5165:
3948:
722:
4327:
4315:
4248:
4272:
4098:
4518:
4494:
4236:
4530:
4260:
4086:
4506:
4372:
2263:. The stomatal pores perforate the epidermis and are surrounded on each side by chloroplast-containing guard cells, and two to four subsidiary cells that lack chloroplasts, forming a specialized cell group known as the stomatal complex. The opening and closing of the stomatal aperture is controlled by the stomatal complex and regulates the exchange of gases and water vapor between the outside air and the interior of the leaf. Stomata therefore play the important role in allowing photosynthesis without letting the leaf dry out. In a typical leaf, the stomata are more numerous over the abaxial (lower) epidermis than the adaxial (upper) epidermis and are more numerous in plants from cooler climates.
4153:
1049:
4195:
4110:
618:
4665:
5505:
3556:
4548:
867:
5243:
844:
544:
5262:
2361:
5119:
3929:
1886:
3594:
62:
5579:
3624:
1898:
2155:
5561:
2138:
611:
5224:
4566:
5783:
3126:
305:
5487:
4354:
4861:
5708:
100:
5146:
5693:
3106:
1022:
40:
3967:
2179:
5753:
3608:
2075:
3166:
3910:
5723:
3226:
4584:
5738:
5678:
3186:
3146:
3072:
3014:
2994:
2196:
1972:. Some of the smallest veins (veinlets) may have their endings in the areoles, a process known as areolation. These minor veins act as the sites of exchange between the mesophyll and the plant's vascular system. Thus, minor veins collect the products of photosynthesis (photosynthate) from the cells where it takes place, while major veins are responsible for its transport outside of the leaf. At the same time water is being transported in the opposite direction.
5768:
4628:
3206:
2970:
1180:
895:
10905:
3246:
684:
5543:
5523:
3874:
3354:
2167:
4698:
3414:
3394:
3374:
3334:
3294:
4842:
2906:
3454:
2594:
2532:
5205:
3434:
2664:
3891:
1694:
1164:
5184:
3314:
1976:
these the major veins function as the support and distribution network for leaves and are correlated with leaf shape. For instance, the parallel venation found in most monocots correlates with their elongated leaf shape and wide leaf base, while reticulate venation is seen in simple entire leaves, while digitate leaves typically have venation in which three or more primary veins diverge radially from a single point.
4602:
2925:
1493:
48:
847:
851:
849:
846:
1909:
850:
848:
307:
312:
310:
306:
311:
852:
309:
5317:
There are also many other descriptive terms, often with very specialized usage and confined to specific taxonomic groups. The conspicuousness of veins depends on a number of features. These include the width of the veins, their prominence in relation to the lamina surface and the degree of opacity of
2471:
Plants respond and adapt to environmental factors, such as light and mechanical stress from wind. Leaves need to support their own mass and align themselves in such a way as to optimize their exposure to the sun, generally more or less horizontally. However, horizontal alignment maximizes exposure to
1975:
The number of vein endings is very variable, as is whether second order veins end at the margin, or link back to other veins. There are many elaborate variations on the patterns that the leaf veins form, and these have functional implications. Of these, angiosperms have the greatest diversity. Within
1955:
The vein or veins entering the leaf from the petiole are called primary or first-order veins. The veins branching from these are secondary or second-order veins. These primary and secondary veins are considered major veins or lower order veins, though some authors include third order. Each subsequent
1923:
and providing transportation of water and nutrients between leaf and stem, and play a crucial role in the maintenance of leaf water status and photosynthetic capacity. They also play a role in the mechanical support of the leaf. Within the lamina of the leaf, while some vascular plants possess only a
1232:
Three or more leaves, branches, or flower parts attach at each point or node on the stem. As with opposite leaves, successive whorls may or may not be decussate, rotated by half the angle between the leaves in the whorl (i.e., successive whorls of three rotated 60°, whorls of four rotated 45°, etc.).
717:
plants in frigid or cold temperate regions typically shed their leaves in autumn, whereas in areas with a severe dry season, some plants may shed their leaves until the dry season ends. In either case, the shed leaves may be expected to contribute their retained nutrients to the soil where they fall.
631:
The shape and structure of leaves vary considerably from species to species of plant, depending largely on their adaptation to climate and available light, but also to other factors such as grazing animals (such as deer), available nutrients, and ecological competition from other plants. Considerable
4718:
from a common point near the leaf base where the petiole attaches, and radiate toward the edge of the leaf. Palmately veined leaves are often lobed or divided with lobes radiating from the common point. They may vary in the number of primary veins (3 or more), but always radiate from a common point.
2522:
meeting stiffened sub-epidermal layers. This shifts the balance from reliance on hydrostatic pressure to structural support, an obvious advantage where water is relatively scarce. Long narrow leaves bend more easily than ovate leaf blades of the same area. Monocots typically have such linear leaves
2511:
are large and thin, and may involve the need for multiple leaves rather single large leaves because of the amount of veins needed to support the periphery of large leaves. But large leaf size favors efficiency in photosynthesis and water conservation, involving further trade offs. On the other hand,
2492:
of also reducing photosynthesis. Thus, leaf design may involve compromise between carbon gain, thermoregulation and water loss on the one hand, and the cost of sustaining both static and dynamic loads. In vascular plants, perpendicular forces are spread over a larger area and are relatively flexible
2232:
which is impermeable to liquid water and water vapor and forms the boundary separating the plant's inner cells from the external world. The cuticle is in some cases thinner on the lower epidermis than on the upper epidermis, and is generally thicker on leaves from dry climates as compared with those
1963:
In contrast, leaves with reticulate venation have a single (sometimes more) primary vein in the centre of the leaf, referred to as the midrib or costa, which is continuous with the vasculature of the petiole. The secondary veins, also known as second order veins or lateral veins, branch off from the
1959:
In parallel veined leaves, the primary veins run parallel and equidistant to each other for most of the length of the leaf and then converge or fuse (anastomose) towards the apex. Usually, many smaller minor veins interconnect these primary veins, but may terminate with very fine vein endings in the
3984:
A number of different classification systems of the patterns of leaf veins (venation or veination) have been described, starting with
Ettingshausen (1861), together with many different descriptive terms, and the terminology has been described as "formidable". One of the commonest among these is the
4897:
Single central prominent midrib, secondary veins from this arise perpendicularly to it and run parallel to each other towards the margin or tip, but do not join (anastomose). The term unicostate refers to the prominence of the single midrib (costa) running the length of the leaf from base to apex.
4807:
A prominent midvein with secondary veins branching off along both sides of it. The name derives from the ultimate veinlets which form an interconnecting net like pattern or network. (The primary and secondary venation may be referred to as pinnate, while the net like finer veins are referred to as
4674:
Analyses of vein patterns often fall into consideration of the vein orders, primary vein type, secondary vein type (major veins), and minor vein density. A number of authors have adopted simplified versions of these schemes. At its simplest the primary vein types can be considered in three or four
2504:
support arranged around a skeleton of vascular tissue for their strength, which depends on maintaining leaf water status. Both the mechanics and architecture of the leaf reflect the need for transportation and support. Read and Stokes (2006) consider two basic models, the "hydrostatic" and "I-beam
2339:
of the epidermis open into substomatal chambers, which are connected to the intercellular air spaces between the spongy and palisade mesophyll cell, so that oxygen, carbon dioxide and water vapor can diffuse into and out of the leaf and access the mesophyll cells during respiration, photosynthesis
1520:
of the blade being separated along a main or secondary vein. The leaflets may have petiolules and stipels, the equivalents of the petioles and stipules of leaves. Because each leaflet can appear to be a simple leaf, it is important to recognize where the petiole occurs to identify a compound leaf.
979:. A petiole may be absent (apetiolate), or the blade may not be laminar (flattened). The petiole mechanically links the leaf to the plant and provides the route for transfer of water and sugars to and from the leaf. The lamina is typically the location of the majority of photosynthesis. The upper (
2457:
of the shoot apex. Early in development they are dorsiventrally flattened with both dorsal and ventral surfaces. Compound leaves are closer to shoots than simple leaves. Developmental studies have shown that compound leaves, like shoots, may branch in three dimensions. On the basis of molecular
4426:
A modified form of the Hickey system was later incorporated into the
Smithsonian classification (1999) which proposed seven main types of venation, based on the architecture of the primary veins, adding Flabellate as an additional main type. Further classification was then made on the basis of
694:
Correspondingly, leaves represent heavy investment on the part of the plants bearing them, and their retention or disposition are the subject of elaborate strategies for dealing with pest pressures, seasonal conditions, and protective measures such as the growth of thorns and the production of
4794:
Primary and secondary veins roughly parallel to each other, running the length of the leaf, often connected by short perpendicular links, rather than form networks. In some species, the parallel veins join at the base and apex, such as needle-type evergreens and grasses. Characteristic of
998:
for describing leaf characteristics. Leaves almost always have determinate growth. They grow to a specific pattern and shape and then stop. Other plant parts like stems or roots have non-determinate growth, and will usually continue to grow as long as they have the resources to do so.
640:
leaves as seedlings, when their growth is limited by the available light. Other factors include the need to balance water loss at high temperature and low humidity against the need to absorb atmospheric carbon dioxide. In most plants, leaves also are the primary organs responsible for
4208:
Two or more primary or well developed secondary veins in convergent arches towards apex, without basal recurvature as in
Campylodromous. May be basal or suprabasal depending on origin, and perfect or imperfect depending on whether they reach to 2/3 of the way to the apex. E.g.,
1456:
In plants where a pair of opposite leaves grows from each node, the leaves form a double helix. If the nodes do not rotate (a rotation fraction of zero and a divergence angle of 0°), the two helices become a pair of parallel lines, creating a distichous arrangement as in
1968:, a secretory organ, at the margin. In turn, smaller veins branch from the secondary veins, known as tertiary or third order (or higher order) veins, forming a dense reticulate pattern. The areas or islands of mesophyll lying between the higher order veins, are called
427:, thus promoting photosynthesis. They are arranged on the plant so as to expose their surfaces to light as efficiently as possible without shading each other, but there are many exceptions and complications. For instance, plants adapted to windy conditions may have
8477:
5164:
2472:
bending forces and failure from stresses such as wind, snow, hail, falling debris, animals, and abrasion from surrounding foliage and plant structures. Overall leaves are relatively flimsy with regard to other plant structures such as stems, branches and roots.
4689:
where palmate refers to multiple primary veins that radiate from the petiole, as opposed to branching from the central main vein in the pinnate form, and encompasses both of Hickey types 4 and 5, which are preserved as subtypes; e.g., palmate-acrodromous
4880:
However, these simplified systems allow for further division into multiple subtypes. Simpson, (and others) divides parallel and netted (and some use only these two terms for
Angiosperms) on the basis of the number of primary veins (costa) as follows;
4975:
Single prominent midrib running from base to apex, secondary veins arising on both sides along the length of the primary midrib, running towards the margin or apex (tip), with a network of smaller veinlets forming a reticulum (mesh or network). e.g.
2549:
Although not as nutritious as other organs such as fruit, leaves provide a food source for many organisms. The leaf is a vital source of energy production for the plant, and plants have evolved protection against animals that consume leaves, such as
412:. The phloem and xylem are parallel to each other, but the transport of materials is usually in opposite directions. Within the leaf these vascular systems branch (ramify) to form veins which supply as much of the leaf as possible, ensuring that
2440:
The xylem typically lies on the adaxial side of the vascular bundle and the phloem typically lies on the abaxial side. Both are embedded in a dense parenchyma tissue, called the sheath, which usually includes some structural collenchyma tissue.
1134:
Dicot leaves have blades with pinnate venation (where major veins diverge from one large mid-vein and have smaller connecting networks between them). Less commonly, dicot leaf blades may have palmate venation (several large veins diverging from
5288:
Open: Higher order veins have free endings among the cells and are more characteristic of non-monocotyledon angiosperms. They are more likely to be associated with leaf shapes that are toothed, lobed or compound. They may be subdivided as;
5422:
Vein forming raised line or ridge which lies below the plane of the surface which bears it, as if pressed into it, and are often exposed on the lower surface. Tissue near the veins often appears to pucker, giving them a sunken or embossed
845:
2487:
of air immediately adjacent to the surface, increasing the capacity for gas and heat exchange, as well as photosynthesis. Strong wind forces may result in diminished leaf number and surface area, which while reducing drag, involves a
2248:), cells in the stomatal complex; guard cells and subsidiary cells. The epidermal cells are the most numerous, largest, and least specialized and form the majority of the epidermis. They are typically more elongated in the leaves of
4013:(feather like) from a single primary vein (mid-vein) and subdivide into secondary veinlets, known as higher order veins. These, in turn, form a complicated network. This type of venation is typical for (but by no means limited to) "
2315:
of vertically elongated cells, one to two cells thick, directly beneath the adaxial epidermis, with intercellular air spaces between them. Its cells contain many more chloroplasts than the spongy layer. Cylindrical cells, with the
2129:
These three tissue systems typically form a regular organization at the cellular scale. Specialized cells that differ markedly from surrounding cells, and which often synthesize specialized products such as crystals, are termed
1987:(252–201 mya), during which vein hierarchy appeared enabling higher function, larger leaf size and adaption to a wider variety of climatic conditions. Although it is the more complex pattern, branching veins appear to be
8444:
2458:
genetics, Eckardt and Baum (2010) concluded that "it is now generally accepted that compound leaves express both leaf and shoot properties." Many dicotyledonous leaves show endogenously driven daily rhythmicity in growth.
5611:, as in 3-plinerved or triplinerved leaf. In a 3-plinerved (triplinerved) leaf three main veins branch above the base of the lamina (two secondary veins and the main vein) and run essentially parallel subsequently, as in
8366:
308:
2655:. Optical masking of chlorophyll by anthocyanins reduces risk of photo-oxidative damage to leaf cells as they senesce, which otherwise may lower the efficiency of nutrient retrieval from senescing autumn leaves.
2928:
Leaves showing various morphologies (clockwise from upper left): tripartite lobation, elliptic with serrulate margin, palmate venation, acuminate odd-pinnate (center), pinnatisect, lobed, elliptic with entire
8008:
Bagchi, Debjani; Dasgupta, Avik; Gondaliya, Amit D.; Rajput, Kishore S. (2016). "Insights from the Plant World: A Fractal
Analysis Approach to Tune Mechanical Rigidity of Scaffolding Matrix in Thin Films".
4384:
At about the same time, Melville (1976) described a system applicable to all
Angiosperms and using Latin and English terminology. Melville also had six divisions, based on the order in which veins develop.
4740:
536:. Leaves are the fundamental structural units from which cones are constructed in gymnosperms (each cone scale is a modified megaphyll leaf known as a sporophyll) and from which flowers are constructed in
4914:
Several equally prominent primary veins arising from a single point at the base and running parallel towards tip or margin. The term multicostate refers to having more than one prominent main vein. e.g.
919:(small structures located to either side of the base of the petiole) and a sheath. Not every species produces leaves with all of these structural components. The proximal stalk or petiole is called a
458:
Many conifers have thin needle-like or scale-like leaves that can be advantageous in cold climates with frequent snow and frost. These are interpreted as reduced from megaphyllous leaves of their
1919:
Veins (sometimes referred to as nerves) constitute one of the most visible features of leaves. The veins in a leaf represent the vascular structure of the organ, extending into the leaf via the
1430:
of a
Fibonacci number by the number two terms later in the sequence. This is the case for the fractions 1/2, 1/3, 2/5, 3/8, and 5/13. The ratio between successive Fibonacci numbers tends to the
1302:
The divergence angle is often represented as a fraction of a full rotation around the stem. A rotation fraction of 1/2 (a divergence angle of 180°) produces an alternate arrangement, such as in
5390:
Veins sunken below the surface, resulting in a rounded channel. Sometimes confused with "guttered" because the channels may function as gutters for rain to run off and allow drying, as in many
4458:
Intermediate form with upturned secondaries that gradually diminish apically but inside the margin, and connected by intermediate tertiary veins rather than loops between secondaries, as in
8898:
Runions, Adam; Fuhrer, Martin; Lane, Brendan; Federl, Pavol; Rolland-Lagan, Anne-Gaëlle; Prusinkiewicz, Przemyslaw (1 January 2005). "Modeling and visualization of leaf venation patterns".
4381:
Types 4–6 may similarly be subclassified as basal (primaries joined at the base of the blade) or suprabasal (diverging above the blade base), and perfect or imperfect, but also flabellate.
1723:(epetiolate) leaves have no petiole and the blade attaches directly to the stem. Subpetiolate leaves are nearly petiolate or have an extremely short petiole and may appear to be sessile.
1014:
which may be up to 25 m (82 ft) long and 3 m (9.8 ft) wide. The terminology associated with the description of leaf morphology is presented, in illustrated form, at
9465:
1924:
single vein, in most this vasculature generally divides (ramifies) according to a variety of patterns (venation) and form cylindrical bundles, usually lying in the median plane of the
5281:
These complex systems are not used much in morphological descriptions of taxa, but have usefulness in plant identification, although criticized as being unduly burdened with jargon.
990:
External leaf characteristics, such as shape, margin, hairs, the petiole, and the presence of stipules and glands, are frequently important for identifying plants to family, genus or
2651:
pigments are now thought to be produced in the leaf as it dies, possibly to mask the yellow hue left when the chlorophyll is lost—yellow leaves appear to attract herbivores such as
5303:
Closed: Higher order veins are connected in loops without ending freely among the cells. These tend to be in leaves with smooth outlines, and are characteristic of monocotyledons.
1788:), or be shed as the leaf expands, leaving a stipule scar on the twig (an exstipulate leaf). The situation, arrangement, and structure of the stipules is called the "stipulation".
627:
saplings have juvenile dorsiventral foliage from the previous year, but this season their newly sprouting foliage is isobilateral, like the mature foliage on the adult trees above
10735:
1291:, the apex of the stem is represented as a circle. Each new node is formed at the apex, and it is rotated by a constant angle from the previous node. This angle is called the
795:, first evolved as enations, extensions of the stem. True leaves or euphylls of larger size and with more complex venation did not become widespread in other groups until the
799:, by which time the carbon dioxide concentration in the atmosphere had dropped significantly. This occurred independently in several separate lineages of vascular plants, in
419:
Typically leaves are broad, flat and thin (dorsiventrally flattened), thereby maximising the surface area directly exposed to light and enabling the light to penetrate the
8353:
2241:
compounds. Most leaves show dorsoventral anatomy: The upper (adaxial) and lower (abaxial) surfaces have somewhat different construction and may serve different functions.
1295:. The number of leaves that grow from a node depends on the plant species. When a single leaf grows from each node, and when the stem is held straight, the leaves form a
400:), while leaves are orientated to maximize their exposure to sunlight. Once sugar has been synthesized, it needs to be transported to areas of active growth such as the
6670:"Diel leaf growth of soybean: a novel method to analyze two-dimensional leaf expansion in high temporal resolution based on a marker tracking approach (Martrack Leaf)"
8069:
7406:
5973:
10740:
1142:
Monocot leaves in temperate climates usually have narrow blades, and usually parallel venation converging at leaf tips or edges. Some also have pinnate venation.
272:. Furthermore, several kinds of leaf-like structures found in vascular plants are not totally homologous with them. Examples include flattened plant stems called
8268:
6258:"Mathematical model studies of the comprehensive generation of major and minor phyllotactic patterns in plants with a predominant focus on orixate phyllotaxis"
4072:
These in turn have a number of further subtypes such as eucamptodromous, where secondary veins curve near the margin without joining adjacent secondary veins.
9262:
8604:
284:
which differ from leaves both in their structure and origin. Some structures of non-vascular plants look and function much like leaves. Examples include the
6887:
6851:
2738:
1197:
One leaf, branch, or flower part attaches at each point or node on the stem, and leaves alternate direction, to a greater or lesser degree, along the stem.
2344:
Leaves are normally green, due to chlorophyll in chloroplasts in the mesophyll cells. Some plants have leaves of different colours due to the presence of
1780:, is an appendage on each side at the base of the petiole, resembling a small leaf. Stipules may be lasting and not be shed (a stipulate leaf, such as in
3955:
3947:
2335:. The cells of the spongy layer are more branched and not so tightly packed, so that there are large intercellular air spaces between them. The pores or
9553:
10873:
8044:
5870:
4343:
Primary veins with one or more points of secondary dichotomous branching beyond the primary divergence, either closely or more distantly spaced. E.g.,
1087:
leaves are typically needle- or awl-shaped or scale-like, they are usually evergreen, but can sometimes be deciduous. Usually, they have a single vein.
7398:
The
European Garden Flora, Flowering Plants: A Manual for the Identification of Plants Cultivated in Europe, Both Out-of-Doors and Under Glass. 5 vols
2832:
Special leaves on carnivorous plants are adapted for trapping food, mainly invertebrate prey, though some species trap small vertebrates as well (see
2673:
are leaves which have evolved red pigmentation in order to attract insects and birds to the central flowers, an adaptive function normally served by
1476:
The leaves of some plants do not form helices. In some plants, the divergence angle changes as the plant grows. In orixate phyllotaxis, named after
636:
species commonly have isobilateral, pendent leaves when mature and dominating their neighbors; however, such trees tend to have erect or horizontal
9516:
575:
and gas exchange between the mesophyll cells and the atmosphere is controlled by minute (length and width measured in tens of μm) openings called
8784:
5631:. The term has been used as synonymous with acrodromous, palmate-acrodromous or suprabasal acrodromous, and is thought to be too broadly defined.
