31:
381:, has reported (2005) that the level of crime in Europe has fallen back to the levels of 1990, and notes that levels of common crime have shown declining trends in the U.S., Canada, Australia and other industrialized countries as well. The European researchers say a general consensus identifies demographic change as the leading cause for this international trend. Although homicide and robbery rates rose in the U.S. in the 1980s, by the end of the century they had declined by 40%.
459:
One way in which, while other types of crime are under reported. These surveys also give insights as to why crime is reported, or not. The surveys show that the need to make an insurance claim, seek medical assistance, and the seriousness of an offence tend to increase the level of reporting, while
452:
For example, when faced with a domestic violence dispute between a couple, a law enforcement officer may decide it is far less trouble to arrest the male party to the dispute, because the female may have children to care for, despite both parties being equally culpable for the dispute. This sort of
407:
case that an offence has been committed before it is recorded. That is either police find evidence of an offence or receive a believable allegation of an offense being committed. Some jurisdictions count offending only when certain processes happen, such as an arrest is made, ticket issued, charges
424:
As "only causing pain" is counted as assault in some countries, it let higher assault rates except in
Austria, Finland, Germany, the Netherlands, Portugal and Sweden. But there are exceptions, like Czech Republic and Latvia. France was the contrasting exception having a high assault ratio without
358:
in the United
Kingdom sees over one third of reported violent crimes being not recorded by the police. Because laws and practices vary between jurisdictions, comparing crime statistics between and even within countries can be difficult: typically only violent deaths (homicide or manslaughter) can
339:
There are several methods for the measuring of crime. Public surveys are occasionally conducted to estimate the amount of crime that has not been reported to police. Such surveys are usually more reliable for assessing trends. However, they also have their limitations and generally don't procure
463:
This allows degrees of confidence to be assigned to various crime statistics. For example: Motor vehicle thefts are generally well reported because the victim may need to make the report for an insurance claim, while domestic violence, domestic child abuse and sexual offences are frequently
1309:
453:
pragmatic decisionmaking asked if they are victims of crime, without needing to provide any supporting evidence. In these surveys it is the participant's perception, or opinion, that a crime occurred, or even their understanding about what constitutes a crime that is being measured.
494:
The
International Crime victims Survey has been done in over 70 countries to date and has been a 'de facto' standard for defining common crimes. Complete list of countries participating and the 11 defined crimes can be found at the project web site.
429:
Offending that is a breach of the law but for which no punishment exists is often not counted. For example: Suicide, which is technically illegal in most countries, may not be counted as a crime, although attempted suicide and assisting suicide are.
414:
Where several offences are committed at the same time, in one act of offending, only the most serious offense is counted. Some jurisdictions record and count each and every offense separately, others count cases, or offenders, that can be
510:. Repeat victimisation involves measuring how often the same victim is subjected to a repeat occurrence of an offence, often by the same offender. Repetition rate measures are often used to assess the effectiveness of interventions.
388:
measures may indeed be the common factor behind the near universal decrease in overall levels of crime in the
Western world", since decreases have been most pronounced in property crime and less so, if at all, in contact crimes.
354:), which rely on individual memory and honesty. For less frequent crimes such as intentional homicide and armed robbery, reported incidents are generally more reliable, but suffer from under-recording; for example,
448:
However, as officers can only record crime that comes to their attention and might not record a matter as a crime if the matter is considered minor and is not perceived as a crime by the officer concerned.
1314:
370:
from the Bureau of
Justice Statistics. However, the U.S. has no comprehensive infrastructure to monitor crime trends and report the information to related parties such as law enforcement.
1095:
721:
1119:
320:
refer to systematic, quantitative results about crime, as opposed to crime news or anecdotes. Notably, crime statistics can be the result of two rather different processes:
397:
Relatively few standards exist and none that permit international comparability beyond a very limited range of offences. However, many jurisdictions accept the following:
491:
may be more problematic, while a crime against the person could vary widely. Legislation differences often means the ingredients of offences vary between jurisdictions.
