took several more years before the Croatian nobility recognised Coloman as the king. Coloman was crowned in

707:, by which the Venetian Republic lost its influence over Dalmatian coastal cities. However, the kingdom was still mostly referred to as the Kingdom of Croatia and Dalmatia until Venice regained the Dalmatian coast in 1409. The most common 2003:

The privileges that Paul Šubić gained during the succession crisis were confirmed and his family gained hereditary banship. Although the Croatian nobles recognized Charles I, a part of the Hungarian nobles refused to do so and opted for

1523:

Following the death of Emperor Manuel I Komnenos the Byzantine Empire was no longer able to maintain its power consistently in Dalmatia. Soon Zadar rebelled against Venice and became a constant battleground until 1202 when, during the

2070:

was the first appointed royal official in decades, who styled himself Ban of Slavonia, Croatia and Dalmatia, merging the two positions and extending his influence to the Croatian territories as well to represent the royal authority.

2152:

in 1371. John was ultimately defeated by Elizabeth's army that seized his town of Varna and forced him to flee to Bosnia. After a brief period of peace a new movement against Queen Mary and Elizabeth emerged in 1385 that was led by

1264:

were attacked. Despite that Pacta Conventa is not an authentic document from 1102, there was almost certainly some kind of contract or agreement between the Croatian nobles and Coloman which regulated the relations in the same way.

97: 2020:. Civil war followed in Hungary, but it did not affect Croatia, which was under the firm authority of Paul Šubić. Earlier in 1299 Paul gained control over Bosnia, so his title was from then "Ban of the Croats and Lord of Bosnia" ( 2357:. Although the Ottomans had trouble in breaching the defense lines, they regularly conducted plundering raids into Croatia and southern Hungary. During one such raid in 1463 Croatian Ban Pavao Špirančić was captured in Senj. The 1176:), on his court. Thus the campaign launched by Ladislaus was not purely a foreign aggression nor did he appear on the Croatian throne as a conqueror, but rather as a successor by hereditary rights. In 1091 Ladislaus crossed the 2297:

who reigned as Hrvoje's puppet king. Ostoja fled to Hungary and sided with Sigismund. Hrvoje was able to withstand several Sigismund's military interventions until 1408 when the Bosnian nobility was severely defeated in the

2595:

came to use in the late 15th century, and by the early 16th century (1525) it became the official in Croatia. It mostly consisted of five rows of five interlocking silver and red squares. It also represented Croatia on the

1431:). The Croatian counts were local nobles in hereditary succession ruling as they had before 1102, under the customary law of Croatia. In Church affairs, Croatia south of the Gvozd mountain was under the jurisdiction of the 1920:

of Trogir and Šibenik. In 1280 Venice attacked the coastal holdings of the Kačić family and captured Omiš. Paul Šubić used the decline of the Kačići and seized the mainland holdings between the Neretva and Cetina rivers.

1899:

However, local nobles continued to strengthen. The weakening of royal authority allowed the Šubić family to restore their former role in the coastal cities. In the 1270s they regained Trogir, Split and Šibenik. In 1274

1795:

After the Mongols left Croatia its land were devastated and a huge famine broke out. The invasion of Mongols showed that only fortified cities could provide protection against them. Since the Mongols still held much of

4157: 3494: 3110: 2935: 1971:

In Zagreb, the bishop's town, Kaptol, supported Charles Martel, while Gradec supported Andrew, which led to bitter fighting in the area. After Charles Martel died in 1295 his rights to the throne passed to his son,

2088:

eight-year peace treaty with Venice in 1348. In 1356, after the end of the peace treaty, King Louis invaded Venetian territories without a former declaration of war. The Croatian army was led by Ban John Csúz of

1849:. In 1244 Split elected Ninoslav as its prince, and in the same year Ninoslav launched an attack on Trogir, but failed to take the city. After Ninoslav returned to Bosnia, a large army commanded by Slavonian Ban 1845:

Béla IV to Trogir with a special charter. Trogir had the support of the King and the Šubić family, with Stjepko Šubić its leader, while Split found allies among the Kačić family, Andrew of Hum and Bosnian Ban

1153:. Stephen II died peacefully at the beginning of 1091, without leaving an heir. Since there was no living male member of the House of Trpimirović, civil war and unrest broke out in Croatia shortly afterward. 1487:

for the region. In 1116, after the death of Coloman, Venice attacked the Dalmatian coast, defeated the army of Croatian Ban Cledin and seized Biograd, Split, Trogir, Šibenik, Zadar and several islands. King

1141:, last of the House of Trpimirović. Stephen's rule was relatively ineffectual and lasted less than two years. He spent most of this time in the tranquility of the monastery of St. Stephen beneath the Pines ( 2092:. Split, Trogir, and Šibenik soon got rid of the Venetian governors, while Zadar fell after a short siege. As Louis at the same time fought successfully in northern Italy, Venice was forced to sign the 2539:. The charter electing Ferdinand was confirmed with the seals of six Croatian nobles and four representatives of the Archduke. On January 6, 1527, the nobility from Slavonia sided with John Zápolya. 2923:

Bárány, Attila (2012). "The Expansion of the Kingdom of Hungary in the Middle Ages (1000–1490)". In Berend, Nóra. The Expansion of Central Europe in the Middle Ages. Ashgate Variorum. pp. 344–345

2345:

After the conquest of the Byzantine Empire in 1453 the Ottomans quickly expanded westward and also threatened the Kingdom of Croatia. Following the fall of the Kingdom of Bosnia in 1463, King

2488:

was shattered by the death of King Louis II. The defeat emphasized the overall inability of the Christian feudal military to halt the Ottomans, who would remain a major threat for centuries.

1664:

Croatia and Slavonia remained decentralized under local nobles throughout the 13th century, unlike the Hungarian nobles that rebelled against King Andrew II. The King was forced to issue a

1500:. In 1124 Stephen II again attacked the Venetian holdings and regained Biograd, Split, Šibenik and Trogir, but Zadar and the islands remained under Venetian control. However, in 1125 Doge 1571:

that flourished in medieval Europe and prevailed in Hungary and Croatia, a layer of powerful noble families was formed in Croatia. Those families were mostly descendants of the original

2702:

Liée désormais à la Hongrie par une union personnelle, la Croatie, pendant huit siècles, formera sous la couronne de saint Étienne un royaume particulier ayant son ban et sa diète.

2624: 2282:, who controlled most of the Cetina county, Hrvoje gained control over Split in 1403. During these years Sigismund lost support from the Frankopans, but retained the loyalty of 4154: 3491: 2932: 2607: 655:, a document preserved only in transcript from the 14th century. The precise terms of this relationship became a matter of dispute in the 19th century; nonetheless, even in 2144:, prior of Vrana, was the first to rise against Elizabeth. He was mainly opposed to the centralizing policy which Elizabeth's husband had enforced. He was accompanied by 1672:

and granting them privileges such as tax exemption and the right to disobey the King. The Croatian nobles already enjoyed most of the privileges that Andrew II granted.

3919:

Ladislas of Naples, hoping to retain both this territory and Hrvoje's support, gave his blessing to Hrvoje's ambitions and recognized him as his deputy for this region.

2028:). He gave his brother Mladen I Šubić the title of Ban of Bosnia. At that time the power of Paul extended from Gvozd to the Neretva, and from the Adriatic coast to the 2053:

hereditary banship of the Šubić family. Their holdings were reduced and split between Mladen's brothers. Paul II held Bribir and Ostrovica, while George II held Klis,

83: 4615: 2640: 1220:. His rule was marked by a struggle for control of the country with Álmos, who was not able to establish his rule and was forced to withdraw to Hungary in 1095. 2384:. The same year a peace treaty was signed that spared Croatia from larger Ottoman raids. Local conflicts on the border did continue, but with lesser intensity. 1411:

single ban governed all Croatian provinces until 1225 when the territory under ban's rule was divided between two bans: the Ban of Croatia and Dalmatia and the

5045: 1415:. The positions were intermittently held by the same person after 1345, and officially merged back into one by 1476. The territory of Croatia was divided into 3821:

When Ethnicity Did Not Matter in the Balkans: A Study of Identity in Pre-Nationalist Croatia, Dalmatia, and Slavonia in the Medieval and Early-Modern Periods

3306: 1896:

in 1257. Free cities elected their own councils, had their own administration and courts, collected their own taxes and managed their economies and trade.

2430:

on the Una river. In February 1514 the Ottomans besieged Knin with 10,000 men, burned the town's outskirts, but failed to capture it and lost 500 troops.