5623:. Similarly, a quintuplinerve (five-veined) leaf has four secondary veins and a main vein. A pattern with 3–7 veins is especially conspicuous in
2577:, so-called leaf-rolling weevils, lay their eggs into leaves that they then roll up as means of protection. Other herbivores and their predators
9580:
2615:, and seasonally dry zones may be seasonally deciduous (falling off or dying for the inclement season). This mechanism to shed leaves is called
5607:
More than one main vein (nerve) at the base. Lateral secondary veins branching from a point above the base of the leaf. Usually expressed as a
9422:
4778:
Veins successively branching into equally sized veins from a common point, forming a Y junction, fanning out. Amongst temperate woody plants,
4410:
Single primary vein, the midrib, along which straight or arching secondary veins are arranged at more or less regular intervals (6 subclasses)
1002:
The type of leaf is usually characteristic of a species (monomorphic), although some species produce more than one type of leaf (dimorphic or
9469:
4392:
Branching repeatedly by regular dichotomy to give rise to a three dimensional bush-like structure consisting of linear segment (2 subclasses)
189:, palisade mesophyll is present on both sides and the leaves are said to be isobilateral. Most leaves are flattened and have distinct upper (
2523:
that maximize surface area while minimising self-shading. In these a high proportion of longitudinal main veins provide additional support.
2326:
of carbon dioxide. Sun leaves have a multi-layered palisade layer, while shade leaves or older leaves closer to the soil are single-layered.
1979:
In evolutionary terms, early emerging taxa tend to have dichotomous branching with reticulate systems emerging later. Veins appeared in the
10791:
2475:
Both leaf blade and petiole structure influence the leaf's response to forces such as wind, allowing a degree of repositioning to minimize
4174:
Several primary veins or branches originating at or close to a single point and running in recurved arches, then converging at apex. E.g.
4031:
2585:, also mimic the oscillating movements of leaves in the wind, moving from side to side or back and forth while evading a possible threat.
2023:
Characteristic in which a plant has small changes in leaf size, shape, and growth habit between juvenile and adult stages, in contrast to;
1956:
branching is sequentially numbered, and these are the higher order veins, each branching being associated with a narrower vein diameter.
9576:
7961:
2554:, chemicals which hinder the digestion of proteins and have an unpleasant taste. Animals that are specialized to eat leaves are known as
9642:
7690:
Manual of Leaf
Architecture - morphological description and categorization of dicotyledonous and net-veined monocotyledonous angiosperms
4130:
to each other to the apex and then converging there. Commissural veins (small veins) connect the major parallel veins. Typical for most
1326:
rotate by 2/5, sunflowers, poplar, and pear by 3/8, and in willow and almond the fraction is 5/13. These arrangements are periodic. The
264:
plants often have thick juicy leaves, but some leaves are without major photosynthetic function and may be dead at maturity, as in some
8840:
Rolland-Lagan, Anne-Gaëlle; Amin, Mira; Pakulska, Malgosia (January 2009). "Quantifying leaf venation patterns: two-dimensional maps".
6611:
Poiré, Richard; Wiese-Klinkenberg, Anika; Parent, Boris; Mielewczik, Michael; Schurr, Ulrich; Tardieu, François; Walter, Achim (2010).
721:
5373:
Surface of leaf raised in a series of domes between the veins on the upper surface, and therefore also with marked depressions. e.g.
5357:. 6.1 Hawthorne & Lawrence 2013). Veins may show different types of prominence in different areas of the leaf. For instance
6829:
10607:
9409:
8628:
8086:
7345:
5466:
Vein is sunk below the surface, more prominent than surrounding tissues but more sunken in channel than with impressed veins. e.g.
9360:
2009:(True-lover's Knot). In leaves with reticulate venation, veins form a scaffolding matrix imparting mechanical rigidity to leaves.
8502:
6865:
2919:
8527:
4326:
1409:. This sequence begins 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13; each term is the sum of the previous two. Rotation fractions are often quotients
9330:
7991:
7955:
7934:
7913:
7877:
7845:
7817:
7786:
7765:
7705:
7667:
7635:
7590:
7562:
7537:
7481:
7457:
7432:
7385:
7353:
7189:
6216:
5292:
Pinnate (feather-veined) leaves, with a main central vein or rib (midrib), from which the remainder of the vein system arises
1540:
The leaflets all have a common point of attachment at the end of the petiole, radiating like fingers of a hand; for example,
9492:
9210:
8210:
7883:
7851:
7739:
7673:
7641:
7487:
7359:
4314:
4247:
9241:
8108:
8039:
7504:
Die Blatt-Skelete der
Dicotyledonen mit besonderer Ruchsicht auf die Untersuchung und Bestimmung der fossilen Pflanzenreste
7396:
7144:
7039:
6739:"Diel growth patterns of young soybean ( G lycine max ) leaflets are synchronous throughout different positions on a plant"
5965:
2033:
Characteristic in which a plant has marked changes in leaf size, shape, and growth habit between juvenile and adult stages.
607:
that surround the stomatal aperture. In any square centimeter of a plant leaf, there may be from 1,000 to 100,000 stomata.
9441:
9286:
7711:
4271:
1995:
as long as 250 million years ago. A pseudo-reticulate venation that is actually a highly modified penniparallel one is an
9146:
Walls, R. L. (25 January 2011). "Angiosperm leaf vein patterns are linked to leaf functions in a global-scale data set".
4517:
4493:
4097:
2322:
close to the walls of the cell, can take optimal advantage of light. The slight separation of the cells provides maximum
1215:
Two leaves, branches, or flower parts attach at each point or node on the stem. Leaf attachments are paired at each node.
183:
and is located on the upper side of the blade or lamina of the leaf but in some species, including the mature foliage of
9258:
5416:
Veins partly prominent, the crest above the leaf lamina surface, but with channels running along each side, like gutters
2302:
tissue is the primary location of photosynthesis in the plant. The products of photosynthesis are called "assimilates".
462:
ancestors. Some leaf forms are adapted to modulate the amount of light they absorb to avoid or mitigate excessive heat,
4235:
2074:
8962:"Leaf venation: structure, function, development, evolution, ecology and applications in the past, present and future"
4529:
10797:
9310:
8925:
4259:
2137:
1595:
1035:
9599:
9692:
9385:
8563:
5855:
4505:
4085:
10131:
9445:
9189:
7473:
Esau's Plant Anatomy: Meristems, Cells, and Tissues of the Plant Body: Their Structure, Function, and Development
1616:") are arranged along a secondary axis that is one of several branching off the rachis. Each leaflet is called a
755:
447:, promoting cooling. Functionally, in addition to carrying out photosynthesis, the leaf is the principal site of
285:
194:
190:
8084:
Cooney-Sovetts, C.; Sattler, R. (1987). "Phylloclade development in the Asparagaceae: An example of homoeosis".
1482:, the divergence angle is not constant. Instead, it is periodic and follows the sequence 180°, 90°, 180°, 270°.
1098:
10612:
8116:
7778:
Anatomy of the Dicotyledons: Leaves, stem and wood in relation to taxonomy, with notes on economic uses. 2 vols
6229:
6207:
Didier Reinhardt and Cris Kuhlemeier, "Phyllotaxis in higher plants", in Michael T. McManus, Bruce Veit, eds.,
733:
In contrast, many other non-seasonal plants, such as palms and conifers, retain their leaves for long periods;
466:
damage, or desiccation, or to sacrifice light-absorption efficiency in favor of protection from herbivory. For
8647:
6256:
Yonekura, Takaaki; Iwamoto, Akitoshi; Fujita, Hironori; Sugiyama, Munetaka (2019-06-06). Umulis, David (ed.).
4371:
2725:
In harmful levels of sunlight, specialized leaves, opaque or partly buried, admit light through a translucent
2154:
1062:
whose leaves are shed annually are said to have deciduous leaves, while leaves that remain through winter are
10062:
9545:
9418:
660:, and are modified accordingly to meet these functions, for example in the leaves of succulent plants and in
4152:
4138:. The additional terms marginal (primary veins reach the margin), and reticulate (net-veined) are also used.
10781:
10368:
9883:
6613:"Diel time-courses of leaf growth in monocot and dicot species: endogenous rhythms and temperature effects"
4398:
Primary veins straight or only slightly curved, diverging from the base in a fan-like manner (4 subclasses)
3641:. Leaves can show several degrees of hairiness. The meaning of several of the following terms can overlap.
2896:
2199:
980:
269:
4194:
2518:
involve specialized structures to stiffen them. These I-beams are formed from bundle sheath extensions of
1015:
10863:
10617:
9193:
8218:
7054:
5850:
2900:
2892:
838:
617:
555:
The internal organization of most kinds of leaves has evolved to maximize exposure of the photosynthetic
9520:
9184:
Bucksch, Alexander; Blonder, Benjamin; Price, Charles; Wing, Scott; Weitz, Joshua; Das, Abhiram (2017).
7071:
4109:
2244:
The epidermis tissue includes several differentiated cell types; epidermal cells, epidermal hair cells (
1048:
420:
252:, with different evolutionary origins, the leaves are simple (with only a single vein) and are known as
10597:
9496:
9381:
9148:
9011:
8809:
8668:
8452:
8178:
7905:
7837:
7402:
5504:
5322:
and the order of veins that are obscured and whether upper, lower or both surfaces, further specified.
2178:
1960:
mesophyll. Minor veins are more typical of angiosperms, which may have as many as four higher orders.
1108:
224:
Leaves can have many different shapes, sizes, textures and colors. The broad, flat leaves with complex
8759:
4664:
2436:, with dissolved sucrose (glucose to sucrose) produced by photosynthesis in the leaf, out of the leaf.
1940:(net like). In general, parallel venation is typical of monocots, while reticulate is more typical of
1856:
1842:
1070:) are called petiolate, and if attached directly to the stem with no petiole they are called sessile.
10944:
10939:
10747:
9569:
8760:"Venation patterns of neotropical blueberries (Vaccinieae: Ericaceae) and their phylogenetic utility"
7809:
Leaves: the formation, characteristics and uses of hundreds of leaves found in all parts of the world
4644:
Several to many equal fine basal veins diverging radially at low angles and branching apically. E.g.
2686:
2380:
of the leaf and are located in the spongy layer of the mesophyll. The pattern of the veins is called
526:
and other legumes, the protective spines of cacti and the insect traps in carnivorous plants such as
328:, meaning that they do not obtain food from other living things but instead create their own food by
8908:
5295:
Palmate, in which three or more main ribs rise together at the base of the leaf, and diverge upward.
10885:
10730:
9780:
9401:
5880:
3555:
2233:
from wet climates. The epidermis serves several functions: protection against water loss by way of
1668:
Pinnately dissected to the central vein, but with the leaflets not entirely separate; for example,
632:
changes in leaf type occur within species, too, for example as a plant matures; as a case in point
376:
to provide chemical energy to run cellular processes. The leaves draw water from the ground in the
8387:"Why Leaves Turn Red in Autumn. The Role of Anthocyanins in Senescing Leaves of Red-Osier Dogwood"
5429:
Veins not visible, or not at all clear; if unspecified, then not visible with the naked eye. e.g.
5306:
They may be subdivided into whether the veins run parallel, as in grasses, or have other patterns.
1465:
trees. More common in a decussate pattern, in which each node rotates by 1/4 (90°) as in the herb
983:) angle between a leaf and a stem is known as the axil of the leaf. It is often the location of a
10949:
7697:
7265:
5230:
5015:
4547:
3629:
2862:(false flowers) replace normal flower structures when the true flowers are greatly reduced (e.g.
2507:
2259:
Chloroplasts are generally absent in epidermal cells, the exception being the guard cells of the
664:
scales. The concentration of photosynthetic structures in leaves requires that they be richer in
17:
8624:"Shoot and compound leaf comparisons in eudicots: Dynamic morphology as an alternative approach"
5837:
4416:
Numerous longitudinally parallel primary veins arising from a transverse meristem (5 subclasses)
1504:
Two basic forms of leaves can be described considering the way the blade (lamina) is divided. A
10934:
10715:
10639:
9662:
9237:
8903:
8553:
8362:
7803:
4996:
4123:
2. Parallelodromous (parallel-veined, parallel-ribbed, parallel-nerved, penniparallel, striate)
3560:
2696:
micro- and nanostructures on the surface reduce wetting by rain and adhesion of contamination (
2323:
2299:
1743:
1657:
1003:
599:
into and out of the internal intercellular space system. Stomatal opening is controlled by the
10444:
7945:
7206:
7171:
7093:
6404:
5836:
are used to describe leaf sizes (in descending order), in a classification devised in 1934 by
205:
and other features. Leaves are mostly green in color due to the presence of a compound called
10880:
9414:
8313:
8022:
5284:
An older, even simpler system, used in some flora uses only two categories, open and closed.
5152:
5089:
4633:
2565:
adaptations by which they use leaves in avoiding predators. For example, the caterpillars of
2401:
113:
31:
7276:(3). British Ecological Society : Journal of Ecology Vol. 47, No. 3, pp. 551–570: 555.
4620:
Further descriptions included the higher order, or minor veins and the patterns of areoles (
2619:. When the leaf is shed, it leaves a leaf scar on the twig. In cold autumns, they sometimes
10602:
10499:
10454:
10126:
9685:
9631:
8943:
Rutishauser, R.; Sattler, R. (1997). "Expression of shoot processes in leaf development of
8687:
8227:
8125:
7735:
The Flora of South Africa: With Synopical Tables of the Genera of the Higher Plants. 6 vols
7277:
6269:
5549:
5445:
Vein raised above surrounding surface so to be easily felt when stroked with finger. e.g. (
5431:
5268:
5242:
5095:
3917:
2821:
2238:
2166:
1932:. This pattern is often specific to taxa, and of which angiosperms possess two main types,
858:
377:
373:
10102:
6668:
Mielewczik, Michael; Friedli, Michael; Kirchgessner, Norbert; Walter, Achim (2013-07-25).
5363:
has a channelled midrib on the upper surface, but this is prominent on the lower surface.
2360:
1908:
1765:), the petioles are expanded or broadened and function like leaf blades; these are called
260:
scales, are not above ground. In many aquatic species, the leaves are submerged in water.
171:, as in "autumn foliage", while the leaves, stem, flower, and fruit collectively form the
8:
10772:
10317:
8109:"In silico leaf venation networks: Growth and reorganization driven by mechanical forces"
7012:
5865:
5619:
5261:
5013:
More than one primary veins arising from a single point, running from base to apex. e.g.
4929:
4574:
4556:
4436:
4127:
3974:
2494:
1933:
1261:. Leaves in this arrangement may be alternate or opposite in their attachment. The term,
1053:
317:
8691:
8231:
8129:
7795:
7281:
6738:
6273:
5118:
2453:'s partial-shoot theory of the leaf, leaves are partial shoots, being derived from leaf
866:
766:, stomata, or internal system of intercellular spaces. (The phyllids of the moss family
451:, providing the energy required to draw the transpiration stream up from the roots, and
10710:
10575:
10353:
10045:
9831:
9727:
9352:
9129:
9094:
9076:
9051:
9030:
8931:
8746:
8710:
8677:
8663:
8519:
8469:
8335:
8308:
8290:
8263:
8243:
8149:
8099:
8061:
8026:
7976:
Willert, Dieter J. von; Eller, BM; Werger, MJA; Brinckmann, E; Ihlenfeldt, H-D (1992).
7293:
6714:
6669:
6645:
6612:
6300:
6257:
5125:
4592:
4434:
Closed form in which the secondaries are joined in a series of prominent arches, as in
4058:
Major veins extend close to the margin, but bend before they intersect with the margin.
3936:
3928:
2755:
2742:
2581:
the appearance of the leaf. Reptiles such as some chameleons, and insects such as some
2221:
2093:
1720:
1223:
An opposite arrangement in which each successive pair is rotated 90° from the previous.
543:
500:
440:
397:
357:
180:
9656:
8547:
8413:
8386:
7224:
5791:
Tertiary veins running perpendicular to axis of main vein, connecting secondary veins
4126:
Two or more primary veins originating beside each other at the leaf base, and running
4006:(feather-veined, reticulate, pinnate-netted, penniribbed, penninerved, or penniveined)
3593:
2282:
Most of the interior of the leaf between the upper and lower layers of epidermis is a
1885:
931:. The sheath is a structure, typically at the base that fully or partially clasps the
762:. In most cases, they lack vascular tissue, are only a single cell thick, and have no
571:
while at the same time controlling water loss. Their surfaces are waterproofed by the
10868:
9717:
9712:
9165:
9134:
9081:
9038:
8985:
8921:
8857:
8853:
8828:
8715:
8642:
8596:
8418:
8340:
8295:
8197:
8141:
8030:
7987:
7951:
7930:
7909:
7873:
7841:
7813:
7782:
7761:
7701:
7663:
7631:
7586:
7558:
7533:
7529:
Plant Identification: Creating User-Friendly Field Guides for Biodiversity Management
7477:
7453:
7428:
7381:
7349:
6881:
6845:
6766:
6758:
6719:
6701:
6650:
6632:
6305:
6287:
6212:
5585:
5468:
3880:
3599:
2833:
2620:
2602:
2514:
2415:. At the core of each bundle are clusters of two distinct types of conducting cells:
2397:
2345:
2005:
1396:
1307:
1185:
672:, and sugars than, say, woody stem tissues. Accordingly, leaves are prominent in the
9636:
8497:
8247:
8153:
7979:
Life Strategies of Succulents in Deserts: With Special Reference to the Namib Desert
7512:
1521:
Compound leaves are a characteristic of some families of higher plants, such as the
1114:
739:
retains its two main leaves throughout a lifetime that may exceed a thousand years.
10654:
10560:
10555:
10509:
10402:
10387:
10348:
10273:
10114:
10038:
9935:
9877:
9651:
9157:
9124:
9116:
9107:
9093:
Ueno, Osamu; Kawano, Yukiko; Wakayama, Masataka; Takeda, Tomoshiro (1 April 2006).
9071:
9063:
9020:
8975:
8935:
8913:
8884:
8875:
8849:
8818:
8776:
8738:
8705:
8695:
8637:
8586:
8542:
8511:
8461:
8408:
8400:
8391:
8330:
8322:
8285:
8277:
8235:
8187:
8133:
8095:
8053:
8018:
7621:
7617:
7285:
6750:
6709:
6691:
6681:
6640:
6624:
6479:
6295:
6277:
5451:
5400:
5359:
5101:
5070:
4739:
3768:
Silky appearance through fine, straight and appressed (lying close and flat) hairs.
3623:
2693:
2612:
2048:
1920:
1897:
1710:
1517:
1244:
1136:
1067:
912:
888:
876:
673:
281:
202:
10449:
9326:
8591:
5578:
4891:
10929:
10908:
10890:
10752:
10581:
10531:
10519:
10481:
10417:
10244:
10212:
10173:
10146:
9975:
9970:
9861:
9797:
9678:
9500:
9221:
8966:
8729:
8700:
8309:"The Podostemad Puzzle: The Evolution of Unusual Morphology in the Podostemaceae"
8251:
8239:
7977:
7924:
7899:
7867:
7831:
7807:
7776:
7755:
7733:
7657:
7625:
7580:
7576:
7548:
7527:
7471:
7443:
7422:
7375:
7339:
7324:
6282:
5875:
5782:
5624:
5391:
5249:
4990:
4984:
3125:
2628:
2541:
2412:
2377:
2204:
2122:
1470:
1330:
of the rotation fraction indicates the number of leaves in one period, while the
1168:
1090:
1059:
796:
759:
751:
600:
537:
522:) and may become specialized organs serving other functions, such as tendrils of
381:
261:
229:
218:
53:
9449:
9233:
8999:"Ontogenetic differences in mesophyll structure and chlorophyll distribution in
8209:
Couder, Y.; Pauchard, L.; Allain, C.; Adda-Bedia, M.; Douady, S. (1 July 2002).
8170:"Diversity and distribution of idioblasts producing calcium oxalate crystals in
8157:
6195:
Botany Illustrated: Introduction to Plants Major Groups Flowering Plant Families
5601:
5560:
2479:
and damage, as opposed to resistance. Leaf movement like this may also increase
1613:
10802:
10767:
10720:
10702:
10666:
10422:
10249:
10227:
10193:
10168:
10151:
10141:
10136:
10018:
9836:
9821:
9775:
9770:
9279:
8758:
Pedraza-Peñalosa, Paola; Salinas, Nelson R.; Wheeler, Ward C. (26 April 2013).
8137:
7729:
7688:
7572:
7554:
7467:
7449:
5860:
5707:
5511:
5493:
5406:
5381:
5223:
5171:
4703:
4446:
Open form with secondaries terminating at the margin, in toothed leaves, as in
4290:
3989:" and using a number of Ettingshausen's terms derived from Greek (1973–1979): (
3568:
2810:
2800:
2710:
2484:
2476:
2389:
2225:
2056:
1478:
1226:
948:
920:
778:. These can further develop into either vegetative or reproductive structures.
767:
580:
568:
413:
349:
329:
324:
Leaves are the most important organs of most vascular plants. Green plants are
241:
210:
176:
172:
164:
160:
8780:
8662:
Laguna, Maria F.; Bohn, Steffen; Jagla, Eduardo A.; Bourne, Philip E. (2008).
6959:
6957:
6696:
5692:
5486:
3105:
2305:
In ferns and most flowering plants, the mesophyll is divided into two layers:
1750:
In peltate leaves, the petiole attaches to the blade inside the blade margin.
61:
10923:
10838:
10586:
10504:
10476:
10439:
10407:
10343:
10312:
10263:
10163:
9965:
9948:
9871:
9851:
9792:
9787:
9735:
7613:
6762:
6705:
6636:
6291:
5752:
5567:
5542:
5457:
5064:
4867:
4860:
4780:
4766:
4762:
4131:
2815:
2582:
2331:
2311:
2234:
2229:
2000:
1863:
1652:
1021:
944:
935:
above the node, where the leaf is attached. Leaf sheathes typically occur in
805:
800:
791:
763:
642:
572:
448:
237:
8917:
5145:
5027:
Major veins diverge from origin at base then converge towards the tip. e.g.
3607:
3165:
2047:
Leaves are normally extensively vascularized and typically have networks of
1769:. There may or may not be normal pinnate leaves at the tip of the phyllode.
1737:
When the leaf base completely surrounds the stem, the leaves are said to be
1175:) along the red stem. Note the developing buds in the axils of these leaves.
