1622:
1673:
1669:. This was disordered by its impromptu nature, by having to force its way through the fleeing Italians, by the muddy ground, by having to charge uphill, and by the pits dug by the English. The attack was further broken up by the heavy and effective shooting from the English archers, which caused many casualties. It is likely the archers preserved their ammunition until they had a reasonable chance of penetrating the French armour, which would be at a range of about 80 metres (260 ft). The armoured French riders had some protection, but their horses were completely unarmoured and were killed or wounded in large numbers. Disabled horses fell, spilling or trapping their riders and causing following ranks to swerve to avoid them and fall into even further disorder. Wounded horses fled across the hillside in panic. By the time the tight formation of English men-at-arms and spearmen received the French charge it had lost much of its impetus.
1608:, with more than 500 men-at-arms, was marching to join the French and was nearby. (He intercepted some of the French survivors the day after the battle). Despite this advice, the French attacked later the same afternoon; it is unclear from the contemporary sources whether this was a deliberate choice by Philip, or because too many of the French knights kept pressing forward and the battle commenced against his wishes. Philip's plan was to use the long-range missiles of his crossbowmen to soften up the English infantry and disorder, and possibly dishearten, their formations, so as to allow the accompanying mounted men-at-arms to break into their ranks and rout them. Modern historians have generally considered this to have been a practical approach, and one with proven success against other armies.
1726:
1065:
1807:
1473:
1430:
1596:, while Philip commanded the rearguard. As news filtered back that the English had turned to fight, the French contingents sped up, jostling with each other to reach the front of the column. The Italians stayed in the van, while the mounted men-at-arms left their accompanying infantry and wagons behind. Discipline was lost; the French were hampered by the absence of their Constable, who was normally responsible for marshalling and leading their army, but who had been captured at Caen. Once it halted, men, especially infantry, were continually joining Philip's battle as they marched north west from Abbeville.
964:
61:
1355:
358:
1637:, indicating that no prisoners would be taken. As they advanced, a sudden rainstorm broke over the field. The English archers de-strung their bows to avoid the strings becoming slackened. A contemporary account, followed by some modern historians, has the rain weakening the Genoese crossbows' strings, reducing their power and range; other modern historians state that their bowstrings were protected by leather coverings and so the Genoese were as unaffected by the storm as the English archers.
1755:
1161:
1687:
on them. Alençon was among those killed. The French attack was beaten off. English infantry moved forward to knife the French wounded, loot the bodies and recover arrows. Some sources say Edward had given orders that, contrary to custom, no prisoners be taken; outnumbered as he was he did not want to lose fighting men to escorting and guarding captives. In any event, there is no record of any prisoners being taken until the next day, after the battle.
1717:
melting away from the battlefield. The
English slept where they had fought. The next morning substantial French forces were still arriving on the battlefield, to be charged by the English men-at-arms, now mounted, routed and pursued for miles. Their losses alone were reported as several thousand, including the Duke of Lorraine. Meanwhile, a few wounded or stunned Frenchmen were pulled from the heaps of dead men and dying horses and taken prisoner.
1691:"long mounds of fallen warhorses and men ... add significantly to the difficulties facing fresh formations ... as they sought to approach the English position." Nevertheless, they charged home, albeit in such a disordered state that they were again unable to break into the English formation. A prolonged mêlée resulted, with a report that at one point the Prince of Wales was beaten to his knees. One account has the Prince's
1157:, 20 miles (30 km) from Paris, having left a 20-mile-wide swathe of destruction down the left bank of the Seine, burning villages to within 2 miles (3 km) of Paris. Philip's army marched parallel to the English on the other bank, and in turn encamped north of Paris, where it was steadily reinforced. Paris was in uproar, swollen with refugees, and preparations were made to defend the capital street by street.
1319:
1747:
lower-born foot soldiers, as their equipment was not worth looting. No reliable figures exist for losses among them, although their casualties were also considered to have been heavy, and a large number were said to have been wounded with arrows. The dead on the second day of battle alone were said to have been exceptionally numerous, with estimates varying from 2,000 to, according to Edward
365:
1181:. Philip sent a challenge on 14 August suggesting that the two armies do battle at a mutually agreed time and place in the area. Edward indicated that he would meet Philip to the south of the Seine, without actually committing himself. On 16 August the French moved into position; Edward promptly burnt down Poissy, destroyed the bridge there, and marched north.
1038:, the formal call to arms for all able-bodied males, was announced for the south of France. French financial, logistical and manpower efforts were focused on this offensive. Derby, now Lancaster, sent an urgent appeal for help to Edward. Edward was not only morally obliged to succour his vassal but contractually required to; his
1739:
has been suggested by some modern historians that this is too few and that
English deaths might have numbered around three hundred. To date, only two Englishmen killed at the battle have been identified; two English knights were also taken prisoner, although it is unclear at what stage in the battle this happened.
1292:, going by the carrying capacity of its original transport fleet, believes the force was around 7,000 to 10,000. Up to a thousand men were convicted felons serving on the promise of a pardon at the end of the campaign. Many of the English, including many of the felons, were veterans; perhaps as many as half.
1699:
to prevent its capture. A modern historian has described the fighting as "horrific carnage". Edward sent forward a detachment from his reserve battle to rescue the situation. The French were again repulsed. They came again. The
English ranks were thinned, but those in the rear stepped forward to fill
1652:
The knights and nobles following in Alençon's division, hampered by the routed mercenaries, hacked at them as they retreated. By most contemporary accounts the crossbowmen were considered cowards at best and more likely traitors, and many of them were killed by the French. The clash of the retreating
1350:
of 24 arrows as standard. During the morning of the battle, they were each issued two more quivers, for a total of 72 arrows per man. This was sufficient for perhaps fifteen minutes' shooting at the maximum rate, although as the battle wore on the rate would slow. Regular resupply of ammunition would
1193:
and sent large detachments to hold every bridge and ford across the Somme between Amiens and the sea. The
English were now trapped in an area which had been stripped of food. The French moved out of Amiens and advanced westwards, towards the English. They were now willing to give battle, knowing they
1738:
The losses in the battle were highly asymmetrical. All contemporary sources agree that
English casualties were very low. It was reported that English deaths comprised three or four men-at-arms and a small number of the rank and file, for a total of forty according to a roll-call after the battle. It
1644:
more than three times greater. The crossbowmen were also without their protective pavises, which were still with the French baggage, as were their reserve supplies of ammunition. The mud also impeded their ability to reload, which required them to press the stirrups of their weapons into the ground,
1345:
arrows could penetrate typical plate armour of the time at 225 metres (738 ft). The depth of penetration would be slight at that range; predicted penetration increased as the range closed or against armour of less than the best quality available at the time. Contemporary sources speak of arrows
1045:
Meanwhile, Edward was raising a fresh army, and assembled more than 700 vessels to transport it – the largest
English fleet ever to that date. The French were aware of Edward's efforts, and to guard against the possibility of an English landing in northern France, relied on their powerful navy. This
975:
There followed eight years of intermittent but expensive and inconclusive warfare: Edward campaigned three times in northern France to no effect; Gascony was left almost entirely to its own devices and the French made significant inroads in attritional warfare. In early 1345 Edward attempted another
1819:
on 13 September in glowing terms as a sign of divine favour and justification for the huge cost of the war to date. A contemporary chronicler opined "By haste and disorganisation were the French destroyed." Rogers writes that, among other factors, the
English "benefitted from superior organisation,
1703:
How many times the French charged is disputed, but they continued late into the night, with the dusk and then dark disorganising the French yet further. All had the same result: fierce fighting followed by a French retreat. In one attack the Count of Blois dismounted his men and had them advance on
1690:
Fresh forces of French cavalry moved into position at the foot of the hill and repeated Alençon's charge. They had the same problems as Alençon's force, with the added disadvantage that the ground they were advancing over was littered with dead and wounded horses and men. Ayton and
Preston write of
1686:
which ensued as "murderous, without pity, cruel, and very horrible." Men-at-arms who lost their footing, or who were thrown from wounded horses, were trampled underfoot, crushed by falling horses and bodies and suffocated in the mud. After the battle, many French bodies were recovered with no marks
1459:
Since Philip came to the throne, French armies had included an increasing proportion of crossbowmen. As there were few archers in France, they were usually recruited from abroad, typically Genoa; their foreign origin led to them frequently being labelled mercenaries. They were professional soldiers
1455:
The French men-at-arms were equipped similarly to the
English. They were mounted on entirely unarmoured horses and carried wooden lances, usually ash, tipped with iron and approximately 4 metres (13 ft) long. Many of the men-at-arms in the French army were foreigners: many joined individually
1242:
and gave up their expedition on 24 August. Edward received the news that he would not be reinforced by the
Flemings shortly after crossing the Somme. The ships which were expected to be waiting off Crotoy were nowhere to be seen. Edward decided to engage Philip's army with the force he had. Having
1716:
was a particular target for the English archers; he was seen to fall but survived, albeit abandoning the sacred banner to be captured. Finally, Philip abandoned the field of battle, although it is unclear why. It was nearly midnight and the battle petered out, with the majority of the French army
1439:
These numbers are described by historians as exaggerated and unrealistic, on the basis of the extant war treasury records for 1340, six years before the battle. Clifford Rogers estimates "the French host was at least twice as large as the , and perhaps as much as three times." According to modern
1648:
The Italians were rapidly defeated and fled; aware of their vulnerability without their pavises, they may have made only a token effort. Modern historians disagree as to how many casualties they suffered; some contemporary sources suggest they may have failed to get off any shots at all, while a
1527:
them. The position had a ready line of retreat in the event that the English were defeated or put under intolerable pressure. While waiting for the French to catch up with them, the English dug pits in front of their positions, intended to disorder attacking cavalry, and set up several primitive
1226:
routed the French. The main French army had followed the English, and their scouts captured some stragglers and several wagons, but Edward had broken free of immediate pursuit. Such was the French confidence that Edward would not ford the Somme that the area beyond had not been denuded, allowing
1172:
Philip sent orders to Duke John of Normandy insisting that he abandon the siege of Aiguillon and march his army north, which after delay and vacillation he did on 20 August – though he would ultimately not arrive in time to change the course of events in the north. The French army outside Paris
1708:
to those of his attendants and galloped into the twilight; all were dragged from their horses and killed. There are accounts of entire English battles advancing on occasion to clear away broken French charges milling in front of them, then withdrawing in good order to their original positions.
1556:, with 800 men-at-arms and 1,200 archers. Behind them, the King commanded the reserve battle, with 700 men-at-arms and 2,000 archers. Each division was composed of men-at-arms in the centre, all on foot, with ranks of spearmen immediately behind them, and with longbowmen on each flank and in a
1188:
policy, carrying away all stores of food and so forcing the English to spread out over a wide area to forage, which greatly slowed them. Bands of French peasants attacked some of the smaller groups of foragers. Philip reached the River Somme a day's march ahead of Edward. He based himself at
1746:
after the battle, the bodies of 1,542 French noble men-at-arms were found (perhaps not including the hundreds who died in the clash of the following day). More than 2,200 heraldic coats were reportedly taken from the field of battle as war booty by the English. No such count was made of the
1653:
Genoese and the advancing French cavalry threw the leading battle into disarray. The longbowmen continued to shoot into the massed troops. The discharge of the English bombards added to the confusion, though contemporary accounts differ as to whether they inflicted significant casualties.
1903:
The number of the Genoese crossbowmen is variously given as two, four, and six thousand. Schnerb questions the higher figure, based on estimates that 2,000 crossbowmen were available in all of France in 1340, and doubts that Genoa alone could have recruited several thousand crossbowmen.
1315:, typically made from thin wood overlaid with leather, were carried. The English men-at-arms were all dismounted. The weapons they used are not recorded, but in similar battles they used their lances as pikes, cut them down to use as short spears, or fought with swords and battle axes.
1532:
and flanked by archers. The army had been in position since dawn, and so was rested and well-fed, giving them an advantage over the French, who did not rest before the battle. Having decisively defeated a large French detachment two days before, the English troops' morale was high.
1421:
all note it as being extremely large for the period. The two who provide totals estimate its size as 72,000 or 120,000. The numbers of mounted men-at-arms are given as either 12,000 or 20,000. An Italian chronicler claimed 100,000 knights (men-at-arms), 12,000 infantry and 5,000
887:. These were disordered by their impromptu nature, by having to force their way through the fleeing crossbowmen, by the muddy ground, by having to charge uphill, and by the pits dug by the English. The attacks were further broken up by the effective fire from the English
1464: – very large shields with their own bearers, behind each of which three crossbowmen could shelter. A trained crossbowman could shoot his weapon approximately twice a minute to a shorter effective range than a longbowman of about 200 metres (220 yd).