5030: 1342:(first word of the text) is today viewed as a 14th-century forgery by most modern Croatian historians. According to the document King Coloman and the 2299: 1912:) became the head of the family and was soon named the Ban of Croatia and Dalmatia, while his brothers were princes of the leading Dalmatian cities, 1599:, Kvarner and the County of Modruš in northern Lika. Besides these main noble families, there were other less powerful ones, such as the families of 1520:

the acquired lands. After 1180 area under the administration of ban increased, but his domain and scope of activities were not yet fully formulated.

3098: 5005: 5000: 3125: 1800:, work began on the construction of defence systems, making new fortifications and reinforcing or repairing existing ones. The fortified town of 1255:

in 1102 and the title now claimed by Coloman was "King of Hungary, Dalmatia, and Croatia". Some of the terms of his coronation are summarized in

2361:

quickly expanded to the southern areas, where they conquered large parts of Herzegovina in 1482 and Croatian strongholds in the Neretva valley.

3113:"Medieval Hungary and Croatia were, in terms of public international law, allied by means of personal union created in the late 11th century." 3015:

Ferdo Šišić: Priručnik izvora hrvatske historije, Dio 1, čest 1, do god. 1107. Zagreb 1914., p. 527–528 (full text of Pacta conventa in Latin)

2569:, three crowned Lion heads on blue shield (originally on red shield), was used to represent the Kingdom of Croatia, as mentioned in numerous 2387:

The truce ended with the death of Matthias Corvinus in 1490. 10,000 Ottoman light cavalrymen crossed the Una River in 1491 and advanced into

951: 138: 3716:

John Van Antwerp Fine: The Late Medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Late Twelfth Century to the Ottoman Conquest, 1994, pp. 211–213

3671:

John Van Antwerp Fine: The Late Medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Late Twelfth Century to the Ottoman Conquest, 1994, pp. 207–209

3452:

John Van Antwerp Fine: The Late Medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Late Twelfth Century to the Ottoman Conquest, 1994, pp. 151–152

5015: 1311:, Croatia entered a personal union with Hungary in 1102, which remained the basis of the Hungarian-Croatian relationship until 1918, while 1066: 783: 3461:

John Van Antwerp Fine: The Late Medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Late Twelfth Century to the Ottoman Conquest, 1994, pp. 21–22

3075: 2557:

The first known symbol representing Croatia, dates back to the late 12th century, was a six-pointed star over a crescent moon, found on a

4610: 1517: 1197: 4919: 3982:

John Van Antwerp Fine: The Late Medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Late Twelfth Century to the Ottoman Conquest, 1994, p. 465

3973:

John Van Antwerp Fine: The Late Medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Late Twelfth Century to the Ottoman Conquest, 1994, p. 459

3964:

John Van Antwerp Fine: The Late Medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Late Twelfth Century to the Ottoman Conquest, 1994, p. 458

3790:

John Van Antwerp Fine: The Late Medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Late Twelfth Century to the Ottoman Conquest, 1994, p. 395

3704:

John Van Antwerp Fine: The Late Medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Late Twelfth Century to the Ottoman Conquest, 1994, p. 210

3588:

John Van Antwerp Fine: The Late Medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Late Twelfth Century to the Ottoman Conquest, 1994, p. 145

2663: 2315: 573: 5040: 4649: 3253:[Croatian-Hungarian relations from the Middle Ages to the Compromise of 1868, with a special survey of the Slavonian issue]. 2980:[Croatian-Hungarian relations from the Middle Ages to the Compromise of 1868, with a special survey of the Slavonian issue]. 2514:

Louis II had held the crown of Croatia among other titles, but left no heir. At the session on 10 November 1526, the majority of the

874: 4272: 3648:

John Van Antwerp Fine: The Early Medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Sixth to the Late Twelfth Century, 1991, pp. 150–152

3567:

John Van Antwerp Fine: The Early Medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Sixth to the Late Twelfth Century, 1991, pp. 149–150

3473:

John Van Antwerp Fine: The Early Medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Sixth to the Late Twelfth Century, 1991, pp. 289–290

4876: 1824:. Nobles were allowed to build castles on their lands and increase the size of their armies, making them even more independent. 5020: 5010: 4464: 3123:

Lukács István - A horvát irodalom története, Budapest, Nemzeti Tankönyvkiadó, 1996.[The history of Croatian literature]

2725:

Croatia retained its independence under native kings until 1102, when the crown passed into the hands of the Hungarian dynasty.

2893: 2185:, with John of Palisna as their new jailer. Elizabeth was tried and found guilty of inciting Charles' murder. In January 1387 4454: 4222: 3829: 3751: 3544:

John Van Antwerp Fine: The Early Medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Sixth to the Late Twelfth Century, 1991, p. 206

3373: 1137:. They had a son, Radovan, who died in his late teens or early twenties. After Zvonimir's death in 1089, he was succeeded by 1017: 1809: 4634: 4301: 1540:. Hostilities with Venice continued until 1216 during the reign of King Andrew II, who used the Venetian fleet to join the 763: 1160:, Helen, tried to keep her power in Croatia during the succession crisis. Some Croatian nobles around Helen, possibly the 4561: 4410: 3155: 3111:

Márta Font – Ugarsko Kraljevstvo i Hrvatska u srednjem vijeku [Hungarian Kingdom and Croatia in the Middlea Ages]

1118: 943: 632:

in the 16th century significantly reduced Croatian territories and left the country weak and divided. After the death of

597: 3802:

Engel, Pál (2001). The Realm of St Stephen: A History of Medieval Hungary, 895–1526. I.B. Tauris Publishers, pp. 198–199

1579:(or Princes of Bribir), divided among various branches of the family and ruling over inland Dalmatia with their seat in 4627: 4525: 4092:

Vjekoslav Klaić: Povijest Hrvata od najstarijih vremena do svršetka XIX. stoljeća, Knjiga četvrta, Zagreb, 1988, p. 344

3942: 3052: 2779: 1343: 565: 157: 4965: 4861: 4771: 4500: 4365: 4285: 3634: 3214: 2771: 2381: 1761:, since they thought King Béla, who was at the time in Trogir, was hiding there, but failed to capture its fortress. 841: 482: 3099:

Kristó Gyula: A magyar–horvát perszonálunió kialakulása [The formation of Croatian-Hungarian personal union]

1634:

gained considerable property and assets in Croatia. The first grants in favor of the Christian orders were given by

1290:

In 1102, after a succession crisis, the crown passed into the hands of the Árpád dynasty, with the crowning of King

4685: 4127:

Engel, Pál (2001). The Realm of St Stephen: A History of Medieval Hungary, 895–1526. I.B. Tauris Publishers, p. 370

3991:

Engel, Pál (2001). The Realm of St Stephen: A History of Medieval Hungary, 895–1526. I.B. Tauris Publishers, p. 234

1657: 1209: 1059: 979: 596:, who were also cognatic descendants of the Árpád kings, ruled the kingdoms. Later centuries were characterized by 2695: 2443:

during the battle of Plješevica on 20 May 1520. After two failed attempts in 1513 and 1514, Ottoman forces led by

1308: 1223: 1117:. Peter declared him his heir and, in 1075, Demetrius Zvonimir succeeded to the Croatian throne. Zvonimir married 4939: 4306: 4155:

Márta Font - Ugarsko Kraljevstvo i Hrvatska u srednjem vijeku (Hungarian Kingdom and Croatia in the Middlea Ages)

3492:

Márta Font – Ugarsko Kraljevstvo i Hrvatska u srednjem vijeku (Hungarian Kingdom and Croatia in the Middlea Ages)

2933:

Márta Font - Ugarsko Kraljevstvo i Hrvatska u srednjem vijeku (Hungarian Kingdom and Croatia in the Middlea Ages)

2896:[Presentation of the rulers' dignity: images of rulers in dalmatian art of the 13th and 14th centuries]. 2523: 2216:, affirming his possessions on the islands of Brač, Hvar and Korčula. At the peak of his power Hrvoje was styled 1512:, as well as Bosnia, was conquered by the Byzantines and remained under their control until the death of Emperor 788: 3599:

The Rise and Fall of the Second Largest Empire in History: How Genghis Khan's Mongols Almost Conquered the World

3273: 2228: 2202: 1114: 3932: 3905: 3165: 3044: 2041: 1572: 1407: 1580: 1508:

succeeded to the throne and in 1133 won back the lost cities except Zadar. In 1167 a part of Croatia south of

826: 4720: 4439: 4395: 4074:: Povijest Hrvata od najstarijih vremena do svršetka XIX. stoljeća, Knjiga četvrta, Zagreb, 1988, pp. 300–301 2658: 2497: 2186: 1917: 1913: 1296: 1205: 1088: 989: 884: 495: 4008:

Conflict and Conquest in the Islamic World: A Historical Encyclopedia (2 volumes: A Historical Encyclopedia)