464:
significantly under-reported because of the intimate relationships involved, embarrassment and other factors that make it difficult for the victim to make a report.
411:
Multiple reports of the same offence usually count as one offence. Some jurisdictions count each report separately, others count each victim of offending separately.
346:
Two major methods for collecting crime data are law enforcement reports, which only reflect crimes that are reported, recorded, and not subsequently canceled; and
418:
Where multiple offenders are involved in the same act of offending only one act is counted when counting offenses but each offender is counted when apprehended.
1319:
475:
had the highest rate of criminality. Annual estimates of crimes committed in the United States range from eleven to thirty million as many acts go unreported.
421:
Offending is counted at the time it comes to the attention of a law enforcement officer. Some jurisdictions record and count offending at the time it occurs.
340:
statistics useful for local crime prevention, often ignore offenses against children and do not count offenders brought before the criminal justice system.
1292:
445:
Because of the difficulties in quantifying how much crime actually occurs, researchers generally take two approaches to gathering statistics about crime.
467:
Attempts to use victimisation surveys from different countries for international comparison had failed in the past. A standardised survey project called
1147:
839:
668:
559:
854:
814:
1102:
729:
433:
Also traffic offending and other minor offending that might be dealt with by using fines rather than imprisonment, is often not counted as
549:
997:
1161:
498:
In March 2015 the UNODC published the first version of the "International
Classification of Crime for Statistical Purposes" (ICCS).
471:
Results from this project have been briefly discussed earlier in this article. In 2019, the Global
Organized Crime Index found that
146:
1126:
1260:
564:
460:
the inconvenience of reporting, the involvement of intimate partners and the nature of the offending tend to decrease reporting.
506:
More complex measures involve measuring the numbers of discrete victims and offenders as well as repeat victimisation rates and
1392:
673:
621:
913:
1397:
1350:
1162:"International Classification of Crime for Statistical Purposes (ICCS) Version 1.0, United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime"
1073:
1040:
1007:
890:"Criminal victimization in seventeen industrialized countries: key findings from the 2000 International Crime Victims Survey"
764:
304:
856:
The Burden of Crime in the EU. Research Report: A Comparative
Analysis of the European Crime and Safety Survey (EU ICS) 2005
770:
367:
136:
616:
273:
539:
1249:
1230:
1211:
1304:
167:
96:
1286:
653:
1367:
633:
268:
263:
141:
1143:
930:
172:
343:
Law enforcement agencies in some countries offer compilations of statistics for various types of crime.
1387:
1372:
611:
1417:
1382:
1377:
1343:
297:
258:
217:
1262:
Criminal
Victimisation in International Perspective, Key findings from the 2004-2005 ICVS and EU ICS
807:
Criminal
Victimisation in International Perspective, Key findings from the 2004-2005 ICVS and EU ICS
790:
579:
1422:
863:
805:
222:
70:
55:
80:
60:
534:
278:
65:
1063:
1030:
569:
648:
363:
227:
177:
116:
456:
As a consequence differing methodologies may make comparisons with other surveys difficult.
1336:
643:
290:
197:
192:
182:
131:
726:
His Majesty’s Inspectorate of Constabulary and Fire & Rescue Services (HMICFRS) – Home
594:
359:
reliably be compared, due to consistent and high reporting and relative clear definition.
8:
1297:
703:
378:
242:
1200:
852:
833:
778:
351:
237:
212:
106:
75:
1269:
1191:
The World of crime; breaking the silence on problems of crime, justice and development
803:
1245:
1226:
1207:
1069:
1036:
1003:
760:
746:
663:
126:
45:
889:
589:
327:
official figures, such as published by the police, prosecution, courts, and prisons.
910:
752:
574:
385:
331:
However, in their research, criminologists often draw on official figures as well.
30:
554:
917:
853:
Van Dijk, J. J. M.; Manchin, R.; Van Kesteren, J.; Nevala, S.; Hideg, G. (2005).