1835:
for two hundred years. The battle established the effectiveness of the longbow as a dominant weapon on the Western European battlefield. English and Welsh archers served as mercenaries in Italy in significant numbers, and some as far afield as Hungary. Modern historian
1814:
The result of the battle is described by Clifford Rogers as "a total victory for the English", and by Ayton as "unprecedented" and "a devastating military humiliation". Sumption considers it "a political catastrophe for the French Crown". The battle was reported to the
1621:
1603:
was held where the senior French officials, who were completely confident of victory, advised an attack, but not until the next day. The army was tired from a 12-mile march, and needed to reorganise so as to be able to attack in strength. It was also known that the
1408: in) in diameter. Contemporary accounts and modern historians differ as to what types of these weapons and how many were present at Crécy, but several iron balls compatible with the bombard ammunition have since been retrieved from the site of the battle.
1519:, at Crécy-en-Ponthieu. This was in an area which Edward had inherited from his mother and well known to several of the English; it has been suggested that the position had long been considered a suitable site for a battle. The left flank was anchored against
1268:
disaffected with Philip VI and a few German mercenaries, the foreigners constituting probably no more than 150 in number. The exact size and composition of the English force is not known. Contemporary estimates vary widely; for example
1649:
recent specialist study of this duel concludes that they hastily shot perhaps two volleys, then withdrew before any real exchange with the English could develop. Italian casualties in this phase of the battle were probably light.
1340:
used by the English and Welsh archers was unique to them; it took up to ten years to master and could discharge up to ten arrows per minute well over 300 metres (980 ft). A computer analysis in 2017 demonstrated that heavy
1456:
out of a spirit of adventure and the attractive rates of pay offered. Others were in contingents contributed by Philip's allies: three kings, a prince-bishop, a duke and three counts led entourages from non-French territories.
1351:
be required from the wagons to the rear; the archers would also venture forward during pauses in the fighting to retrieve arrows. Modern historians suggest that half a million arrows could have been shot during the battle.
1106:. On 29 July Edward sent his fleet back to England, laden with loot, with a letter ordering that reinforcements, supplies and money be collected, embarked and loaded respectively, and sent to rendezvous with his army at
1564:
was positioned to the rear of the whole army, where it was circled and fortified, to serve as a park for the horses, a defence against any possible attack from the rear and a rallying point in the event of defeat.
1205:
before moving west along the river. English supplies were running out and the army was ragged, starving and beginning to suffer from a drop in morale. On the evening of 24 August the English were encamped north of
1552:(the 'constable' and 'marshal' of the army, respectively), commanded the vanguard with 800 men-at-arms, 2,000 archers and 1,000 foot soldiers including Welsh spearmen. To its left, the other battle was led by the
1015:
In March 1346 a French army numbering between 15,000 and 20,000, "enormously superior" to any force the Anglo-Gascons could field, including all the military officers of the royal household, and commanded by
1416:
The exact size of the French army is even less certain, as the financial records from the Crécy campaign are lost, although there is consensus that it was substantially larger than the English. Contemporary
1279:
more than doubles his estimate in the first. Modern historians have estimated its size as from 7,000 to 15,000. Andrew Ayton suggests a figure of around 14,000: 2,500 men-at-arms, 5,000 longbowmen, 3,000
956:
in Paris agreed that the lands held by Edward in France should be taken back into Philip's hands on the grounds that Edward was in breach of his obligations as a vassal. This marked the start of the
1704:
foot; the Count's body was found on the field. The French nobility stubbornly refused to yield. There was no lack of courage on either side. Famously, blind King John of Bohemia tied his horse's
899:
was described as "murderous, without pity, cruel, and very horrible." The French charges continued late into the night, all with the same result: fierce fighting followed by a French retreat.
1820:
cohesion and leadership" and from "the indiscipline of the French". According to Ayton "England's international reputation as a military power was established in an evening's hard fighting."
1877:
This range is given by material scientists and is supported by most modern historians. Some historians argue that the range of a longbow would not have exceeded 200 metres (660 ft).
1311:: open-faced iron or steel helmets, with mail attached to the lower edge of the helmet to protect the throat, neck and shoulders. A moveable visor (face guard) protected the face.
1133:
in the south west. After his surprise landing in Normandy, Edward was devastating some of the richest land in France and flaunting his ability to march at will through France. On 2
1090:, on 12 July 1346. They achieved complete strategic surprise and marched south. Edward's soldiers razed every town in their path and looted whatever they could from the populace.
906:. The battle crippled the French army's ability to relieve the siege; the town fell to the English the following year and remained under English rule for more than two centuries,
1787:
ideals held by knights of the time, since nobles would have preferred to die in battle, rather than dishonourably flee the field, especially in view of their fellow knights.
739:
4252:
Ayton, Andrew & Preston, Sir Philip (2007) . "Topography and Archery: Further Reflections on the Battle of Crécy". In Ayton, Andrew & Preston, Philip (eds.).
1528:
gunpowder weapons. Edward wished to provoke the French into a mounted charge uphill against his solid infantry formations of dismounted men-at-arms, backed by Welsh
1452:
and levies of variable levels of equipment and training, were present is not known with any certainty, except that on their own they outnumbered the English army.
5272:
1890:
When computer modelling from 2006 was matched against the performance of replica bows, these were found to be "in good agreement with experimental measurements".
4353:
4714:
415:
5150:
5439:
106:
1141:
invaded France from Flanders; French defences there were completely inadequate. The treasury was all but empty. On 29 July, Philip proclaimed the
5684:
4489:
732:
1672:
1153:
August, the English reached the Seine, 12 miles (19 km) south of Rouen, and turned south-east. By 12 August, Edward's army was encamped at
5378:
Schnerb, Bertrand (2007) . "Vassals, Allies and Mercenaries: the French Army before and after 1346". In Ayton, Andrew; Preston, Philip (eds.).
5348:
984:, it was scattered by a storm. There were further delays and it proved impossible to take any action with this force before winter. Meanwhile,
6057:
6027:
4715:"'Then a Great Misfortune Befell Them': the Laws of War on Surrender and the Killing of Prisoners on the Battlefield in the Hundred Years War"
1827:, which fell after eleven months, the Battle of Crécy having crippled the French army's ability to relieve the town. This secured an English
456:
5932:
622:
6017:
4585:
4182:
4669:
4670:"'According to the Custom used in French and Scottish wars': Prisoners and Casualties on the Scottish Marches in the Fourteenth Century"
4649:
1864:
During the 1345 campaign he was known as the Earl of Derby, but his father died in September 1345 and he became the Earl of Lancaster.
725:
1545:
1042:
with Lancaster stated that if Lancaster were attacked by overwhelming numbers, then Edward "shall rescue him in one way or another".
196:
585:
1794:
estimated 15,000–16,000. Froissart writes that the French army suffered a total of 30,000 killed or captured. The modern historian
1712:
Philip himself was caught up in the fighting, had two horses killed under him, and received an arrow in the jaw. The bearer of the
985:
856:
on 12 July. It had burnt a path of destruction through some of the richest lands in France to within 2 miles (3 km) of Paris,
408:
637:
612:
6052:
1549:
4297:
1790:
No reliable figures exist for losses among the common French soldiery, although they were also considered to have been heavy.
1368:
The English army was also equipped with several types of gunpowder weapons, in unknown numbers: small guns firing lead balls;
1098:
and subsequently looted for five days. More than 5,000 French soldiers and civilians were killed; among the few prisoners was
5881:
5621:
5596:
5577:
5553:
5516:
5478:
5452:
5428:
5406:
5387:
5361:
5337:
5316:
5297:
5258:
5213:
5091:
5069:
5050:
5031:
5000:
4964:
4940:
4921:
4898:
4846:
4791:
4770:
4643:
4559:
4530:
4469:
4450:
4423:
4399:
4366:
4339:
4315:
4283:
4261:
4242:
4223:
4197:
1568:
Around noon on 26 August French scouts, advancing north from Abbeville, came in sight of the English. The crossbowmen, under
1553:
632:
5006:
4970:
4816:
4565:
1125:
The French military position was difficult. Their main army, commanded by John, Duke of Normandy, the son and heir of Philip
860:
many towns on the way. The English then marched north, hoping to link up with an allied Flemish army which had invaded from
617:
5754:
5749:
5739:
5719:
813:
798:
788:
763:
502:
427:
558:
5811:
5714:
5677:
1515:
Edward deployed his army in a carefully selected position, facing south east on a sloping hillside, broken by copses and
1247:. The French returned to Abbeville, crossed the Somme at the bridge there, and doggedly set off after the English again.
1194:
would have the advantage of standing on the defensive while the English were forced to try to fight their way past them.
768:
380:
6022:
5806:
5248:
473:
401:
980:
in Flanders until 22 July, while Edward attended to diplomatic affairs. When it sailed, probably intending to land in
5891:
5759:
4522:
4372:
808:
1523:, while the right was protected by Crécy itself and the River Maye beyond. This made it difficult for the French to
6062:
1099:
1640:
The Genoese engaged the English longbowmen in an archery duel. The longbowmen outranged their opponents and had a
3074:
903:
551:
4747:
1725:
1581:
357:
219:
6042:
5670:
5219:
1560:
line to their front. Many of the longbowmen were concealed in small woods, or by lying down in ripe wheat. The
1197:
Edward was determined to break the French blockade of the Somme and probed at several points, vainly attacking
1064:
5901:
5724:
5307:
Rogers, Clifford J. (2008). "The Battle of Agincourt". In Villalon, L. J. Andrew; Donald J., Kagay (eds.).
5183:
773:
5458:
1440:
estimates, 8,000 mounted men-at-arms formed the core of the French army, supported by two to six thousand
6047:
4722:
4677:
4293:
483:
5957:
393:
6037:
1806:
1763:
A disproportionate number of magnates featured among the slain on the French side, including one king (
1605:
271:
4480:
1742:
The French casualties are considered to have been very high. According to a count made by the English
1589:
1573:
1274:
1025:
926:
of 1066, English monarchs had held titles and lands within France, the possession of which made them
284:
245:
71:
5367:
4233:
Ayton, Andrew (2007c) . "The English Army at Crécy". In Ayton, Andrew & Preston, Philip (eds.).
600:
6032:
6007:
5060:
Prestwich, Michael (2007b) . "The Battle of Crécy". In Ayton, Andrew & Preston, Philip (eds.).
4910:"The Longbow-Crossbow Shootout at Crécy (1346): Has the "Rate of Fire Commonplace" Been Overrated?"
4512:
1593:
992:
at the head of an Anglo-Gascon army. He heavily defeated two large French armies at the battles of
258:
1243:
temporarily shaken off the French pursuit, he used the respite to prepare a defensive position at
6012:
5791:
4986:
1541:
989:
701:
696:
509:
493:
466:
191:
4618:
4387:
4203:
5967:
5744:
1824:
1631:
The French army moved forward late in the afternoon, unfurling their sacred battle banner, the
1448:, and a "large, though indeterminate, number of common infantry". How many common infantrymen,
1423:
1307:
on the body and limbs, more so for wealthier and more experienced men. Heads were protected by
1223:
1046:
reliance was misplaced, and the French were unable to prevent Edward successfully crossing the
907:
865:
793:
541:
31:
5607:
A Brief History of Medieval Warfare: The Rise and Fall of English Supremacy at Arms, 1314–1485
4702:
3094:
5847:
5786:
5729:
5693:
5079:
4443:
The Medieval Way of War: Studies in Medieval Military History in Honor of Bernard S. Bachrach
4214:
Ayton, Andrew (2007b) . "The Crécy Campaign". In Ayton, Andrew & Preston, Philip (eds.).
1816:
1516:
1095:
1083:
968:
957:
942:
846:
783:
749:
536:
52:
17:
5614:
Essay on Medieval Military History: Strategy, Military Revolution, and the Hundred Years War
4630:
706:
676:
461:
5922:
5842:
1024:
VI, marched on Gascony. They besieged the strategically and logistically important town of
580:
488:
451:
1426:. Contemporary chroniclers estimated the crossbowmen present as between 2,000 and 20,000.
1244:
869:
803:
95:
8:
5982:
5942:
5906:
5837:
5827:
5734:
3042:
1683:
1441:
1288:
suggests 15,000: 2,500 men-at-arms, 7,000 longbowmen, 3,250 hobelars and 2,300 spearmen.