1840:, "Paulus de Breberio banus Croatorum Dns et Bosnae" (Paul of Bribir, Ban of the Croats and Lord of Bosnia). 4786: 4695: 4644: 4520: 4449: 4432: 4265: 2293:

Due to a conflict with Hrvoje Vukčić, Bosnian nobility ousted Stephen Ostoja in 1404 and put on the throne

2274:

Sigismund had an unsuccessful campaign against the Kingdom of Bosnia in 1398, after which new Bosnian King

2045: 1777: 1711: 1492:, Coloman's successor, unsuccessfully tried to regain the lost cities in 1117, although the Doge of Venice 1463: 1028: 1012: 973: 831: 3576:

Curta, Florin (2006): Southeastern Europe in the Middle Ages, 500–1250. Cambridge University Press, p. 370

3251:"Hrvatsko-ugarski odnosi od sredinjega vijeka do nagodbe iz 1868. s posebnim osvrtom na pitanja Slavonije" 2978:"Hrvatsko-ugarski odnosi od sredinjega vijeka do nagodbe iz 1868. s posebnim osvrtom na pitanja Slavonije" 2744: 2714: 1772:. To be in on the action of electing a new khan, the Mongols turned back. One group returned east through 1714:, brother of King Béla, was severely wounded and was taken south to Croatia, where he died of his wounds. 651:

Some of the terms of Coloman's coronation and the later status of the Croatian nobles are detailed in the

4886: 4744: 4405: 3857: 3206: 1996: 1901: 1856:

The later kings sought to restore their influence by giving certain privileges to the towns, making them

1837: 1052: 919: 728: 617: 3819: 2268: 2252: 1730: 4856: 4600: 4515: 4505: 4459: 4427: 4214: 3250: 2977: 2963:

Nada Klaić: Povijest Hrvata u ranom srednjem vijeku, II Izdanje, Zagreb 1975. pp. 508–509 (in Croatian)

2437: 966: 937: 889: 3122: 2749: 2719: 1312: 5035: 4909: 4776: 4581: 4530: 2005: 1681: 1347:

of the alleged agreement is concordant with the reality of rule in Croatia in more than one respect.

773: 243: 3365: 3085: 1591:

between the Cetina and Neretva rivers with their seat in Omiš, known for practicing piracy; and the

116: 5025: 4710: 4510: 4495: 2988:(1). Hrvatski institut za povijest – Podružnica za povijest Slavonije, Srijema i Baranje: 152–173. 2631: 2566: 2471: 2275: 2009: 1273: 1256: 1243: 1238: 1092: 652: 364: 265: 103: 4203:

The Late Medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Late Twelfth Century to the Ottoman Conquest

3897:

The Late Medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Late Twelfth Century to the Ottoman Conquest

3629:

Ferdo Šišić, Povijest Hrvata; pregled povijesti hrvatskog naroda 600. – 1918. Zagreb, pp. 196–198

3429:

The Late Medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Late Twelfth Century to the Ottoman Conquest

2882:

Nada Klaić: Povijest Hrvata u ranom srednjem vijeku, II Izdanje, Zagreb 1975. p. 492 (in Croatian)

2168: 2063: 1200:, so Ladislaus was forced to retreat from his campaign in Croatia. Ladislaus appointed his nephew 4934: 4904: 4814: 4761: 4605: 4588: 4566: 4444: 4333: 4258: 3725:

Ferdo Šišić, Povijest Hrvata; pregled povijesti hrvatskog naroda 600. – 1918. Zagreb, pp. 214–215

3683:

Ferdo Šišić, Povijest Hrvata; pregled povijesti hrvatskog naroda 600. – 1918. Zagreb, pp. 205–206

3553:

Ferdo Šišić, Povijest Hrvata; pregled povijesti hrvatskog naroda 600. – 1918. Zagreb, pp. 184–186

3482:

Ferdo Šišić, Povijest Hrvata; pregled povijesti hrvatskog naroda 600. – 1918. Zagreb, pp. 176–179

3361: 2690: 2590: 2552: 2074: 1961: 1957: 1949: 1781: 1399: 1007: 593: 121: 4894: 2364:

First major Croatian victory over the Ottomans was achieved by Count Petar Zrinski in 1478 near

1367:

The Kingdom of Croatia was bounded to the west by the Dalmatian coast (from the headland of the

1106: 4924: 4700: 4593: 3006:

Trpimir Macan: Povijest hrvatskog naroda, 1971, p. 71 (full text of Pacta conventa in Croatian)

2536: 2507: 2404: 2338: 2133: 1134: 629: 524: 394: 3038: 2894:"Prikazi vladarskog dostojanstva: likovi vladara u dalmatinskoj umjetnosti 13. i 14. stoljeća" 2527:

strategy and choose a new leader. The assembly occurred in the Franciscan monastery below the

2017: 1985: 1784:, all of which were looted as they passed through, while the second one plundered the area of 4899: 4871: 4781: 4715: 4576: 4535: 4415: 4328: 4003: 3849: 2531:

in the settlement of Cetingrad. The Croatian parliament unanimously elected Ferdinand of the

2502: 2452: 2137: 2107:

With the Treaty King Louis gained power over the entire area of Dalmatia, from the island of

1981: 1953: 1938: 1757:

and the surrounding islands. In March 1242 the Mongols were near Split and started attacking

1725:

In 1242 the Mongols crossed the Drava river and started plundering the Slavonian counties of

1489: 1472: 1436: 1138: 609: 3769:

Ferdo Šišić, Povijest Hrvata; pregled povijesti hrvatskog naroda 600. – 1918. Zagreb, p. 216

3695:

Ferdo Šišić, Povijest Hrvata; pregled povijesti hrvatskog naroda 600. – 1918. Zagreb, p. 212

3657:

Ferdo Šišić, Povijest Hrvata; pregled povijesti hrvatskog naroda 600. – 1918. Zagreb, p. 200

3519:

Ferdo Šišić, Povijest Hrvata; pregled povijesti hrvatskog naroda 600. – 1918. Zagreb, p. 183

3510:

Ferdo Šišić, Povijest Hrvata; pregled povijesti hrvatskog naroda 600. – 1918. Zagreb, p. 190

3440:

Ferdo Šišić, Povijest Hrvata; pregled povijesti hrvatskog naroda 600. – 1918. Zagreb, p. 250

3353: 2278:

and Hrvoje moved onto the offensive. Zadar submitted to Hrvoje in 1401 and with the help of

2067: 1687: 1505: 4766: 4730: 4705: 4639: 4571: 4483: 3743: 2578: 2562: 2303: 2232: 2198: 1973: 1965: 1556: 1403: 4173:

Ferdo Šišić – Povijest Hrvata, pregled povijesti hrvatskog naroda 600. – 1526. pp. 262–263

3354: 2283: 1889: 8: 4846: 4791: 4690: 4622: 4549: 4420: 4237: 3844:

region simply "Slavonia," and Hrvoje seems to have had no objections to the nomenclature.

3332: 2476: 2294: 2178: 2125: 1813: 1665: 1631: 1432: 1416: 1355: 1320: 1286:

with inscription on Latin: "Louis by the grace of God King of Hungary, Dalmatia, Croatia"

1283: 957: 909: 904: 856: 778: 633: 280: 4196:

The Early Medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Sixth to the Late Twelfth Century

2838: 2597: 2481: 2423: 2324: 1616: 1612: 637: 420: 327: 4958: 4929: 4806: 4725: 4663: 4400: 4390: 4293: 2586: 2236: 2145: 1669: 1291: 1126: 1122: 1098: 899: 894: 879: 851: 737: 700: 696: 605: 589: 581: 577: 545: 199: 50: 4071: 3415:

Ferdo Šišić – Povijest Hrvata, pregled povijesti hrvatskog naroda 600. – 1526. p. 249

2396: 1216:

was elected king by Croatian feudal lords in 1093. Petar's seat of power was based in

659:

with Hungary, institutions of separate Croatian statehood were maintained through the

4914: 4841: 4824: 4680: 4385: 4218: 3938: 3901: 3869: 3825: 3747: 3630: 3369: 3210: 3161: 3048: 2989: 2775: 2613: 2582: 2532: 2485: 2460: 2412: 2408: 2346: 1934: 1905: 1773: 1653: 1588: 1576: 1560: 1513: 1420: 1260: 1213: 1142: 708: 645: 641: 621: 613: 537: 195: 36: 3924: 2369: 1584: 1212:

as a symbol of his new authority and went back to Hungary. In the midst of the war,

4974: 4866: 4851: 4829: 4796: 4323: 3613:

Vjekoslav Klaić: Povijest Hrvata 1 – svezak prvi – dio prvi – 641–1301, pp. 252–254