927:. The lamina is the expanded, flat component of the leaf which contains the
770:
are notable exceptions.) The phyllids of bryophytes are only present on the
99:
10833:
10823:
10725:
10434:
9943:
9910:
9169:
9138:
9085:
9042:
8989:
8889:
8870:
8869:
Roth-Nebelsick, A; Uhl, Dieter; Mosbrugger, Volker; Kerp, Hans (May 2001).
8861:
8832:
8823:
8804:
8719:
8600:
8422:
8344:
8326:
8299:
8281:
8201:
8145:
7827:
6954:
6770:
6723:
6686:
6654:
6309:
5722:
5134:
4903:
4899:
4841:
4565:
3986:
3966:
3898:
3572:
3225:
2875:
2859:
2761:
2699:
2570:
2519:
2405:
2318:
2290:
2028:
1824:
1512:
to form lobes, but the gaps between lobes do not reach to the main vein. A
1442:
1431:
976:
928:
637:
610:
471:
401:
105:
9607:
9302:
7268:(1 Oct 1959). "A Physiognomic Classification of Australian Rain Forests".
5737:
5677:
5637:
Veins arranged like the rungs of a ladder, particularly higher order veins
5318:
the surface, which may hide finer veins. In this regard, veins are called
4808:
netted or reticulate); most non-monocot angiosperms, exceptions including
4288:
Three or more primary veins diverging radially from a single point. E.g.,
3611:
Scanning electron microscope image of trichomes on the lower surface of a
3538:
Shaped like an arrowhead and with the acute basal lobes pointing downward.
3307:
Long-pointed, prolonged into a narrow, tapering point in a concave manner
3185:
3145:
3071:
3013:
2993:
2573:
similarly roll the leaves of their food plants into tubes. Females of the
1680:(whitebeams). In pinnately veined leaves the central vein is known as the
774:, while in contrast the leaves of vascular plants are only present on the
277:
10649:
10634:
10629:
10565:
10427:
10207:
10178:
10077:
10072:
9920:
9760:
9755:
9740:
9120:
7983:
7833:
Anatomy of flowering plants: an introduction to structure and development
7518:
7330:
7320:
6628:
5885:
5767:
4810:
4217:
4176:
4018:
4014:
3909:
3205:
2969:
2731:
2726:
2648:
2640:
2574:
2569:
will create a small home in the leaf by folding it over themselves. Some
2566:
2501:
2450:
2393:
2385:
2195:
2107:
1996:
1988:
1983:
period (299–252 mya), prior to the appearance of angiosperms in the
1777:
1327:
1288:
1279:
1157:
1151:
1007:
995:
871:
810:
782:
775:
771:
735:
726:
596:
560:
484:
479:
463:
424:
325:
273:
206:
39:
9377:
9161:
8192:
8169:
7395:
Cullen, James; Knees, Sabina G.; Cubey, H. Suzanne Cubey, eds. (2011) .
5776:
Veins coming from the center of the leaf and radiating toward the edges
4627:
4583:
3245:
1969:
1437:. When a circle is divided into two arcs whose lengths are in the ratio
1179:
10678:
10671:
10661:
10644:
10327:
10322:
10258:
10050:
9897:
9856:
9750:
9034:
8750:
8523:
8473:
8065:
7377:
Introductory Botany: Plants, People, and the Environment, Media Edition
7297:
6158:
5891:
5628:
5529:
5211:
5039:
5002:
4770:
4715:
4610:
3353:
2879:
2826:
2769:
2706:
Divided and compound leaves reduce wind resistance and promote cooling.
2667:
2636:
2616:
2480:
2349:
2284:
2018:
1992:
1945:
1912:
1761:
1670:
1274:
1034:
Where leaves are basal, and lie on the ground, they are referred to as
932:
908:
826:
822:
818:
683:
623:
604:
556:
519:
475:
389:
369:
293:
185:
156:
8980:
8961:
8727:
Melville, R. (November 1976). "The Terminology of Leaf Architecture".
8404:
7944:
Whitten, Tony; Soeriaatmadja, Roehayat Emon; Afiff, Suraya A. (1997).
6754:
6610:
5899: – sprouting of leaves, also the arrangement of leaves in the bud
4697:
3413:
3393:
3373:
3333:
3293:
1964:
midrib and extend toward the leaf margins. These often terminate in a
10786:
10683:
10412:
10217:
10198:
10109:
10033:
9905:
9846:
9826:
9765:
9259:"The Pea Key: An interactive key for Australian pea-flowered legumes"
9067:
8767:
8564:"Influence of light availability on leaf structure and growth of two
7602:
A revised classification of the architecture of dicotyledonous leaves
6112:
6110:
6108:
5896:
5803:
5613:
5375:
5058:
5052:
4978:
4939:
4848:
4822:
4816:
4646:
4480:
terms which had been used as subtypes in the original Hickey system.
4353:
4010:
3873:
3453:
2780:
2773:
2751:
2709:
Hairs on the leaf surface trap humidity in dry climates and create a
2682:
2608:
2489:
2454:
2276:
1965:
1849:
1731:
1590:
1331:
1237:
describes an arrangement only appearing whorled, but not actually so.
1218:
1126:
1104:
1084:
1063:
956:
743:
714:
696:
646:
528:
490:
467:
452:
365:
265:
9220:. University of Kentucky: Department of Horticulture. Archived from
9025:
8998:
8742:
8515:
8465:
8057:
7289:
7122:
4969:
894:
416:
carrying out photosynthesis are close to the transportation system.
217:. A leaf with lighter-colored or white patches or edges is called a
10828:
10818:
10762:
10757:
10524:
10397:
10373:
10290:
9960:
9745:
8623:
7662:(5th ed.), Benjamin-Cummings Publishing Company, p. 463,
6667:
6435:
6433:
6431:
5190:
5029:
4952:
4916:
4797:
4345:
3890:
3638:
3433:
2948:
is the outside perimeter of a leaf. The terms are interchangeable.
2784:
2644:
2593:
2555:
2531:
2245:
2209:
2068:
1984:
1941:
1797:
1766:
1646:
1600:
1576:
1548:
1542:
1522:
1303:
1027:
972:
940:
880:
786:
459:
436:
408:. Vascular plants transport sucrose in a special tissue called the
333:
249:
30:"Leaves" redirects here. For other uses of "leaf" or "leaves", see
9655:
9185:
8682:
8546:
6868:. December 3, 2013. Archived from the original on December 3, 2013
6832:. December 3, 2013. Archived from the original on December 3, 2013
6105:
5204:
3313:
2905:
2663:
1693:
1171:
one another, with successive pairs at right angles to each other (
1163:
201:(pores that intake and output gases), the amount and structure of
10013:
10008:
9925:
9915:
5888: – a device that measures the moisture level in plant leaves
5522:
4296:
4211:
4135:
4003:
3514:
Shaped like an halberd and with the basal lobes pointing outward.
3260:
2871:
2849:
2788:
2779:
Inclusions of crystalline minerals deter herbivores (e.g. silica
2765:
2722:
Large surface area provides a large area for capture of sunlight.
2578:
2562:
2424:
Cells that bring water and minerals from the roots into the leaf.
2365:
2260:
2249:
1980:
1828:
1773:
1698:
1626:
1497:
1323:
1310:. Rotation fractions of 1/3 (divergence angles of 120°) occur in
1273:, are sometimes encountered. For example, the "leaves" (actually
1118:
1094:
991:
960:
952:
943:(umbellifers). Between the sheath and the lamina, there may be a
936:
916:
669:
665:
576:
506:
428:
393:
361:
345:
341:
236:
and the species that bear them, the majority, as broad-leaved or
198:
8871:"Evolution and Function of Leaf Venation Architecture: A Review"
6428:
6021:
5183:
4950:
Mid-veins diverge more or less parallel towards the margin e.g.
10466:
10358:
10278:
10232:
10222:
10183:
10121:
10097:
10092:
10087:
10082:
9701:
8107:
Corson, Francis; Adda-Bedia, Mokhtar; Boudaoud, Arezki (2009).
7760:(4th ed.). Sudbury, Mass.: Jones and Bartlett Publishers.
7686:
7506:. Vienna: Classification of the Architecture of Dicotyledonous.
7236:
7234:
6981:
6963:
6316:
5608:
4893:
Penni-parallel (pinnate, pinnate parallel, unicostate parallel)
4828:
4784:
is the only species exhibiting dichotomous venation. Also some
4601:
4460:
4448:
4023:
3616:
2867:
2863:
2804:
2652:
2624:
2551:
2536:
2427:
2060:
1949:
1820:
1755:
1676:
1640:
1561:
1530:
899:
884:
708:
704:
700:
688:
677:
588:
548:
515:
432:
409:
353:
289:
7812:. Photographs by Kjell B. Sandved. London: Thames and Hudson.
6568:
2924:
2404:, but they may instead exemplify a pattern formed in a stress
10690:
10624:
10546:
10514:
10471:
10363:
10305:
10300:
10295:
10283:
10268:
10237:
10158:
9816:
9807:
8664:"The Role of Elastic Stresses on Leaf Venation Morphogenesis"
8445:"Classification of the Architecture of Dicotyledonous Leaves"
6255:
6011:
6009:
6007:
6005:
6003:
4720:
4165:
3648:
With many fine, entangled hairs giving a cobwebby appearance.
2855:
2843:
2794:
2674:
2670:
2483:
of the air close to the surface of the leaf, which thins the
2419:
2253:
2213:
2064:
2052:
1902:
1526:
1492:
1466:
1462:
1458:
1315:
1311:
1296:
1233:
Opposite leaves may appear whorled near the tip of the stem.
1078:
968:
964:
924:
657:
564:
385:
337:
8385:
Feild, T. S.; Lee, D. W.; Holbrook, N. M. (1 October 2001).
7231:
7149:
1449:. Because of this, many divergence angles are approximately
1160:. A large variety of phyllotactic patterns occur in nature:
47:
10541:
10536:
10188:
10003:
9998:
9982:
9841:
9635:
9232:
Kling, Gary J.; Hayden, Laura L.; Potts, Joshua J. (2005).
7424:
Plant Anatomy, experiment and interpretation, Part 2 Organs
6418:
6416:
6414:
6412:
5902:
4908:
4854:
Reduced microphyllous leaves (L) arising in whorl from node
4785:
4472:
2839:
2677:(which are themselves leaves highly modified by evolution).
2071:(small hairs) which have diverse structures and functions.
2012:
1890:
1809:
1785:
1781:
1074:
814:
747:
661:
653:
405:
257:
245:
8498:"The Bases of Angiosperm Phylogeny: Vegetative Morphology"
6000:
4675:
groups depending on the plant divisions being considered;
2920:
Glossary of leaf morphology § Leaf and leaflet shapes
2643:) are revealed when the tree responds to cold and reduced
1598:, where leaves only consist of two leaflets; for example,
197:) surfaces that differ in color, hairiness, the number of
163:, usually borne laterally aboveground and specialized for
10461:
10023:
9670:
8262:
Döring, T. F; Archetti, M.; Hardie, J. (7 January 2009).
7246:
6894:
6788:
6786:
6784:
6782:
6780:
6580:
6457:
6146:
6069:
5298:
Dichotomous, as in ferns, where the veins fork repeatedly
3690:
With flocks of soft, woolly hairs, which tend to rub off.
2716:
2632:
2433:
1319:
1139:
to leaf edges). Finally, some exhibit parallel venation.
984:
947:, a petiole like structure. Pseudopetioles occur in some
523:
444:
214:
9515:
7140:
7128:
7098:
6798:
6544:
6532:
6520:
6484:
6409:
6093:
4068:
All secondary veins are absent, rudimentary or concealed
3219:
Indented, with the indentations not reaching the center
2381:
368:, the basic structural material in plant cell walls, or
8269:
Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences
7110:
6918:
6810:
6592:
6352:
6350:
6348:
3792:
Densely pubescent with matted, soft white woolly hairs.
3347:
With a sharp, elongated, rigid tip; tipped with a cusp
2067:
produced by photosynthesis. Many leaves are covered in
1620:. The group of pinnules on each secondary vein forms a
1560:
Leaflets are arranged either side of the main axis, or
8622:
Lacroix, C.; Jeune, B.; Purcell-Macdonald, S. (2003).
7476:(3rd. ed.). New York: John Wiley & Sons Inc.
6969:
6777:
6445:
5988:
5007:
4470:
Secondaries freely branching toward the margin, as in
4357:
Venation of a Poinsettia (Euphorbia pulcherrima) leaf.
3159:
Saw-toothed; with asymmetrical teeth pointing forward
2505:
leaf" form (see Fig 1). Hydrostatic leaves such as in
1638:
A pinnate leaf with just three leaflets; for example,
1395:
Most divergence angles are related to the sequence of
579:
which open or close to regulate the rate exchange of
9464:
8083:
7035:
6367:
6365:
6134:
6027:
5948:
5946:
2772:
produced by leaf borne glands deter herbivores (e.g.
1612:
Leaves are twice divided: the leaflets (technically "
8997:
Shelley, A.J.; Smith, W.K.; Vogelmann, T.C. (1998).
8868:
8040:"The Relation of Leaf Structure to Physical Factors"
6942:
6508:
6439:
6345:
6335:
6333:
6331:
6209:
Meristematic Tissues in Plant Growth and Development
4814:. Some monocots have reticulate venation, including
4050:
3567:
The leaf surface is also host to a large variety of
3544:
Ending abruptly with a flat end, that looks cut off.
3199:
With deep, wave-like indentations; coarsely crenate
2526:
758:, differ heavily morphologically from the leaves of
551:
that make them harder to degrade for microorganisms.
9400:
8839:
7616:; Campbell, Christopher S.; Kellogg, Elizabeth A.;
6987:
6322:
6057:
4921:
4711:
Palmate, Palmate-netted, palmate-veined, fan-veined
4060:
2396:. They were once thought to be typical examples of
1862:Between the petiole and the subtending stem, as in
1848:Between the petioles of two opposite leaves, as in
8942:
8211:"The leaf venation as formed in a tensorial field"
8045:Transactions of the American Microscopical Society
7926:Flora of tropical East Africa - Rubiaceae Volume 3
6930:
6906:
6574:
6362:
6045:
6033:
5943:
5921:
5919:
4944:
4422:Derived from fused pinnate leaflets (3 subclasses)
3603:) leaves are covered in dense, stellate trichomes.
3407:Mucronate, but with a noticeably diminutive spine
1156:The arrangement of leaves on the stem is known as
987:. Structures located there are called "axillary".
9261:. Australian Pea-flowered Legume Research Group.
7525:
7089:
6556:
6328:
6170:
6122:
6081:
5439:, the veins are only obscure on the undersurface.
4971:Pinnately (veined, netted, unicostate reticulate)
4624:Leaf Architecture Working Group, Figures 28–29).
4427:secondary veins, with 12 further types, such as;
2106:, which consists of photosynthetic cells rich in
1688:
1508:has an undivided blade. However, the leaf may be
10921:
9646:. Vol. 15 (11th ed.). p. 322-329.
8757:
7922:
7240:
7155:
7017:
6886:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (
6850:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (
6496:
5931:
5653:
4048:The major veins reach to the margin of the leaf.
3786:With appressed, sharp, straight and stiff hairs.
3526:Kidney-shaped but rounder and broader than long.
2754:leaves store water and organic acids for use in
2729:for photosynthesis at inner leaf surfaces (e.g.
1734:leaves, the blade partially surrounds the stem.
1093:(Angiosperm) leaves: the standard form includes
1066:. Leaves attached to stems by stalks (known as
9309:. University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill.
8960:Sack, Lawren; Scoffoni, Christine (June 2013).
8430:Hallé, F. (1977). "The longest leaf in palms".
7897:
7181:
7179:
6015:
5916:
4714:Several main veins of approximately equal size
4027:. There are three subtypes of pinnate venation:
2216:(eye-shaped slits, visible at full resolution).
1594:(mahogany). A specific type of even pinnate is
1167:The leaves on this plant are arranged in pairs
971:), soon falling or otherwise not obvious as in
8355:Models of Vascular Pattern Formation in Leaves
7923:Verdcourt, Bernard; Bridson, Diane M. (1991).
7547:Hemsley, Alan R.; Poole, Imogen, eds. (2004).
5050:All major veins diverge towards the tip. e.g.
3502:Heart-shaped with the notch towards the stalk.
2237:, regulation of gas exchange and secretion of
1352:): two leaves in one circle (alternate leaves)
9686:
9218:PLS 220: Introduction to plant identification
9183:
8897:
8805:"Plant biomechanics in an ecological context"
8621:
7975:
7943:
7898:Stewart, Wilson N; Rothwell, Gar W. (1993) .
7774:
7607:
7571:
7501:
7252:
7214:
6900:
6736:
6586:
6463:
6152:
6075:
5077:
3830:With long, soft and tortuous or matted hairs.
3774:With adpressed, soft and straight pubescence.
2987:Even; with a smooth margin; without toothing
2497:, enabling elastic deforming without damage.
2228:covering the leaf. It is covered with a waxy
2078:Medium-scale diagram of leaf internal anatomy
1441:, the angle formed by the smaller arc is the
439:. The flat, or laminar, shape also maximizes
10792:International Association for Plant Taxonomy
9343:
9300:
9257:de Kok, Rogier; Biffin, Ed (November 2007).
9256:
8959:
8661:
8261:
8208:
8106:
8007:
7728:
7546:
7394:
7202:
7176:
7167:
7104:
6830:"Kew Glossary – definition of hysteranthous"
6804:
6550:
6538:
6526:
6490:
6475:
6422:
6396:
6394:
6392:
6390:
6388:
6386:
6384:
6382:
6380:
6099:
5325:Terms that describe vein prominence include
3732:With a fine, close grayish-white pubescence.
3678:Marginally fringed with short hairs (cilia).
994:levels, and botanists have developed a rich
360:into more complex organic molecules such as
9577:Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences
9544:
9301:Massey, Jimmy R.; Murphy, James C. (1996).
9231:
8996:
8495:
8384:
8306:
8264:"Autumn leaves seen through herbivore eyes"
7526:Hawthorne, William; Lawrence, Anna (2013).
7116:
7008:
6924:
6816:
6598:
5994:
5761:All veins branching repeatedly, net veined
3849:Developing at the same time as the flowers
3571:; in this context it is referred to as the
3490:Coming to a sharp, but not prolonged point.
3484:Coming to a sharp, narrow, prolonged point.
3327:Ending in a sharp, but not prolonged point
2097:, which covers the upper and lower surfaces
9693:
9679:
9575:. Center for Aquatic and Invasive Plants,
9092:
8802:
8038:Clements, Edith Schwartz (December 1905).
7627:Plant systematics: a phylogenetic approach
7612:
7196:
7161:
7004:
7002:
7000:
6998:
6996:
6975:
6792:
6451:
5716:All veins aligned mostly with the midvein
5312:
5021:
3672:Hoary with dense grayish-white pubescence.
3367:Indented, with a shallow notch at the tip
2658:
2647:by curtailing chlorophyll production. Red
2275:in the size classification of leaves, see
1525:. The middle vein of a compound leaf or a
1469:. The leaves of tricussate plants such as
1334:indicates the number of complete turns or
1145:
1124:Other specialized leaves include those of
649:(beads of fluid forming at leaf margins).
299:
9650:
9128:
9075:
9024:
8979:
8907:
8888:
8822:
8709:
8699:
8681:
8641:
8590:
8561:
8541:
8412:
8334:
8307:Eckardt, N. A.; Baum, D. (20 July 2010).
8289:
8191:
7781:(2nd ed.). Oxford: Clarendon Press.
7061:
7044:
6866:"Kew Glossary – definition of synanthous"
6713:
6695:
6685:
6644:
6377:
6299:
6281:
6140:
5044:
3985:Hickey system, originally developed for "
3824:With long and soft hairs, usually curved.
3387:Abruptly tipped with a small short point
3239:With a wavy edge, shallower than sinuate
3027:Wavy-toothed; dentate with rounded teeth
2803:protect the plants from herbivores (e.g.
1991:and in some form were present in ancient
1588:Lacking a terminal leaflet; for example,
1487:
396:in the outer covering layer of the leaf (
352:and water. The sugars are then stored as
10736:International Code of Nomenclature (ICN)
9440:
9410:Florissant Fossil Beds National Monument
9378:"Plants of San Diego County, California"
8726:
8629:Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society
8087:Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society
8037:
7950:. Oxford University Press. p. 505.
7757:Botany: an introduction to plant biology
7687:Leaf Architecture Working Group (1999).
7585:. New York: Firefly books. p. 287.
7441:
7346:National Botanic Gardens of South Africa
7220:
7134:
6948:
6737:Friedli, Michael; Walter, Achim (2015).
6514:
6356:
6189:
6187:
6185:
5731:All veins parallel and not intersecting
4910:Palmate-parallel (multicostate parallel)
4696:
4626:
4352:
3953:5. Actinodromous venation (suprabasal),
3622:
3606:
3592:
3554:
2923:
2904:
2662:
2592:
2530:
2392:and forms an interconnecting network in
2359:
2194:
2042:
2013:Morphology changes within a single plant
1907:
1896:
1884:
1692:
1491:
1178:
1162:
1047:
1020:
893:
865:
842:
720:
682:
616:
609:
542:
303:
98:
60:
46:
38:
9375:
9350:
9049:
8803:Read, J.; Stokes, A. (1 October 2006).
8503:Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden
8496:Hickey, Leo J.; Wolfe, Jack A. (1975).
8351:
7901:Paleobotany and the Evolution of Plants
7865:
7753:
7085:
7083:
7081:
7067:
7050:
6993:
6400:
6228:
6164:
6116:
6063:
6051:
6039:
5952:
5649:2 major basal nerves besides the midrib
4795:monocotyledons, but exceptions include
2082:
1287:In the simplest mathematical models of
1006:). The longest leaves are those of the
547:Vein skeleton of a leaf. Veins contain
514:Leaves also function to store chemical
27:Photosynthetic part of a vascular plant
14:
10922:
9630:
9537:
9490:
9196:from the original on 25 September 2014
8442:
8352:Feugier, François (14 December 2006).