1165:
1103:
997:
931:
896:
868:
the pursuing French, Edward had his army prepare a defensive position on a hillside near
830:
778:
681:
664:
570:
519:
232:
207:
5508:
Edward III and the Triumph of England: The Battle of Crécy and the Company of the Garter
4516:
1429:
691:
5977:
5962:
5937:
5801:
5244:
5175:
5146:
5134:
5118:
4758:
4739:
4694:
4610:
1662:
1537:
1472:
1285:
1130:
993:
880:
861:
853:
642:
526:
514:
168:
155:
5947:
4690:
1094:, the cultural, political, religious and financial centre of north west Normandy, was
895:, who had dismounted for the battle, they had lost much of their impetus. The ensuing
872:. Late on 26 August the French army, which greatly outnumbered the English, attacked.
5952:
5832:
5625:
5617:
5592:
5573:
5557:
5549:
5534:
5512:
5474:
5448:
5424:
5416:
5402:
5383:
5357:
5333:
5312:
5293:
5264:
5254:
5209:
5179:
5138:
5126:
5087:
5065:
5046:
5027:
4996:
4960:
4936:
4917:
4894:
4877:
4857:
4842:
4808:
4787:
4766:
4743:
4698:
4639:
4581:
4555:
4536:
4526:
4465:
4446:
4419:
4395:
4362:
4335:
4311:
4279:
4257:
4238:
4219:
4193:
1524:
1445:
1289:
1198:
1017:
981:
627:
590:
446:
211:
163:
4614:
4586:"Inter-frontal Cooperation in the Fourteenth Century and Edward III's 1346 Campaign"
2562:
1059:
891:, which caused heavy casualties. By the time the French charges reached the English
842:
531:
48:
5236:
5167:
5110:
4869:
4731:
4686:
4602:
4271:
1666:
1561:
1377:
1360:
1328:
829:
took place on 26 August 1346 in northern France between a French army commanded by
595:
575:
293:
275:
262:
249:
236:
223:
4735:
5972:
5506:
5327:
5101:
Rogers, Clifford (1993). "Edward III and the Dialectics of Strategy, 1327–1360".
4990:
4954:
4909:
4836:
4802:
4781:
4549:
4434:
4413:
4329:
4305:
1798:
estimates 10,000 infantry, as "a pure guess", for a total of 12,000 French dead.
1764:
1696:
1692:
1585:
1238:
on 14 August. After several setbacks they fell out among themselves, burnt their
1219:
1207:
1047:
1009:
923:
838:
686:
478:
186:
3110:
5502:
5171:
5158:
4606:
4593:
4508:
1832:
1600:
1185:
953:
659:
66:
5662:
4873:
1303:
which covered the body and limbs. This was supplemented by varying amounts of
1034:
717:
6001:
5796:
5329:
The Oxford Encyclopedia of Medieval Warfare and Military Technology, Volume 1
5268:
5240:
5130:
4881:
4812:
4409:
4383:
1837:
1569:
1312:
1300:
1178:
289:
121:
108:
5886:
1754:
1354:
1074:
60:
4950:
4832:
4540:
4325:
3904:
1795:
1641:
1369:
1342:
1324:
1304:
1261:
1239:
1215:
849:, resulting in an English victory and heavy loss of life among the French.
5629:
2258:
963:
5852:
5561:
1791:
1174:
1115:
1111:
892:
876:
423:
318:
2834:
1828:
1001:
976:
campaign in the north; his main army sailed on 29 June and anchored off
883:. The French then launched a series of cavalry charges by their mounted
5538:
5122:
4349:
4301:
1783:. According to Ayton, these heavy losses can also be attributed to the
1776:
1730:
1557:
5250:
The Bergerac Campaign (1345) and the Generalship of Henry of Lancaster
3169:
2586:
1235:
5896:
3232:
1633:
1520:
1418:
1373:
1270:
1211:
1202:
1107:
1039:
654:
5203:
5114:
1145:
for northern France, ordering every able-bodied male to assemble at
930:
of the kings of France. Following a series of disagreements between
2931:
2929:
1784:
1580:. Following was a large battle of mounted men-at-arms led by Count
1577:
1308:
1296:
1231:
1138:
1087:
65:
The Battle of Crécy, from a 15th-century illuminated manuscript of
2824:
2822:
2622:
2198:
5205:
War Cruel and Sharp: English Strategy under Edward III, 1327–1360
3977:
3975:
3858:
3774:
3762:
3711:
3646:
3607:
3541:
1461:
1449:
1337:
1281:
1265:
1005:
911:
888:
884:
857:
99:
5022:
Pratt, P.L. (2010). "Testing the Bows". In Hardy, Robert (ed.).
4638:(reprint of 4th ed.). Yeovil, Somerset: Haynes Publishing.
4445:. London: Routledge (published 5 March 2015). pp. 309–322.
2953:
2926:
2610:
2294:
2270:
2246:
1380:, an early form of cannon firing metal balls 80–90 millimetres (
5647:. Edited by Edward Maunde Thompson. London: Rolls Series, 1889.
5151:"The Efficacy of the English Longbow: A Reply to Kelly DeVries"
3558:
3556:
3309:
3307:
2863:
2819:
2499:
2415:
1780:
1743:
1705:
1347:
1230:
Meanwhile, the Flemings, having been rebuffed by the French at
1190:
1154:
927:
4916:. Leiden: Brill (published 29 August 2008). pp. 233–257.
3972:
3363:
3361:
3208:
1160:
875:
During a brief archery duel a large force of French mercenary
4956:
A History of the Art of War in the Middle Ages: 1278–1485 A.D
3875:
3873:
3701:
3699:
3697:
3636:
3634:
3405:
3403:
2658:
1768:
1529:
1222:
and mounted men-at-arms waded into the tidal river and after
1214:. During the night the English marched on a tidal ford named
1146:
977:
4858:"Numerical Analysis of English Bows used in Battle of Crécy"
4298:"The Development of Battle Tactics in the Hundred Years War"
4023:
3738:
3568:
3553:
3529:
3319:
3304:
3268:
3220:
3145:
3135:
3133:
3131:
3129:
2902:
2729:
2528:
2526:
2511:
2357:
1000:, captured more than 100 French towns and fortifications in
4891:
Mercenaries and their Masters: Warfare in Renaissance Italy
3999:
3894:
3892:
3890:
3888:
3786:
3728:
3726:
3580:
3456:
3454:
3439:
3390:
3388:
3358:
3348:
3346:
3280:
3256:
3198:
3196:
2914:
2369:
2347:
2345:
2210:
2186:
2174:
2027:
1772:
1091:
5659:. Edited by J. Strachey et al., 6 vols. London: 1767–1783.
4855:
4361:. Oxford: Osprey Publishing (published 13 November 2002).
3987:
3870:
3694:
3631:
3597:
3595:
3400:
3244:
2840:
2741:
2568:
2128:
2126:
2000:
1318:
1260:
The English army comprised almost exclusively English and
914:
as a dominant weapon on the Western European battlefield.
5026:. Yeovil, Somerset: Haynes Publishing. pp. 205–217.
4912:. In L. J. Andrew Villalon & Donald J. Kagay (eds.).
4134:
3938:
3936:
3923:
3921:
3919:
3519:
3517:
3181:
3126:
2984:
2982:
2980:
2797:
2795:
2780:
2702:
2700:
2687:
2685:
2523:
2487:
2405:
2403:
2401:
2399:
5382:. Woodbridge, Suffolk: Boydell Press. pp. 265–272.
5064:. Woodbridge, Suffolk: Boydell Press. pp. 139–157.
4307:
Arms, Armies and Fortifications in the Hundred Years War
4256:. Woodbridge, Suffolk: Boydell Press. pp. 351–377.
4237:. Woodbridge, Suffolk: Boydell Press. pp. 159–251.
4074:
4064:
4062:
4011:
3960:
3885:
3723:
3670:
3490:
3466:
3451:
3385:
3343:
3193:
2853:
2851:
2849:
2719:
2717:
2715:
2634:
2342:
1284:(light cavalry and mounted archers) and 3,500 spearmen.
1218:. The far bank was defended by a force of 3,500 French.
5568:
Livingston, Michael & DeVries, Kelly, eds. (2016).
4804:
The Low Countries and the Hundred Years' War: 1326–1347
4783:
The Road to Crécy: The English Invasion of France, 1346
4218:. Woodbridge, Suffolk: Boydell Press. pp. 35–108.
4098:
3810:
3750:
3682:
3619:
3592:
3478:
3373:
3331:
3292:
3157:
2807:
2758:
2756:
2646:
2538:
2451:
2386:
2384:
2318:
2123:
2087:
2063:
2051:
1976:
1964:
1916:
1677:
Battle of Crécy, as envisaged 80 years after the battle
864:. Hearing that the Flemish had turned back, and having
30:"Crecy" and "Crécy" redirect here. For other uses, see
5653:. Edited by G. J. Aungier. Camden Series XXVIII, 1844.
4158:
4110:
3933:
3916:
3658:
3514:
3415:
2977:
2880:
2878:
2792:
2697:
2682:
2670:
2396:
2330:
1928:
1536:
The English army was divided in three battalions, or "
1444:
recruited by and hired from the major trading city of
4482:
Henry of Grosmont, First Duke of Lancaster, 1310–1361
4310:. Woodbridge, Suffolk: Boydell Press. pp. 1–20.
4192:. Woodbridge, Suffolk: Boydell Press. pp. 1–34.
4146:
4122:
4086:
4059:
4047:
4035:
3948:
3846:
3834:
3798:
3502:
3427:
3062:
3030:
2941:
2846:
2712:
2574:
2550:
2475:
2439:
2306:
2282:
2234:
2150:
2138:
2099:
2075:
2039:
2017:
2015:
4856:
Magier, Mariusz; Nowak, Adrian; et al. (2017).
4551:
Henry of Lancaster's Expedition to Aquitaine 1345–46
3822:
3018:
3006:
2994:
2965:
2890:
2753:
2463:
2381:
2222:
2162:
2111:
1952:
2875:
2598:
1940:
1210:while the French were 6 miles (10 km) away at
5309:The Hundred Years' War (Part II): Different Vistas
4786:. London: Routledge (published 19 November 2004).
4780:Livingstone, Marilyn & Witzel, Morgen (2004).
2768:
2427:
2012:
1988:
1584:, Philip's brother, accompanied by the blind King
841:. The French attacked the English while they were
27:1346 English victory during the Hundred Years' War
5567:
4914:The Hundred Years War (Part II): Different Vistas
4779:
4188:. In Ayton, Andrew & Preston, Philip (eds.).
3864:
3780:
3652:
3613:
3547:
3238:
3175:
3120:
3088:
2935:
2828:
2628:
2204:
5999:
5399:The Great Warbow: From Hastings to the Mary Rose
5397:Strickland, Matthew & Hardy, Robert (2011).
4415:Infantry Warfare in the Early Fourteenth Century
4270:
2869:
1346:frequently piercing armour. Archers carried one
1149:, where Philip himself arrived on the 31st. On 7
1137:August, a small English force supported by many
5692:
5396:
4183:"The Battle of Crécy: Context and Significance"
3214:
2592:
1847:
747:
4278:. Abington, Oxfordshire; New York: Routledge.
1460:and in battle were protected from missiles by
1295:The men-at-arms of both armies wore a quilted
5678:
1733:counting the dead on the battlefield of Crécy
910:. Crécy established the effectiveness of the
733:
409:
5103:Transactions of the Royal Historical Society
4334:. Ware, Hertfordshire: Wordsworth Editions.
4251:
3768:
3744:
3717:
3562:
3535:
3313:
3151:
2920:
2616:
1599:After reconnoitring the English position, a
1008:and gave the English possessions in Gascony
5533:. Manchester: Manchester University Press.
5253:. Vol. II. Woodbridge: Boydell Press.
4807:. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.
4459:
2786:
2517:
5685:
5671:
5645:De gestis mirabilibus regis Edwardi Tertii
5589:The Battle of Crecy: A Campaign in Context
5059:
4757:
4488:(PhD thesis). Leeds: University of Leeds.
4394:. Chicago: Nelson-Hall. pp. 168–196.
3879:
3705:
3640:
3409:
3250:
3100:
3080:
3052:
2532:
1227:Edward's army to plunder it and resupply.
740:
726:
416:
402:
5040:
4930:
4507:
4392:Seven Decisive Battles of the Middle Ages
4029:
3187:
1982:
1922:
1842:Seven Decisive Battles of the Middle Ages
1540:", deployed in a column. The King's son,
212:
5586:
5421:The Hundred Years War 1: Trial by Battle
5415:
4907:
3898:
3732:
3574:
3496:
3472:
3460:
3394:
3325:
3226:
3202:
3056:
2735:
2652:
2457:
2375:
2363:
2324:
2300:
2276:
2264:
2252:
2216:
2192:
2180:
2132:
2093:
2069:
2057:
2033:
2006:
1934:
1878:
1865:
1805:
1753:
1724:
1671:
1626:Battle of Crécy (19th-century engraving)
1620:
1471:
1428:
1353:
1317:
1159:
1110:, on the north bank of the mouth of the
1063:
962:
5933:Lancaster's Normandy chevauchée of 1356
5591:. Stroud, Gloucestershire: Spellmount.