2427: 2400: 2392: 2279: 2049: 1929: 1881: 1746: 1742: 1592: 1501: 1493: 1484: 1360: 1246:, who was killed in battle. Since the Croatians did not have a leader any more and 821: 3294: 2797: 2372:

and the Frankopans defeated a force of around 7,000 Ottoman cavalry (known as the

1999:

in 1312 (Croatia, Bosnia, and Hum), shortly after the capture of Zadar from Venice

1991: 1726: 1608: 1231: 1165: 4675: 4375: 4161: 4047: 4007: 3815: 3598: 3498: 3428: 3401: 3200: 3129: 2939: 2851: 2826: 2814: 2801: 2765: 2668: 2444: 2182: 2141: 2093: 2013: 1857: 1821: 1627: 1412: 1110: 1102: 836: 816: 704: 585: 381: 368: 236: 210: 175: 89: 4083:

Stjepan Gunjača: Tiniensia archaeologica – historica – topographica, 1960, p. 88

2519: 2158: 2058: 1600: 1496:

was killed in a battle near Zadar. A five-year truce was signed, confirming the

1201: 1161: 4979: 4370: 2581:). It was also located on coins and seals of the kings, like the great seal of 2574: 2515: 2365: 2358: 2287: 2194: 2149: 2033: 2021: 1877: 1846: 1817: 1797: 1750: 1703: 1623: 1529: 1525: 1509: 1456: 1452: 1380: 1316: 1301: 1042: 914: 688: 676: 656: 592:

until 1301, when the (male) line of the dynasty died out. Then, kings from the

561: 553: 291: 191: 153: 64: 1850: 1765: 1278: 569: 4994: 4834: 4316: 4059: 4037:

Anđelko Mijatović: Bitka na Krbavskom polju 1493. godine; Zagreb, 2005, p. 33

4028:

Anđelko Mijatović: Bitka na Krbavskom polju 1493. godine; Zagreb, 2005, p. 17

4019:

Anđelko Mijatović: Bitka na Krbavskom polju 1493. godine; Zagreb, 2005, p. 28

3873: 3778: 2993: 2464: 2448: 2416: 2377: 1635: 1568: 1541: 1533: 1376: 1157: 793: 667:(viceroy). In addition, the Croatian nobles retained their lands and titles. 407: 1707: 4819: 4311: 2528: 2263: 1893: 1642: 1604: 1537: 1384: 1368: 1150: 798: 640:

and a brief period of dynastic dispute, both crowns passed to the Austrian

620:, who was representing the most powerful Croatian dynasty at the time, the 4474: 4233: 3328: 2646:

Coat of arms in the late 15th and 16th century (first appeared in c. 1495)

2320: 2223: 1638: 748: 675:

The diplomatic name of the kingdom was "Kingdom of Croatia and Dalmatia" (

4338: 4234:"A Country Study: Yugoslavia (Former) – The Croats and Their Territories" 3329:"A Country Study: Yugoslavia (Former) – The Croats and Their Territories" 2334: 2177:

brothers rose up in open rebellion on behalf of the murdered king's son,

2162: 2154: 2029: 1395: 1189: 684: 664: 351: 4103: 3295:

Attempts for closing up by long range regulators in the Carpathian Basin

3274:"Hungary and the Break-up of Yugoslavia: A Documentary History, Part I." 2243: 1861: 1722:

with an army of 10,000–20,000 to pursue King Béla, who fled to Croatia.

1379:

and Neretva, to the south by the lower Neretva, and to the north by the

4343: 3735:

B. Halász, Éva (2010). "Hahót Miklós szlavón báni működése (1343–1356)

3024:

Neven Budak – Prva stoljeća Hrvatske, Zagreb, 1994. p. 39 (in Croatian)

2866:

Neven Budak – Prva stoljeća Hrvatske, Zagreb, 1994. p. 80 (in Croatian)

2802:

Hrvatska i Crkva u srednjem vijeku, Pravnopovijesne i povijesne studije

2431: 1869: 1805: 1801: 1497: 1476: 2952:

Archdeacon Thomas of Split: History of the Bishops of Salona and Split

1745:

was burned. The nobility, together with King Béla, moved south to the

1467:

Kingdom of Croatia and Dalmatia in the late 12th century (light green)

1184:

without encountering opposition, but his campaign was halted near the

4358: 4348: 3887: 2522:

to be the king, while a separate Hungarian assembly elected Archduke

2354: 2136:. Her accession was denied by some noblemen who considered that King 1977: 1785: 1769: 1715: 1388: 143:

Medieval Slavonia (green) and Kingdom of Croatia (dark green) in 1260

2630:

Coat of arms of Croatia in the 14th and 15th century (later used as

2112: 2099: 1587:

in western Slavonia and along the right bank of the Kupa River; the

1130: 1084: 4353: 4250: 3934:

Putanja klatna: Ugarsko-hrvatsko kraljevstvo i Bosna u 14. stoljeću

2570: 2558: 2388: 1873: 1646: 1247: 1181: 768: 625: 438: 3810: 3808: 2193:

of Bosnia, an ally of the Horvat brothers, made them governors of

1734: 4281: 3080: 2089: 2054: 1952:

died, leaving no sons, and a war of succession broke out between

1885: 1865: 1691: 1641:. By the end of the 12th century the Templars had possessions in 1372: 1252: 520: 445: 217: 2256: 1394:

Croatia was ruled by a deputy for the king, a governor called a

695:) came into use. The change was a consequence of the victory of 4756: 3805: 2373: 2328: 2211: 2129: 1860:, thus separating them from the authority of the local nobles. 1754: 1738: 1695: 1480: 1193: 601: 226: 222: 2395:. 2 years later a war started between the new Ban of Croatia, 2349:

strengthened the defense system by establishing the Banate of

1595:(then known as the Princes of Krk), ruling over the island of 2350: 1942: 1789: 1719: 1547: 1324: 1177: 660: 341: 3144:

Barna Mezey: Magyar alkotmánytörténet, Budapest, 1995, p. 66

2565:

as Duke of Croatia. In 14th and 15th century the modern-day

1832: 1350: 2456: 2108: 1758: 1710:

on 11 April 1241 the Mongols wiped out the Hungarian army.

1699: 1307:

According to the Worldmark Encyclopedia of Nations and the

1217: 180: 3860:[Coins minted by Duke Hrvoja Vukčića Hrvatinića]. 2218:

Grand Duke of Bosnia, Knyaz of Donji Kraji, Hezog of Split

1924: 1552: 1387:. The territory between Dalmatia and the Neretva, western 628:

secure great deal of independence for their fiefdoms. The

542:

Kraljevina Hrvatska, Hrvatsko kraljevstvo, Hrvatska zemlja

1884:

resided, that was under its own administration) in 1242,

1596: 1406:

became Duke of Croatia and Dalmatia in 1198, following a

1375:

in the south), bounded to the east by the courses of the

616:. Various individuals emerged during the period, such as 4182:

Győző Somogyi: Magyar hadizászlók, Budapest, 2011, p. 41

2827:

Dragomir Džoić: Federalističke teorije i hrvatska država

2251:

The situation changed in 1393, when Tvrtko's successor,

1808:

mountain above Zagreb, as well as Garić, Lipovac, Okić,

4136:

Ivo Goldstein: Croatia: A History, Zagreb, 1999, p. 34

1304:, resembling the relationship of Scotland to England. 624:. These powerful individuals were on occasion able to 3937:(in Croatian). Acad. Scientiarum et Artium Croatica. 1820:(today part of Zagreb), by which it was proclaimed a 1447: 2078:

Croatian lands in the first half of the 14th century

1504:

reconquered those cities and razed Biograd. In 1131

3403:

Realm of St. Stephen: A History of Medieval Hungary

2247:

Croatia and Ottoman expansion in the region in 1500

1359:One of the oldest maps depicting Croatia, from the 2227:Ladislaus Viceroy in Croatia and Herzog of Split, 2082: 568:in 1102, after a period of rule of kings from the 3530:East Central Europe in the Middle Ages, 1000–1500 2057:and Omiš. After the decline of the Šubić family, 4992: 2892:Pavičić, Ivana Prijatelj; Karbić, Damir (2000). 2172:Realm of Hrvoje Vukčić in the early 15th century 2124:Following the death of Louis I in 1382 his wife 1567:In the 12th century, under the influence of the 915:Triune Kingdom of Croatia, Slavonia and Dalmatia 1702:and south Rus, invaded Hungary in 1241. In the 42: 4095: 3999: 3997: 3236:History of the Croats in the Early Middle Ages 2391:. On their way back they were defeated in the 2140:was the lawful heir to the throne. In Croatia 1876:gained that status in 1240, Gradec (excluding 28: 5046:States and territories disestablished in 1526 4266: 4062:: Croatia: A History, Zagreb, 1999, pp. 30–31 3824:. University of Michigan Press. p. 127. 3532:, University of Washington Press, 2011, p. 63 2975: 2971: 2969: 2891: 2757: 2537:at their assembly in Cetin on January 1, 1527 2484:was a crucial event in which the rule of the 2426:defeated an Ottoman army of 7,000 men at the 2286:(branch of Gusić's), the Berislavići and the 2016:, who was in 1301 crowned King of Hungary in 1812:, etc. On 16 November 1242 the king issued a 1060: 584:as "King of Croatia and Dalmatia" in 1102 in 3855: 3147: 2739: 2737: 2735: 2733: 2659:Kingdom of Croatia before union with Hungary 2262:After the death of Stephen Dabiša his widow 2044:, Ban of Bosnia, and in 1305 his third son, 1864:acquired the status of a free city in 1220, 1109:. He began as a Ban of Slavonia and then as 3994: 3322: 3320: 3202:The Formation of Croatian National Identity 3032: 3030: 2618:(considered oldest known symbol of Croatia) 2491: 1473:former Byzantine coastal cities in Dalmatia 1237:Ladislaus died in 1095, leaving his nephew 1180:river and conquered the entire province of 56: 5031:States and territories established in 1102 4273: 4259: 3591: 3584: 3582: 3194: 3192: 3190: 3188: 3186: 3184: 2966: 2815:Povijest Hrvata u vrijeme narodnih vladara 2793: 2791: 2707: 2685: 2683: 2451:and captured it on 29 May 1522. They also 1548:Feudalisation and relations between nobles 1067: 1053: 137: 4208: 3781:: Croatia: A History, Zagreb, 1999, p. 27 3765: 3763: 3738:". In G. Tóth, Péter; Szabó, Pál (eds.). 3734: 3691: 3689: 3679: 3677: 3625: 3623: 3621: 3619: 3396: 3394: 2919: 2917: 2915: 2913: 2911: 2730: 2455:on several occasions, but the captain of 2197:. The Horvat brothers were also aided by 2103:Croatia in the middle of the 14th century 1827: 1351:Geography and administrative organization 715:("Croatian country" or "Croatian land"). 663:(an assembly of Croatian nobles) and the 3798: 3796: 3712: 3710: 3667: 3665: 3663: 3644: 3642: 3609: 3607: 3563: 3561: 3559: 3540: 3538: 3469: 3467: 3448: 3446: 3356:The Central Middle Ages: Europe 950–1320 3317: 3153: 3140: 3138: 3027: 2501: 2333: 2319: 2242: 2222: 2167: 2098: 2073: 1990: 1980:. So the act was not performed with the 1928: 1831: 1622:During this period and as result of the 1551: 1471:By 1107 King Coloman controlled most of 1462: 1451: 1354: 1277: 1222: 1172:presented themselves as "White Croats" ( 1083: 4211:A short history of the Yugoslav peoples 3856:Sulejmanagić, Amer (30 November 2012). 3579: 3423: 3421: 3232:Povijest Hrvata u ranom srednjem vijeku 3198: 3181: 3068: 2788: 2680: 1925:Dynastic struggles and the Šubić family 163: 5006:12th-century establishments in Hungary 5001:12th-century establishments in Croatia 4993: 4231: 3760: 3686: 3674: 3616: 3391: 3326: 3271: 3040:East Central Europe in the Middle Ages 3036: 2908: 2878: 2876: 2874: 2872: 2862: 2860: 2841:: Geschichte der Kroaten, 1917, p. 385 2763: 2585:and on the great coat of arms of King 2368:. In 1483 an army led by Croatian Ban 2119: 1459:in 1202 by the Crusaders and Venetians 1319:one. According to the research of the 4254: 4209:Singleton, Frederick Bernard (1985). 3930: 3793: 3707: 3660: 3639: 3604: 3556: 3535: 3464: 3443: 3351: 3229: 3135: 3104: 3092: 1475:. Since those cities were important, 1267: 1204:to administer the controlled area of 4280: 3893: 3814: 3418: 3248: 1079: 764:History of Croatia before the Croats 644:, and the realms became part of the 5016:Geography of the Kingdom of Hungary 4110:(in Croatian). Municipality of Klis 4048:Krbavska bitka i njezine posljedice 2869: 2857: 2664:Hundred Years' Croatian–Ottoman War 2316:Hundred Years' Croatian–Ottoman War 1764:Soon came the news of the death of 1668:in 1222 defining the rights of the 1516:in 1180, when the Byzantine Empire 1344:twelve heads of the Croatian nobles 13: 4188: 4101: 1675: 1448:Struggle with Venice and Byzantium 14: 5057: 3858:"Novac Hrvoja Vukčića Hrvatinića" 3307:"Croatia | Encyclopedia.com" 3160:. Psychology Press. p. 195. 2772:Britannica Educational Publishing 2475:resistance. On the same day King 2026:Banus Croatorum Dominus et Bosnae 1483:often fought with Venice and the 1371:in the north to the mouth of the 1105:of the Svetoslavić branch of the 30:Kraljevina Hrvatska (i Dalmacija) 24:Kingdom of Croatia (and Dalmatia) 5041:1526 disestablishments in Europe 4473: 3900:. University of Michigan Press. 2639: 2623: 2606: 2577:, Constance Council Armorial or 2040:). He appointed his second son, 1652:In 1221 a war broke out between 1036: 747: 572:and Svetoslavić dynasties and a 500: 475: 115: 96: 82: 4176: 4167: 4148: 4139: 4130: 4121: 4086: 4077: 4065: 4053: 4040: 4031: 4022: 4013: 3985: 3976: 3967: 3958: 3784: 3772: 3728: 3719: 3698: 3651: 3570: 3547: 3522: 3513: 3504: 3485: 3476: 3455: 3434: 3409: 3382: 3345: 3299: 3287: 3265: 3242: 3223: 3116: 3018: 3009: 3000: 2957: 2945: 2926: 2885: 2546: 2380:River crossing near modern-day 2309: 2083:Territorial changes in Dalmatia 1435:, while Slavonia was under the 1228:Death of the Last Croatian King 3740:Középkortörténti tanulmányok 6 3045:University of Washington Press 2976:Ladislav Heka (October 2008). 2844: 2832: 2820: 2807: 2767:Austria, Croatia, and Slovenia 1988:as it was required by custom. 580:. With the coronation of King 44:Horvát Királyság (és Dalmácia) 16:Personal union of two kingdoms 1: 5011:1102 establishments in Europe 3249:Heka, László (October 2008). 