8023:10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMR.1141.57
8001:
7826:
7802:
7775:Metcalfe, CR; Chalk, L, eds. (1979) .
7599:
7427:. London: Edward Arnold. p. 117.
7420:
7185:
7172:Leaf morphology and drying p. 254
6936:
6912:
6371:
4761:Central midrib with no lateral veins (
3637:"Hairs" on plants are properly called
2813:to protect against herbivory, e.g. in
2597:Leaves shifting color in autumn (fall)
2388:the venation is typically parallel in
1952:"), though there are many exceptions.
1574:With a terminal leaflet; for example,
9674:
9570:"Illustrated glossary of leaf shapes"
9428:from the original on 16 February 2017
9265:from the original on 26 February 2017
9145:
8790:from the original on 18 February 2017
8429:
7659:Biology: A Guide to the Natural World
7655:
7582:Flowering plant families of the world
7510:
7337:
7319:
7313:
7029:
6562:
6469:
6339:
6182:
6176:
6128:
6087:
5937:
5856:Glossary of plant morphology § Leaves
5083:Three primary veins, as above, e.g. (
3654:With finely barbed hairs (barbellae).
2852:allow the plant to climb (e.g. peas).
2588:
2145:
2087:The major tissue systems present are
1283:are tetrastichous, but not decussate.
915:(leaf stalk), a lamina (leaf blade),
392:by diffusion through openings called
9586:from the original on 10 January 2020
9556:from the original on 21 January 2017
9313:from the original on 17 January 2016
9103:Grasses: A Two-dimensional Analysis"
8949:Botanische Jahrbücher für Systematik
8167:
7738:. Cape Town: Darter Bros. & Co.
7630:(3rd ed.). Sinauer Associates.
7466:
7373:
7326:The Natural Philosophy of Plant Form
7264:
7078:
7023:
6964:Leaf Architecture Working Group 1999
6502:
6197:. Thomson Science. 1984. p. 21.
5925:
3993:: Simpson Figure 9.12, p. 468)
3818:Minutely or only slightly tomentose.
3708:With a gland at the tip of the hair.
2141:Fine-scale diagram of leaf structure
1880:
963:. Stipules may be conspicuous (e.g.
213:as it absorbs light energy from the
175:system. In most leaves, the primary
8483:from the original on 11 August 2017
5009:Palmately (multicostate reticulate)
4694:National Park Service Leaf Guide).
4404:Curved primary veins (3 subclasses)
3810:Woolly and matted with curly hairs.
3804:
3744:With soft, clearly separated hairs.
2685:, leaves have adapted to different
2444:
1901:The venation within the bract of a
1823:, or sheath-formed stipules, as in
1516:has a fully subdivided blade, each
1203:Arising from the base of the plant.
1043:
907:A structurally complete leaf of an
825:. Euphylls are also referred to as
388:and obtain carbon dioxide from the
148:
24:
9468:. TutorVista. 2017. Archived from
9363:from the original on 19 April 2015
9208:
9050:Tsukaya, Hirokazu (January 2013).
8902:. Vol. 24. pp. 702–711.
8562:James, S. A.; Bell, D. T. (2000).
8100:10.1111/j.1095-8339.1986.tb01053.x
5871:Evolutionary development of leaves
5746:Secondary veins borne from midrib
5686:Secondary arching toward the apex
5643:Veins running close to leaf margin
2355:
2329:Beneath the palisade layer is the
2136:
2073:
1529:, when it is present, is called a
1496:A leaf with laminar structure and
1117:leaves are the type found in most
567:and to increase the absorption of
470:the major constraint is not light
280:, and flattened leaf stems called
155:) is a principal appendage of the
25:
10961:
10741:ICN for Cultivated Plants (ICNCP)
9624:
9402:"Florissant Fossil Beds Leaf Key"
9388:from the original on 3 March 2017
9351:Purcell, Adam (16 January 2016).
9277:
9244:from the original on 8 March 2017
8443:Hickey, Leo J. (1 January 1973).
8372:from the original on 7 March 2017
7550:The Evolution of Plant Physiology
6028:Cooney-Sovetts & Sattler 1987
5970:Dictionary of botanic terminology
5627:. The term has also been used in
3934:4. Acrodromous venation (basal),
3858:
3796:
3756:With soft, short and erect hairs.
3714:With rather rough or stiff hairs.
3259:With stiff, sharp points such as
3139:Each tooth bearing smaller teeth
3098:, having teeth which bear glands
2719:plant cuticles reduce water loss.
2635:, as various accessory pigments (
2527:Interactions with other organisms
1807:Fused to the petiole base, as in
1338:made in one period. For example:
856:Animated zoom into the leaf of a
167:. Leaves are collectively called
10904:
10903:
8854:10.1111/j.1365-313X.2008.03678.x
8643:10.1046/j.1095-8339.2003.00222.x
6246:Reinhardt and Kuhlemeier, p. 175
5781:
5766:
5751:
5736:
5721:
5706:
5691:
5676:
5577:
5559:
5541:
5521:
5503:
5485:
5260:
5241:
5222:
5203:
5182:
5177:Multicostate parallel convergent
5163:
5144:
5117:
5019:This may be further subdivided;
4927:Mid-veins converge at apex e.g.
4923:Multicostate parallel convergent
4859:
4840:
4765:), seen in the non-seed bearing
4749:
4738:
4663:
4600:
4582:
4564:
4546:
4528:
4516:
4504:
4492:
4370:
4325:
4313:
4270:
4258:
4246:
4234:
4193:
4151:
4108:
4096:
4084:
3996:
3965:
3946:
3927:
3908:
3889:
3872:
3802:Between canescent and tomentose.
3582:Covered with fine scurfy scales.
3467:Ending abruptly with a flat end
3452:
3432:
3412:
3392:
3372:
3352:
3332:
3312:
3292:
3244:
3224:
3204:
3184:
3164:
3144:
3124:
3104:
3070:
3012:
2992:
2968:
2935:
2298:(Greek for "middle leaf"). This
2177:
2165:
2153:
1889:Branching veins on underside of
1854:
1840:
1776:, present on the leaves of many
1650:(laburnum), and some species of
504:are examples of xerophytes. and
9579:, University of Florida. 2009.
9446:Kwantlen Polytechnic University
9333:from the original on 2016-07-25
9289:from the original on 2017-03-06
9190:Georgia Institute of Technology
8650:from the original on 2020-06-22
8610:from the original on 2022-04-01
8530:from the original on 2022-10-31
8219:The European Physical Journal B
8072:from the original on 2023-08-04
7964:from the original on 2023-09-06
7886:from the original on 2023-01-17
7854:from the original on 2023-09-06
7742:from the original on 2023-09-06
7717:from the original on 2016-10-20
7676:from the original on 2023-01-24
7644:from the original on 2023-09-06
7490:from the original on 2023-09-06
7409:from the original on 2016-12-28
7362:from the original on 2023-09-06
7307:
7258:
6858:
6822:
6730:
6661:
6604:
6249:
6240:
6222:
6201:
5976:from the original on 4 May 2021
5255:Multicostate palmate convergent
5196:Multicostate parallel divergent
4946:Multicostate parallel divergent
3559:The scale-shaped leaves of the
2466:
2202:image of the leaf epidermis of
1759:species, such as the koa tree (
1582:
1391:): eight leaves in three gyres.
975:or absent altogether as in the
103:Top and right: staghorn sumac,
9953:
9552:. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
8117:Journal of Theoretical Biology
7094:Leaf venation pp. 135–136
6617:Journal of Experimental Botany
6575:Rutishauser & Sattler 1997
6405:Leaf venation pp. 465–468
5958:
5866:Evolutionary history of leaves
5840:and since modified by others.
5274:Multicostate palmate divergent
3972:6. Palinactodromous venation,
3666:With stiff hair-like prickles.
2886:
2102:
1929:
1925:
1689:Characteristics of the petiole
1568:
903:leaves with translucent glands
829:or megaphylls (large leaves).
785:), such as those of the early
13:
1:
9546:"Glossary of botanical terms"
9493:"The virtual field herbarium"
9419:US Department of the Interior
9280:"The Vein Patterns of Leaves"
9186:"Cleared Leaf Image Database"
7470:(2006) . Evert, Ray F (ed.).
7442:Dickison, William C. (2000).
7374:Berg, Linda (23 March 2007).
7141:Oxford herbaria glossary 2017
7129:Oxford herbaria glossary 2017
7090:Hawthorne & Lawrence 2013
6743:Plant, Cell & Environment
5910:
5654:Diagrams of venation patterns
4801:, and as below, under netted.
4754:Alternatively, Simpson uses:
3866:Hickey primary venation types
3843:Developing after the flowers
3702:No hairs of any kind present.
3270:
1937:
1876:
1365:): three leaves in one circle
832:
781:Simple, vascularized leaves (
443:contact with the surrounding
332:. They capture the energy in
225:
10782:History of plant systematics
10369:Thorns, spines, and prickles
9303:"Vascular plant systematics"
8701:10.1371/journal.pcbi.1000055
7866:Simpson, Michael G. (2011).
7156:Verdcourt & Bridson 1991
6283:10.1371/journal.pcbi.1007044
5905:leaf as a musical instrument
5366:Describing vein prominence:
4804:Netted (reticulate, pinnate)
4419:Conglutinate (conglutinatus)
4166:
3915:3. Campylodromous venation,
3588:
2897:Glossary of plant morphology
2266:
2190:
2003:, which are monocots; e.g.,
1928:, between the two layers of
1713:(leaf stalk) are said to be
1635:Trifoliate (or trifoliolate)
1265:, is equivalent. The terms,
1209:Attached to the aerial stem.
1052:Whorled leaf pattern of the
7:
9177:
9095:"Leaf Vascular Systems in C
8592:10.1093/treephys/20.15.1007
8011:Advanced Materials Research
7836:(3rd ed.). Cambridge:
7608:Metcalfe & Chalk (1979)
7511:Haupt, Arthur Wing (1953).
7401:(2nd ed.). Cambridge:
6016:Stewart & Rothwell 1993
5972:. Cactus Art Nursery. n.d.
5851:Glossary of leaf morphology
5843:
5597:Describing other features:
5387:Channelled (canalicululate)
4486:Secondary venation patterns
3853:
2901:Glossary of botanical terms
2893:Glossary of leaf morphology
2842:store food and water (e.g.
2212:(hair-like appendages) and
2055:, which supplies water for
1834:Encircling the petiole base
1378:): five leaves in two gyres
1189:) are alternately arranged.
839:Glossary of leaf morphology
240:plants, which also include
10:
10966:
10598:Alternation of generations
9700:
9497:Oxford University Herbaria
9444:. School of Horticulture,
9382:San Diego State University
9344:Massey & Murphy (1996)
9149:American Journal of Botany
9012:American Journal of Botany
8810:American Journal of Botany
8669:PLOS Computational Biology
8453:American Journal of Botany
8240:10.1140/epjb/e2002-00211-1
8179:American Journal of Botany
8138:10.1016/j.jtbi.2009.05.002
7906:Cambridge University Press
7838:Cambridge University Press
7754:Mauseth, James D. (2009).
7502:Ettingshausen, C. (1861).
7403:Cambridge University Press
7341:The New Haworthia Handbook
7036:Angiosperm Morphology 2017
6262:PLOS Computational Biology
5801:
5079:Ternately (ternate-netted)
3720:With rigid, bristly hairs.
3550:
2917:
2890:
2600:
2461:
2352:in their mesophyll cells.
2270:
2037:
1874:
1697:The overgrown petioles of
1183:The leaves on this plant (
1149:
836:
382:vascular conducting system
336:and use it to make simple
65:Diagram of a simple leaf.
29:
10899:
10847:
10811:
10748:Cultivated plant taxonomy
10711:Biological classification
10701:
10574:
10490:
10386:
10336:
10061:
9991:
9934:
9896:
9870:
9806:
9726:
9708:
8781:10.11646/phytotaxa.96.1.1
7445:Integrative Plant Anatomy
7226:Spathiphyllum cannifolium
6440:Roth-Nebelsick et al 2001
5568:Spathiphyllum cannifolium
5458:Spathiphyllum cannifolium
5111:Simpson venation patterns
4389:Arbuscular (arbuscularis)
3834:
3747:Puberulent, or puberulous
3286:
3283:
3280:
3277:
2962:
2959:
2956:
2953:
518:and water (especially in
10608:Evolutionary development
8900:ACM SIGGRAPH 2005 Papers
7947:Ecology of Java and Bali
7210:vol. II p. 398
7168:Hemsley & Poole 2004
6988:Florissant Leaf Key 2016
6476:Massey & Murphy 1996
6423:Sack & Scoffoni 2013
6323:Rolland-Lagan et al 2009
6234:Introduction to geometry
5881:Leaf protein concentrate
5479:Types of vein prominence
4395:Flabellate (flabellatus)
3750:With fine, minute hairs.
2913:
2741:in plants which perform
2432:Cells that usually move
1870:
1121:and many other monocots.
742:The leaf-like organs of
431:leaves, such as in many
10259:Hypanthium (Floral cup)
9643:Encyclopædia Britannica
9517:"Plant Characteristics"
9466:"Angiosperm Morphology"
9234:"Botanical terminology"
8918:10.1145/1186822.1073251
7804:Prance, Ghillean Tolmie
7698:Smithsonian Institution
6925:Hickey & Wolfe 1975
6599:Eckardt & Baum 2010
6480:Surface-Venation-Texure
5797:
5701:Veins splitting in two
5554:Obscure (under surface)
5313:Other descriptive terms
5231:Liquidambar styraciflua
5023:Multicostate convergent
5016:Liquidambar styraciflua
3780:With star-shaped hairs.
3777:Stellate, or stelliform
3660:With long, stiff hairs.
3645:Arachnoid, or arachnose
3633:) leaves are sericeous.
3630:Symphyotrichum sericeum
3475:
3427:Inversely heart-shaped
2689:in the following ways:
2659:Evolutionary adaptation
2508:Prostanthera lasianthos
2411:A vein is made up of a
2160:Cross-section of a leaf
2063:, which transports the
1146:Arrangement on the stem
356:, further processed by
300:General characteristics
256:. Some leaves, such as
209:which is essential for
111:Bottom: skunk cabbage,
43:The diversity of leaves
10874:by author abbreviation
10798:Plant taxonomy systems
10716:Botanical nomenclature
9663:Encyclopedia Americana
9448:. 2015. Archived from
9380:. College of Science,
9238:University of Illinois
8890:10.1006/anbo.2001.1391
8824:10.3732/ajb.93.10.1546
8554:Encyclopedia Americana
8363:University of Paris VI
8327:10.1105/tpc.110.220711
8282:10.1098/rspb.2008.0858
6793:Read & Stokes 2006
6687:10.1186/1746-4811-9-30
5046:Multicostate divergent
4997:Hibiscus rosa-sinensis
4707:
4637:
4413:Collimate (collimatus)
4358:
3896:2. Parallel venation,
3696:Losing hairs with age.
3634:
3620:
3604:
3564:
2930:
2910:
2678:
2598:
2567:some leaf-roller moths
2546:
2512:I-beam leaves such as
2369:
2224:is the outer layer of
2217:
2184:Spongy mesophyll cells
2142:
2079:
1916:
1905:
1894:
1881:§ Vascular tissue
1744:Eupatorium perfoliatum
1706:
1501:
1488:Divisions of the blade
1190:
1176:
1056:
1031:
904:
891:
863:
730:
691:
652:Leaves can also store
628:
621:Near the ground these
614:
552:
321:
140:
96:
73:Midvein (Primary vein)
58:
44:
10881:Botanical expeditions
9632:Rendle, Alfred Barton
9415:National Park Service
9188:. School of Biology,
8314:The Plant Cell Online
8172:Dieffenbachia seguine
7656:Krogh, David (2010),
7579:; Seberg, O. (2007).
7421:Cutter, E.G. (1969).
7338:Bayer, M. B. (1982).
7241:Pedraza-Peñalosa 2013
7056:Ceanothus leucodermis
6236:. Wiley. p. 169.
6141:James & Bell 2000
5153:Coccothrinax argentea
5090:Ceanothus leucodermis
4917:"fan" (palmate) palms
4700:
4634:Adiantum cunninghamii
4631:Flabellate venation,
4630:
4356:
4332:Imperfect reticulate
4017:" (non monocotyledon
3879:1. Pinnate venation,
3626:
3610:
3596:
3558:
3091:, having large teeth
2927:
2909:Leaf morphology terms
2908:
2666:
2596:
2534:
2363:
2198:
2140:
2077:
2043:Medium-scale features
1911:
1900:
1888:
1696:
1495:
1473:form a triple helix.
1277:) of most species of
1182:
1166:
1051:
1024:
897:
869:
855:
724:
686:
620:
613:
546:
315:
114:Symplocarpus foetidus
102:
64:
50:
42:
32:Leaf (disambiguation)
10613:Evolutionary history
10603:Double fertilization
10455:Cellular respiration
9452:on 21 September 2017
9376:Simpson, Michael G.
9240:, Urbana-Champaign.
9056:The Arabidopsis Book
8945:Polemonium caeruleum
8168:Cote, G. G. (2009).
7622:Donoghue, Michael J.
7380:. Cengage Learning.
7333:. GGKEY:HCBB8RZREL4.
7208:Berberis gagnepainii
7073:Ceanothus tomentosus
5838:Christen C. Raunkiær
5550:Berberis gagnepainii
5432:Berberis gagnepainii
5376:Rytigynia pauciflora
5269:Gossypium tomentosum
4956:(Poaceae), fan palms
4873:Dichotomous venation
4557:Hildegardia migeodii
4253:Imperfect suprabasal
3918:Maianthemum bifolium
3759:Scabrous, or scabrid
2822:Dendrocnide moroides
2797:attract pollinators.
2713:reducing water loss.
2500:Many leaves rely on
2493:in both bending and
2083:Small-scale features
1709:Leaves which have a
1609:Bipinnately compound
1025:Prostrate leaves in
862:(California redwood)
859:Sequoia sempervirens
478:, but drought. Some
378:transpiration stream
374:cellular respiration
9832:Non-vascular plants
9162:10.3732/ajb.1000154
9001:Eucalyptus globulus
8692:2008PLSCB...4E0055L
8566:Eucalyptus globulus
8257:on 9 December 2017.
8232:2002EPJB...28..135C
8193:10.3732/ajb.0800276
8130:2009JThBi.259..440C
8002:Articles and theses
7282:1959JEcol..47..551W
6274:2019PLSCB..15E7044Y
6167:, pp. 356–357.
4963:Netted (Reticulate)
4930:Bambusa arundinacea
4575:Celtis occidentalis
4340:6. Palinactodromous
4163:3. Campylodromous (
3975:Platanus orientalis
3762:Rough to the touch.
3561:Norfolk Island Pine
3007:Fringed with hairs
2394:broad-leaved plants
2288:(ground tissue) or
2117:The arrangement of
1447:1/φ × 360° ≈ 137.5°
1097:, a petiole, and a
1054:American tiger lily
509:mesembryanthemoides
496:Haworthia tesselata
318:computed tomography
10337:Surface structures
10132:Flower development
9610:on 4 February 2016
9121:10.1093/aob/mcl010
9052:"Leaf Development"
7872:. Academic Press.
7604:. pp. i 5–39.
7575:; Brummitt, R.K.;
7314:Books and chapters
7270:Journal of Ecology
7253:Whitten et al 1997
6901:Ettingshausen 1861
6697:20.500.11850/76534
6629:10.1093/jxb/erq049
6587:Lacroix et al 2003
6464:Runions et al 2005
6219:, Wiley-Blackwell.
6153:Heywood et al 2007
6076:Willert et al 1992
5410:(Melastomataceae).
5126:Maranta leuconeura
4708:
4701:Palmate venation,
4638:
4593:Cornus officinalis
4407:Pinnate (pinnatus)
4401:Palmate (palmatus)
4359:
4320:Imperfect marginal
4300:(suprabasal type).
4277:Perfect suprabasal
4221:(suprabasal type).
3937:Miconia calvescens
3738:With woolly hairs.
3635:
3621:
3605:
3565:
3135:duplicato-dentatus
2931:
2911:
2834:carnivorous plants
2756:CAM photosynthesis
2739:Kranz leaf anatomy
2679:
2599:
2589:Seasonal leaf loss
2561:Some species have
2547:
2370:
2346:accessory pigments
2340:and transpiration.
2294:tissue called the
2218:
2146:Major leaf tissues
2143:
2080:
1917:
1915:of a leaf skeleton
1906:
1895:
1707:
1557:Pinnately compound
1537:Palmately compound
1502:
1257:, literally means
1235:Pseudoverticillate
1191:
1177:
1130:, a pitcher plant.
1057:
1032:
905:
892:
864:
731:
692:
629:
615:
553:
501:Haworthia truncata
358:chemical synthesis
322:
316:3D rendering of a
181:palisade mesophyll
141:
97:
59:
57:(Silver lime tree)
45:
10917:
10916:
10556:Herbaceous plants
10382:
10381:
9666:. Vol. XVII.
9652:Ingersoll, Ernest
8981:10.1111/nph.12253
8842:The Plant Journal
8817:(10): 1546–1565.
8585:(15): 1007–1018.
8557:. Vol. XVII.
8543:Ingersoll, Ernest
8405:10.1104/pp.010063
8276:(1654): 121–127.
7993:978-0-521-24468-8
7957:978-962-593-072-5
7936:978-90-6191-357-3
7915:978-0-521-38294-6
7879:978-0-08-051404-8
7869:Plant Systematics
7847:978-0-521-69245-8
7819:978-0-500-54104-3
7788:978-0-19-854383-1
7767:978-0-7637-5345-0
7707:978-0-9677554-0-3
7669:978-0-321-61655-5
7637:978-0-87893-407-2
7618:Stevens, Peter F.