5377:
5346:
4888:
4838:Battle: A History of Combat and Culture
4462:Arms & Armor of the Medieval Knight
4432:
4408:
4292:
4276:Warfare in Medieval Europe c.400–c.1453
4104:
4005:
3816:
3792:
3756:
3688:
3625:
3601:
3586:
3508:
3484:
3445:
3421:
3379:
3367:
3337:
3298:
3286:
3274:
3262:
3163:
3116:
3012:
2988:
2971:
2959:
2801:
2747:
2706:
2691:
2676:
2664:
2556:
2421:
2409:
1665:(division of the army) then launched a
1177:, 6,000 crossbowmen, and many infantry
14:
6000:
5501:
5468:
5437:
5325:
5306:
5287:
5234:
5208:. Woodbridge, Suffolk: Boydell Press.
5201:
5145:
5100:
5078:
5024:Longbow: A Social and Military History
4985:
4632:Longbow: A Social and Military History
4580:
4554:. Woodbridge, Suffolk: Boydell Press.
4547:
4478:
4418:. Woodbridge, Suffolk: Boydell Press.
4382:
4232:
4213:
4180:
4164:
4152:
4128:
4116:
4092:
4080:
4068:
4053:
4017:
3993:
3981:
3966:
3954:
3942:
3927:
3910:
3852:
3664:
3523:
3433:
3139:
3104:
3084:
3068:
3048:
3036:
3000:
2947:
2908:
2896:
2857:
2813:
2762:
2723:
2580:
2544:
2505:
2493:
2481:
2469:
2445:
2433:
2390:
2312:
2288:
2240:
2228:
2168:
2156:
2144:
2105:
2081:
2045:
2021:
1994:
1958:
1946:
1467:
1114:. The English marched out towards the
5666:
5548:Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
5441:Encyclopedia of the Hundred Years War
5332:. New York: Oxford University Press.
5021:
4800:
4628:
4348:
4324:
4140:
4041:
3840:
3804:
3024:
2884:
2640:
2604:
2351:
2336:
2117:
1970:
1891:
1129:VI, was committed to the intractable
721:
397:
5527:The Organization of War under Edward
4995:. New Haven: Yale University Press.
4949:
4831:
4712:
4667:
4655:from the original on 6 December 2018
4495:from the original on 11 October 2018
3913:, pp. 190–191 (+ nn. 151, 152).
3828:
3676:
3352:
2774:
1840:includes the Battle of Crécy in his
1645:and thus slowed their rate of fire.
1482:
384:Location of the battle within France
6018:Military history of Hauts-de-France
5812:John Talbot, 1st Earl of Shrewsbury
5715:Second War of Scottish Independence
5401:. Somerset: J. H. Haynes & Co.
5045:. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
4460:Edge, David; Paddock, John (1988).
3087:, pp. 163, 164–165 (note 27);
852:The English army had landed in the
769:Second War of Scottish Independence
24:
5807:John of Lancaster, Duke of Bedford
5637:
5489:
5473:. Poole, Dorset: Blandford Press.
5222:from the original on 15 March 2022
4973:from the original on 3 August 2020
4819:from the original on 3 August 2020
4568:from the original on 3 August 2020
3107:, pp. 163, 164–165 (note 28).
2267:, pp. 512–513, 514, 519, 539.
1656:
1588:. The next battle was led by Duke
1264:soldiers, along with a handful of
1250:
25:
6074:
6028:Battles of the Hundred Years' War
5494:
5447:. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press.
5616:. Surrey, UK: Ashgate Variorum.
5350:The Armies of Crécy and Poitiers
5275:from the original on 9 June 2021
5009:from the original on 4 June 2020
4355:The Hundred Years' War 1337–1453
904:laid siege to the port of Calais
638:Black Prince's chevauchée (1356)
613:Black Prince's chevauchée (1355)
363:
356:
59:
5570:The Battle of Crécy: A Casebook
5544:Keen, Maurice (editor) (1999).
5471:Crécy 1346: Anatomy of a Battle
5290:Soldiers' Lives Through History
4841:. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.
4441:. In Gregory I. Halfond (ed.).
4439:Account of the Battle of Crécy"
1897:
1884:
1871:
1858:
1831:into northern France which was
1616:
1255:
960:, which was to last 116 years.
947:
936:
5609:. Philadelphia: Running Press.
5572:. Liverpool University Press.
5326:Rogers, Clifford, ed. (2010).
1411:
1372:firing either metal arrows or
1363:as used at the Battle of Crécy
618:Edward III's chevauchée (1355)
13:
1:
6058:Hundred Years' War, 1337–1360
6053:History of Somme (department)
5423:. London: Faber & Faber.
5356:. London: Osprey Publishing.
5347:Rothero, Christopher (1981).
5043:Plantagenet England 1225–1360
4736:10.1080/03044181.2016.1236502
4691:10.1016/S0048-721X(02)00057-X
4304:& Michael Hughes (eds.).
4274:; Bachrach, David S. (2017).
3865:Livingstone & Witzel 2004
3781:Livingstone & Witzel 2004
3653:Livingstone & Witzel 2004
3614:Livingstone & Witzel 2004
3548:Livingstone & Witzel 2004
3239:Livingstone & Witzel 2004
3176:Livingstone & Witzel 2004
3121:Livingstone & Witzel 2004
3089:Livingstone & Witzel 2004
2936:Livingstone & Witzel 2004
2829:Livingstone & Witzel 2004
2629:Livingstone & Witzel 2004
2205:Livingstone & Witzel 2004
1823:Edward ended the campaign by
1720:
1682:A contemporary described the
1184:The French had carried out a
917:
559:Lancaster's chevauchée (1346)
364:
5902:War of the Breton Succession
5760:Armagnac–Burgundian conflict
5725:War of the Breton Succession
5612:Rogers, Clifford J. (2010).
5546:Medieval Warfare: A History.
5288:Rogers, Clifford J. (2007).
4862:Problemy Techniki Uzbrojenia
4523:John Bourchier, Lord Berners
4464:. New York: Crescent Books.
2870:Bachrach & Bachrach 2017
1910:
1848:Notes, citations and sources
1801:
1020:, the son and heir of Philip
809:Armagnac–Burgundian conflict
774:War of the Breton Succession
220:Charles II, Count of Alençon
7:
5041:Prestwich, Michael (2007).
4959:. London: Greenhill Books.
4763:Crécy: Battle of Five Kings
4723:Journal of Medieval History
4678:Journal of Medieval History
4518:The Chronicles of Froissart
3215:Strickland & Hardy 2011
2593:Strickland & Hardy 2011
1505:– French men-at-arms
952:), on 24 May 1337 Philip's
837:and an English army led by
10:
6079:
5651:French Chronicle of London
5172:10.1177/096834459800500205
4908:Mitchell, Russell (2008).
4607:10.1177/096834459900600401
4173:
2571:, pp. 73, 77, 81, 84.
1494:– other English infantry
1477:Map of the Battle of Crécy
1069:Map of the route of Edward
1057:
1053:
969:Edward III of England
943:Edward III of England
843:traversing northern France
623:Normandy chevauchée (1356)
272:Louis I, Count of Flanders
29:
6023:Battles involving Bohemia
5915:
5892:Armagnacs and Burgundians
5874:
5865:
5820:
5779:
5772:
5707:
5700:
5587:Matthews, Rupert (2007).
5469:Wailly, Henri de (1987).
5380:The Battle of Crécy, 1346
5235:Rogers, Clifford (2004).
5202:Rogers, Clifford (2000).
5062:The Battle of Crécy, 1346
4931:Neillands, Robin (2001).
4889:Mallett, Michael (1974).
4874:10.5604/01.3001.0010.5152
4548:Gribit, Nicholas (2016).
4435:"The Implications of the
4254:The Battle of Crécy, 1346
4235:The Battle of Crécy, 1346
4216:The Battle of Crécy, 1346
4190:The Battle of Crécy, 1346
2962:, pp. 161, 163, 164.
2508:, pp. 203, 207, 217.
1758:The Black Prince at Crécy
1611:
759:
437:
351:
328:
322:• 2,000–6,000 crossbowmen
306:
285:Charles I, Lord of Monaco
246:Rudolph, Duke of Lorraine
177:
149:
78:
58:
46:
41:
5958:Battle of La Brossinière
5438:Wagner, John A. (2006).
5084:The Safeguard of the Sea
4801:Lucas, Henry S. (1929).
4479:Fowler, Kenneth (1961).
4181:Ayton, Andrew (2007a) .
3769:Ayton & Preston 2007
3745:Ayton & Preston 2007
3718:Ayton & Preston 2007
3563:Ayton & Preston 2007
3536:Ayton & Preston 2007
3314:Ayton & Preston 2007
3152:Ayton & Preston 2007
2921:Ayton & Preston 2007
2617:Ayton & Preston 2007
2303:, pp. 520–521, 522.
2279:, pp. 517–519, 520.
2255:, pp. 514–515, 517.
1852:
1544:, aided by the earls of
1359:Depiction of an English
1273:'s third version of his
1173:consisted of some 8,000
990:campaign through Gascony
932:Philip VI of France
879:was routed by Welsh and
866:temporarily outdistanced
343:Infantry losses unknown
337:1,542–4,000 men-at-arms
259:Louis II, Count of Blois
6063:Edward the Black Prince
5792:Edward the Black Prince
5292:. Westport: Greenwood.
4893:. London: Bodley Head.
4629:Hardy, Robert (2010) .
4433:DeVries, Kelly (2015).
3984:, pp. 19–20 n. 79.
2787:Edge & Paddock 1988
2595:, pp. 31, 278–279.
2518:Edge & Paddock 1988
2424:, p. 157 (note 6).
1810:The battlefield in 2018
1542:Edward, Prince of Wales
192:Edward the Black Prince
5968:Battle of the Herrings
5525:Hewitt, H. J. (1966).
5511:. London: Allen Lane.
2911:, pp. 40, 78, 83.
1825:laying siege to Calais
1811:
1759:
1735:
1679:
1628:
1512:
1436:
1365:
1333:
1323:A modern replica of a
1169:
1082:The English landed at
1079:
1018:John, Duke of Normandy
972:
178:Commanders and leaders
32:Crecy (disambiguation)
6043:Edward III of England
5730:War of the Two Peters
5657:Rotuli Parliamentorum
5643:Avesbury, Robert of.
4935:. London: Routledge.
4933:The Hundred Years War
4525:. London: MacMillan.
4388:"The Battle of Crecy"
4378:on 27 September 2018.
3103:, pp. 143, 149;
2667:, p. 164, n. 50.
1809:
1767:), nine princes, ten
1757:
1728:
1675:
1624:
1475:
1442:mercenary crossbowmen
1432:
1357:
1321:
1163:
1084:Saint-Vaast-la-Hougue
1067:
1058:Further information:
966:
784:War of the Two Peters
633:Loire campaign (1356)
329:Casualties and losses
5923:Battle of Saint-Omer
5605:Reid, Peter (2007).
5373:on 27 February 2019.
4272:Bachrach, Bernard S.
3771:, pp. 375, 376.
3720:, pp. 368, 376.
3277:, pp. 269, 271.
3178:, pp. 277, 278.
3055:, pp. 143–144;
2738:, pp. 517, 526.
2619:, pp. 360, 362.
2366:, pp. 512, 524.
1751:III himself, 4,000.
1576:, formed the French
1500:– French crossbowmen
1224:a short, sharp fight
986:Henry, Earl of Derby
381:class=notpageimage|
122:50.25639°N 1.88778°E
5983:Battle of Castillon
5943:Battle of Agincourt
5907:Castilian Civil War
5745:Despenser's Crusade
5735:Castilian Civil War
5237:Bachrach, Bernard S
5086:. London: Penguin.
4759:Livingston, Michael
4753:on 22 October 2019.
4713:King, Andy (2017).
4708:on 22 October 2019.
4668:King, Andy (2002).
4209:on 5 February 2019.
4143:, pp. 207–217.
4008:, pp. 173–174.
3996:, pp. 270–271.
3795:, pp. 172–173.
3679:, pp. 269–270.
3589:, pp. 170–171.
3577:, pp. 528–529.
3448:, pp. 168–169.
3370:, pp. 318–319.
3355:, pp. 109–110.
3328:, pp. 248–249.
3289:, pp. 166–167.