584:
232:
50:
374:
1328:
529:
1411:
658:
638:
121:
887:
524:
519:
678:
347:
324:
scientific research, such as criminological studies, victimisation surveys;
1310:
Experience and Communication as explanations for Criminal Risk Perception
683:
403:
187:
111:
22:
1305:
United States: Uniform Crime Report -- State Statistics from 1960 - 2005
599:
544:
507:
483:
While most jurisdictions could probably agree about what constitutes a
355:
207:
202:
151:
437:. However separate statistics may be kept for this sort of offending.
911:
European Sourcebook of Crime and Criminal Justice Statistics – 2010
756:
488:
373:
Research using a series of victim surveys in 18 countries of the
1202:
The Measurement of Crime: Victim Reporting and Police Recording
1022:
804:
Van Dijk, J. J. M., van Kesteren, J. N. & Smit, P. (2008).
484:
384:
However, the European research suggests that "increased use of
934:
1225:. Contemporary Social Research Series. London: Unwin Hyman.
1259:
Van Dijk, J. J. M.; van Kesteren, J. N.; Smit, P. (2008).
949:"Countries with the Highest Criminality rate in the World"
1323:
1055:
888:
Kesteren, J. N. van; Mayhew, P.; Nieuwbeerta, P. (2000).
472:
1258:
972:
948:
931:"The 5th round of International Crime Victims Surveys"
1289:, UK Crime Statistics and Crime Statistic Comparisons
813:. The Hague: Boom Legal Publishers. pp. 99–104.
550:
Intimate partner sexual violence#Incidence by country
362:
The U.S. has two major data collection programs, the
1268:. The Hague: Boom Legal Publishers. Archived from
1239:
1199:
989:
741:
739:
1028:
408:laid in Court or only upon securing a conviction.
1409:
1358:
736:
1029:Brown, S.E.; Esbensen, F.A.; Geis, G. (2015).
669:Statistical correlations of criminal behaviour
560:List of countries by intentional homicide rate
1344:
1032:Criminology: Explaining Crime and Its Context
298:
1061:
838:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
748:Understanding Crime Trends: Workshop Report
714:
513:
1351:
1337:
722:"Victims let down by poor crime-recording"
305:
291:
29:
995:
704:"Criminology - Methods | Britannica"
1244:. Pretoria: University of South Africa.
1197:
1188:
16:Official statistics on criminal behavior
1301:(Volume 11, Issue 10, 21 November 2005)
565:List of countries by incarceration rate
540:Estimates of sexual violence#By country
1410:
674:The International Crime Victims Survey
622:Crime statistics in the United Kingdom
469:the International Crime Victims Survey
1332:
1035:. Taylor & Francis. p. 112.
820:from the original on January 20, 2013
1220:
1154:
1096:"UNCRI ICVS participating countries"
1193:. Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications.
1062:Clinard, M.B.; Meier, R.F. (2015).
368:National Crime Victimization Survey
13:
1320:Crime statistics for 2013 released
1223:Methods of Criminological Research
1182:
751:. National Academies Press. 2008.
617:United States cities by crime rate
160:Subfields and other major theories
14:
1434:
1280:
1068:. Cengage Learning. p. 263.
478:
392:
1150:from the original on 2016-03-14.
999:Introduction to Criminal Justice
996:Bohm, R.M.; Haley, K.N. (2007).
933:. rechten.uvt.nl. Archived from
862:. pp. 21–23. Archived from
773:from the original on 2009-02-19.
1240:Van der Westhuizen, J. (1981).
1206:. New York: LFB Scholarly Pub.
1136:
1112:
1088:
965:
941:
923:
904:
881:
846:
797:
696:
654:List of national legal systems
580:Motor vehicle theft#Statistics
1:
1293:A Continent of Broken Windows
1065:Sociology of Deviant Behavior
634:Capital punishment by country
605:
535:Domestic violence#By country
7:
1359:Crime statistics by country
1189:Van Dijk, J. J. M. (2008).