7592:978-1-55407-206-4
7564:978-0-08-047272-0
7539:978-1-136-55972-3
7483:978-0-470-04737-8
7459:978-0-08-050891-7
7434:978-0-7131-2302-9
7387:978-1-111-79426-2
7355:978-0-620-05632-8
7203:Cullen et al 2011
7105:Cullen et al 2011
6805:Doring et al 2009
6755:10.1111/pce.12407
6551:Laguna et al 2008
6539:Corson et al 2009
6527:Couder et al 2002
6491:Bagchi et al 2016
6217:978-1-84127-227-6
6100:Marloth 1913–1932
5795:
5794:
5586:Viburnum plicatum
5469:Viburnum plicatum
3956:Givotia moluccana
3881:Ostrya virginiana
3735:Lanate, or lanose
3684:Minutely ciliate.
3600:Verbascum thapsus
3471:
3470:
3447:Rounded or blunt
3266:
3265:
3096:glandular dentate
2681:In the course of
2603:Autumn leaf color
2515:Banksia marginata
2398:pattern formation
2252:than in those of
2006:Paris quadrifolia
1703:Rheum rhabarbarum
1397:Fibonacci numbers
1308:Kumara plicatilis
1229:, or verticillate
1186:Senecio angulatus
853:
817:and later in the
488:species and some
313:
16:(Redirected from
10957:
10945:Plant physiology
10940:Plant morphology
10907:
10906:
10886:Individual trees
10561:Secondary growth
10532:Succulent plants
10520:Prostrate shrubs
10403:Apical dominance
10388:Plant physiology
10349:Epicuticular wax
9894:
9893:
9887:
9878:Plant morphology
9695:
9688:
9681:
9672:
9671:
9667:
9659:
9647:
9639:
9619:
9617:
9615:
9606:. Archived from
9595:
9593:
9591:
9585:
9574:
9565:
9563:
9561:
9535:
9533:
9531:
9525:
9519:. Archived from
9512:
9510:
9508:
9499:. Archived from
9480:
9478:
9477:
9461:
9459:
9457:
9442:"Plant Database"
9437:
9435:
9433:
9427:
9406:
9397:
9395:
9393:
9372:
9370:
9368:
9359:. Adam Purcell.
9341:
9339:
9338:
9322:
9320:
9318:
9297:
9295:
9294:
9284:
9274:
9272:
9270:
9253:
9251:
9249:
9228:
9226:
9215:
9209:Geneve, Robert.
9205:
9203:
9201:
9173:
9142:
9132:
9108:Annals of Botany
9089:
9079:
9068:10.1199/tab.0163
9046:
9028:
8993:
8983:
8956:
8939:
8911:
8894:
8892:
8876:Annals of Botany
8865:
8836:
8826:
8799:
8797:
8795:
8789:
8764:
8754:
8737:(5/6): 549–561.
8723:
8713:
8703:
8685:
8658:
8656:
8655:
8645:
8618:
8616:
8615:
8609:
8594:
8576:
8558:
8550:
8538:
8536:
8535:
8492:
8490:
8488:
8482:
8449:
8439:
8426:
8416:
8392:Plant Physiology
8381:
8379:
8377:
8371:
8360:
8348:
8338:
8303:
8293:
8258:
8256:
8250:. Archived from
8215:
8205:
8195:
8186:(7): 1245–1254.
8164:
8162:
8156:. Archived from
8113:
8103:
8080:
8078:
8077:
8034:
7997:
7972:
7970:
7969:
7940:
7919:
7904:(2nd ed.).
7894:
7892:
7891:
7862:
7860:
7859:
7828:Rudall, Paula J.
7823:
7792:
7771:
7750:
7748:
7747:
7725:
7723:
7722:
7716:
7695:
7683:
7682:
7681:
7652:
7650:
7649:
7605:
7596:
7568:
7543:
7522:
7514:Plant morphology
7507:
7498:
7496:
7495:
7463:
7438:
7417:
7415:
7414:
7391:
7370:
7368:
7367:
7344:. Kirstenbosch:
7334:
7302:
7301:
7262:
7256:
7250:
7244:
7238:
7229:
7218:
7212:
7200:
7194:
7191:Pimenta racemosa
7183:
7174:
7165:
7159:
7153:
7147:
7138:
7132:
7126:
7120:
7117:Neotropikey 2017
7114:
7108:
7102:
7096:
7087:
7076:
7065:
7059:
7048:
7042:
7033:
7027:
7021:
7015:
7009:Kling et al 2005
7006:
6991:
6985:
6979:
6973:
6967:
6961:
6952:
6946:
6940:
6934:
6928:
6922:
6916:
6910:
6904:
6898:
6892:
6891:
6885:
6877:
6875:
6873:
6862:
6856:
6855:
6849:
6841:
6839:
6837:
6826:
6820:
6817:Feild et al 2001
6814:
6808:
6802:
6796:
6790:
6775:
6774:
6734:
6728:
6727:
6717:
6699:
6689:
6665:
6659:
6658:
6648:
6623:(6): 1751–1759.
6608:
6602:
6596:
6590:
6584:
6578:
6572:
6566:
6560:
6554:
6548:
6542:
6536:
6530:
6524:
6518:
6512:
6506:
6500:
6494:
6488:
6482:
6473:
6467:
6461:
6455:
6449:
6443:
6437:
6426:
6420:
6407:
6398:
6375:
6369:
6360:
6354:
6343:
6337:
6326:
6320:
6314:
6313:
6303:
6285:
6253:
6247:
6244:
6238:
6237:
6226:
6220:
6211:, January 2002,
6205:
6199:
6198:
6191:
6180:
6174:
6168:
6162:
6156:
6150:
6144:
6138:
6132:
6126:
6120:
6114:
6103:
6097:
6091:
6085:
6079:
6073:
6067:
6061:
6055:
6049:
6043:
6037:
6031:
6025:
6019:
6013:
5998:
5995:James et al 1999
5992:
5986:
5985:
5983:
5981:
5962:
5956:
5950:
5941:
5935:
5929:
5923:
5785:
5770:
5755:
5740:
5725:
5710:
5695:
5680:
5658:
5657:
5581:
5563:
5545:
5525:
5507:
5489:
5452:Pimenta racemosa
5401:Pimenta racemosa
5360:Pimenta racemosa
5264:
5245:
5236:Palmately netted
5226:
5217:Pinnately netted
5207:
5186:
5167:
5158:Palmate-parallel
5148:
5121:
5102:Encelia farinosa
5071:Ricinus communis
4863:
4844:
4742:
4667:
4604:
4586:
4568:
4550:
4532:
4520:
4508:
4496:
4374:
4364:Palinactodromous
4329:
4317:
4285:5. Actinodromous
4274:
4262:
4250:
4238:
4197:
4169:
4155:
4145:Parallelodromous
4112:
4100:
4088:
4009:The veins arise
3969:
3950:
3931:
3912:
3893:
3876:
3806:Felted-tomentose
3726:Minutely hispid.
3597:Common mullein (
3456:
3436:
3416:
3396:
3376:
3356:
3336:
3316:
3296:
3275:
3274:
3251:Spiny or pungent
3248:
3228:
3208:
3188:
3168:
3148:
3128:
3108:
3089:coarsely dentate
3074:
3057:
3056:
3038:
3037:
3016:
2996:
2972:
2951:
2950:
2445:Leaf development
2181:
2169:
2157:
2103:mesophyll tissue
2049:vascular bundles
1452:
1448:
1440:
1436:
1429:
1408:
1390:
1389:
1385:
1377:
1376:
1372:
1364:
1363:
1359:
1351:
1350:
1346:
1306:or the fan-aloe
1293:divergence angle
1060:Perennial plants
1044:Basic leaf types
1028:Crossyne guttata
854:
538:flowering plants
494:species such as
314:
230:flowering plants
203:epicuticular wax
150:
109:(compound leaf)
21:
10965:
10964:
10960:
10959:
10958:
10956:
10955:
10954:
10920:
10919:
10918:
10913:
10895:
10864:Botanical terms
10857:
10843:
10807:
10753:Citrus taxonomy
10731:Author citation
10697:
10591:
10570:
10492:
10486:
10482:Turgor pressure
10390:
10378:
10332:
10147:Floral symmetry
10065:
10057:
9987:
9976:Vascular bundle
9971:Vascular tissue
9930:
9890:
9881:
9880:
9866:
9837:Vascular plants
9802:
9798:Plant pathology
9722:
9704:
9699:
9627:
9622:
9613:
9611:
9598:
9589:
9587:
9583:
9572:
9568:
9559:
9557:
9529:
9527:
9526:on 5 March 2017
9523:
9506:
9504:
9503:on 5 March 2017
9491:Hughes, Colin.
9475:
9473:
9455:
9453:
9431:
9429:
9425:
9404:
9391:
9389:
9366:
9364:
9336:
9334:
9325:
9316:
9314:
9292:
9290:
9282:
9268:
9266:
9247:
9245:
9224:
9213:
9199:
9197:
9180:
9102:
9098:
9026:10.2307/2656937
8974:(4): 983–1000.
8967:New Phytologist
8928:
8909:10.1.1.102.1926
8793:
8791:
8787:
8762:
8743:10.2307/1220108
8676:(4): e1000055.
8653:
8651:
8613:
8611:
8607:
8579:Tree Physiology
8574:
8533:
8531:
8516:10.2307/2395267
8486:
8484:
8480:
8466:10.2307/2441319
8447:
8375:
8373:
8369:
8358:
8254:
8213:
8160:
8111:
8075:
8073:
8058:10.2307/3220956
8004:
7994:
7967:
7965:
7958:
7937:
7916:
7889:
7887:
7880:
7857:
7855:
7848:
7820:
7789:
7768:
7745:
7743:
7730:Marloth, Rudolf
7720:
7718:
7714:
7708:
7693:
7679:
7677:
7670:
7647:
7645:
7638:
7614:Judd, Walter S.
7593:
7565:
7540:
7493:
7491:
7484:
7468:Esau, Katherine
7460:
7435:
7412:
7410:
7388:
7365:
7363:
7356:
7316:
7310:
7305:
7290:10.2307/2257290
7263:
7259:
7251:
7247:
7239:
7232:
7219:
7215:
7201:
7197:
7184:
7177:
7166:
7162:
7154:
7150:
7145:Vein prominence
7139:
7135:
7127:
7123:
7115:
7111:
7103:
7099:
7088:
7079:
7066:
7062:
7049:
7045:
7034:
7030:
7022:
7018:
7007:
6994:
6986:
6982:
6976:Judd et al 2007
6974:
6970:
6962:
6955:
6947:
6943:
6935:
6931:
6923:
6919:
6911:
6907:
6899:
6895:
6879:
6878:
6871:
6869:
6864:
6863:
6859:
6843:
6842:
6835:
6833:
6828:
6827:
6823:
6815:
6811:
6803:
6799:
6791:
6778:
6735:
6731:
6666:
6662:
6609:
6605:
6597:
6593:
6585:
6581:
6573:
6569:
6561:
6557:
6549:
6545:
6537:
6533:
6525:
6521:
6513:
6509:
6501:
6497:
6489:
6485:
6474:
6470:
6462:
6458:
6452:Ueno et al 2006
6450:
6446:
6438:
6429:
6421:
6410:
6399:
6378:
6370:
6363:
6355:
6346:
6338:
6329:
6321:
6317:
6268:(6): e1007044.
6254:
6250:
6245:
6241:
6227:
6223:
6206:
6202:
6193:
6192:
6183:
6175:
6171:
6163:
6159:
6151:
6147:
6139:
6135:
6127:
6123:
6115:
6106:
6098:
6094:
6086:
6082:
6074:
6070:
6062:
6058:
6050:
6046:
6038:
6034:
6026:
6022:
6014:
6001:
5993:
5989:
5979:
5977:
5964:
5963:
5959:
5951:
5944:
5936:
5932:
5924:
5917:
5913:
5908:
5876:Leaf Area Index
5846:
5806:
5800:
5656:
5625:Melastomataceae
5595:
5594:
5593:
5592:
5591:
5589:
5582:
5574:
5573:
5571:
5564:
5556:
5555:
5553:
5546:
5537:
5536:
5535:
5533:
5526:
5518:
5517:
5515:
5508:
5500:
5499:
5497:
5490:
5481:
5480:
5392:Melastomataceae
5315:
5279:
5278:
5277:
5276:
5275:
5273:
5265:
5257:
5256:
5254:
5250:Ziziphus jujuba
5246:
5238:
5237:
5235:
5227:
5219:
5218:
5216:
5208:
5199:
5198:
5197:
5195:
5187:
5179:
5178:
5176:
5168:
5160:
5159:
5157:
5149:
5141:
5140:
5138:
5122:
5113:
5112:
5080:
5047:
5024:
5010:
4991:Psidium guajava
4985:Ficus religiosa
4972:
4947:
4924:
4911:
4894:
4878:
4877:
4876:
4875:
4874:
4872:
4864:
4856:
4855:
4853:
4845:
4752:
4747:
4746:
4745:
4744:
4743:
4734:
4733:
4672:
4671:
4670:
4669:
4668:
4659:
4658:
4618:
4617:
4616:
4615:
4614:
4608:
4605:
4597:
4596:
4590:
4589:Eucamptodromous
4587:
4579:
4578:
4572:
4571:Craspedodromous
4569:
4561:
4560:
4554:
4553:Brochidodromous
4551:
4540:
4539:
4538:
4537:
4536:
4533:
4525:
4524:
4523:Eucamptodromous
4521:
4513:
4512:
4511:Craspedodromous
4509:
4501:
4500:
4499:Brochidodromous
4497:
4488:
4487:
4455:Eucamptodromous
4443:Craspedodromous
4431:Brochidodromous
4379:
4378:
4377:
4376:
4375:
4366:
4365:
4337:
4336:
4335:
4334:
4333:
4330:
4322:
4321:
4318:
4309:
4308:
4282:
4281:
4280:
4279:
4278:
4275:
4267:
4266:
4263:
4255:
4254:
4251:
4243:
4242:
4241:Imperfect basal
4239:
4230:
4229:
4202:
4201:
4200:
4199:
4198:
4189:
4188:
4160:
4159:
4158:
4157:
4156:
4147:
4146:
4120:
4119:
4118:
4117:
4116:
4113:
4105:
4104:
4101:
4093:
4092:
4091:Craspedodromous
4089:
4080:
4079:
4065:
4055:
4045:
4034:Craspedodromous
3999:
3982:
3981:
3980:
3979:
3978:
3970:
3961:
3960:
3959:
3951:
3942:
3941:
3940:
3932:
3923:
3922:
3921:
3913:
3904:
3903:
3902:
3894:
3885:
3884:
3883:
3877:
3868:
3867:
3861:
3856:
3837:
3807:
3799:
3591:
3553:
3478:
3273:
3179:Finely serrate
3119:Finely toothed
3054:
3053:
3046:Finely crenate
3035:
3034:
2981:
2938:
2922:
2916:
2903:
2889:
2747:carbon fixation
2746:
2661:
2605:
2591:
2545:, mimic leaves.
2542:Kallima inachus
2529:
2469:
2464:
2447:
2413:vascular bundle
2378:vascular tissue
2364:The veins of a
2358:
2356:Vascular tissue
2280:
2269:
2205:Nicotiana alata
2193:
2188:
2185:
2182:
2173:
2172:Epidermal cells
2170:
2161:
2158:
2148:
2123:vascular tissue
2110:. (also called
2085:
2045:
2040:
2015:
1883:
1877:§ Venation
1873:
1859:
1845:
1691:
1656:(for instance,
1624:; for example,
1585:
1571:
1490:
1471:Nerium oleander
1450:
1446:
1438:
1434:
1428:
1418:
1410:
1407:
1399:
1387:
1383:
1382:
1374:
1370:
1369:
1361:
1357:
1356:
1348:
1344:
1343:
1154:
1148:
1091:Flowering plant
1046:
843:
841:
835:
797:Devonian period
760:vascular plants
687:A leaf shed in
601:turgor pressure
594:
586:
304:
302:
242:acrogymnosperms
219:variegated leaf
139:
110:
95:
94:
76:Secondary vein.
54:Tilia tomentosa
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
10963:
10953:
10952:
10950:Photosynthesis
10947:
10942:
10937:
10932:
10915:
10914:
10912:
10911:
10900:
10897:
10896:
10894:
10893:
10888:
10883:
10878:
10877:
10876:
10866:
10860:
10858:
10856:
10855:
10854:Related topics
10852:
10848:
10845:
10844:
10842:
10841:
10836:
10831:
10826:
10821:
10815:
10813:
10809:
10808:
10806:
10805:
10803:Taxonomic rank
10800:
10795:
10789:
10784:
10779:
10778:
10777:
10776:
10775:
10770:
10765:
10755:
10745:
10744:
10743:
10738:
10733:
10728:
10723:
10721:Botanical name
10713:
10707:
10705:
10703:Plant taxonomy
10699:
10698:
10696:
10695:
10694:
10693:
10688:
10687:
10686:
10679:Megasporangium
10676:
10675:
10674:
10667:Microsporangia
10659:
10658:
10657:
10652:
10647:
10642:
10632:
10627:
10622:
10621:
10620:
10610:
10605:
10600:
10594:
10592:
10590:
10589:
10584:
10578:
10572:
10571:
10569:
10568:
10563:
10558:
10553:
10552:
10551:
10550:
10549:
10539:
10534:
10529:
10528:
10527:
10522:
10512:
10507:
10505:Cushion plants
10496:
10494:
10488:
10487:
10485:
10484:
10479:
10474:
10469:
10464:
10459:
10458:
10457:
10452:
10442:
10440:Plant hormones
10437:
10432:
10431:
10430:
10423:Photosynthesis
10420:
10415:
10410:
10405:
10400:
10394:
10392:
10384:
10383:
10380:
10379:
10377:
10376:
10371:
10366:
10361:
10356:
10351:
10346:
10340:
10338:
10334:
10333:
10331:
10330:
10325:
10320:
10315:
10310:
10309:
10308:
10303:
10298:
10288:
10287:
10286:
10281:
10276:
10271:
10261:
10256:
10255:
10254:
10253:
10252:
10247:
10242:
10241:
10240:
10235:
10215:
10210:
10205:
10204:
10203:
10202:
10201:
10196:
10186:
10181:
10176:
10171:
10166:
10156:
10155:
10154:
10149:
10144:
10142:Floral formula
10139:
10137:Floral diagram
10134:
10129:
10119:
10118:
10117:
10112:
10107:
10106:
10105:
10100:
10090:
10080:
10075:
10069:
10067:
10066:(incl. Flower)
10059:
10058:
10056:
10055:
10054:
10053:
10048:
10043:
10042:
10041:
10036:
10026:
10016:
10011:
10006:
10001:
9995:
9993:
9989:
9988:
9986:
9985:
9980:
9979:
9978:
9968:
9966:Storage organs
9963:
9958:
9957:
9956:
9946:
9940:
9938:
9932:
9931:
9929:
9928:
9923:
9918:
9913:
9908:
9902:
9900:
9891:
9889:
9888:
9874:
9868:
9867:
9865:
9864:
9859:
9854:
9852:Spermatophytes
9849:
9844:
9839:
9834:
9829:
9824:
9822:Archaeplastida
9819:
9813:
9811:
9804:
9803:
9801:
9800:
9795:
9790:
9785:
9784:
9783:
9776:Phytogeography
9773:
9771:Phytochemistry
9768:
9763:
9758:
9753:
9748:
9743:
9738:
9732:
9730:
9728:Subdisciplines
9724:
9723:
9721:
9720:
9715:
9709:
9706:
9705:
9698:
9697:
9690:
9683:
9675:
9669:
9668:
9657:"Leaves"
9648:
9626:
9625:External links
9623:
9621:
9620:
9596:
9566:
9542:
9541:
9540:
9487:
9486:
9482:
9481:
9462:
9438:
9398:
9373:
9348:
9347:
9346:
9298:
9278:Kranz, Laura.
9275:
9254:
9229:
9227:on 2016-03-15.
9206:
9179:
9176:
9175:
9174:
9156:(2): 244–253.
9143:
9115:(4): 611–621.
9100:
9096:
9090:
9047:
9019:(2): 198–207.
8994:
8957:
8940:
8926:
8895:
8883:(5): 553–566.
8866:
8848:(1): 195–205.
8837:
8800:
8755:
8724:
8659:
8636:(3): 219–230.
8619:
8559:
8548:"Leaves"
8539:
8510:(3): 538–589.
8493:
8440:
8427:
8399:(2): 566–574.
8382:
8349:
8304:
8259:
8226:(2): 135–138.
8206:
8165:
8163:on 2017-12-09.
8124:(3): 440–448.
8104:
8094:(3): 327–371.
8081:
8035:
8003:
8000:
7999:
7998:
7992:
7973:
7956:
7941:
7935:
7920:
7914:
7895:
7878:
7863:
7846:
7824:
7818:
7800:
7799:
7798:
7787:
7772:
7766:
7751:
7726:
7706:
7684:
7668:
7653:
7636:
7610:
7597:
7591:
7569:
7563:
7555:Academic Press
7544:
7538:
7523:
7508:
7499:
7482:
7464:
7458:
7450:Academic Press
7439:
7433:
7418:
7392:
7386:
7371:
7354:
7335:
7315:
7312:
7311:
7309:
7306:
7304:
7303:
7257:
7245:
7230:
7213:
7195:
7175:
7160:
7148:
7133:
7121:
7109:
7097:
7077:
7060:
7043:
7028:
7016:
6992:
6980:
6968:
6953:
6941:
6929:
6917:
6905:
6893:
6857:
6821:
6809:
6797:
6776:
6749:(3): 514–524.
6729:
6660:
6603:
6591:
6579:
6567:
6555:
6543:
6531:
6519:
6507:
6495:
6483:
6468:
6456:
6444:
6427:
6408:
6376:
6361:
6344:
6327:
6315:
6248:
6239:
6221:
6200:
6181:
6169:
6157:
6145:
6133:
6121:
6119:, p. 356.