3265:, pp. 270–271.
3241:, pp. 282–283.
3229:, pp. 507–511.
3142:, pp. 438–440.
2750:, pp. 268–269.
2643:, pp. 187–198.
2496:, pp. 234–235.
2378:, pp. 524–525.
2354:, pp. 156–160.
2219:, pp. 515–517.
2195:, pp. 512–513.
2183:, pp. 507–510.
2036:, pp. 485–486.
2009:, pp. 476–478.
1973:, pp. 519–524.
1684:hand-to-hand combat
1590:Rudolph of Lorraine
1468:Initial deployments
1434:Italian crossbowmen
1331:to penetrate armour
1166:Philip VI of France
1104:Constable of France
897:hand-to-hand combat
794:Despenser's Crusade
779:Castilian Civil War
671:Treaties and truces
586:Saint-Jean-d'Angély
484:Tournaisis campaign
233:King John the Blind
197:Earl of Northampton
118: /
6048:History of archery
5978:Battle of Formigny
5963:Battle of Verneuil
5938:Battle of Poitiers
5694:Hundred Years' War
5417:Sumption, Jonathan
5245:Rogers, Clifford J
5189:on 3 February 2019
4765:. Oxford: Osprey.
4032:, pp. 99–107.
3123:, p. 275–277.
2841:Magier et al. 2017
2569:Magier et al. 2017
1817:English parliament
1812:
1760:
1736:
1680:
1629:
1582:Charles of Alençon
1513:
1437:
1366:
1334:
1327:arrowhead used by
1220:English longbowmen
1170:
1131:siege of Aiguillon
1100:Raoul, Count of Eu
1096:stormed on 26 July
1080:
988:, led a whirlwind
973:
958:Hundred Years' War
881:English longbowmen
854:Cotentin Peninsula
847:Hundred Years' War
751:Hundred Years' War
552:Calais (1346–1347)
462:Thiérache campaign
425:Hundred Years' War
345:
339:
324:• Unknown infantry
169:Kingdom of Bohemia
156:Kingdom of England
53:Hundred Years' War
6038:Conflicts in 1346
5995:
5994:
5991:
5990:
5953:Battle of Cravant
5861:
5860:
5768:
5767:
5755:Lancastrian phase
5622:978-0-7546-5996-9
5598:978-1-86227-369-6
5579:978-1-78138-264-6
5554:978-0-19-820639-2
5518:978-0-7139-9838-2
5480:978-0-7137-1930-7
5454:978-0-313-32736-0
5430:978-0-571-13895-1
5408:978-0-85733-090-1
5389:978-1-84383-115-0
5363:978-0-85045-393-5
5339:978-0-85115-804-4
5318:978-90-474-4283-7
5311:. Leiden: Brill.
5299:978-0-313-33350-7
5260:978-1-84383-040-5
5215:978-0-85115-804-4
5093:978-0-14-029724-9
5071:978-1-84383-115-0
5052:978-0-19-922687-0
5033:978-1-85260-620-6
5002:978-0-300-11910-7
4966:978-1-85367-332-0
4942:978-0-415-26131-9
4923:978-90-04-16821-3
4900:978-0-370-10502-4
4848:978-0-8133-3371-7
4793:978-0-582-78420-8
4772:978-1-4728-4706-5
4645:978-1-85260-620-6
4561:978-1-78327-117-7
4532:978-0-585-04908-3
4471:978-0-517-64468-3
4452:978-1-4724-1958-3
4425:978-0-85115-567-8
4401:978-0-8304-1030-9
4368:978-1-84176-269-2
4341:978-1-84022-210-4
4317:978-0-85115-365-0
4285:978-1-138-88765-7
4263:978-1-84383-115-0
4244:978-1-84383-115-0
4225:978-1-84383-115-0
4199:978-1-84383-115-0
4083:, pp. 7, 20.
4020:, pp. 25–26.
3969:, pp. 19–20.
2816:, pp. 18–19.
2631:, pp. 58–59.
2547:, pp. 90–91.
2520:, pp. 68–83.
2339:, pp. 64–65.
2207:, pp. 73–74.
1511:
1509:
1508:
1489:– English archers
1290:Jonathan Sumption
1245:Crécy-en-Ponthieu
902:The English then
870:Crécy-en-Ponthieu
822:
821:
814:Lancastrian phase
804:Glyndŵr rebellion
715:
714:
474:Scheldt campaigns
392:
391:
164:Kingdom of France
145:
144:
127:50.25639; 1.88778
96:Crécy-en-Ponthieu
16:(Redirected from
6070:
5872:
5871:
5777:
5776:
5750:1383–1385 Crisis
5705:
5704:
5687:
5680:
5673:
5664:
5663:
5602:
5583:
5530:
5522:
5484:
5465:
5464:on 16 July 2018.
5463:
5457:. Archived from
5446:
5434:
5412:
5393:
5374:
5372:
5366:. Archived from
5355:
5343:
5322:
5303:
5284:
5282:
5280:
5231:
5229:
5227:
5198:
5196:
5194:
5188:
5182:. Archived from
5155:
5147:Rogers, Clifford
5142:
5097:
5075:
5056:
5037:
5018:
5016:
5014:
4982:
4980:
4978:
4946:
4927:
4904:
4885:
4852:
4828:
4826:
4824:
4797:
4776:
4754:
4752:
4746:. Archived from
4719:
4709:
4707:
4701:. Archived from
4674:
4664:
4662:
4660:
4654:
4637:
4625:
4624:on 22 June 2019.
4623:
4617:. Archived from
4590:
4577:
4575:
4573:
4544:
4521:. Translated by
4504:
4502:
4500:
4494:
4487:
4475:
4456:
4429:
4405:
4379:
4377:
4371:. Archived from
4360:
4345:
4321:
4294:Bennett, Matthew
4289:
4267:
4248:
4229:
4210:
4208:
4202:. Archived from
4187:
4168:
4162:
4156:
4150:
4144:
4138:
4132:
4126:
4120:
4114:
4108:
4102:
4096:
4090:
4084:
4078:
4072:
4066:
4057:
4051:
4045:
4039:
4033:
4027:
4021:
4015:
4009:
4003:
3997:
3991:
3985:
3979:
3970:
3964:
3958:
3952:
3946:
3940:
3931:
3925:
3914:
3908:
3902:
3896:
3883:
3877:
3868:
3862:
3856:
3850:
3844:
3838:
3832:
3826:
3820:
3814:
3808:
3802:
3796:
3790:
3784:
3778:
3772:
3766:
3760:
3754:
3748:
3742:
3736:
3730:
3721:
3715:
3709:
3703:
3692:
3686:
3680:
3674:
3668:
3662:
3656:
3650:
3644:
3638:
3629:
3623:
3617:
3611:
3605:
3599:
3590:
3584:
3578:
3572:
3566:
3560:
3551:
3545:
3539:
3533:
3527:
3521:
3512:
3506:
3500:
3494:
3488:
3482:
3476:
3470:
3464:
3458:
3449:
3443:
3437:
3431:
3425:
3419:
3413:
3407:
3398:
3392:
3383:
3377:
3371:
3365:
3356:
3350:
3341:
3335:
3329:
3323:
3317:
3311:
3302:
3296:
3290:
3284:
3278:
3272:
3266:
3260:
3254:
3248:
3242:
3236:
3230:
3224:
3218:
3212:
3206:
3200:
3191:
3185:
3179:
3173:
3167:
3161:
3155:
3149:
3143:
3137:
3124:
3114:
3108:
3098:
3092:
3078:
3072:
3066:
3060:
3046:
3040:
3034:
3028:
3022:
3016:
3010:
3004:
2998:
2992:
2986:
2975:
2969:
2963:
2957:
2951:
2945:
2939:
2933:
2924:
2918:
2912:
2906:
2900:
2894:
2888:
2882:
2873:
2867:
2861:
2855:
2844:
2838:
2832:
2826:
2817:
2811:
2805:
2799:
2790:
2784:
2778:
2772:
2766:
2760:
2751:
2745:
2739:
2733:
2727:
2721:
2710:
2704:
2695:
2689:
2680:
2674:
2668:
2662:
2656:
2650:
2644:
2638:
2632:
2626:
2620:
2614:
2608:
2602:
2596:
2590:
2584:
2578:
2572:
2566:
2560:
2554:
2548:
2542:
2536:
2530:
2521:
2515:
2509:
2503:
2497:
2491:
2485:
2479:
2473:
2467:
2461:
2455:
2449:
2443:
2437:
2431:
2425:
2419:
2413:
2407:
2394:
2388:
2379:
2373:
2367:
2361:
2355:
2349:
2340:
2334:
2328:
2322:
2316:
2310:
2304:
2298:
2292:
2286:
2280:
2274:
2268:
2262:
2256:
2250:
2244:
2238:
2232:
2226:
2220:
2214:
2208:
2202:
2196:
2190:
2184:
2178:
2172:
2166:
2160:
2154:
2148:
2142:
2136:
2130:
2121:
2115:
2109:
2103:
2097:
2091:
2085:
2079:
2073:
2067:
2061:
2055:
2049:
2043:
2037:
2031:
2025:
2019:
2010:
2004:
1998:
1992:
1986:
1980:
1974:
1968:
1962:
1956:
1950:
1944:
1938:
1932:
1926:
1920:
1905:
1901:
1895:
1888:
1882:
1875:
1869:
1862:
1750:
1695:standing on his
1504:
1499:
1493:
1488:
1483:
1480:
1407:
1406:
1402:
1399:
1393:
1392:
1388:
1385:
1329:English longbows
1152:
1136:
1128:
1121:
1072:
1031:
1023:
951:
950: 1327–1377
949:
940:
939: 1328–1350
938:
834:
799:1383–1385 Crisis
754:
752:
742:
735:
728:
719:
718:
432:
418:
411:
404:
395:
394:
367:
366:
360:
346:
340:
298:
280:
267:
254:
241:
228:
214:
133:
132:
130:
129:
128:
123:
119:
116:
115:
114:
111:
80:
79:
63:
39:
38:
21:
6078:
6077:
6073:
6072:
6071:
6069:
6068:
6067:
6033:Cavalry charges
6008:1346 in England
5998:
5997:
5996:
5987:
5973:Battle of Patay
5948:Battle of Baugé
5928:Battle of Crécy
5911:
5867:
5857:
5816:
5764:
5720:Edwardian phase
5696:
5691:
5640:
5638:Primary sources
5635:
5599:
5580:
5528:
5519:
5503:Barber, Richard
5497:
5492:
5490:Further reading
5487:
5481:
5461:
5455:
5444:
5431:
5409:
5390:
5370:
5364:
5353:
5340:
5319:
5300:
5278:
5276:
5261:
5225:
5223:
5216:
5192:
5190:
5186:
5153:
5115:10.2307/3679216
5094:
5072:
5053:
5034:
5012:
5010:
5003:
4987:Ormrod, W. Mark
4976:
4974:
4967:
4943:
4924:
4901:
4849:
4822:
4820:
4794:
4773:
4750:
4717:
4705:
4672:
4658:
4656:
4652:
4646:
4635:
4621:
4588:
4571:
4569:
4562:
4533:
4509:Froissart, Jean
4498:
4496:
4492:
4485:
4472:
4453:
4426:
4402:
4375:
4369:
4358:
4342:
4318:
4286:
4264:
4245:
4226:
4206:
4200:
4185:
4176:
4171:
4163:
4159:
4151:
4147:
4139:
4135:
4127:
4123:
4115:
4111:
4103:
4099:
4091:
4087:
4079:
4075:
4067:
4060:
4052:
4048:
4040:
4036:
4028:
4024:
4016:
4012:
4004:
4000:
3992:
3988:
3980:
3973:
3965:
3961:
3953:
3949:
3941:
3934:
3926:
3917:
3909:
3905:
3897:
3886:
3880:Prestwich 2007b
3878:
3871:
3863:
3859:
3851:
3847:
3839:
3835:
3827:
3823:
3815:
3811:
3803:
3799:
3791:
3787:
3779:
3775:
3767:
3763:
3755:
3751:
3743:
3739:
3731:
3724:
3716:
3712:
3706:Prestwich 2007b
3704:
3695:
3687:
3683:
3675:
3671:
3663:
3659:
3651:
3647:
3641:Prestwich 2007b
3639:
3632:
3624:
3620:
3612:
3608:
3600:
3593:
3585:
3581:
3573:
3569:
3561:
3554:
3546:
3542:
3534:
3530:
3522:
3515:
3507:
3503:
3495:
3491:
3483:
3479:
3471:
3467:
3459:
3452:
3444:
3440:
3432:
3428:
3420:
3416:
3410:Prestwich 2007b
3408:
3401:
3393:
3386:
3378:
3374:
3366:
3359:
3351:
3344:
3336:
3332:
3324:
3320:
3312:
3305:
3297:
3293:
3285:
3281:
3273:
3269:
3261:
3257:
3251:Prestwich 2007b
3249:
3245:
3237:
3233:
3225:
3221:
3213:
3209:
3201:
3194:
3186:
3182:
3174:
3170:
3162:
3158:
3150:
3146:
3138:
3127:
3115:
3111:
3101:Prestwich 2007b
3099:
3095:
3083:, p. 143;
3081:Prestwich 2007b
3079:
3075:
3067:
3063:
3053:Prestwich 2007b
3051:, p. 266;
3047:
3043:
3035:
3031:
3023:
3019:
3011:
3007:
2999:
2995:
2987:
2978:
2970:
2966:
2958:
2954:
2946:
2942:
2934:
2927:
2919:
2915:
2907:
2903:
2895:
2891:
2883:
2876:
2868:
2864:
2856:
2847:
2839:
2835:
2827:
2820:
2812:
2808:
2800:
2793:
2785:
2781:
2773:
2769:
2761:
2754:
2746:
2742:
2734:
2730:
2722:
2713:
2705:
2698:
2690:
2683:
2675:
2671:
2663:
2659:
2651:
2647:
2639:
2635:
2627:
2623:
2615:
2611:
2603:
2599:
2591:
2587:
2579:
2575:
2567:
2563:
2555:
2551:
2543:
2539:
2533:Prestwich 2007b
2531:
2524:
2516:
2512:
2504:
2500:
2492:
2488:
2480:
2476:
2468:
2464:
2456:
2452:
2444:
2440:
2432:
2428:
2420:
2416:
2408:
2397:
2389:
2382:
2374:
2370:
2362:
2358:
2350:
2343:
2335:
2331:
2323:
2319:
2311:
2307:
2299:
2295:
2287:
2283:
2275:
2271:
2263:
2259:
2251:
2247:
2239:
2235:
2227:
2223:
2215:
2211:
2203:
2199:
2191:
2187:
2179:
2175:
2167:
2163:
2155:
2151:
2143:
2139:
2131:
2124:
2116:
2112:
2104:
2100:
2092:
2088:
2080:
2076:
2068:
2064:
2056:
2052:
2044:
2040:
2032:
2028:
2020:
2013:
2005:
2001:
1993:
1989:
1981:
1977:
1969:
1965:
1957:
1953:
1945:
1941:
1933:
1929:
1921:
1917:
1913:
1908:
1902:
1898:
1889:
1885:
1876:
1872:
1863:
1859:
1855:
1850:
1804:
1765:John of Bohemia
1762:
1748:
1734:
1731:Edward III
1723:
1693:standard-bearer
1678:
1659:
1657:Cavalry charges
1627:
1619:
1614:
1586:John of Bohemia
1554:Earl of Arundel
1510:
1502:
1501:
1497:
1491:
1490:
1486:
1479:
1478:
1470:
1435:
1414:
1404:
1400:
1397:
1395:
1390:
1386:
1383:
1381:
1364:
1332:
1286:Clifford Rogers
1258:
1253:
1251:Opposing forces
1240:siege equipment
1168:
1150:
1134:
1126:
1119:
1078:
1070:
1062:
1056:
1029:
1021:
1010:strategic depth
971:
946:
935:
924:Norman Conquest
920:
839:King Edward III
832:
827:Battle of Crécy
823:
818:
764:Edwardian phase
755:
750:
748:
746:
716:
711:
457:English Channel
433:
429:
428:Edwardian phase
426:
424:
422:
388:
387:
386:
385:
383:
377:
376:
375:
374:
368:
344:
342:
338:
323:
321:
316:
302:
294:
276:
263:
250:
237:
224:
201:
187:King Edward III
173:
141:English victory
126:
124:
120:
117:
112:
109:
107:
105:
104:
103:
64:
42:Battle of Crécy
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
6076:
6066:
6065:
6060:
6055:
6050:
6045:
6040:
6035:
6030:
6025:
6020:
6015:
6013:1346 in France
6010:
5993:
5992:
5989:
5988:
5986:
5985:
5980:
5975:
5970:
5965:
5960:
5955:
5950:
5945:
5940:
5935:
5930:
5925:
5919:
5917:
5913:
5912:
5910:
5909:
5904:
5899:
5894:
5889:
5884:
5878:
5876:
5869:
5863:
5862:
5859:
5858:
5856:
5855:
5850:
5845:
5840:
5835:
5830:
5824:
5822:
5818:
5817:
5815:
5814:
5809:
5804:
5799:
5794:
5789:
5783:
5781:
5774:
5770:
5769:
5766:
5765:
5763:
5762:
5757:
5752:
5747:
5742:
5740:Caroline phase
5737:
5732:
5727:
5722:
5717:
5711:
5709:
5702:
5698:
5697:
5690:
5689:
5682:
5675:
5667:
5661:
5660:
5654:
5648:
5639:
5636:
5634:
5633:
5610:
5603:
5597:
5584:
5578:
5565:
5542:
5523:
5517:
5498:
5496:
5495:Modern sources
5493:
5491:
5488:
5486:
5485:
5479:
5466:
5453:
5435:
5429:
5413:
5407:
5394:
5388:
5375:
5362:
5344:
5338:
5323:
5317:
5304:
5298:
5285:
5259:
5241:DeVries, Kelly
5232:
5214:
5199:
5166:(2): 233–242.
5159:War in History
5143:
5105:. 6th series.
5098:
5092:
5080:Rodger, N.A.M.
5076:
5070:
5057:
5051:
5038:
5032:
5019:
5001:
4983:
4965:
4947:
4941:
4928:
4922:
4905:
4899:
4886:
4853:
4847:
4829:
4798:
4792:
4777:
4771:
4755:
4730:(1): 106–117.
4710:
4685:(3): 263–290.
4665:
4644:
4626:
4601:(4): 379–395.
4594:War in History
4578:
4560:
4545:
4531:
4505:
4476:
4470:
4457:
4451:
4437:Anonimo Romano
4430:
4424:
4410:DeVries, Kelly
4406:
4400:
4384:Dahmus, Joseph
4380:
4367:
4346:
4340:
4322:
4316:
4290:
4284:
4268:
4262:
4249:
4243:
4230:
4224:
4211:
4198:
4177:
4175:
4172:
4170:
4169:
4167:, p. 169.
4157:
4145:
4133:
4121:
4119:, p. 107.
4109:
4107:, p. 271.
4097:
4085:
4073:
4058:
4046:
4044:, p. 184.
4034:
4030:Froissart 1908
4022:
4010:
3998:
3986:
3971:
3959:
3947:
3945:, p. 191.
3932:
3930:, p. 270.
3915:
3903:
3901:, p. 530.
3884:
3882:, p. 151.
3869:
3867:, p. 304.
3857:
3845:
3843:, p. 185.
3833:
3831:, p. 145.
3821:
3819:, p. 173.
3809:
3807:, p. 182.
3797:
3785:
3783:, p. 299.
3773:
3761:
3759:, p. 172.
3749:
3747:, p. 375.
3737:
3735:, p. 529.
3722:
3710:
3708:, p. 157.
3693:
3691:, p. 163.
3681:
3669:
3667:, p. 192.
3657:
3655:, p. 289.
3645:
3643:, p. 150.
3630:
3628:, p. 313.
3618:
3616:, p. 292.
3606:
3604:, p. 171.
3591:
3579:
3567:
3565:, p. 373.
3552:
3550:, p. 290.
3540:
3538:, p. 371.
3528:
3526:, p. 240.
3513:
3501:
3499:, p. 242.
3489:
3487:, p. 319.
3477:
3475:, p. 250.
3465:
3463:, p. 249.
3450:
3438:
3426:
3414:
3412:, p. 148.
3399:
3397:, p. 532.
3384:
3382:, p. 167.
3372:
3357:
3342:
3340:, p. 166.
3330:
3318:
3316:, p. 369.
3303:
3301:, p. 175.
3291:
3279:
3267:
3255:
3253:, p. 147.
3243:
3231:
3219:
3207:
3205:, p. 526.
3192:
3190:, p. 100.
3188:Neillands 2001
3180:
3168:
3166:, p. 317.
3156:
3154:, p. 359.
3144:
3125:
3109:
3093:
3091:, p. 275.
3073:
3071:, p. 163.
3061:
3059:, p. 527.
3041:
3039:, p. 190.
3029:
3027:, p. 162.
3017:
3005:
2993:
2991:, p. 174.
2976:
2964:
2952:
2950:, p. 389.
2940:
2938:, p. 263.
2925:
2923:, p. 364.
2913:
2901:
2889:
2874:
2872:, p. 236.
2862:
2860:, p. 238.
2845:
2833:
2818:
2806:
2804:, p. 267.
2791:
2779:
2767:
2752:
2740:
2728:
2726:, p. 265.
2711:
2709:, p. 269.
2696:
2694:, p. 164.
2681:
2679:, p. 314.
2669:
2657:
2655:, p. 528.
2645:
2633:
2621:
2609:
2597:
2585:
2583:, p. 239.
2573:
2561:
2549:
2537:
2535:, p. 155.
2522:
2510:
2498:
2486:
2484:, p. 195.
2474:
2462:
2460:, p. 497.
2450:
2448:, p. 217.
2438:
2426:
2414:
2412:, p. 161.
2395:
2380:
2368:
2356:
2341:
2329:
2327:, p. 521.
2317:
2315:, p. 277.
2305:
2293:
2291:, p. 385.
2281:
2269:
2257:
2245:
2243:, p. 257.
2233:
2221:
2209:
2197:
2185:
2173:
2161:
2159:, p. 387.
2149:
2147:, p. 103.
2137:
2135:, p. 494.
2122:
2120:, p. 138.
2110:
2108:, p. 102.
2098:
2096:, p. 493.
2086:
2084:, p. 384.
2074:
2072:, p. 484.
2062:
2060:, p. 485.
2050:
2048:, p. 215.
2038:
2026:
2011:
1999:
1987:
1985:, p. 315.
1983:Prestwich 2007
1975:
1963:
1961:, p. 136.
1951:
1939:
1937:, p. 184.
1927:
1925:, p. 394.