627:
570:Money laundering#Statistics
501:
10:
1439:
612:Crime in the United States
590:Robbery#Robbery statistics
440:
334:
1364:
1315:Regional crime rates 2011
977:The Organized Crime Index
953:The Organized Crime Index
595:Sexual assault#By country
1198:Catalano, S. M. (2006).
689:
514:List of crime statistics
425:counting minor assaults.
71:Structural functionalism
56:Differential association
81:Symbolic interactionism
61:Integrative criminology
1287:crime-statistics.co.uk
920:, fourth edition, p30.
916:March 3, 2016, at the
66:Rational choice theory
1120:"UNCRI ICVS overview"
649:Immigration and crime
555:Kidnapping#Statistics
487:, what constitutes a
366:from the FBI and the
364:Uniform Crime Reports
178:Biosocial criminology
117:Uniform Crime Reports
1295:– Alexander, Gerard
1242:Measurement of crime
869:on February 21, 2007
644:Dark figure of crime
1298:The Weekly Standard
973:"About the project"
530:Burglary#Statistics
379:European Commission
352:statistical surveys
243:Radical criminology
1108:on April 18, 2016.
708:www.britannica.com
525:Bribery#Statistics
520:Assault#Statistics
76:Subcultural theory
1405:
1404:
1221:Jupp, V. (1989).
1132:on March 4, 2016.
1075:978-1-305-53734-7
1042:978-1-317-31198-0
1009:978-0-07-352791-8
766:978-0-309-12586-4
732:on March 4, 2016.
664:Self report study
315:
314:
127:Positivist school
1430:
1418:Crime statistics
1353:
1346:
1339:
1330:
1329:
1276:
1274:
1267:
1255:
1236:
1217:
1205:
1194:
1176:
1175:
1173:
1171:
1166:
1158:
1152:
1151:
1140:
1134:
1133:
1131:
1125:. Archived from
1124:
1116:
1110:
1109:
1107:
1101:. Archived from
1100:
1092:
1086:
1085:
1083:
1082:
1059:
1053:
1052:
1050:
1049:
1026:
1020:
1019:
1017:
1016:
993:
987:
986:
984:
983:
969:
963:
962:
960:
959:
945:
939:
938:
927:
921:
908:
902:
901:
899:
897:
892:. pp. 98–99
885:
879:
878:
876:
874:
868:
861:
850:
844:
843:
837:
829:
827:
825:
819:
812:
801:
795:
794:
788:
784:
782:
774:
743:
734:
733:
728:. Archived from
718:
712:
711:
700:
600:Theft#Statistics
575:Moral statistics
545:Fraud#Statistics
401:There must be a
386:crime prevention
377:, funded by the
318:Crime statistics
307:
300:
293:
102:Crime statistics
33:
19:
18:
1438:
1437:
1433:
1432:
1431:
1429:
1428:
1427:
1423:Law enforcement
1408:
1407:
1406:
1401:
1360:
1357:
1283:
1272:
1265:
1252:
1233:
1214:
1185:
1183:Further reading
1180:
1179:
1169:
1167:
1164:
1160:
1159:
1155:
1142:
1141:
1137:
1129:
1122:
1118:
1117:
1113:
1105:
1098:
1094:
1093:
1089:
1080:
1078:
1076:
1060:
1056:
1047:
1045:
1043:
1027:
1023:
1014:
1012:
1010:
1002:. McGraw-Hill.
994:
990:
981:
979:
971:
970:
966:
957:
955:
947:
946:
942:
929:
928:
924:
918:Wayback Machine
909:
905:
895:
893:
886:
882:
872:
870:
866:
859:
851:
847:
831:
830:
823:
821:
817:
810:
802:
798:
786:
785:
776:
775:
767:
745:
744:
737:
720:
719:
715:
702:
701:
697:
692:
630:
608:
585:Rape statistics
516:
504:
481:
443:
395:
350:(victimization
337:
311:
173:Anthropological
51:Criminalization
46:Conflict theory
17:
12:
11:
5:
1436:
1426:
1425:
1420:
1403:
1402:
1400:
1395:
1393:United Kingdom
1390:
1385:
1380:
1375:
1370:
1365:
1362:
1361:
1356:
1355:
1348:
1341:
1333:
1327:
1326:
1317:
1312:
1307:
1302:
1290:
1282:
1281:External links
1279:
1278:
1277:
1275:on 2008-06-25.