2602: 2498:Kingdom of Croatia (Habsburg) 1872:in 1234 from King Andrew II. 1402:in 1196, his younger brother 1330:The alleged agreement called 1309:Grand Larousse encyclopédique 990:Socialist Republic of Croatia 885:Kingdom of Croatia (Habsburg) 718: 630:Ottoman incursion into Europe 612:, and internal warfare among 496:Kingdom of Croatia (Habsburg) 483:Kingdom of Croatia (925–1102) 111:Note: Later used for Dalmatia 4686:Gross domestic product (GDP) 2674: 1573:twelve noble Croatian tribes 974:Independent State of Croatia 681:Regnum Croatiae et Dalmatiae 576:following the death of king 7: 4381:Personal union with Hungary 3293:Banai Miklós, Lukács Béla: 3207:Manchester University Press 3157:A History of Eastern Europe 2652: 2436:forefront of Christianity ( 1956:from the Árpád dynasty and 1733:. They sacked the towns of 1658:Gregory III Šubić of Bribir 1528:, the Venetians under Doge 920:Kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia 10: 5062: 4616:Chief of the General Staff 4215:Cambridge University Press 4108:Official website – klis.hr 2550: 2495: 2438:Antemurale Christianitatis 2313: 1679: 1442: 1398:. After the succession of 1271: 1196:, who were likely sent by 890:Croatian Military Frontier 604:in 1242, competition with 598:conflicts with the Mongols 588:, the realm passed to the 5021:Croatia–Hungary relations 4952: 4885: 4805: 4752: 4743: 4671: 4662: 4650:Security and intelligence 4557: 4548: 4491: 4482: 4471: 4406:Austrio-Hungarian kingdom 4292: 4232:Curtis, Glenn E. (1992). 3894:Fine, John V. A. (1994). 3327:Curtis, Glenn E. (1992). 3199:Bellamy, Alex J. (2003). 2764:Murray, Lorraine (2013). 1682:Mongol invasion of Europe 1559:, a Croatian law code in 1335: 1315:specified the union as a 516: 454: 434: 430: 417: 404: 391: 378: 361: 357: 347: 337: 333: 318: 305: 301: 290: 286: 271: 256: 252: 242: 232: 216: 206: 187: 171: 148: 136: 78: 73: 21: 4562:Administrative divisions 3037:Sedlar, Jean W. (2011). 2691:"Histoire de la Croatie" 2632:coat of arms of Dalmatia 2567:coat of arms of Dalmatia 2492:1527 Parliament of Cetin 2472:Suleiman the Magnificent 2470:On 23 April 1526 Sultan 2269:Bloody Sabor of Križevci 1274:Pacta conventa (Croatia) 1244:Battle of Gvozd Mountain 1147:Sv. Stjepan pod Borovima 1093:Battle of Gvozd Mountain 980:Federal State of Croatia 610:Dalmatian coastal cities 127:(late 15th–16th century) 4201:John Van Antwerp Fine: 4194:John Van Antwerp Fine: 3427:John Van Antwerp Fine: 3362:Oxford University Press 2750:Encyclopædia Britannica 2720:Encyclopædia Britannica 2553:Coat of arms of Croatia 2229:Hrvoje Vukčić Hrvatinić 2203:Hrvoje Vukčić Hrvatinić 2132:of the eleven-year-old 1958:Charles Martel of Anjou 1910:Pavao I Šubić Bribirski 1788:and burned the town of 1427:), each under a count ( 1313:Encyclopædia Britannica 670: 594:Capetian House of Anjou 3931:Ančić, Mladen (1997). 3816:Fine, John V. A. (Jr ) 3352:Power, Daniel (2006). 3154:Jeffries, Ian (1998). 2852:Prva stoljeća Hrvatske 2511: 2422:On 16 August 1513 Ban 2405:Battle of Krbava Field 2342: 2339:Battle of Krbava Field 2331: 2248: 2240: 2187:Sigismund of Luxemburg 2173: 2104: 2079: 2038:totius Bosniae dominus 2037: 2025: 2000: 1945: 1909: 1902:Paul I Šubić of Bribir 1841: 1838:Paul I Šubić of Bribir 1828:13th century civil war 1564: 1468: 1460: 1424: 1364: 1287: 1234: 1146: 1135:Ladislaus I of Hungary 1129:princess, daughter of 1095: 692: 680: 618:Paul I Šubić of Bribir 557: 549: 541: 525:Bosnia and Herzegovina 395:Battle of Krbava Field 57: 43: 29: 4416:Kingdom of Yugoslavia 4329:Dalmatian city-states 4046:Dragutin Pavličević: 4004:Alexander Mikaberidze 3864:(in Serbo-Croatian). 3597:Thomas J. Craughwell: 2854:, Zagreb, 1994. p. 77 2804:, Rijeka, 2000, p. 91 2505: 2467:for almost 25 years. 2337: 2323: 2246: 2226: 2171: 2148:, who was crowned as 2138:Charles III of Naples 2102: 2096:on 18 February 1358. 2077: 2064:Stephen II Kotromanić 1994: 1982:Holy Crown of Hungary 1939:Chest of Saint Simeon 1932: 1835: 1555: 1466: 1455: 1437:Archbishop of Kalocsa 1358: 1281: 1226: 1133:, and sister to King 1125:in 1063. Helen was a 1087: 952:Kingdom of Yugoslavia 852:Republic of Dubrovnik 789:Origins of the Croats 711:form of the name was 363:• Coronation of 188:Common languages 4877:World Heritage Sites 3862:Numizmatičke Vijesti 3744:University of Szeged 3601:, 2010, pp. 200, 204 3311:www.encyclopedia.com 3230:Klaić, Nada (1975). 2723:. 15 February 2024. 2600:as a military flag. 2579:Wernigerode Armorial 2304:Republic of Florence 2233:Grand Duke of Bosnia 2199:Grand Duke of Bosnia 2165:, Bishop of Zagreb. 1966:Charles II of Naples 1698:), having conquered 1557:Law codex of Vinodol 1170:de genere Cacautonem 1107:House of Trpimirović 1091:c. 1097, before the 1002:Contemporary Croatia 683:) until 1359 when a 4696:History of currency 4450:War of Independence 4433:'Independent State' 4238:Library of Congress 3333:Library of Congress 3238:]. p. 513. 3088:on 31 October 2009. 3076:"Croatia (History)" 2753:. 15 February 2024. 2745:"Croatia (History)" 2715:"Croatia (History)" 2698:online encyclopedia 2535:as King of Croatia 2510:from 1 January 1527 2459:and prince of Klis 2434:called Croatia the 2179:Ladislaus of Naples 2126:Elizabeth of Bosnia 2120:Anti-court movement 1816:to the citizens of 1686:During the rule of 1632:Knights Hospitaller 1609:Lapčan and Karinjan 1534:sacked Zadar (Zara) 1433:Archbishop of Split 1321:Library of Congress 1284:Louis II of Hungary 1164:and/or Viniha from 1013:War of independence 958:Banovina of Croatia 910:Kingdom of Dalmatia 905:Kingdom of Slavonia 857:Republic of Poljica 779:Ostrogothic Kingdom 636:in 1526 during the 442:(12th–13th century) 109:(14th–15th century) 4721:Telecommunications 4455:Croatia since 1995 4440:Socialist Republic 4401:Illyrian Provinces 4391:Republic of Ragusa 4160:2017-08-01 at the 3497:2017-08-01 at the 3272:Jeszenszky, Géza. 3209:. pp. 37–38. 3128:2013-08-21 at the 2938:2017-08-01 at the 2512: 2343: 2332: 2249: 2241: 2174: 2161:, and his brother 2146:Tvrtko I of Bosnia 2105: 2080: 2001: 1946: 1842: 1670:Hungarian nobility 1649:near Zagreb, etc. 1565: 1532:and the Crusaders 1469: 1461: 1365: 1297:Croatian-Hungarian 1292:Coloman of Hungary 1288: 1268:Historical context 1235: 1208:, established the 1156:The widow of late 1113:in the service of 1099:Demetrius Zvonimir 1096: 1043:Croatia portal 1018:Croatia since 1995 944:State of Slovenes, 900:Kingdom of Illyria 895:Illyrian Provinces 880:Republic of Venice 847:Union with Hungary 842:Kingdom of Croatia 701:Republic of Venice 622:Šubić noble family 582:Coloman of Hungary 578:Demetrius Zvonimir 566:Kingdom of Hungary 534:Kingdom of Croatia 164:historical context 158:Kingdom of Hungary 4988: 4987: 4948: 4947: 4842:Croatian language 4739: 4738: 4658: 4657: 4645:Foreign relations 4635:Political parties 4544: 4543: 4386:Venetian Dalmatia 4307:Origins of Croats 4224:978-0-521-27485-2 3831:978-0-472-02560-2 3753:978-963-306-006-3 3746:. pp. 7–12. 