1923:Prestwich 2007
1914:
1912:
1909:
1907:
1906:
1896:
1883:
1870:
1856:
1854:
1851:
1849:
1846:
1803:
1800:
1729:
1722:
1719:
1676:
1667:cavalry charge
1658:
1655:
1625:
1618:
1615:
1613:
1610:
1606:Count of Savoy
1601:council of war
1594:Louis of Blois
1574:Carlo Grimaldi
1507:
1506:
1503:Red rectangles
1495:
1481:
1476:
1469:
1466:
1433:
1413:
1410:
1358:
1322:
1313:Heater shields
1257:
1254:
1252:
1249:
1186:scorched earth
1164:
1068:
1060:Crécy campaign
1055:
1052:
967:
919:
916:
820:
819:
817:
816:
811:
806:
801:
796:
791:
789:Caroline phase
786:
781:
776:
771:
766:
760:
757:
756:
745:
744:
737:
730:
722:
713:
712:
710:
709:
704:
699:
694:
689:
684:
679:
673:
672:
668:
667:
662:
660:Reims campaign
657:
651:
650:
646:
645:
640:
635:
630:
625:
620:
615:
609:
608:
604:
603:
598:
593:
588:
583:
578:
573:
567:
566:
562:
561:
556:
555:
554:
549:
544:
539:
532:Crécy campaign
529:
524:
523:
522:
517:
506:
505:
499:
498:
497:
496:
491:
481:
476:
471:
470:
469:
459:
454:
449:
443:
442:
438:
435:
434:
421:
420:
413:
406:
398:
390:
389:
379:
378:
370:
369:
362:
361:
355:
354:
353:
352:
349:
348:
335:
334:100–300 killed
331:
330:
326:
325:
313:
309:
308:
304:
303:
301:
300:
287:
282:
269:
256:
243:
230:
217:
208:King Philip VI
204:
202:
200:
199:
194:
189:
183:
180:
179:
175:
174:
172:
171:
166:
160:
158:
152:
151:
147:
146:
143:
142:
139:
135:
134:
94:
92:
88:
87:
86:26 August 1346
84:
76:
75:
67:Jean Froissart
56:
55:
49:Crécy campaign
44:
43:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6075:
6064:
6061:
6059:
6056:
6054:
6051:
6049:
6046:
6044:
6041:
6039:
6036:
6034:
6031:
6029:
6026:
6024:
6021:
6019:
6016:
6014:
6011:
6009:
6006:
6005:
6003:
5984:
5981:
5979:
5976:
5974:
5971:
5969:
5966:
5964:
5961:
5959:
5956:
5954:
5951:
5949:
5946:
5944:
5941:
5939:
5936:
5934:
5931:
5929:
5926:
5924:
5921:
5920:
5918:
5914:
5908:
5905:
5903:
5900:
5898:
5895:
5893:
5890:
5888:
5885:
5883:
5880:
5879:
5877:
5873:
5870:
5864:
5854:
5851:
5849:
5846:
5844:
5841:
5839:
5836:
5834:
5831:
5829:
5826:
5825:
5823:
5819:
5813:
5810:
5808:
5805:
5803:
5800:
5798:
5797:John of Gaunt
5795:
5793:
5790:
5788:
5785:
5784:
5782:
5778:
5775:
5771:
5761:
5758:
5756:
5753:
5751:
5748:
5746:
5743:
5741:
5738:
5736:
5733:
5731:
5728:
5726:
5723:
5721:
5718:
5716:
5713:
5712:
5710:
5706:
5703:
5699:
5695:
5688:
5683:
5681:
5676:
5674:
5669:
5668:
5665:
5658:
5655:
5652:
5649:
5646:
5642:
5641:
5631:
5627:
5623:
5619:
5615:
5611:
5608:
5604:
5600:
5594:
5590:
5585:
5581:
5575:
5571:
5566:
5563:
5559:
5555:
5551:
5547:
5543:
5540:
5536:
5532:
5524:
5520:
5514:
5510:
5509:
5504:
5500:
5499:
5482:
5476:
5472:
5467:
5460:
5456:
5450:
5443:
5442:
5436:
5432:
5426:
5422:
5418:
5414:
5410:
5404:
5400:
5395:
5391:
5385:
5381:
5376:
5369:
5365:
5359:
5352:
5351:
5345:
5341:
5335:
5331:
5330:
5324:
5320:
5314:
5310:
5305:
5301:
5295:
5291:
5286:
5274:
5270:
5266:
5262:
5256:
5252:
5251:
5246:
5242:
5238:
5233:
5221:
5217:
5211:
5207:
5206:
5200:
5185:
5181:
5177:
5173:
5169:
5165:
5161:
5160:
5152:
5148:
5144:
5140:
5136:
5132:
5128:
5124:
5120:
5116:
5112:
5108:
5104:
5099:
5095:
5089:
5085:
5081:
5077:
5073:
5067:
5063:
5058:
5054:
5048:
5044:
5039:
5035:
5029:
5025:
5020:
5008:
5004:
4998:
4994:
4993:
4988:
4984:
4972:
4968:
4962:
4958:
4957:
4952:
4951:Oman, Charles
4948:
4944:
4938:
4934:
4929:
4925:
4919:
4915:
4911:
4906:
4902:
4896:
4892:
4887:
4883:
4879:
4875:
4871:
4867:
4863:
4859:
4854:
4850:
4844:
4840:
4839:
4834:
4830:
4818:
4814:
4810:
4806:
4805:
4799:
4795:
4789:
4785:
4784:
4778:
4774:
4768:
4764:
4760:
4756:
4749:
4745:
4741:
4737:
4733:
4729:
4725:
4724:
4716:
4711:
4704:
4700:
4696:
4692:
4688:
4684:
4680:
4679:
4671:
4666:
4651:
4647:
4641:
4634:
4633:
4627:
4620:
4616:
4612:
4608:
4604:
4600:
4596:
4595:
4587:
4583:
4582:Harari, Yuval
4579:
4567:
4563:
4557:
4553:
4552:
4546:
4542:
4538:
4534:
4528:
4524:
4520:
4519:
4514:
4513:G.C. Macaulay
4510:
4506:
4491:
4484:
4483:
4477:
4473:
4467:
4463:
4458:
4454:
4448:
4444:
4440:
4438:
4431:
4427:
4421:
4417:
4416:
4411:
4407:
4403:
4397:
4393:
4389:
4385:
4381:
4374:
4370:
4364:
4357:
4356:
4351:
4347:
4343:
4337:
4333:
4332:
4331:The Crécy War
4327:
4326:Burne, Alfred
4323:
4319:
4313:
4309:
4308:
4303:
4299:
4295:
4291:
4287:
4281:
4277:
4273:
4269:
4265:
4259:
4255:
4250:
4246:
4240:
4236:
4231:
4227:
4221:
4217:
4212:
4205:
4201:
4195:
4191:
4184:
4179:
4178:
4166:
4161:
4155:, p. 30.
4154:
4149:
4142:
4137:
4131:, p. 73.
4130:
4125:
4118:
4113:
4106:
4101:
4095:, p. 33.
4094:
4089:
4082:
4077:
4071:, p. 99.
4070:
4065:
4063:
4056:, p. 80.
4055:
4050:
4043:
4038:
4031:
4026:
4019:
4014:
4007:
4002:
3995:
3990:
3983:
3978:
3976:
3968:
3963:
3957:, p. 28.
3956:
3951:
3944:
3939:
3937:
3929:
3924:
3922:
3920:
3912:
3907:
3900:
3899:Sumption 1990
3895:
3893:
3891:
3889:
3881:
3876:
3874:
3866:
3861:
3855:, p. 20.
3854:
3849:
3842:
3837:
3830:
3825:
3818:
3813:
3806:
3801:
3794:
3789:
3782:
3777:
3770:
3765:
3758:
3753:
3746:
3741:
3734:
3733:Sumption 1990
3729:
3727:
3719:
3714:
3707:
3702:
3700:
3698:
3690:
3685:
3678:
3673:
3666:
3661:
3654:
3649:
3642:
3637:
3635:
3627:
3622:
3615:
3610:
3603:
3598:
3596:
3588:
3583:
3576:
3575:Sumption 1990
3571:
3564:
3559:
3557:
3549:
3544:
3537:
3532:
3525:
3520:
3518:
3510:
3505:
3498:
3497:Mitchell 2008
3493:
3486:
3481:
3474:
3473:Mitchell 2008
3469:
3462:
3461:Mitchell 2008
3457:
3455:
3447:
3442:
3436:, p. 66.
3435:
3430:
3424:, p. 10.
3423:
3418:
3411:
3406:
3404:
3396:
3395:Sumption 1990
3391:
3389:
3381:
3376:
3369:
3364:
3362:
3354:
3349:
3347:
3339:
3334:
3327:
3326:Mitchell 2008
3322:
3315:
3310:
3308:
3300:
3295:
3288:
3283:
3276:
3271:
3264:
3259:
3252:
3247:
3240:
3235:
3228:
3227:Sumption 1990
3223:
3217:, p. 31.
3216:
3211:
3204:
3203:Sumption 1990
3199:
3197:
3189:
3184:
3177:
3172:
3165:
3160:
3153:
3148:
3141:
3136:
3134:
3132:
3130:
3122:
3119:, p. 7;
3118:
3113:
3106:
3102:
3097:
3090:
3086:
3082:
3077:
3070:
3065:
3058:
3057:Sumption 1990
3054:
3050:
3045:
3038:
3033:
3026:
3021:
3014:
3009:
3003:, p. 89.
3002:
2997:
2990:
2985:
2983:
2981:
2973:
2968:
2961:
2956:
2949:
2944:
2937:
2932:
2930:
2922:
2917:
2910:
2905:
2899:, p. 77.
2898:
2893:
2887:, p. 40.
2886:
2881:
2879:
2871:
2866:
2859:
2854:
2852:
2850:
2843:, p. 70.
2842:
2837:
2831:, p. 61.
2830:
2825:
2823:
2815:
2810:
2803:
2798:
2796:
2789:, p. 88.
2788:
2783:
2777:, p. 74.
2776:
2771:
2765:, p. 18.
2764:
2759:
2757:
2749:
2744:
2737:
2736:Sumption 1990
2732:
2725:
2720:
2718:
2716:
2708:
2703:
2701:
2693:
2688:
2686:
2678:
2673:
2666:
2661:
2654:
2653:Sumption 1990
2649:
2642:
2637:
2630:
2625:
2618:
2613:
2607:, p. 69.
2606:
2601:
2594:
2589:
2582:
2577:
2570:
2565:
2559:, p. 37.
2558:
2553:
2546:
2541:
2534:
2529:
2527:
2519:
2514:
2507:
2502:
2495:
2490:
2483:
2478:
2472:, p. 69.
2471:
2466:
2459:
2458:Sumption 1990
2454:
2447:
2442:
2435:
2430:
2423:
2418:
2411:
2406:
2404:
2402:
2400:
2393:, p. 19.
2392:
2387:
2385:
2377:
2376:Sumption 1990
2372:
2365:
2364:Sumption 1990
2360:
2353:
2348:
2346:
2338:
2333:
2326:
2325:Sumption 1990
2321:
2314:
2309:
2302:
2301:Sumption 1990
2297:
2290:
2285:
2278:
2277:Sumption 1990
2273:
2266:
2265:Sumption 1990
2261:
2254:
2253:Sumption 1990
2249:
2242:
2237:
2231:, p. 71.
2230:
2225:
2218:
2217:Sumption 1990
2213:
2206:
2201:
2194:
2193:Sumption 1990
2189:
2182:
2181:Sumption 1990
2177:
2171:, p. 75.
2170:
2165:
2158:
2153:
2146:
2141:
2134:
2133:Sumption 1990
2129:
2127:
2119:
2114:
2107:
2102:
2095:
2094:Sumption 1990
2090:
2083:
2078:
2071:
2070:Sumption 1990
2066:
2059:
2058:Sumption 1990
2054:
2047:
2042:
2035:
2034:Sumption 1990
2030:
2023:
2018:
2016:
2008:
2007:Sumption 1990
2003:
1996:
1991:
1984:
1979:
1972:
1967:
1960:
1955:
1949:, p. 95.
1948:
1943:
1936:
1935:Sumption 1990
1931:
1924:
1919:
1915:
1900:
1894:, p. 216
1893:
1887:
1881:, p. 242
1880:
1879:Mitchell 2008
1874:
1868:, p. 476
1867:
1866:Sumption 1990
1861:
1857:
1845:
1843:
1839:
1838:Joseph Dahmus
1834:
1830:
1826:
1821:
1818:
1808:
1799:
1797:
1793:
1788:
1786:
1782:
1778:
1774:
1770:
1766:
1756:
1752:
1745:
1740:
1732:
1727:
1718:
1715:
1710:
1707:
1701:
1698:
1694:
1688:
1685:
1674:
1670:
1668:
1664:
1654:
1650:
1646:
1643:
1638:
1636:
1635:
1623:
1609:
1607:
1602:
1597:
1595:
1591:
1587:
1583:
1579:
1575:
1571:
1570:Antonio Doria
1566:
1563:
1562:baggage train
1559:
1555:
1551:
1547:
1543:
1539:
1534:
1531:
1526:
1522:
1518:
1496:
1485:
1484:
1474:
1465:
1463:
1457:
1453:
1451:
1447:
1443:
1431:
1427:
1425:
1420:
1409:
1379:
1375:
1371:
1370:ribauldequins
1362:
1356:
1352:
1349:
1344:
1339:
1330:
1326:
1320:
1316:
1314:
1310:
1306:
1302:
1298:
1293:
1291:
1287:
1283:
1278:
1277:
1272:
1267:
1263:
1248:
1246:
1241:
1237:
1233:
1228:
1225:
1221:
1217:
1213:
1209:
1204:
1200:
1195:
1192:
1187:
1182:
1180:
1176:
1167:
1162:
1158:
1156:
1148:
1144:
1140:
1132:
1123:
1117:
1113:
1109:
1105:
1101:
1097:
1093:
1089:
1085:
1076:
1066:
1061:
1051:
1049:
1043:
1041:
1037:
1036:
1027:
1019:
1013:
1011:
1007:
1003:
999:
995:
991:
987:
983:
979:
970:
965:
961:
959:
955:
954:Great Council
944:
933:
929:
925:
915:
913:
909:
905:
900:
898:
894:
890:
886:
882:
878:
873:
871:
867:
863:
859:
855:
850:
848:
844:
840:
836:
828:
815:
812:
810:
807:
805:
802:
800:
797:
795:
792:
790:
787:
785:
782:
780:
777:
775:
772:
770:
767:
765:
762:
761:
758:
753:
743:
738:
736:
731:
729:
724:
723:
720:
708:
705:
703:
702:Second London
700:
698:
695:
693:
690:
688:
685:
683:
680:
678:
675:
674:
670:
669:
666:
663:
661:
658:
656:
653:
652:
648:
647:
644:
641:
639:
636:
634:
631:
629:
626:
624:
621:
619:
616:
614:
611:
610:
606:
605:
602:
599:
597:
594:
592:
589:
587:
584:
582:
579:
577:
576:Calais (1350)
574:
572:
569:
568:
564:
563:
560:
557:
553:
550:
548:
545:
543:
540:
538:
535:
534:
533:
530:
528:
525:
521:
518:
516:
513:
512:
511:
508:
507:
504:
501:
500:
495:
492:
490:
487:
486:
485:
482:
480:
477:
475:
472:
468:
465:
464:
463:
460:
458:
455:
453:
450:
448:
445:
444:
440:
439:
436:
431:
419:
414:
412:
407:
405:
400:
399:
396:
382:
373:
359:
350:
336:
333:
332:
327:
320:
315:20,000–30,000
314:
311:
310:
305:
299:
297:
291:
290:Antonio Doria
288:
286:
283:
281:
279:
273:
270:
268:
266:
260:
257:
255:
253:
247:
244:
242:
240:
234:
231:
229:
227:
221:
218:
215:
209:
206:
205:
203:
198:
195:
193:
190:
188:
185:
184:
182:
181:
176:
170:
167:
165:
162:
161:
159:
157:
154:
153:
148:
140:
137:
136:
131:
101:
97:
93:
90:
89:
85:
82:
81:
77:
74:
73:
68:
62:
57:
54:
50:
45:
40:
37:
33:
19:
5927:
5656:
5650:
5644:
5613:
5606:
5588:
5569:
5545:
5526:
5507:
5470:
5459:the original
5440:
5420:
5398:
5379:
5368:the original
5349:
5328:
5308:
5289:
5277:. Retrieved
5249:
5224:. Retrieved
5204:
5191:. Retrieved
5184:the original
5163:
5157:
5106:
5102:
5083:
5061:
5042:
5023:
5011:. Retrieved
4991:
4975:. Retrieved
4955:
4932:
4913:
4890:
4868:(2): 69–85.