1256:
1250:
1237:
1231:
1218:
1212:
1195:
1184:
1181:
1178:
1177:
1153:
1144:"ICVS website"
1135:
1111:
1087:
1074:
1054:
1041:
1021:
1008:
988:
964:
940:
937:on 2013-02-01.
922:
903:
880:
845:
796:
765:
757:10.17226/12472
735:
713:
694:
693:
691:
688:
687:
686:
681:
676:
671:
666:
661:
656:
651:
646:
641:
636:
629:
626:
625:
624:
619:
614:
607:
604:
603:
602:
597:
592:
587:
582:
577:
572:
567:
562:
557:
552:
547:
542:
537:
532:
527:
522:
515:
512:
503:
500:
480:
479:Classification
477:
442:
439:
427:
426:
422:
419:
416:
412:
409:
394:
393:Counting rules
391:
375:European Union
336:
333:
329:
328:
325:
313:
312:
310:
309:
302:
295:
287:
284:
283:
282:
281:
276:
271:
266:
261:
253:
252:
248:
247:
246:
245:
240:
235:
230:
228:Organizational
225:
220:
215:
210:
205:
200:
195:
190:
185:
180:
175:
170:
162:
161:
157:
156:
155:
154:
149:
144:
139:
134:
129:
124:
119:
114:
109:
104:
99:
91:
90:
86:
85:
84:
83:
78:
73:
68:
63:
58:
53:
48:
40:
39:
35:
34:
26:
25:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1435:
1424:
1421:
1419:
1416:
1415:
1413:
1399:
1398:United States
1396:
1394:
1391:
1389:
1386:
1384:
1381:
1379:
1376:
1374:
1371:
1369:
1366:
1363:
1354:
1349:
1347:
1342:
1340:
1335:
1334:
1331:
1325:
1321:
1318:
1316:
1313:
1311:
1308:
1306:
1303:
1300:
1299:
1294:
1291:
1288:
1285:
1284:
1271:
1264:
1263:
1257:
1253:
1251:0-86981-197-5
1247:
1243:
1238:
1234:
1232:0-04-445066-4
1228:
1224:
1219:
1215:
1213:1-59332-155-4
1209:
1204:
1203:
1196:
1192:
1187:
1186:
1163:
1157:
1149:
1145:
1139:
1128:
1121:
1115:
1104:
1097:
1091:
1077:
1071:
1067:
1066:
1058:
1044:
1038:
1034:
1033:
1025:
1011:
1005:
1001:
1000:
992:
978:
974:
968:
954:
950:
944:
936:
932:
926:
919:
915:
912:
907:
891:
884:
865:
858:
857:
849:
841:
835:
816:
809:
808:
800:
792:
780:
772:
768:
762:
758:
754:
750:
749:
742:
740:
731:
727:
723:
717:
709:
705:
699:
695:
685:
682:
680:
677:
675:
672:
670:
667:
665:
662:
660:
659:Questionnaire
657:
655:
652:
650:
647:
645:
642:
640:
639:Crime science
637:
635:
632:
631:
623:
620:
618:
615:
613:
610:
609:
601:
598:
596:
593:
591:
588:
586:
583:
581:
578:
576:
573:
571:
568:
566:
563:
561:
558:
556:
553:
551:
548:
546:
543:
541:
538:
536:
533:
531:
528:
526:
523:
521:
518:
517:
511:
509:
499:
496:
492:
490:
486:
476:
474:
470:
465:
461:
457:
454:
450:
446:
438:
436:
431:
423:
420:
417:
413:
410:
406:
405:
400:
399:
398:
390:
387:
382:
380:
376:
371:
369:
365:
360:
357:
353:
349:
344:
341:
332:
326:
323:
322:
321:
319:
308:
303:
301:
296:
294:
289:
288:
286:
285:
280:
277:
275:
274:Organizations
272:
270:
267:
265:
262:
260:
257:
256:
255:
254:
250:
249:
244:
241:
239:
236:
234:
231:
229:
226:
224:
221:
219:
218:Environmental
216:
214:
211:
209:
206:
204:
201:
199:
196:
194:
191:
189:
186:
184:
181:
179:
176:
174:
171:
169:
166:
165:
164:
163:
159:
158:
153:
150:
148:
145:
143:
140:
138:
135:
133:
130:
128:
125:
123:
122:Crime mapping
120:
118:
115:
113:
110:
108:
105:
103:
100:
98:
95:
94:
93:
92:
88:
87:
82:
79:
77:
74:
72:
69:
67:
64:
62:
59:
57:
54:
52:
49:
47:
44:
43:
42:
41:
38:Main Theories
37:
36:
32:
28:
27:
24:
21:
20:
1296:
1270:the original
1261:
1241:
1222:
1201:
1190:
1168:. Retrieved
1156:
1138:
1127:the original
1114:
1103:the original
1090:
1079:. Retrieved
1064:
1057:
1046:. Retrieved
1031:
1024:
1013:. Retrieved
998:
991:
980:. Retrieved
976:
967:
956:. Retrieved
952:
943:
935:the original
925:
906:
894:. Retrieved
883:
871:. Retrieved
864:the original
855:
848:
822:. Retrieved
806:
799:
747:
730:the original
725:
716:
707:
698:
679:Victim study
505:
497:
493:
482:
468:
466:
462:
458:
455:
451:
447:
444:
434:
432:
428:
402:
396:
383:
372:
361:
348:victim study
345:
342:
338:
330:
317:
316:
259:Bibliography
223:Experimental
137:Quantitative
101:
787:|work=
684:Victimology
415:prosecuted.
404:prima facie
213:Development
188:Criminology
132:Qualitative
112:Ethnography
97:Comparative
23:Criminology
1412:Categories
1081:2023-04-18
1048:2023-04-18
1015:2023-04-18
982:2023-03-23
958:2023-03-23
606:By country
508:recidivism
356:no criming
208:Demography
152:Recidivism
1368:Australia
1170:17 August
896:March 23,
834:cite book
789:ignored (
779:cite book
233:Political
107:Profiling
1148:Archived
914:Archived
824:June 27,
815:Archived
771:Archived
628:See also
502:Measures
489:homicide
269:Journals
193:Critical
183:Conflict
168:American
441:Surveys
335:Methods
198:Culture
89:Methods
1388:Sweden
1373:Canada
1248:
1229:
1210:
1072:
1039:
1006:
873:May 5,
763:
485:murder
279:People
251:Browse
238:Public
1383:Spain
1378:Japan
1273:(PDF)
1266:(PDF)
1165:(PDF)
1130:(PDF)
1123:(PDF)
1106:(PDF)
1099:(PDF)
867:(PDF)
860:(PDF)
818:(PDF)
811:(PDF)
690:Notes
435:crime
264:Index
203:Cyber
147:NIBRS
1246:ISBN
1227:ISBN
1208:ISBN
1172:2024
1070:ISBN
1037:ISBN
1004:ISBN
898:2023
875:2008
840:link
826:2013
791:help
761:ISBN
1324:FBI
753:doi
473:DRC
142:BJS
1414::
1322:,
1146:.
975:.
951:.
836:}}
832:{{
783::
781:}}
777:{{
769:.
759:.
738:^
724:.
706:.
1352:e
1345:t
1338:v
1254:.
1235:.
1216:.
1174:.
1084:.
1051:.
1018:.
985:.
961:.
900:.
877:.
842:)
828:.
793:)
755::
710:.
306:e
299:t
292:v
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
.svg)