6104:
6092:
6080:
6068:
6056:
6044:
6032:
6020:
5999:
5987:
5966:"Shoot system"
5957:
5942:
5930:
5914:
5912:
5909:
5907:
5906:
5900:
5894:
5889:
5883:
5878:
5873:
5868:
5863:
5861:Crown (botany)
5858:
5853:
5847:
5845:
5842:
5802:Main article:
5799:
5796:
5793:
5792:
5789:
5786:
5778:
5777:
5774:
5771:
5763:
5762:
5759:
5756:
5748:
5747:
5744:
5741:
5733:
5732:
5729:
5726:
5718:
5717:
5714:
5711:
5703:
5702:
5699:
5696:
5688:
5687:
5684:
5681:
5673:
5672:
5669:
5666:
5662:
5661:
5655:
5652:
5651:
5650:
5647:
5644:
5641:
5638:
5635:
5632:
5605:
5583:
5576:
5575:
5565:
5558:
5557:
5547:
5540:
5539:
5538:
5527:
5520:
5519:
5512:Clidemia hirta
5509:
5502:
5501:
5494:Vitis vinifera
5491:
5484:
5483:
5482:
5478:
5477:
5476:
5475:
5474:
5473:
5464:
5461:
5443:
5440:
5427:
5424:
5420:
5417:
5414:
5411:
5407:Clidemia hirta
5388:
5385:
5382:Vitis vinifera
5371:
5314:
5311:
5310:
5309:
5308:
5307:
5301:
5300:
5299:
5296:
5293:
5266:
5259:
5258:
5247:
5240:
5239:
5228:
5221:
5220:
5209:
5202:
5201:
5200:
5188:
5181:
5180:
5172:Bambusa bambos
5169:
5162:
5161:
5150:
5143:
5142:
5139:Penni-parallel
5123:
5116:
5115:
5114:
5110:
5109:
5108:
5107:
5106:
5105:
5081:
5078:
5076:
5075:
5074:
5048:
5045:
5043:
5025:
5022:
5011:
5008:
5006:
4973:
4970:
4967:
4966:
4964:
4960:
4959:
4958:
4957:
4948:
4945:
4943:
4925:
4922:
4912:
4909:
4907:
4895:
4892:
4889:
4888:
4886:
4865:
4858:
4857:
4846:
4839:
4838:
4837:
4836:
4835:
4834:
4833:
4805:
4802:
4792:
4789:
4776:
4773:
4759:
4751:
4748:
4737:
4736:
4735:
4731:
4730:
4729:
4728:
4727:
4726:
4712:
4704:Acer truncatum
4687:
4686:
4683:
4680:
4662:
4661:
4660:
4656:
4655:
4654:
4653:
4652:
4651:
4642:
4606:
4599:
4598:
4588:
4581:
4580:
4570:
4563:
4562:
4552:
4545:
4544:
4543:
4542:
4541:
4534:
4527:
4526:
4522:
4515:
4514:
4510:
4503:
4502:
4498:
4491:
4490:
4489:
4485:
4484:
4483:
4482:
4478:
4477:
4468:
4465:
4456:
4453:
4444:
4441:
4432:
4424:
4423:
4420:
4417:
4414:
4411:
4408:
4405:
4402:
4399:
4396:
4393:
4390:
4369:
4368:
4367:
4363:
4362:
4361:
4360:
4351:
4350:
4341:
4331:
4324:
4323:
4319:
4312:
4311:
4310:
4306:
4305:
4304:
4303:
4302:
4301:
4294:(basal type),
4286:
4276:
4269:
4268:
4264:
4257:
4256:
4252:
4245:
4244:
4240:
4233:
4232:
4231:
4227:
4226:
4225:
4224:
4223:
4222:
4215:(basal type),
4206:
4205:4. Acrodromous
4192:
4191:
4190:
4187:Campylodromous
4186:
4185:
4184:
4183:
4182:
4181:
4172:
4150:
4149:
4148:
4144:
4143:
4142:
4141:
4140:
4139:
4132:monocotyledons
4124:
4114:
4107:
4106:
4102:
4095:
4094:
4090:
4083:
4082:
4081:
4077:
4076:
4075:
4074:
4070:
4069:
4066:
4061:
4059:
4056:
4051:
4049:
4046:
4032:
4029:
4028:
4007:
3998:
3995:
3971:
3964:
3963:
3962:
3952:
3945:
3944:
3943:
3933:
3926:
3925:
3924:
3914:
3907:
3906:
3905:
3895:
3888:
3887:
3886:
3878:
3871:
3870:
3869:
3865:
3864:
3863:
3862:
3860:
3859:Classification
3857:
3855:
3852:
3851:
3850:
3847:
3844:
3841:
3836:
3833:
3832:
3831:
3828:
3825:
3822:
3819:
3816:
3812:
3811:
3808:
3805:
3803:
3800:
3798:Cano-tomentose
3797:
3794:
3793:
3790:
3787:
3784:
3781:
3778:
3775:
3772:
3769:
3766:
3763:
3760:
3757:
3754:
3751:
3748:
3745:
3742:
3739:
3736:
3733:
3730:
3727:
3724:
3721:
3718:
3715:
3712:
3709:
3706:
3703:
3700:
3697:
3694:
3691:
3688:
3685:
3682:
3679:
3676:
3673:
3670:
3667:
3664:
3661:
3658:
3655:
3652:
3649:
3646:
3590:
3587:
3584:
3583:
3580:
3569:microorganisms
3552:
3549:
3546:
3545:
3542:
3539:
3536:
3533:
3532:Curving shape.
3530:
3527:
3524:
3521:
3518:
3515:
3512:
3509:
3506:
3503:
3500:
3497:
3494:
3491:
3488:
3485:
3482:
3477:
3474:
3469:
3468:
3465:
3460:
3457:
3449:
3448:
3445:
3440:
3437:
3429:
3428:
3425:
3420:
3417:
3409:
3408:
3405:
3400:
3397:
3389:
3388:
3385:
3380:
3377:
3369:
3368:
3365:
3360:
3357:
3349:
3348:
3345:
3340:
3337:
3329:
3328:
3325:
3320:
3317:
3309:
3308:
3305:
3300:
3297:
3289:
3288:
3285:
3282:
3279:
3272:
3269:
3264:
3263:
3257:
3252:
3249:
3241:
3240:
3237:
3232:
3229:
3221:
3220:
3217:
3212:
3209:
3201:
3200:
3197:
3192:
3189:
3181:
3180:
3177:
3172:
3169:
3161:
3160:
3157:
3152:
3149:
3141:
3140:
3137:
3132:
3131:Doubly serrate
3129:
3121:
3120:
3117:
3112:
3109:
3101:
3100:
3083:
3078:
3075:
3067:
3066:
3063:
3058:
3051:
3048:
3047:
3044:
3039:
3032:
3029:
3028:
3025:
3020:
3017:
3009:
3008:
3005:
3000:
2997:
2989:
2988:
2985:
2976:
2973:
2965:
2964:
2961:
2958:
2955:
2937:
2934:
2918:Main article:
2915:
2912:
2888:
2885:
2884:
2883:
2853:
2847:
2837:
2830:
2811:Stinging hairs
2808:
2798:
2792:
2777:
2759:
2749:
2744:
2736:
2723:
2720:
2714:
2711:boundary layer
2707:
2704:
2660:
2657:
2601:Main article:
2590:
2587:
2528:
2525:
2485:boundary layer
2468:
2465:
2463:
2460:
2446:
2443:
2438:
2437:
2430:
2425:
2422:
2390:monocotyledons
2357:
2354:
2342:
2341:
2327:
2312:palisade layer
2268:
2265:
2192:
2189:
2187:
2186:
2183:
2176:
2174:
2171:
2164:
2162:
2159:
2152:
2149:
2147:
2144:
2127:
2126:
2115:
2098:
2084:
2081:
2057:photosynthesis
2044:
2041:
2039:
2036:
2035:
2034:
2031:
2025:
2024:
2021:
2014:
2011:
1872:
1869:
1868:
1867:
1860:
1855:
1853:
1846:
1841:
1838:
1837:
1835:
1832:
1819:Provided with
1817:
1814:
1805:
1802:
1793:
1690:
1687:
1686:
1685:
1666:
1662:
1661:
1636:
1632:
1631:
1610:
1606:
1605:
1586:
1583:
1581:
1572:
1569:
1566:
1565:
1558:
1554:
1553:
1538:
1489:
1486:
1479:Orixa japonica
1435:φ = (1 + √5)/2
1423:
1414:
1403:
1393:
1392:
1379:
1366:
1353:
1285:
1284:
1251:
1248:
1243:Leaves form a
1241:
1238:
1230:
1224:
1221:
1216:
1213:
1210:
1207:
1204:
1201:
1198:
1195:
1150:Main article:
1147:
1144:
1132:
1131:
1122:
1112:
1102:
1088:
1082:
1045:
1042:
949:monocotyledons
939:(grasses) and
911:consists of a
834:
831:
801:progymnosperms
768:Polytrichaceae
592:
584:
581:carbon dioxide
569:carbon dioxide
423:and reach the
350:carbon dioxide
330:photosynthesis
320:scan of a leaf
301:
298:
211:photosynthesis
179:tissue is the
177:photosynthetic
165:photosynthesis
161:vascular plant
138:
137:
134:
131:
128:
127:Secondary vein
125:
122:
118:
117:(simple leaf)
93:
92:
89:
86:
83:
80:
77:
74:
71:
67:
66:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
10962:
10951:
10948:
10946:
10943:
10941:
10938:
10936:
10935:Plant anatomy
10933:
10931:
10928:
10927:
10925:
10910:
10902:
10901:
10898:
10892:
10889:
10887:
10884:
10882:
10879:
10875:
10872:
10871:
10870:
10867:
10865:
10862:
10861:
10859:
10853:
10850:
10849:
10846:
10840:
10839:Phytochemical
10837:
10835:
10832:
10830:
10827:
10825:
10822:
10820:
10817:
10816:
10814:
10810:
10804:
10801:
10799:
10796:
10793:
10790:
10788:
10785:
10783:
10780:
10774:
10771:
10769:
10766:
10764:
10761:
10760:
10759:
10756:
10754:
10751:
10750:
10749:
10746:
10742:
10739:
10737:
10734:
10732:
10729:
10727:
10724:
10722:
10719:
10718:
10717:
10714:
10712:
10709:
10708:
10706:
10704:
10700:
10692:
10689:
10685:
10682:
10681:
10680:
10677:
10673:
10670:
10669:
10668:
10665:
10664:
10663:
10660:
10656:
10653:
10651:
10648:
10646:
10643:
10641:
10638:
10637:
10636:
10633:
10631:
10628:
10626:
10623:
10619:
10616:
10615:
10614:
10611:
10609:
10606:
10604:
10601:
10599:
10596:
10595:
10593:
10588:
10585:
10583:
10580:
10579:
10577:
10573:
10567:
10564:
10562:
10559:
10557:
10554:
10548:
10545:
10544:
10543:
10540:
10538:
10535:
10533:
10530:
10526:
10523:
10521:
10518:
10517:
10516:
10513:
10511:
10508:
10506:
10503:
10502:
10501:
10498:
10497:
10495:
10489:
10483:
10480:
10478:
10477:Transpiration
10475:
10473:
10470:
10468:
10465:
10463:
10460:
10456:
10453:
10451:
10448:
10447:
10446:
10443:
10441:
10438:
10436:
10433:
10429:
10426:
10425:
10424:
10421:
10419:
10416:
10414:
10411:
10409:
10406:
10404:
10401:
10399:
10396:
10395:
10393:
10389:
10385:
10375:
10372:
10370:
10367:
10365:
10362:
10360:
10357:
10355:
10352:
10350:
10347:
10345:
10342:
10341:
10339:
10335:
10329:
10326:
10324:
10321:
10319:
10316:
10314:
10311:
10307:
10304:
10302:
10299:
10297:
10294:
10293:
10292:
10289:
10285:
10282:
10280:
10277:
10275:
10272:
10270:
10267:
10266:
10265:
10264:Inflorescence
10262:
10260:
10257:
10251:
10248:
10246:
10243:
10239:
10236:
10234:
10231:
10230:
10229:
10226:
10225:
10224:
10221:
10220:
10219:
10216:
10214:
10211:
10209:
10206:
10200:
10197:
10195:
10192:
10191:
10190:
10187:
10185:
10182:
10180:
10177:
10175:
10172:
10170:
10167:
10165:
10162:
10161:
10160:
10157:
10153:
10150:
10148:
10145:
10143:
10140:
10138:
10135:
10133:
10130:
10128:
10125:
10124:
10123:
10120:
10116:
10113:
10111:
10108:
10104:
10101:
10099:
10096:
10095:
10094:
10091:
10089:
10086:
10085:
10084:
10081:
10079:
10076:
10074:
10071:
10070:
10068:
10064:
10060:
10052:
10049:
10047:
10044:
10040:
10037:
10035:
10032:
10031:
10030:
10027:
10025:
10022:
10021:
10020:
10017:
10015:
10012:
10010:
10007:
10005:
10002:
10000:
9997:
9996:
9994:
9990:
9984:
9981:
9977:
9974:
9973:
9972:
9969:
9967:
9964:
9962:
9959:
9955:
9952:
9951:
9950:
9949:Ground tissue
9947:
9945:
9942:
9941:
9939:
9937:
9933:
9927:
9924:
9922:
9919:
9917:
9914:
9912:
9909:
9907:
9904:
9903:
9901:
9899:
9895:
9892:
9885:
9879:
9876:
9875:
9873:
9872:Plant anatomy
9869:
9863:
9860:
9858:
9855:
9853:
9850:
9848:
9845:
9843:
9840:
9838:
9835:
9833:
9830:
9828:
9825:
9823:
9820:
9818:
9815:
9814:
9812:
9809:
9805:
9799:
9796:
9794:
9793:Plant ecology
9791:
9789:
9788:Plant anatomy
9786:
9782:
9779:
9778:
9777:
9774:
9772:
9769:
9767:
9764:
9762:
9759:
9757:
9754:
9752:
9749:
9747:
9744:
9742:
9739:
9737:
9736:Archaeobotany
9734:
9733:
9731:
9729:
9725:
9719:
9716:
9714:
9711:
9710:
9707:
9703:
9696:
9691:
9689:
9684:
9682:
9677:
9676:
9673:
9665:
9664:
9658:
9653:
9649:
9645:
9644:
9638:
9633:
9629:
9628:
9609:
9605:
9601:
9597:
9582:
9578:
9571:
9567:
9555:
9551:
9547:
9543:
9539:
9538:Hughes (2017)
9522:
9518:
9514:
9513:
9502:
9498:
9494:
9489:
9488:
9484:
9483:
9472:on 2020-06-21
9471:
9467:
9463:
9451:
9447:
9443:
9439:
9424:
9420:
9416:
9412:
9411:
9403:
9399:
9387:
9383:
9379:
9374:
9362:
9358:
9357:Basic Biology
9354:
9349:
9345:
9332:
9328:
9324:
9323:
9312:
9308:
9304:
9299:
9288:
9281:
9276:
9264:
9260:
9255:
9243:
9239:
9235:
9230:
9223:
9219:
9212:
9207:
9195:
9191:
9187:
9182:
9181:
9171:
9167:
9163:
9159:
9155:
9151:
9150:
9144:
9140:
9136:
9131:
9126:
9122:
9118:
9114:
9110:
9109:
9104:
9091:
9087:
9083:
9078:
9073:
9069:
9065:
9061:
9057:
9053:
9048:
9044:
9040:
9036:
9032:
9027:
9022:
9018:
9014:
9013:
9008:
9006:
9002:
8995:
8991:
8987:
8982:
8977:
8973:
8969:
8968:
8963:
8958:
8954:
8950:
8946:
8941:
8937:
8933:
8929:
8927:9781450378253
8923:
8919:
8915:
8910:
8905:
8901:
8896:
8891:
8886:
8882:
8878:
8877:
8872:
8867:
8863:
8859:
8855:
8851:
8847:
8843:
8838:
8834:
8830:
8825:
8820:
8816:
8812:
8811:
8806:
8801:
8786:
8782:
8778:
8774:
8770:
8769:
8761:
8756:
8752:
8748:
8744:
8740:
8736:
8732:
8731:
8725:
8721:
8717:
8712:
8707:
8702:
8697:
8693:
8689:
8684:
8679:
8675:
8671:
8670:
8665:
8660:
8649:
8644:
8639:
8635:
8631:
8630:
8625:
8620:
8606:
8602:
8598:
8593:
8588:
8584:
8580:
8573:
8571:
8567:
8560:
8556:
8555:
8549:
8544:
8540:
8529:
8525:
8521:
8517:
8513:
8509:
8505:
8504:
8499:
8494:
8479:
8475:
8471:
8467:
8463:
8459:
8455:
8454:
8446:
8441:
8437:
8433:
8428:
8424:
8420:
8415:
8410:
8406:
8402:
8398:
8394:
8393:
8388:
8383:
8368:
8364:
8357:
8356:
8350:
8346:
8342:
8337:
8332:
8328:
8324:
8320:
8316:
8315:
8310:
8305:
8301:
8297:
8292:
8287:
8283:
8279:
8275:
8271:
8270:
8265:
8260:
8253:
8249:
8245:
8241:
8237:
8233:
8229:
8225:
8221:
8220:
8212:
8207:
8203:
8199:
8194:
8189:
8185:
8181:
8180:
8175:
8173:
8166:
8159:
8155:
8151:
8147:
8143:
8139:
8135:
8131:
8127:
8123:
8119:
8118:
8110:
8105:
8101:
8097:
8093:
8089:
8088:
8082:
8071:
8067:
8063:
8059:
8055:
8051:
8047:
8046:
8041:
8036:
8032:
8028:
8024:
8020:
8016:
8012:
8006:
8005:
7995:
7989:
7985:
7981:
7980:
7974:
7963:
7959:
7953:
7949:
7948:
7942:
7938:
7932:
7929:. CRC Press.
7928:
7927:
7921:
7917:
7911:
7907:
7903:
7902:
7896:
7885:
7881:
7875:
7871:
7870:
7864:
7853:
7849:
7843:
7839:
7835:
7834:
7829:
7825:
7821:
7815:
7811:
7810:
7805:
7801:
7797:
7794:
7793:
7790:
7784:
7780:
7779:
7773:
7769:
7763:
7759:
7758:
7752:
7741:
7737:
7736:
7732:(1913–1932).
7731:
7727:
7713:
7709:
7703:
7699:
7692:
7691:
7685:
7675:
7671:
7665:
7661:
7660:
7654:
7643:
7639:
7633:
7629:
7628:
7623:
7619:
7615:
7611:
7609:
7603:
7598:
7594:
7588:
7584:
7583:
7578:
7574:
7573:Heywood, V.H.
7570:
7566:
7560:
7556:
7552:
7551:
7545:
7541:
7535:
7532:. Routledge.