4865:
4861:
4837:
4821:. Retrieved
4803:
4782:
4762:
4748:the original
4727:
4721:
4703:the original
4682:
4676:
4657:. Retrieved
4631:
4619:the original
4598:
4592:
4570:. Retrieved
4550:
4517:
4497:. Retrieved
4481:
4461:
4442:
4436:
4414:
4391:
4373:the original
4354:
4330:
4306:
4275:
4253:
4234:
4215:
4204:the original
4189:
4160:
4148:
4136:
4124:
4112:
4105:Schnerb 2007
4100:
4088:
4076:
4049:
4037:
4025:
4013:
4006:DeVries 1998
4001:
3989:
3962:
3950:
3906:
3860:
3848:
3836:
3824:
3817:DeVries 1998
3812:
3800:
3793:DeVries 1998
3788:
3776:
3764:
3757:DeVries 1998
3752:
3740:
3713:
3689:DeVries 1998
3684:
3672:
3660:
3648:
3626:DeVries 2015
3621:
3609:
3602:DeVries 1998
3587:DeVries 1998
3582:
3570:
3543:
3531:
3511:, p. 7.
3509:Bennett 1994
3504:
3492:
3485:DeVries 2015
3480:
3468:
3446:DeVries 1998
3441:
3429:
3422:Bennett 1994
3417:
3380:DeVries 1998
3375:
3368:DeVries 2015
3338:DeVries 1998
3333:
3321:
3299:DeVries 1998
3294:
3287:DeVries 1998
3282:
3275:Schnerb 2007
3270:
3263:Schnerb 2007
3258:
3246:
3234:
3222:
3210:
3183:
3171:
3164:DeVries 2015
3159:
3147:
3117:Rothero 1981
3112:
3096:
3076:
3064:
3044:
3032:
3020:
3015:, p. 6.
3013:Rothero 1981
3008:
2996:
2989:DeVries 1998
2974:, p. 8.
2972:Bennett 1994
2967:
2960:DeVries 1998
2955:
2943:
2916:
2904:
2892:
2865:
2836:
2809:
2802:Schnerb 2007
2782:
2770:
2748:Schnerb 2007
2743:
2731:
2707:Schnerb 2007
2692:DeVries 1998
2677:DeVries 2015
2672:
2665:DeVries 1998
2660:
2648:
2636:
2624:
2612:
2600:
2588:
2576:
2564:
2557:Mallett 1974
2552:
2540:
2513:
2501:
2489:
2477:
2465:
2453:
2441:
2429:
2422:DeVries 1998
2417:
2410:DeVries 1998
2371:
2359:
2332:
2320:
2308:
2296:
2284:
2272:
2260:
2248:
2236:
2224:
2212:
2200:
2188:
2176:
2164:
2152:
2140:
2113:
2101:
2089:
2077:
2065:
2053:
2041:
2029:
2024:, p. 3.
2002:
1997:, p. 1.
1990:
1978:
1966:
1954:
1942:
1930:
1918:
1899:
1886:
1873:
1860:
1841:
1822:
1813:
1796:Alfred Burne
1789:
1761:
1741:
1737:
1713:
1711:
1702:
1689:
1681:
1660:
1651:
1647:
1642:rate of fire
1639:
1632:
1630:
1617:Archery duel
1598:
1567:
1535:
1514:
1458:
1454:
1438:
1415:
1367:
1343:bodkin point
1335:
1325:bodkin point
1305:plate armour
1294:
1275:
1259:
1256:English army
1229:
1216:Blanchetaque
1196:
1183:
1171:
1142:
1124:
1081:
1044:
1033:
1014:
974:
921:
901:
874:
851:
826:
824:
697:First London
546:
542:Blanchetaque
371:
312:7,000–15,000
295:
277:
264:
251:
238:
225:
150:Belligerents
70:
47:Part of the
36:
5887:Chevauchées
5853:Joan of Arc
5848:Charles VII
4350:Curry, Anne
4165:Dahmus 1983
4153:Ayton 2007a
4129:Wagner 2006
4117:Ayton 2007b
4093:Ayton 2007a
4081:Ayton 2007a
4069:Rogers 1993
4054:Wagner 2006
4018:Ayton 2007a
3994:Rogers 2000
3982:Ayton 2007a
3967:Ayton 2007a
3955:Ayton 2007a
3943:Ayton 2007c
3928:Rogers 2000
3911:Ayton 2007c
3853:Ayton 2007a
3665:Ayton 2007c
3524:Rogers 1998
3434:Wailly 1987
3140:Rogers 2010
3105:Ayton 2007c
3085:Ayton 2007c
3069:Ayton 2007c
3049:Rogers 2000
3037:Ayton 2007c
3001:Rogers 1993
2948:Harari 1999
2909:Ayton 2007b
2897:Ayton 2007b
2858:Rogers 1998
2814:Ayton 2007a
2763:Ayton 2007a
2724:Rogers 2000
2581:Rogers 1998
2545:Rogers 2008
2506:Ayton 2007c
2494:Rogers 2000
2482:Ayton 2007c
2470:Ayton 2007b
2446:Rogers 2000
2434:Ayton 2007c
2391:Ayton 2007a
2313:Ormrod 2012
2289:Harari 1999
2241:Rogers 2000
2229:Ayton 2007b
2169:Ayton 2007b
2157:Harari 1999
2145:Rodger 2004
2106:Rodger 2004
2082:Harari 1999
2046:Fowler 1961
2022:Wagner 2006
1995:Gribit 2016
1959:Fowler 1961
1947:Rogers 2004
1792:Jean Le Bel
1546:Northampton
1492:Blue blocks
1424:crossbowmen
1419:chroniclers
1412:French army
1301:mail armour
1234:, besieged
1175:men-at-arms
1143:arrière-ban
1116:River Seine
1112:River Somme
1035:arrière-ban
893:men-at-arms
877:crossbowmen
845:during the
831:King Philip
430:(1337–1360)
319:men-at-arms
125: /
51:during the
6002:Categories
5843:Charles VI
5787:Edward III
5279:8 November
5193:22 October
5109:: 83–102.
5013:8 November
4992:Edward III
4977:8 November
4833:Lynn, John
4823:8 November
4572:8 November
4302:Anne Curry
4141:Burne 1999
4042:Burne 1999
3841:Burne 1999
3805:Burne 1999
3025:Burne 1999
2885:Curry 2002
2641:Burne 1999
2605:Hardy 2010
2352:Burne 1999
2337:Hardy 2010
2118:Burne 1999
1971:Lucas 1929
1892:Pratt 2010
1777:archbishop
1721:Casualties
1700:the gaps.
1661:Alençon's
1592:and Count
1276:Chronicles
1075:chevauchée
1032:April the
922:Since the
918:Background
908:until 1558
682:Malestroit
581:Winchelsea
489:Saint-Omer
452:Arnemuiden
113:01°53′16″E
110:50°15′23″N
72:Chronicles
5897:Jacquerie
5838:Charles V
5828:Philip VI
5630:461272357
5269:0961-7582
5180:161286935
5139:163041276
5131:931311378
4953:(1998) .
4882:1230-3801
4813:960872598
4744:159619516
4699:159873083
4412:(1998) .
4328:(1999) .
3829:Oman 1998
3677:King 2002
3353:King 2017
2775:Lynn 2003
1911:Citations
1802:Aftermath
1785:chivalric
1714:oriflamme
1634:oriflamme
1521:Wadicourt
1517:terracing
1487:Blue dots
1374:grapeshot
1309:bascinets
1271:Froissart
1212:Abbeville
1203:Pont-Remy
1040:indenture
1026:Aiguillon
998:Auberoche
677:Espléchin
655:Jacquerie
649:1358–1360
607:1355–1356
571:Lunalonge
565:1349–1352
527:Aiguillon
520:Auberoche
503:1345–1347
441:1337–1340
347:but heavy
5562:41581804
5505:(2013).
5419:(1990).
5273:Archived
5247:(eds.).
5220:Archived
5149:(1998).
5082:(2004).
5007:Archived
4989:(2012).
4971:Archived
4835:(2003).
4817:Archived
4761:(2022).
4650:Archived
4615:59055741
4584:(1999).
4566:Archived
4511:(1908).
4490:Archived
4386:(1983).
4352:(2002).
4296:(1994).
1829:entrepôt
1578:vanguard
1558:skirmish
1530:spearmen
1525:outflank
1498:Red dots
1378:bombards
1297:gambeson
1282:hobelars
1232:Estaires
1139:Flemings
1122:August.
1088:Normandy
1002:Périgord
994:Bergerac
982:Normandy
862:Flanders
707:Brétigny
665:Chartres
643:Poitiers
628:Breteuil
515:Bergerac
317:• 8,000
307:Strength
102:, France
91:Location
5916:Battles
5882:Battles
5875:General
5833:John II
5802:Henry V
5780:English
5773:Leaders
5708:General
5226:9 April
5123:3679216
4541:2925301
4515:(ed.).
4174:Sources
1744:heralds
1550:Warwick
1538:battles
1462:pavises
1450:militia
1403:⁄
1389:⁄
1361:bombard
1338:longbow
1266:Normans
1236:Béthune
1199:Hangest
1077:of 1346
1054:Prelude
1048:Channel
1006:Agenais
928:vassals
912:longbow
889:archers
885:knights
858:sacking
591:Saintes
510:Gascony
494:Tournai
467:Cambrai
447:Cadzand
296:†
278:†
265:†
252:†
239:†
226:†
210: (
100:Picardy
5868:events
5821:French
5701:Phases
5628:
5620:
5595:
5576:
5560:
5552:
5539:398232
5537:
5529:
5515:
5477:
5451:
5427:
5405:
5386:
5360:
5336:
5315:
5296:
5267:
5257:
5212:
5178:
5137:
5129:
5121:
5090:
5068:
5049:
5030:
4999:
4963:
4939:
4920:
4897:
4880:
4845:
4811:
4790:
4769:
4742:
4697:
4642:
4613:
4558:
4539:
4529:
4468:
4449:
4422:
4398:
4365:
4338:
4314:
4282:
4260:
4241:
4222:
4196:
1781:bishop
1779:and a
1769:counts
1749:
1706:bridle
1697:banner
1663:battle
1612:Battle
1376:; and
1348:quiver
1299:under
1208:Acheux
1191:Amiens
1179:levies
1155:Poissy
1151:
1135:
1127:
1120:
1108:Crotoy
1102:, the
1073:III's
1071:
1030:
1028:. On 2
1022:
941:) and
833:
692:Guînes
687:Calais
601:Guînes
596:Ardres
341:killed
292:
274:
261:
248:
235:
222:
138:Result
5866:Major
5462:(PDF)
5445:(PDF)
5371:(PDF)
5354:(PDF)
5187:(PDF)
5176:S2CID
5154:(PDF)
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