3431:, 1994, pp. 22–23 3406:, 2005, pp. 35–36 3375:978-0-19-925312-8 3255:Scrinia Slavonica 2982:Scrinia Slavonica 2954:(ch. 17.), p. 93. 2583:Matthias Corvinus 2559:Croatian frizatik 2533:House of Habsburg 2486:Jagiellon dynasty 2347:Matthias Corvinus 1858:free royal cities 1804:was built on the 1626:(1145–1149), the 1561:Glagolitic script 1514:Manuel I Komnenos 1210:Diocese of Zagreb 1115:Peter Krešimir IV 1080:Succession crisis 1077: 1076: 832:Southern Dalmatia 709:Croatian language 646:Habsburg monarchy 642:House of Habsburg 614:Croatian nobility 608:for control over 574:succession crisis 530: 529: 512: 511: 508: 507: 488: 487: 450: 443: 323: 320:• 1522–1526 310: 307:• 1102–1105 276: 273:• 1516–1526 261: 258:• 1102–1116 167: 5053: 5036:Former countries 4968: 4961: 4750: 4749: 4669: 4668: 4555: 4554: 4489: 4488: 4477: 4396:Habsburg kingdom 4366:Medieval kingdom 4275: 4268: 4261: 4252: 4251: 4247: 4245: 4244: 4228: 4183: 4180: 4174: 4171: 4165: 4152: 4146: 4143: 4137: 4134: 4128: 4125: 4119: 4118: 4116: 4115: 4104:"Povijest Klisa" 4102:Listeš, Srećko. 4099: 4093: 4090: 4084: 4081: 4075: 4069: 4063: 4057: 4051: 4044: 4038: 4035: 4029: 4026: 4020: 4017: 4011: 4001: 3992: 3989: 3983: 3980: 3974: 3971: 3965: 3962: 3956: 3955: 3953: 3951: 3928: 3922: 3921: 3916: 3914: 3891: 3885: 3884: 3882: 3880: 3853: 3847: 3846: 3840: 3838: 3812: 3803: 3800: 3791: 3788: 3782: 3776: 3770: 3767: 3758: 3757: 3742:(in Hungarian). 3732: 3726: 3723: 3717: 3714: 3705: 3702: 3696: 3693: 3684: 3681: 3672: 3669: 3658: 3655: 3649: 3646: 3637: 3627: 3614: 3611: 3602: 3595: 3589: 3586: 3577: 3574: 3568: 3565: 3554: 3551: 3545: 3542: 3533: 3526: 3520: 3517: 3511: 3508: 3502: 3489: 3483: 3480: 3474: 3471: 3462: 3459: 3453: 3450: 3441: 3438: 3432: 3425: 3416: 3413: 3407: 3398: 3389: 3388:Singleton, p. 29 3386: 3380: 3379: 3359: 3349: 3343: 3342: 3340: 3339: 3324: 3315: 3314: 3303: 3297: 3291: 3285: 3284: 3277:Hungarian Review 3269: 3263: 3262: 3246: 3240: 3239: 3227: 3221: 3220: 3196: 3179: 3178: 3176: 3174: 3151: 3145: 3142: 3133: 3120: 3114: 3108: 3102: 3096: 3090: 3089: 3084:. 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of Croatia 2655: 2650: 2647: 2644: 2635: 2628: 2619: 2617: 2611: 2555: 2549: 2500: 2494: 2447:laid the final 2445:Gazi Husrev-beg 2397:Emerik Derenčin 2318: 2312: 2300:Battle of Dobor 2288:princes of Zrin 2280:Ivaniš Nelipčić 2237:Hrvoje's Missal 2235:as depicted in 2183:Novigrad Castle 2142:John of Palisna 2122: 2094:Treaty of Zadar 2085: 2014:King of Bohemia 1927: 1830: 1822:free royal city 1684: 1678: 1676:Mongol invasion 1628:Knights Templar 1550: 1450: 1445: 1413:Ban of Slavonia 1353: 1276: 1270: 1261:Croatian nobles 1111:Duke of Croatia 1103:King of Croatia 1082: 1073: 1037: 1035: 1023: 1022: 1003: 995: 994: 986: 983: 978: 977: 972: 963: 956: 948: 945: 933: 925: 924: 875:Ottoman Croatia 870: 862: 861: 837:March of Istria 812: 804: 803: 759: 739: 732: 721: 713:Hrvatska zemlja 705:Treaty of Zadar 673: 558:Regnum Croatiae 523: 501: 476: 444: 423: 410: 397: 384: 382:Treaty of Zadar 371: 324: 311: 277: 262: 237:Feudal Monarchy 211:Catholic Church 179: 160: 144: 132: 131: 130: 126: 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Mountain 1352: 1349: 1336:Agreed accords 1332:Pacta conventa 1302:personal union 1269: 1266: 1257:Pacta Conventa 1186:Iron Mountains 1081: 1078: 1075: 1074: 1072: 1071: 1064: 1057: 1049: 1046: 1045: 1032: 1031: 1025: 1024: 1021: 1020: 1015: 1010: 1004: 1001: 1000: 997: 996: 993: 992: 985: 984: 971: 969: 962: 961: 954: 949: 942: 940: 934: 931: 930: 927: 926: 923: 922: 917: 912: 907: 902: 897: 892: 887: 882: 877: 871: 868: 867: 864: 863: 860: 859: 854: 849: 844: 839: 834: 829: 827:Lower Pannonia 824: 819: 817:Avar Khaganate 813: 810: 809: 806: 805: 802: 801: 796: 791: 786: 781: 776: 774:Roman Dalmatia 771: 769:Roman Pannonia 766: 760: 757: 756: 753: 752: 744: 743: 734: 733: 726: 720: 717: 672: 669: 657:dynastic union 653:Pacta Conventa 562:personal union 528: 527: 518: 514: 513: 510: 509: 506: 505: 498: 489: 486: 485: 480: 468: 467: 462: 452: 451: 436: 432: 431: 428: 427: 426:29 August 1526 424: 418: 415: 414: 411: 405: 402: 401: 398: 392: 389: 388: 385: 379: 376: 375: 372: 362: 359: 358: 355: 354: 349: 348:Historical era 345: 344: 339: 335: 334: 331: 330: 325: 319: 316: 315: 312: 306: 303: 302: 299: 298: 295: 288: 287: 284: 283: 278: 272: 269: 268: 263: 257: 254: 253: 250: 249: 246: 240: 239: 234: 230: 229: 220: 214: 213: 208: 204: 203: 189: 185: 184: 173: 169: 168: 154:personal union 150: 146: 145: 142: 134: 133: 114: 102: 95: 94: 88: 81: 80: 79: 76: 75: 71: 70: 27: 22: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5058: 5047: 5044: 5042: 5039: 5037: 5034: 5032: 5029: 5027: 5024: 5022: 5019: 5017: 5014: 5012: 5009: 5007: 5004: 5002: 4999: 4998: 4996: 4981: 4978: 4976: 4973: 4972: 4967: 4963: 4960: 4956: 4955: 4951: 4941: 4938: 4936: 4933: 4931: 4928: 4926: 4923: 4921: 4918: 4916: 4913: 4911: 4908: 4906: 4903: 4901: 4898: 4896: 4893: 4892: 4890: 4888: 4884: 4878: 4875: 4873: 4870: 4868: 4865: 4863: 4860: 4858: 4855: 4853: 4850: 4848: 4845: 4843: 4840: 4836: 4833: 4832: 4831: 4828: 4826: 4823: 4821: 4818: 4816: 4813: 4812: 4810: 4808: 4804: 4798: 4795: 4793: 4790: 4788: 4785: 4783: 4780: 4778: 4775: 4773: 4772:Ethnic groups 4770: 4768: 4765: 4763: 4760: 4758: 4755: 4754: 4751: 4748: 4746: 4742: 4732: 4729: 4727: 4724: 4722: 4719: 4717: 4714: 4712: 4711:Privatization 4709: 4707: 4704: 4702: 4701:National Bank 4699: 4697: 4694: 4692: 4689: 4687: 4684: 4682: 4679: 4677: 4674: 4673: 4670: 4667: 4665: 4661: 4651: 4648: 4646: 4643: 4641: 4638: 4636: 4633: 4629: 4626: 4625: 4624: 4621: 4617: 4614: 4612: 4611:General Staff 4609: 4608: 4607: 4604: 4602: 4599: 4595: 4592: 4591: 4590: 4587: 4583: 4580: 4579: 4578: 4575: 4573: 4570: 4568: 4565: 4563: 4560: 4559: 4556: 4553: 4551: 4547: 4537: 4534: 4532: 4529: 4527: 4524: 4522: 4519: 4517: 4514: 4512: 4509: 4507: 4504: 4502: 4499: 4497: 4494: 4493: 4490: 4487: 4485: 4481: 4476: 4466: 4463: 4461: 4458: 4456: 4453: 4451: 4448: 4446: 4443: 4441: 4438: 4434: 4431: 4430: 4429: 4426: 4422: 4419: 4418: 4417: 4414: 4412: 4409: 4407: 4404: 4402: 4399: 4397: 4394: 4392: 4389: 4387: 4384: 4382: 4379: 4377: 4374: 4372: 4369: 4367: 4364: 4360: 4357: 4355: 4352: 4350: 4347: 4345: 4342: 4341: 4340: 4337: 4335: 4332: 4330: 4327: 4325: 4322: 4318: 4317:White Croatia 4315: 4313: 4310: 4309: 4308: 4305: 4303: 4300: 4299: 4297: 4295: 4291: 4287: 4283: 4276: 4271: 4269: 4264: 4262: 4257: 4256: 4253: 4239: 4235: 4230: 4226: 4220: 4216: 4212: 4207: 4204: 4200: 4197: 4193: 4192: 4179: 4170: 4163: 4159: 4156: 4151: 4142: 4133: 4124: 4109: 4105: 4098: 4089: 4080: 4073: 4068: 4061: 4060:Ivo Goldstein 4056: 4050:, 1997, p. 23 4049: 4043: 4034: 4025: 4016: 4009: 4005: 4000: 3998: 3988: 3979: 3970: 3961: 3946: 3940: 3936: 3935: 3927: 3920: 3909: 3903: 3899: 3898: 3890: 3875: 3871: 3868:(65): 54–85. 