7531:
7530:
7524:
7520:
7516:
7515:
7509:
7505:
7500:
7489:
7485:
7479:
7475:
7474:
7469:
7465:
7461:
7455:
7451:
7447:
7446:
7440:
7436:
7430:
7426:
7425:
7419:
7408:
7404:
7400:
7399:
7393:
7389:
7383:
7379:
7378:
7372:
7361:
7357:
7351:
7347:
7343:
7342:
7336:
7332:
7328:
7327:
7322:
7318:
7317:
7299:
7295:
7291:
7287:
7283:
7279:
7275:
7271:
7267:
7261:
7254:
7249:
7242:
7237:
7235:
7228:
7227:
7222:
7221:Kwantlen 2015
7217:
7211:
7209:
7204:
7199:
7193:
7192:
7187:
7182:
7180:
7173:
7169:
7164:
7157:
7152:
7146:
7142:
7137:
7130:
7125:
7118:
7113:
7106:
7101:
7095:
7091:
7086:
7084:
7082:
7075:
7074:
7069:
7064:
7058:
7057:
7052:
7047:
7041:
7037:
7032:
7025:
7020:
7014:
7013:Leaf Venation
7010:
7005:
7003:
7001:
6999:
6997:
6989:
6984:
6977:
6972:
6965:
6960:
6958:
6950:
6949:Melville 1976
6945:
6938:
6933:
6926:
6921:
6914:
6909:
6902:
6897:
6889:
6883:
6867:
6861:
6853:
6847:
6831:
6825:
6818:
6813:
6806:
6801:
6794:
6789:
6787:
6785:
6783:
6781:
6772:
6768:
6764:
6760:
6756:
6752:
6748:
6744:
6740:
6733:
6725:
6721:
6716:
6711:
6707:
6703:
6698:
6693:
6688:
6683:
6679:
6675:
6674:Plant Methods
6671:
6664:
6656:
6652:
6647:
6642:
6638:
6634:
6630:
6626:
6622:
6618:
6614:
6607:
6600:
6595:
6588:
6583:
6576:
6571:
6564:
6559:
6552:
6547:
6540:
6535:
6528:
6523:
6516:
6515:Clements 1905
6511:
6504:
6499:
6492:
6487:
6481:
6477:
6472:
6465:
6460:
6453:
6448:
6441:
6436:
6434:
6432:
6424:
6419:
6417:
6415:
6413:
6406:
6402:
6397:
6395:
6393:
6391:
6389:
6387:
6385:
6383:
6381:
6373:
6368:
6366:
6358:
6357:Dickison 2000
6353:
6351:
6349:
6341:
6336:
6334:
6332:
6324:
6319:
6311:
6307:
6302:
6297:
6293:
6289:
6284:
6279:
6275:
6271:
6267:
6263:
6259:
6252:
6243:
6235:
6231:
6225:
6218:
6214:
6210:
6204:
6196:
6190:
6188:
6186:
6178:
6173:
6166:
6161:
6154:
6149:
6142:
6137:
6130:
6125:
6118:
6113:
6111:
6109:
6101:
6096:
6089:
6084:
6077:
6072:
6065:
6060:
6053:
6048:
6041:
6036:
6029:
6024:
6017:
6012:
6010:
6008:
6006:
6004:
5996:
5991:
5975:
5971:
5967:
5961:
5954:
5949:
5947:
5939:
5934:
5927:
5922:
5920:
5915:
5904:
5901:
5898:
5895:
5893:
5890:
5887:
5884:
5882:
5879:
5877:
5874:
5872:
5869:
5867:
5864:
5862:
5859:
5857:
5854:
5852:
5849:
5848:
5841:
5839:
5835:
5831:
5827:
5823:
5819:
5815:
5811:
5805:
5790:
5787:
5784:
5780:
5779:
5775:
5772:
5769:
5765:
5764:
5760:
5757:
5754:
5750:
5749:
5745:
5742:
5739:
5735:
5734:
5730:
5727:
5724:
5720:
5719:
5715:
5712:
5709:
5705:
5704:
5700:
5697:
5694:
5690:
5689:
5685:
5682:
5679:
5675:
5674:
5670:
5667:
5664:
5663:
5660:
5659:
5648:
5645:
5642:
5639:
5636:
5633:
5630:
5626:
5622:
5621:
5616:
5615:
5610:
5606:
5603:
5600:
5599:
5598:
5588:
5587:
5580:
5570:
5569:
5562:
5552:
5551:
5544:
5532:
5531:
5524:
5514:
5513:
5506:
5496:
5495:
5488:
5471:
5470:
5465:
5462:
5460:
5459:
5454:
5453:
5448:
5444:
5441:
5438:
5434:
5433:
5428:
5425:
5421:
5418:
5415:
5412:
5409:
5408:
5404:(Myrtaceae),
5403:
5402:
5397:
5393:
5389:
5386:
5384:
5383:
5378:
5377:
5372:
5369:
5368:
5367:
5364:
5362:
5361:
5356:
5352:
5348:
5344:
5340:
5336:
5332:
5328:
5323:
5321:
5305:
5304:
5302:
5297:
5294:
5291:
5290:
5287:
5286:
5285:
5282:
5271:
5270:
5263:
5252:
5251:
5244:
5233:
5232:
5225:
5214:
5213:
5206:
5193:
5192:
5185:
5174:
5173:
5166:
5155:
5154:
5147:
5136:
5132:
5128:
5127:
5120:
5104:
5103:
5098:
5097:
5096:C. tomentosus
5092:
5091:
5086:
5082:
5073:
5072:
5067:
5066:
5065:Carica papaya
5061:
5060:
5055:
5054:
5049:
5042:
5041:
5036:
5032:
5031:
5026:
5020:
5018:
5017:
5012:
5005:
5004:
4999:
4998:
4993:
4992:
4987:
4986:
4981:
4980:
4974:
4968:
4965:
4962:
4961:
4955:
4954:
4949:
4942:
4941:
4937:(Aracaceae),
4936:
4932:
4931:
4926:
4920:
4918:
4913:
4905:
4901:
4896:
4890:
4887:
4884:
4883:
4882:
4870:
4869:
4868:Ginkgo biloba
4862:
4851:
4850:
4843:
4831:
4830:
4825:
4824:
4819:
4818:
4813:
4812:
4806:
4803:
4800:
4799:
4793:
4790:
4787:
4786:pteridophytes
4783:
4782:
4781:Ginkgo biloba
4777:
4774:
4772:
4768:
4767:tracheophytes
4764:
4763:microphyllous
4760:
4757:
4756:
4755:
4750:Other systems
4741:
4724:
4723:
4717:
4713:
4710:
4709:
4706:
4705:
4699:
4695:
4693:
4684:
4681:
4678:
4677:
4676:
4666:
4649:
4648:
4643:
4640:
4639:
4636:
4635:
4629:
4625:
4623:
4613:
4612:
4603:
4595:
4594:
4585:
4577:
4576:
4567:
4559:
4558:
4549:
4531:
4519:
4507:
4495:
4481:
4475:
4474:
4469:
4466:
4463:
4462:
4457:
4454:
4451:
4450:
4445:
4442:
4439:
4438:
4433:
4430:
4429:
4428:
4421:
4418:
4415:
4412:
4409:
4406:
4403:
4400:
4397:
4394:
4391:
4388:
4387:
4386:
4382:
4373:
4355:
4348:
4347:
4342:
4339:
4338:
4328:
4316:
4307:Actinodromous
4299:
4298:
4293:
4292:
4287:
4284:
4283:
4273:
4265:Perfect basal
4261:
4249:
4237:
4220:
4219:
4214:
4213:
4207:
4204:
4203:
4196:
4179:
4178:
4173:
4170:
4168:
4162:
4161:
4154:
4137:
4133:
4129:
4125:
4122:
4121:
4111:
4103:Camptodromous
4099:
4087:
4073:
4067:
4064:
4057:
4054:
4053:Camptodromous
4047:
4043:
4039:
4035:
4030:
4026:
4025:
4020:
4016:
4012:
4008:
4005:
4001:
4000:
3997:Hickey system
3994:
3992:
3988:
3977:
3976:
3968:
3958:
3957:
3949:
3939:
3938:
3930:
3920:
3919:
3911:
3901:
3900:
3892:
3882:
3875:
3848:
3845:
3842:
3840:Hysteranthous
3839:
3838:
3829:
3826:
3823:
3820:
3817:
3814:
3813:
3809:
3801:
3795:
3791:
3788:
3785:
3782:
3779:
3776:
3773:
3770:
3767:
3764:
3761:
3758:
3755:
3752:
3749:
3746:
3743:
3740:
3737:
3734:
3731:
3728:
3725:
3722:
3719:
3716:
3713:
3710:
3707:
3704:
3701:
3698:
3695:
3692:
3689:
3686:
3683:
3680:
3677:
3674:
3671:
3668:
3665:
3662:
3659:
3656:
3653:
3650:
3647:
3644:
3643:
3642:
3640:
3632:
3631:
3627:Silky aster (
3625:
3618:
3614:
3613:Coleus blumei
3609:
3602:
3601:
3595:
3586:
3581:
3578:
3577:
3576:
3574:
3570:
3562:
3557:
3548:
3543:
3540:
3537:
3534:
3531:
3528:
3525:
3522:
3519:
3516:
3513:
3510:
3508:Wedge-shaped.
3507:
3504:
3501:
3498:
3495:
3492:
3489:
3486:
3483:
3480:
3479:
3473:
3466:
3464:
3461:
3458:
3455:
3451:
3450:
3446:
3444:
3441:
3438:
3435:
3431:
3430:
3426:
3424:
3421:
3418:
3415:
3411:
3410:
3406:
3404:
3401:
3398:
3395:
3391:
3390:
3386:
3384:
3381:
3378:
3375:
3371:
3370:
3366:
3364:
3361:
3358:
3355:
3351:
3350:
3346:
3344:
3341:
3338:
3335:
3331:
3330:
3326:
3324:
3321:
3318:
3315:
3311:
3310:
3306:
3304:
3301:
3298:
3295:
3291:
3290:
3276:
3268:
3262:
3258:
3256:
3253:
3250:
3247:
3243:
3242:
3238:
3236:
3233:
3230:
3227:
3223:
3222:
3218:
3216:
3213:
3210:
3207:
3203:
3202:
3198:
3196:
3193:
3190:
3187:
3183:
3182:
3178:
3176:
3173:
3170:
3167:
3163:
3162:
3158:
3156:
3153:
3150:
3147:
3143:
3142:
3138:
3136:
3133:
3130:
3127:
3123:
3122:
3118:
3116:
3113:
3110:
3107:
3103:
3102:
3099:
3097:
3092:
3090:
3084:
3082:
3079:
3076:
3073:
3069:
3068:
3064:
3062:
3059:
3052:
3050:
3049:
3045:
3043:
3040:
3033:
3031:
3030:
3026:
3024:
3021:
3018:
3015:
3011:
3010:
3006:
3004:
3001:
2998:
2995:
2991:
2990:
2986:
2984:
2980:
2977:
2974:
2971:
2967:
2966:
2952:
2949:
2947:
2943:
2936:Edge (margin)
2933:
2926:
2921:
2907:
2902:
2898:
2894:
2881:
2877:
2873:
2869:
2865:
2861:
2857:
2854:
2851:
2848:
2845:
2841:
2838:
2835:
2831:
2828:
2824:
2823:
2818:
2817:
2816:Urtica dioica
2812:
2809:
2806:
2802:
2799:
2796:
2793:
2790:
2786:
2782:
2778:
2775:
2771:
2767:
2763:
2762:Aromatic oils
2760:
2757:
2753:
2750:
2748:
2740:
2737:
2734:
2733:
2728:
2724:
2721:
2718:
2715:
2712:
2708:
2705:
2702:
2701:
2695:
2692:
2691:
2690:
2688:
2684:
2676:
2672:
2669:
2665:
2656:
2654:
2650:
2646:
2642:
2638:
2634:
2630:
2626:
2622:
2618:
2614:
2610:
2604:
2595:
2586:
2584:
2580:
2576:
2572:
2568:
2564:
2559:
2557:
2553:
2544:
2543:
2538:
2533:
2524:
2521:
2517:
2516:
2510:
2509:
2503:
2498:
2496:
2491:
2486:
2482:
2478:
2473:
2459:
2456:
2452:
2449:According to
2442:
2435:
2431:
2429:
2426:
2423:
2421:
2418:
2417:
2416:
2414:
2409:
2407:
2403:
2399:
2395:
2391:
2387:
2383:
2379:
2375:
2367:
2362:
2353:
2351:
2347:
2338:
2334:
2333:
2328:
2325:
2321:
2320:
2314:
2313:
2308:
2307:
2306:
2303:
2301:
2297:
2293:
2292:
2287:
2286:
2278:
2274:
2271:For the term
2264:
2262:
2257:
2255:
2251:
2247:
2242:
2240:
2236:
2235:transpiration
2231:
2227:
2223:
2215:
2211:
2207:
2206:
2201:
2197:
2180:
2175:
2168:
2163:
2156:
2151:
2150:
2139:
2135:
2133:
2124:
2120:
2116:
2113:
2109:
2105:
2104:
2099:
2096:
2095:
2090:
2089:
2088:
2076:
2072:
2070:
2066:
2062:
2058:
2054:
2050:
2032:
2030:
2027:
2026:
2022:
2020:
2017:
2016:
2010:
2008:
2007:
2002:
2001:Melanthiaceae
1998:
1994:
1990:
1989:plesiomorphic
1986:
1982:
1977:
1973:
1971:
1967:
1961:
1957:
1953:
1951:
1947:
1943:
1939:
1935:
1931:
1927:
1922:
1914:
1910:
1904:
1899:
1892:
1887:
1882:
1878:
1865:
1864:Malpighiaceae
1861:
1858:
1857:Intrapetiolar
1851:
1847:
1844:
1843:Interpetiolar
1839:
1836:
1833:
1830:
1826:
1822:
1818:
1815:
1812:
1811:
1806:
1803:
1800:
1799:
1794:
1792:Free, lateral
1791:
1790:
1789:
1787:
1783:
1779:
1775:
1770:
1768:
1764:
1763:
1758:
1757:
1751:
1748:
1746:
1745:
1741:, such as in
1740:
1735:
1733:
1729:
1724:
1722:
1718:
1716:
1712:
1705:) are edible.
1704:
1700:
1695:
1683:
1679:
1678:
1673:
1672:
1667:
1664:
1663:
1659:
1655:
1654:
1653:Toxicodendron
1649:
1648:
1643:
1642:
1637:
1634:
1633:
1629:
1628:
1623:
1619:
1615:
1611:
1608:
1607:
1603:
1602:
1597:
1593:
1592:
1587:
1579:
1578:
1573:
1567:
1563:
1559:
1556:
1555:
1551:
1550:
1545:
1544:
1539:
1536:
1535:
1534:
1532:
1528:
1524:
1519:
1515:
1514:compound leaf
1511:
1507:
1499:
1494:
1485:
1483:
1481:
1480:
1474:
1472:
1468:
1464:
1460:
1454:
1444:
1433:
1426:
1422:
1417:
1413:
1406:
1402:
1398:
1380:
1367:
1354:
1341:
1340:
1339:
1337:
1333:
1329:
1325:
1321:
1317:
1313:
1309:
1305:
1300:
1298:
1294:
1290:
1282:
1281:
1276:
1272:
1271:tetrastichous
1268:
1264:
1260:
1256:
1252:
1249:
1246:
1242:
1239:
1236:
1231:
1228:
1225:
1222:
1220:
1217:
1214:
1211:
1208:
1205:
1202:
1199:
1196:
1193:
1192:
1188:
1187:
1181:
1174:
1170:
1165:
1161:
1159:
1153:
1143:
1140:
1138:
1129:
1128:
1123:
1120:
1116:
1113:
1110:
1106:
1103:
1100:
1096:
1092:
1089:
1086:
1083:
1080:
1076:
1073:
1072:
1071:
1069:
1065:
1061:
1055:
1050:
1041:
1039:
1037:
1030:
1029:
1023:
1019:
1017:
1013:
1009:
1005:
1000:
997:
993:
988:
986:
982:
978:
974:
970:
966:
962:
958:
954:
950:
946:
945:pseudopetiole
942:
938:
934:
930:
926:
922:
918:
914:
910:
902:
901:
896:
890:
886:
882:
878:
874:
873:
868:
861:
860:
840:
830:
828:
824:
820:
816:
812:
808:
807:
806:Archaeopteris
802:
798:
794:
793:
792:Baragwanathia
788:
784:
779:
777:
773:
769:
765:
761:
757:
753:
749:
745:
740:
738:
737:
728:
723:
719:
716:
712:
710:
706:
702:
698:
690:
685:
681:
679:
675:
671:
667:
663:
659:
655:
650:
648:
644:
643:transpiration
639:
635:
626:
625:
619:
612:
608:
606:
603:in a pair of
602:
598:
590:
582:
578:
574:
573:plant cuticle
570:
566:
562:
558:
550:
545:
541:
539:
535:
531:
530:
525:
521:
517:
512:
510:
508:
503:
502:
497:
493:
492:
487:
486:
481:
480:window plants
477:
473:
469:
465:
461:
456:
454:
450:
449:transpiration
446:
442:
438:
434:
430:
426:
422:
417:
415:
411:
407:
403:
399:
395:
391:
387:
383:
379:
375:
371:
367:
363:
359:
355:
351:
347:
343:
339:
335:
331:
327:
319:
297:
295:
291:
287:
283:
279:
275:
271:
267:
263:
259:
255:
251:
247:
243:
239:
235:
232:are known as
231:
227:
222:
220:
216:
212:
208:
204:
200:
196:
193:) and lower (
192:
188:
187:
182:
178:
174:
170:
166:
162:
158:
154:
146:
135:
132:
129:
126:
123:
120:
119:
116:
115:
108:
107:
101:
90:
87:
84:
81:
78:
75:
72:
69:
68:
63:
56:
55:
49:
41:
37:
33:
19:
10834:Horticulture
10824:Floriculture
10726:Correct name
10576:Reproduction
10566:Woody plants
10491:Plant growth
10450:Gas Exchange
10435:Phytomelanin
10313:Plant embryo
10063:Reproductive
10028:
9911:Phragmoplast
9661:
9641:
9637:"Leaf"
9612:. Retrieved
9608:the original
9603:
9600:"Leafshapes"
9588:. Retrieved
9558:. Retrieved
9549:
9528:. Retrieved
9521:the original
9505:. Retrieved
9501:the original
9474:. Retrieved
9470:the original
9454:. Retrieved
9450:the original
9430:. Retrieved
9408:
9390:. Retrieved
9365:. Retrieved
9356:
9335:. Retrieved
9315:. Retrieved
9306:
9291:. Retrieved
9267:. Retrieved
9246:. Retrieved
9222:the original
9217:
9198:. Retrieved
9153:
9147:
9112:
9106:
9059:
9055:
9016:
9010:
9007:(Myrtaceae)"
9004:
9000:
8971:
8965:
8952:
8948:
8944:
8899:
8880:
8874:
8845:
8841:
8814:
8808:
8792:. Retrieved
8772:
8766:
8734:
8728:
8673:
8667:
8652:. Retrieved
8633:
8627:
8612:. Retrieved
8582:
8578:
8572:provenances"
8569:
8565:
8552:
8532:. Retrieved
8507:
8501:
8485:. Retrieved
8460:(1): 17–33.
8457:
8451:
8435:
8431:
8396:
8390:
8374:. Retrieved
8359:(PhD Thesis)
8354:
8318:
8312:
8273:
8267:
8252:the original
8223:
8217:
8183:
8177:
8171:
8158:the original
8121:
8115:
8091:
8085:
8074:. Retrieved
8049:
8043:
8014:
8010:
7978:
7966:. Retrieved
7946:
7925:
7900:
7888:. Retrieved
7868:
7856:. Retrieved
7832:
7808:
7777:
7756:
7744:. Retrieved
7734:
7719:. Retrieved
7689:
7678:, retrieved
7658:
7646:. Retrieved
7626:
7601:
7600:Hickey, LJ.
7581:
7549:
7528:
7513:
7503:
7492:. Retrieved
7472:
7444:
7423:
7411:. Retrieved
7397:
7376:
7364:. Retrieved
7340:
7325:
7321:Arber, Agnes
7308:Bibliography
7273:
7269:
7260:
7248:
7225:
7216:
7207:
7198:
7190:
7163:
7151:
7136:
7124:
7112:
7100:
7072:
7068:Simpson 2017
7063:
7055:
7051:Simpson 2017
7046:
7031:
7019:
6983:
6971:
6944:
6932:
6920:
6908:
6896:
6870:. Retrieved
6860:
6834:. Retrieved
6824:
6812:
6800:
6746:
6742:
6732:
6677:
6673:
6663:
6620:
6616:
6606:
6594:
6582:
6570:
6558:
6546:
6534:
6522:
6510:
6498:
6486:
6471:
6459:
6447:
6401:Simpson 2011
6318:
6265:
6261:
6251:
6242:
6233:
6224:
6208:
6203:
6194:
6172:
6165:Simpson 2011
6160:
6148:
6136:
6124:
6117:Simpson 2011
6095:
6083:
6071:
6064:Purcell 2016
6059:
6052:Feugier 2006
6047:
6040:Tsukaya 2013
6035:
6023:
5990:
5978:. Retrieved
5969:
5960:
5953:Mauseth 2009
5933:
5833:
5829:
5825:
5821:
5817:
5813:
5809:
5807:
5713:Longitudinal
5671:Description
5618:
5612:
5596:
5584:
5566:
5548:
5528:
5510:
5492:
5467:
5456:
5450:
5446:
5436:
5430:
5405:
5399:
5395:
5380:
5374:
5365:
5358:
5354:
5350:
5346:
5342:
5338:
5334:
5330:
5326:
5324:
5319:
5316:
5283:
5280:
5267:
5248:
5229:
5210:
5189:
5170:
5156:(Arecaceae):
5151:
5135:Zingiberales
5131:erythroneura
5130:
5124:
5100:
5094:
5088:
5084:
5069:
5063:
5057:
5051:
5038:
5034:
5028:
5014:
5001:
4995:
4989:
4983:
4977:
4951:
4938:
4934:
4928:
4919:(Arecaceae)
4900:Zingiberales
4879:
4866:
4847:
4827:
4821:
4815:
4809:
4796:
4779:
4753:
4721:
4702:
4691:
4688:
4673:
4645:
4632:
4621:
4619:
4609:
4607:Cladodromous
4591:
4573:
4555:
4535:Cladodromous
4479:
4471:
4467:Cladodromous
4459:
4447:
4435:
4425:
4383:
4380:
4344:
4295:
4291:Arcangelisia
4289:
4216:
4210:
4175:
4164:
4115:Hyphodromous
4071:
4063:Hyphodromous
4062:
4052:
4041:
4037:
4033:
4022:
4015:dicotyledons
3990:
3987:dicotyledons
3983:
3973:
3954:
3935:
3916:
3897:
3636:
3628:
3612:
3598:
3585:
3573:phyllosphere
3566:
3547:
3472:
3462:
3442:
3422:
3402:
3382:
3362:
3342:
3322:
3302:
3287:Description
3267:
3254:
3234:
3214:
3194:
3174:
3154:
3134:
3115:denticulatus
3114:
3095:
3093:
3088:
3086:
3080:
3060:
3041:
3022:
3002:
2982:
2978:
2963:Description
2945:
2941:
2939:
2932:
2876:floral heads
2820:
2814:
2783:in grasses,
2730:
2700:Lotus effect
2697:
2687:environments
2680:
2641:xanthophylls
2621:change color
2606:
2560:
2548:
2540:
2520:sclerenchyma
2513:
2506:
2499:
2474:
2470:
2467:Biomechanics
2448:
2439:
2410:
2406:tensor field
2402:ramification
2373:
2371:
2343:
2336:
2332:spongy layer
2330:
2319:chloroplasts
2317:
2310:
2304:
2300:assimilation
2295:
2291:chlorenchyma
2289:
2283:
2281:
2272:
2258:
2243:
2219:
2203:
2131:
2128:
2118:
2112:chlorenchyma
2111:
2108:chloroplasts
2101:
2092:
2086:
2046:
2029:Heteroblasty
2004:
1997:autapomorphy
1978:
1974:
1962:
1958:
1954:
1918:
1825:Polygonaceae
1808:
1796:
1778:dicotyledons
1771:
1760:
1754:
1752:
1749:
1742:
1738:
1736:
1727:
1725:
1719:
1714:
1708:
1702:
1681:
1675:
1669:
1651:
1645:
1639:
1630:(silk tree).
1625:
1621:
1617:
1599:
1589:
1584:Even pinnate
1575:
1547:
1541:
1513:
1509:
1505:
1503:
1484:
1477:
1475:
1455:
1443:golden angle
1432:golden ratio
1424:
1420:
1415:
1411:
1404:
1400:
1394:
1335:
1301:
1292:
1286:
1278:
1270:
1266:
1262:
1258:
1254:
1234:
1184:
1172:
1155:
1141:
1133:
1125:
1058:
1040:
1033:
1026:
1011:
1001:
989:
977:Magnoliaceae
929:chloroplasts
906:
898:
870:
857:
804:
790:
780:
772:gametophytes
754:), known as
741:
734:
732:
713:
693:
651:
638:dorsiventral
633:
630:
622:
561:chloroplasts
554:
533:
527:
513:
505:
499:
495:
489:
483:
457:
425:chloroplasts
418:
402:plant shoots
323:
274:phylloclades
253:
238:megaphyllous
233:
223:
184:
168:
152:
144:
142:
124:Primary vein
112:
106:Rhus typhina
104:
52:
36:
10650:Pollen tube
10645:Pollinators
10635:Pollination
10630:Germination
10445:Respiration
10428:Chlorophyll
10274:Pedicellate
10208:Gametophyte
10127:Aestivation
10078:Antheridium
10073:Archegonium
9921:Plasmodesma
9898:Plant cells
9761:Paleobotany
9756:Ethnobotany
9741:Astrobotany
9560:18 February
9550:Neotropikey
9432:16 February
9367:17 February
8794:17 February
8487:14 February
8321:(7): 2104.
7984:CUP Archive
7519:McGraw-Hill
7331:CUP Archive
7186:Hughes 2017
6937:Hickey 1979
6913:Hickey 1973
6372:Rudall 2007
5886:Leaf sensor
5698:Dichotomous
5640:Submarginal
5634:Scalariform
5604:(plinerved)
4811:Calophyllum
4775:Dichotomous
4437:Hildegardia
4228:Acrodromous
4218:Endlicheria
4177:Maianthemum
4019:angiosperms
3815:Tomentulose
3723:Hispidulous
3693:Glabrescent
3496:Ear-shaped.
3399:Mucronulate
3111:Denticulate
2887:Terminology
2860:pseudanthia
2732:Fenestraria
2727:leaf window
2649:anthocyanin
2637:carotenoids
2623:, and turn
2575:Attelabidae
2502:hydrostatic
2451:Agnes Arber
2386:angiosperms
2350:carotenoids
2051:containing
1993:seed plants
1614:subleaflets
1596:bifoliolate
1570:Odd pinnate
1552:(buckeyes).
1546:(hemp) and
1506:simple leaf
1445:, which is
1328:denominator
1289:phyllotaxis
1280:Selaginella
1275:microphylls
1267:tristichous
1158:phyllotaxis
1152:Phyllotaxis
1109:microphylls
1008:Raffia palm
1004:polymorphic
996:terminology
872:Rosa canina
827:macrophylls
823:angiosperms
819:gymnosperms
811:Sphenopsida
783:microphylls
776:sporophytes
736:Welwitschia
727:pomegranate
605:guard cells
597:water vapor
485:Fenestraria
464:ultraviolet
370:metabolized
326:autotrophic
254:microphylls
207:chlorophyll
133:Leaf margin
82:Leaf margin
10924:Categories
10672:Microspore
10662:Sporangium
10640:Artificial
10328:Sporophyte
10323:Sporophyll
10318:Receptacle
10213:Gynandrium
10083:Androecium
9992:Vegetative
9862:Angiosperm
9857:Gymnosperm
9751:Dendrology
9604:Donsgarden
9524:(Glossary)
9485:Glossaries
9476:2017-03-09
9337:2016-01-19
9317:19 January
9293:2017-03-05
9283:(Drawings)
8955:: 563–582.
8654:2019-09-08
8614:2019-05-10
8534:2023-09-06
8174:(Araceae)"
8076:2023-09-06
7968:2020-08-27
7890:2016-05-24
7858:2020-08-27
7746:2020-08-27
7721:2017-02-15
7680:2016-05-24
7648:2017-09-02
7577:Culham, A.
7494:2017-09-02
7413:2017-03-08
7366:2018-07-25
6563:Arber 1950
6340:Walls 2011
6230:Coxeter HS
6177:Hallé 1977
6129:Krogh 2010
6088:Bayer 1982
5938:Haupt 1953
5911:References
5892:Leaf shape
5834:leptophyll
5826:microphyll
5814:macrophyll
5808:The terms
5788:Transverse
5758:Reticulate
5629:Vaccinieae
5530:Cornus mas
5435:. In this
5423:appearance
5331:channelled
5212:Salix alba
5040:Cinnamomum
5003:Salix alba
4902:, such as
4771:horsetails
4769:, such as
4758:Uninervous
4719:e.g. most
4657:Flabellate
4641:Flabellate
4611:Rhus ovata
4134:, such as
4044:– running)
3846:Synanthous
3651:Barbellate
3493:Auriculate
3359:Emarginate
3271:Apex (tip)
3255:spiculatus
3175:serrulatus
3042:crenulatus
2891:See also:
2880:Asteraceae
2827:Urticaceae
2781:phytoliths
2770:pheromones
2668:Poinsettia
2617:abscission
2607:Leaves in
2481:turbulence
2324:absorption
2285:parenchyma
2208:, showing
2132:idioblasts
2019:Homoblasty
1946:magnoliids
1938:reticulate
1913:Micrograph
1875:See also:
1762:Acacia koa
1739:perfoliate
1671:Polypodium
1665:Pinnatifid
1658:poison ivy
1644:(clover),
1255:distichous
1253:The term,
1105:Lycophytes
1064:evergreens
1012:R. regalis
951:including
909:angiosperm
837:See also:
833:Morphology
752:liverworts
744:bryophytes
697:phytoliths
634:Eucalyptus
624:Eucalyptus
557:organelles
534:Sarracenia
520:succulents
468:xerophytes
390:atmosphere
380:through a
340:, such as
294:liverworts
266:cataphylls
234:megaphylls
186:Eucalyptus
10869:Botanists
10787:Herbarium
10684:Megaspore
10582:Evolution
10525:Subshrubs
10493:and habit
10418:Nutrition
10413:Cellulose
10408:Bulk flow
10391:Materials
10354:Epidermis
10218:Gynoecium
10199:Endosperm
10194:Dispersal
10110:Staminode
10046:Sessility
10034:Cataphyll
9954:Mesophyll
9906:Cell wall
9847:Lycophyte
9827:Bryophyte
9781:Geobotany
9766:Phycology
9614:9 January
9590:8 January
9307:NC Botnet
9062:: e0163.
8904:CiteSeerX
8768:Phytotaxa
8683:0705.0902
8432:Principes
8052:: 19–98.
8031:138338270
8017:: 57–64.
7624:(2007) .
7266:Webb, Len
7024:Berg 2007
6763:0140-7791
6706:1746-4811
6680:(1): 30.
6637:1460-2431
6503:Cote 2009
6292:1553-7358
5926:Esau 2006
5897:Vernation
5830:nanophyll
5822:notophyll
5818:mesophyll
5810:megaphyll
5804:Leaf size
5646:Trinerved
5614:Ceanothus
5572:Prominent
5534:Impressed
5516:Channeled
5442:Prominent
5419:Impressed
5347:prominent
5343:impressed
5059:Cucurbita
5053:Gossypium
4979:Mangifera
4940:Eichornia
4935:B. bambos
4849:Equisetum
4823:Dioscorea
4817:Colocasia
4725:(maples).
4647:Paranomus
4038:kraspedon
4021:). E.g.,
4011:pinnately
3789:Tomentose
3765:Sericeous
3753:Pubescent
3705:Glandular
3681:Ciliolate
3669:Canescent
3639:trichomes
3589:Hairiness
3535:Sagittate
3520:Slanting.
3481:Acuminate
3419:Obcordate
3379:Mucronate
3339:Cuspidate
3299:Acuminate
3235:undulatus
3171:Serrulate
3085:Toothed;
3036:crenulate
2774:eucalypts
2752:Succulent
2683:evolution
2627:, bright-
2609:temperate
2556:folivores
2490:trade off
2455:primordia
2309:An upper
2296:mesophyll
2277:Leaf size
2273:Mesophyll
2267:Mesophyll
2246:trichomes
2239:metabolic
2222:epidermis
2210:trichomes
2191:Epidermis
2094:epidermis
2069:trichomes
1966:hydathode
1930:epidermis
1926:mesophyll
1850:Rubiaceae
1767:phyllodes
1732:decurrent
1715:petiolate
1641:Trifolium
1591:Swietenia
1510:dissected
1381:135° (or
1368:144° (or
1355:120° (or
1342:180° (or
1332:numerator
1219:Decussate
1194:Alternate
1173:decussate
1127:Nepenthes
1036:prostrate
1016:Wikibooks
789:lycopsid
715:Deciduous
647:guttation
529:Nepenthes
491:Haworthia
476:intensity
453:guttation
437:eucalypts
398:epidermis
384:known as
366:cellulose
282:phyllodes
262:Succulent
248:. In the
10909:Category
10829:Forestry
10819:Agronomy
10812:Practice
10763:Cultivar
10758:Cultigen
10618:timeline
10510:Rosettes
10398:Aleurone
10374:Trichome
10291:Perianth
10103:Filament
9961:Meristem
9884:glossary
9746:Bryology
9654:(1920).
9634:(1911).
9581:Archived
9554:Archived
9423:Archived
9386:Archived
9361:Archived
9353:"Leaves"
9331:Archived
9327:"Leaves"
9311:Archived
9287:Archived
9263:Archived
9242:Archived
9200:12 March
9194:Archived
9178:Websites
9170:21613113
9139:16464879
9086:23864837
9043:21680359
9005:globulus
8990:23600478
8862:18785998
8833:21642101
8785:Archived
8775:(1): 1.
8720:18404203
8648:Archived
8605:Archived
8601:11305455
8570:globulus
8545:(1920).
8528:Archived
8478:Archived
8423:11598230
8367:Archived
8345:20647343
8300:18782744
8248:51687210
8202:21628273
8154:25560670
8146:19446571
8070:Archived
7962:Archived
7884:Archived
7852:Archived
7830:(2007).
7806:(1985).
7740:Archived
7712:Archived
7674:archived
7642:Archived
7488:Archived
7407:Archived
7360:Archived
7323:(1950).
7040:Venation
6882:cite web
6846:cite web
6771:25041284
6724:23883317
6655:20299442
6310:31170142
6232:(1961).
5974:Archived
5844:See also
5728:Parallel
5602:Plinervy
5590:Recessed
5463:Recessed
5437:Berberis
5413:Guttered
5394:. e.g. (
5351:recessed
5339:guttered
5191:Borassus
5030:Zizyphus
4953:Borassus
4885:Parallel
4798:Arisaema
4791:Parallel
4788:(ferns).
4685:parallel
4346:Platanus
4171:– curve)
4167:campylos
4128:parallel
4040:– edge,
4036:(Greek:
3991:see also
3854:Venation
3783:Strigose
3699:Glabrous
3687:Floccose
3579:Lepidote
3541:Truncate
3523:Reniform
3459:Truncate
3261:thistles
3231:Undulate
3195:sinuosus
3155:serratus
3081:dentatus
3023:crenatus
3003:ciliatus
2850:Tendrils
2785:raphides
2645:sunlight
2583:katydids
2571:sawflies
2400:through
2382:venation
2376:are the
2348:such as
2250:monocots
1999:of some
1985:Triassic
1942:eudicots
1934:parallel
1827:; e.g.,
1816:Ochreate
1798:Hibiscus
1753:In some
1728:clasping
1647:Laburnum
1601:Hymenaea
1577:Fraxinus
1549:Aesculus
1543:Cannabis
1523:Fabaceae
1500:venation
1304:Gasteria
1263:2-ranked
1259:two rows
1240:Rosulate
1212:Opposite
1169:opposite
1095:stipules
1068:petioles
973:Moraceae
941:Apiaceae
917:stipules
889:leaflets
881:stipules
787:Devonian
756:phyllids
676:of many
670:minerals
482:such as
460:Devonian
362:proteins
334:sunlight
286:phyllids
278:cladodes
250:lycopods
226:venation
51:Leaf of
10587:Ecology
10344:Cuticle
10174:Capsule
10164:Anatomy
10115:Tapetum
10039:Petiole
10014:Rhizome
10009:Rhizoid
9936:Tissues
9926:Vacuole
9916:Plastid
9718:Outline
9713:History
9530:4 March
9507:4 March
9456:9 March
9392:2 March
9269:9 March
9248:7 March
9130:2803656
9077:3711357
9035:2656937
8936:2629700
8751:1220108
8711:2275310
8688:Bibcode
8524:2395267
8474:2441319
8376:6 March
8336:2929115
8291:2614250
8228:Bibcode
8126:Bibcode
8066:3220956
7796:1st ed.
7298:2257290
7278:Bibcode
6872:May 12,
6836:May 12,
6715:3750653
6646:2852670
6301:6553687
6270:Bibcode
5743:Pinnate
5683:Arcuate
5617:and in
5498:Bullate
5426:Obscure
5370:Bullate
5327:bullate
5320:obscure
4904:Bananas
4732:Palmate
4716:diverge
4682:palmate
4679:pinnate
4297:Givotia
4212:Miconia
4136:grasses
4078:Pinnate
4004:Pinnate
3821:Villous
3711:Hirsute
3675:Ciliate
3663:Bristly
3657:Bearded
3551:Surface
3529:Rounded
3517:Oblique
3511:Hastate
3505:Cuneate
3499:Cordate
3215:lobatus
3191:Sinuate
3151:Serrate
3087:may be
3077:Dentate
3061:crispus
3055:crisped
3019:Crenate
2999:Ciliate
2983:integra
2878:in the
2872:Araceae
2870:in the
2868:spathes
2864:spurges
2789:Araceae
2766:poisons
2563:cryptic
2552:tannins
2539:, like
2537:insects
2495:torsion
2462:Ecology
2366:bramble
2337:stomata
2261:stomata
2230:cuticle
2214:stomata
2038:Anatomy
1981:Permian
1970:areoles
1921:petiole
1829:rhubarb
1774:stipule
1721:Sessile
1711:petiole
1699:rhubarb
1674:, some
1627:Albizia
1618:pinnule
1518:leaflet
1498:pinnate
1386:⁄
1373:⁄
1360:⁄
1347:⁄
1324:apricot
1245:rosette
1227:Whorled
1206:Cauline
1137:petiole
1119:grasses
1085:Conifer
992:species
981:adaxial
961:bamboos
953:bananas
937:Poaceae
913:petiole
887:, five
877:Petiole
764:cuticle
746:(e.g.,
709:poisons
705:tannins
701:lignins
678:animals
666:protein
577:stomata
507:Bulbine
441:thermal
433:willows
429:pendent
421:tissues
394:stomata
348:, from
346:sucrose
342:glucose
199:stomata
195:abaxial
191:adaxial
169:foliage
85:Petiole
79:Lamina.
18:Crenate
10930:Leaves
10891:Plants
10794:(IAPT)
10547:Lianas
10515:Shrubs
10467:Starch
10359:Nectar
10279:Raceme
10245:Stigma
10233:Locule
10223:Carpel
10184:Pyrena
10122:Flower
10098:Anther
10093:Stamen
10088:Pollen
9810:groups
9702:Botany
9211:"Leaf"
9168:
9137:
9127:
9084:
9074:
9041:
9033:
8988:
8934:
8924:
8906:
8860:
8831:
8749:
8718:
8708:
8599:
8522:
8472:
8421:
8414:125091
8411:
8343:
8333:
8298:
8288:
8246:
8200:
8152:
8144:
8064:
8029:
7990:
7954:
7933:
7912:
7876:
7844:
7816:
7785:
7764:
7704:
7666:
7634:
7589:
7561:
7536:
7480:
7456:
7431:
7384:
7352:
7296:
6769:
6761:
6722:
6712:
6704:
6653:
6643:
6635:
6308:
6298:
6290:
6215:
5773:Rotate
5665:Image
5620:Celtis
5609:suffix
5035:Smilax
4829:Smilax
4461:Cornus
4449:Celtis
4042:dromos
4024:Ostrya
3835:Timing
3827:Woolly
3741:Pilose
3717:Hispid
3619:) leaf
3617:coleus
3439:Obtuse
3284:Latin
3278:Image
3211:Lobate
3065:Curly
2975:Entire
2960:Latin
2954:Image
2946:margin
2929:margin
2899:, and
2856:Bracts
2844:onions
2801:Spines
2795:Petals
2675:petals
2671:bracts
2653:aphids
2629:orange
2625:yellow
2613:boreal
2428:Phloem
2254:dicots
2065:sugars
2061:phloem
2059:, and
1950:dicots
1903:linden
1879:, and
1821:ochrea
1804:Adnate
1795:As in
1756:Acacia
1682:midrib
1677:Sorbus
1580:(ash).
1562:rachis
1531:rachis
1451:137.5°
1115:Sheath
1099:lamina
1079:fronds
900:Citrus
885:rachis
879:, two
748:mosses
729:leaves
689:autumn
595:) and
589:oxygen
559:, the
549:lignin
516:energy
410:phloem
354:starch
338:sugars
290:mosses
270:spines
153:leaves
136:Rachis
130:Lamina
10851:Lists
10768:Group
10691:Spore
10625:Flora
10542:Vines
10537:Trees
10500:Habit
10472:Sugar
10364:Stoma
10306:Sepal
10301:Petal
10296:Tepal
10284:Umbel
10269:Bract
10250:Style
10238:Ovule
10228:Ovary
10169:Berry
10159:Fruit
10152:Whorl
10019:Shoot
9817:Algae
9808:Plant
9584:(PDF)
9573:(PDF)
9536:, in
9426:(PDF)
9405:(PDF)
9342:, in
9225:(PDF)
9214:(PDF)
9099:and C
9031:JSTOR
9003:ssp.
8932:S2CID
8788:(PDF)
8763:(PDF)
8747:JSTOR
8730:Taxon
8678:arXiv
8608:(PDF)
8575:(PDF)
8568:ssp.
8520:JSTOR
8481:(PDF)
8470:JSTOR
8448:(PDF)
8438:: 18.
8370:(PDF)
8255:(PDF)
8244:S2CID
8214:(PDF)
8161:(PDF)
8150:S2CID
8112:(PDF)
8062:JSTOR
8027:S2CID
7715:(PDF)
7694:(PDF)
7606:, in
7294:JSTOR
5980:4 May
5668:Term
5129:var.
4898:e.g.
3771:Silky
3729:Hoary
3487:Acute
3319:Acute
3281:Term
2979:Forma
2957:Term
2914:Shape
2840:Bulbs
2805:cacti
2631:, or
2579:mimic
2535:Some
2420:Xylem
2384:. In
2374:veins
2226:cells
2121:(the
2119:veins
2053:xylem
1871:Veins
1786:beans
1782:roses
1622:pinna
1527:frond
1467:basil
1463:olive
1459:maple
1336:gyres
1316:hazel
1312:beech
1297:helix
1200:Basal
1107:have
1077:have
1075:Ferns
969:roses
965:beans
957:palms
925:ferns
921:stipe
815:ferns
809:, in
803:like
658:water
565:light
563:, to
414:cells
406:roots
386:xylem
246:ferns
173:shoot
159:of a
10773:Grex
10655:Self
10189:Seed
10051:Stem
10029:Leaf
10004:Root
9999:Bulb
9983:Wood
9944:Cork
9842:Fern
9616:2020
9592:2020
9562:2017
9532:2017
9509:2017
9458:2017
9434:2017
9394:2017
9369:2017
9319:2016
9271:2017
9250:2017
9202:2017
9166:PMID
9135:PMID
9082:PMID
9039:PMID
8986:PMID
8922:ISBN
8858:PMID
8829:PMID
8796:2017
8716:PMID
8597:PMID
8489:2017
8419:PMID
8378:2017
8341:PMID
8296:PMID
8198:PMID
8142:PMID
8015:1141
7988:ISBN
7952:ISBN
7931:ISBN
7910:ISBN
7874:ISBN
7842:ISBN
7814:ISBN
7783:ISBN
7762:ISBN
7702:ISBN
7664:ISBN
7632:ISBN
7587:ISBN
7559:ISBN
7534:ISBN
7478:ISBN
7454:ISBN
7429:ISBN
7382:ISBN
7350:ISBN
6888:link
6874:2017
6852:link
6838:2017
6767:PMID
6759:ISSN
6720:PMID
6702:ISSN
6651:PMID
6633:ISSN
6306:PMID
6288:ISSN
6213:ISBN
5982:2021
5903:slek
5832:and
5798:Size
5349:and
5335:flat
5194:sp.:
4906:etc.
4826:and
4722:Acer
4473:Rhus
3899:Iris
3476:Base
2942:edge
2940:The
2874:and
2858:and
2819:and
2717:Waxy
2698:See
2694:Waxy
2639:and
2477:drag
2372:The
2368:leaf
2220:The
2100:The
2091:The
1944:and
1936:and
1893:leaf
1891:taro
1810:Rosa
1784:and
1322:and
1314:and
1269:and
1250:Rows
967:and
959:and
933:stem
821:and
750:and
725:New
707:and
674:diet
662:bulb
656:and
654:food
645:and
532:and
524:peas
498:and
472:flux
435:and
404:and
344:and
292:and
276:and
268:and
258:bulb
244:and
157:stem
145:leaf
121:Apex
91:Stem
70:Apex
10462:Sap
10179:Nut
10024:Bud
9158:doi
9125:PMC
9117:doi
9072:PMC
9064:doi
9021:doi
8976:doi
8972:198
8953:119
8947:".
8914:doi
8885:doi
8850:doi
8819:doi
8777:doi
8739:doi
8706:PMC
8696:doi
8638:doi
8634:143
8587:doi
8512:doi
8462:doi
8409:PMC
8401:doi
8397:127
8331:PMC
8323:doi
8286:PMC
8278:doi
8274:276
8236:doi
8188:doi
8134:doi
8122:259
8096:doi
8054:doi
8019:doi
7286:doi
6751:doi
6710:PMC
6692:hdl
6682:doi
6641:PMC
6625:doi
6296:PMC
6278:doi
5447:see
5396:see
5355:Fig
5085:see
4692:see
4622:see
4002:1.
3094:or
2944:or
2787:in
2768:or
2633:red
2434:sap
2200:SEM
1730:or
1726:In
1461:or
1439:1:φ
1427:+ 2
1320:Oak
985:bud
923:in
587:),
583:(CO
474:or
445:air
372:by
364:or
288:of
228:of
215:sun
149:pl.
88:Bud
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