3867: 3863: 3859: 3852: 3845: 3833: 3827: 3823: 3822: 3817: 3811: 3809: 3799: 3797: 3787: 3780: 3779:Ivo Goldstein 3775: 3766: 3764: 3755: 3749: 3745: 3741: 3737: 3731: 3722: 3713: 3711: 3701: 3692: 3690: 3680: 3678: 3668: 3666: 3664: 3654: 3645: 3643: 3636: 3635:953-214-197-9 3632: 3626: 3624: 3622: 3620: 3610: 3608: 3600: 3594: 3585: 3583: 3573: 3564: 3562: 3560: 3550: 3541: 3539: 3531: 3525: 3516: 3507: 3500: 3496: 3493: 3488: 3479: 3470: 3468: 3458: 3449: 3447: 3437: 3430: 3424: 3422: 3412: 3405: 3404: 3397: 3395: 3385: 3377: 3371: 3367: 3363: 3358: 3357: 3348: 3334: 3330: 3323: 3321: 3312: 3308: 3302: 3296: 3290: 3282: 3278: 3275: 3268: 3260: 3256: 3252: 3245: 3237: 3233: 3226: 3218: 3216:9780719065026 3212: 3208: 3204: 3203: 3195: 3193: 3191: 3189: 3187: 3185: 3169: 3163: 3159: 3158: 3150: 3141: 3139: 3131: 3127: 3124: 3119: 3112: 3107: 3100: 3095: 3087: 3083: 3082: 3077: 3071: 3056: 3050: 3046: 3042: 3041: 3033: 3031: 3021: 3012: 3003: 2995: 2991: 2987: 2983: 2979: 2972: 2970: 2960: 2953: 2948: 2941: 2937: 2934: 2929: 2920: 2918: 2916: 2914: 2912: 2904:(2): 416–418. 2903: 2899: 2898:Acta Histriae 2895: 2888: 2879: 2877: 2875: 2873: 2863: 2861: 2853: 2847: 2840: 2835: 2829:, 1998, p. 75 2828: 2823: 2816: 2813:Ferdo Šišić: 2810: 2803: 2799: 2798:Lujo Margetić 2794: 2792: 2783: 2777: 2773: 2769: 2768: 2760: 2752: 2751: 2746: 2740: 2738: 2736: 2734: 2726: 2722: 2721: 2716: 2710: 2703: 2700:(in French). 2699: 2697: 2692: 2686: 2684: 2679: 2670: 2667: 2665: 2662: 2660: 2657: 2656: 2642: 2637: 2633: 2626: 2621: 2615: 2609: 2604: 2603: 2601: 2599: 2594: 2593: 2588: 2584: 2580: 2576: 2573:of the time ( 2572: 2568: 2564: 2560: 2554: 2544: 2540: 2538: 2534: 2530: 2525: 2521: 2517: 2509: 2508:Cetin Charter 2504: 2499: 2489: 2487: 2483: 2478: 2473: 2468: 2466: 2465:Klis Fortress 2463:defended the 2462: 2458: 2454: 2453:besieged Klis 2450: 2449:siege of Knin 2446: 2441: 2439: 2433: 2429: 2425: 2420: 2418: 2417:Italian coast 2414: 2410: 2406: 2402: 2398: 2394: 2390: 2385: 2383: 2379: 2378:Battle of Una 2375: 2371: 2367: 2362: 2360: 2356: 2352: 2348: 2340: 2336: 2330: 2326: 2322: 2317: 2307: 2305: 2301: 2296: 2291: 2289: 2285: 2281: 2277: 2272: 2270: 2265: 2260: 2258: 2254: 2245: 2238: 2234: 2230: 2225: 2221: 2219: 2215: 2213: 2208: 2207:Duke of Split 2204: 2200: 2196: 2190: 2188: 2184: 2180: 2170: 2166: 2164: 2160: 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1527: 1521: 1519: 1515: 1511: 1507: 1503: 1499: 1495: 1491: 1486: 1482: 1478: 1474: 1465: 1458: 1454: 1440: 1438: 1434: 1430: 1426: 1422: 1418: 1414: 1409: 1405: 1401: 1397: 1392: 1390: 1386: 1382: 1378: 1374: 1370: 1362: 1357: 1348: 1345: 1341: 1333: 1328: 1326: 1322: 1318: 1314: 1310: 1305: 1303: 1298: 1293: 1285: 1280: 1275: 1265: 1262: 1259:by which the 1258: 1254: 1249: 1245: 1240: 1233: 1232:Oton Iveković 1229: 1225: 1221: 1219: 1215: 1211: 1207: 1203: 1199: 1195: 1191: 1187: 1183: 1179: 1175: 1171: 1167: 1166:Lapčan family 1163: 1159: 1158:King Zvonimir 1154: 1152: 1148: 1144: 1140: 1136: 1132: 1128: 1124: 1123:Árpád dynasty 1120: 1116: 1112: 1108: 1104: 1100: 1094: 1090: 1086: 1070: 1065: 1063: 1058: 1056: 1051: 1050: 1048: 1047: 1044: 1034: 1033: 1030: 1027: 1026: 1019: 1016: 1014: 1011: 1009: 1006: 1005: 999: 998: 991: 988: 987: 981: 975: 970: 968: 965: 964: 959: 955: 953: 950: 947: 941: 939: 936: 935: 929: 928: 921: 918: 916: 913: 911: 908: 906: 903: 901: 898: 896: 893: 891: 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The 2518:chose 2374:Akıncı 2329:Trogir 2239:(1404) 2212:Herzog 2130:regent 2113:Durrës 1878:Kaptol 1818:Gradec 1810:Kalnik 1780:, and 1778:Serbia 1755:Trogir 1739:Zagreb 1727:Požega 1696:Tatars 1654:Domald 1615:, and 1583:; the 1581:Bribir 1481:Croats 1400:Emeric 1194:Cumans 1131:Béla I 731:on the 606:Venice 602:Zagreb 322:(last) 297: 275:(last) 248: 149:Status 61: 47: 33: 4966:Index 4940:Names 4935:Motto 4925:Flags 4915:Crown 4867:Sport 4852:Music 4797:Women 4511:Lakes 3879:8 May 3837:8 May 3234:[ 2366:Glina 2351:Jajce 2195:Usora 2034:Latin 2022:Latin 1943:Zadar 1790:Kotor 1751:Split 1735:Čazma 1720:Kadan 1643:Vrana 1605:Kukar 1601:Gusić 1589:Kačić 1577:Šubić 1429:župan 1377:Vrbas 1338:) or 1325:Sabor 1230:, by 1178:Drava 1151:Split 693:regna 689:Latin 677:Latin 661:Sabor 554:Latin 342:Sabor 227:Croat 192:Latin 162:(See 65:Latin 4835:Wine 4594:LGBT 4460:NATO 4219:ISBN 3952:2019 3939:ISBN 3915:2019 3902:ISBN 3881:2020 3870:ISSN 3839:2020 3826:ISBN 3748:ISBN 3631:ISBN 3370:ISBN 3283:(2). 3211:ISBN 3175:2014 3162:ISBN 3062:2014 3049:ISBN 2990:ISSN 2776:ISBN 2506:The 2457:Senj 2257:Pécs 2109:Cres 1774:Zeta 1759:Klis 1737:and 1729:and 1700:Kyiv 1694:(or 1690:the 1479:and 1385:Kupa 1218:Knin 671:Name 532:The 374:1102 314:Ugra 244:King 181:Knin 90:Flag 4820:Art 3366:186 2271:". 2111:to 1984:in 1941:in 1768:in 1597:Krk 1396:ban 1389:Hum 665:Ban 367:in 292:Ban 152:In 4997:: 4236:. 4217:. 4213:. 4106:. 4006:: 3996:^ 3917:. 3866:54 3841:. 3807:^ 3795:^ 3762:^ 3709:^ 3688:^ 3676:^ 3662:^ 3641:^ 3618:^ 3606:^ 3581:^ 3558:^ 3537:^ 3466:^ 3445:^ 3420:^ 3393:^ 3368:. 3360:. 3331:. 3319:^ 3309:. 3281:II 3279:. 3205:. 3183:^ 3137:^ 3078:. 3043:. 3029:^ 2968:^ 2910:^ 2871:^ 2859:^ 2800:: 2790:^ 2770:. 2747:. 2732:^ 2717:. 2693:. 2682:^ 2419:. 2411:, 2306:. 2259:. 2231:, 2220:. 2201:, 2157:, 2036:: 2024:: 2012:, 1908:: 1792:. 1776:, 1753:, 1749:, 1619:. 1611:, 1607:, 1603:, 1544:. 1439:. 1423:: 1145:: 691:: 679:: 648:. 556:: 552:; 548:: 544:; 540:: 225:, 198:, 194:, 4274:e 4267:t 4260:v 4246:. 4227:. 4117:. 3954:. 3883:. 3756:. 3378:. 3341:. 3313:. 3259:8 3219:. 3177:. 3064:. 2996:. 2986:8 2902:8 2784:. 2634:) 2440:) 1904:( 1419:( 1188:( 1068:e 1061:t 1054:v 536:( 202:, 67:) 63:( 53:) 49:( 39:) 35:(

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