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simply, treated everyone courteously, and walked humbly before God. Modest even to the verge of timidity, he could be stern and bold, and utterly forgetful of self, if responsibility had to be met, or danger confronted. Gentle, forbearing, faithful to every wise instinct, he kept the covenant of a heart's true love until his days were numbered. He had strength of will and power of endurance. The minor heroisms which make up so large a share of a physician's experience, and of which the world knows so little, wrote many a paragraph in the annals of his life. We shall give the manly virtues of
Christian integrity of Crawford Long a dwelling place where so many of the elect of our life already gathered."
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Ascertaining this fact, through negligence I have now permitted a much longer time to elapse than I designed, or than my professional friends with whom I consulted advised; but as no account has been published, (so far as I have been able to ascertain), of the inhalation of ether being used to prevent pain in surgical operations as early as March 1842. My friends think I would be doing myself injustice, not to notify my brethren of the medical profession of my priority of the use of ether by inhalation in surgical practice.
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until Marion Sims, a New York surgeon, published the first major article about Long's contribution. Today, the majority of scholars concur that Long performed the first successful surgery using anesthesia. In fact, Long administered ether to 7 patients, none of whom felt any pain during their operations, several years prior to Morton's 1846 public exposition. One of Long's letters is very revealing as to the origins of Morton's ideas. He wrote,
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contribution to surgery. The men included Morton, Horace Wells of
Hartford, Connecticut, and Charles J. Jackson. Throughout what became known as the "ether controversy", the men vied for a reward of $ 200,000 from the US Congress. Initially, it appears as though many were reluctant to give Long any credit. William Welch reportedly said,
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Reportedly, Long failed to publish his findings until 1849 for two reasons. Firstly, he wished to confirm the results of his experiments several times before propagating his ideas. Secondly, he wished to wait to see if another medical practitioner came forward to counter Morton's claims to discovery,
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from the neck of a patient, James M. Venable. He administered sulfuric ether on a towel and simply had the patient inhale. He performed many other surgeries using this technique during the next few years, introducing the technique to his obstetrics practice as well. Long subsequently removed a second
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Long was the first obstetric anesthetist. In 1845, he had his wife inhale while she was giving birth. Until recently, his practice of using inhalation anesthesia dominated obstetrics. In 1849, Long announced his discovery in a small local magazine. However, he did not receive significant recognition
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on June 16, 1878, shortly after helping to deliver a baby. He is buried alongside his wife in Oconee Hill
Cemetery in Athens, Georgia. Throughout his professional career, Long was strongly convinced of his calling to serve humanity. He said that his profession was a "ministry from God" and that "his
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Standing here in the presence of his remains, I am this day but the voice of the church, of his professional brethren, and of this whole community when I say in Dr. Long's death we have lost an excellent man. He assumed nothing, and was thoroughly truthful in looks, tone, manner and action; lived
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Permit me to say then, that a
Dentist and a surgeon from Boston, Mass. were in Jefferson Jackson County in 1842, 3 or 4 and remained for several weeks. The dentist practiced his profession & the surgeon operated for strabismus-I have always thought it probable, that the Dentist was Morton or
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which alerted Long to this other claim. Furthermore, the
January 1847 issue of the editorial featured more evidence and etherization experiments. Although Long had informed several surgical colleagues who had similarly administered ether in their practices, and performed six additional surgeries
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Long began asking his patients to submit affidavits corroborating his discovery. Long almost certainly discovered the anesthetic powers of ether before Morton demonstrated its ability to dull pain during surgery to the general public, but several other men sought credit for their supposed joint
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Long married
Caroline Swain in 1842 and together they had twelve children, seven of whom survived to adulthood. The family moved to Atlanta in 1850, then again to Athens in 1851 to be closer to friends and family. Here, Long and his brother Robert opened a private practice and pharmacy on Broad
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A controversy soon ensued between Messrs. Jackson, Morton and Wells, in regard to who was entitled to the honor of being the discoverer of the anaesthetic powers of ether, and a considerable time elapsed before I was able to ascertain the exact period when their first operations were performed.
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since his initial discovery, Morton is generally credited with the first public demonstration of ether anesthesia. After these articles surfaced, Long began documenting the details of his experiments, collecting patient accounts, and notarizing their letters. He reported his own findings to the
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Wells, & that a knowledge of my use of ether in surgical operations was obtained at that time. I have not been able to ascertain the name of the dentist, if you know the history of Dr. Wells, you can possibly asertain (sic) whether he travelled South at the time mentioned."
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in 1849. While he was in
Augusta, he learned of two additional physicians staking an ether claim – Charles Jackson and Horace Wells. It was at this time that his findings were finally published. He addressed the controversy in his first publication:
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tumor from
Venable and used ether as an anesthetic in amputations and childbirth. Despite his continued use of the ether anesthetic, Long did not immediately publish his findings. The results of these trials were eventually published in 1849 in
415:, Georgia was named in his honor in 1931 and retained that name for 78 years. In 2009 the hospital was renamed "Emory University Hospital Midtown". References to Crawford W. Long Memorial Hospital are retained on exterior monuments.
229:. Here, Long was able to study under Benjamin Dudley, a revered surgeon. He observed and participated in many surgeries and noted the effects of operating without anesthesia. Long transferred to the University of Pennsylvania in
318:, a U.S. Senator, to present his claims of ether anesthesia discovery to the attention of Congress. Despite his extensive petitioning and documented proof, he never received full credit for his discovery during his lifetime.
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Men of Mark in
Georgia: A Complete and Elaborate History of the State from Its Settlement to the Present Time, Chiefly Told in Biographies and Autobiographies of the Most Eminent Men of Each Period of Georgia's Progress and
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Some personal recollections and private correspondence of Dr. Crawford
Williamson Long, discoverer of anæsthesia with sulphuric ether; together with documentary proofs of his priority in this wonderful
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On August 14, 1920, the Georgia state legislature proposed a constitutional amendment to create a new county from the western portions of Liberty County, to be named after Long. The amendment creating
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In 1879, the National Eclectic Medical Association declared that Long was the official discoverer of anesthesia. "Doctors Day" is celebrated on March 30 every year to commemorate Long's contributions.
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Street, just across from campus. During the Civil War, he joined a militia unit in Athens, but was never called to duty. Instead he served there as a surgeon to soldiers on both sides. He died of a
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194:, Georgia on November 1, 1815, to James and Elizabeth Long. His father was a state senator, a merchant and a planter, and named his son after his close friend and colleague, Georgia statesman
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In 1879, a year after Long's death, the National Eclectic Medical Association declared that he was the official discoverer of anesthesia. At Long's funeral, Chancellor Andrew Lipscomb said:
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We cannot assign to him any influence upon the historical development of our knowledge of surgical anesthesia or any share in its introduction to the world at large."
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after spending only a year at Transylvania College, and was exposed to some of the most advanced medical technology of the time. He received his M.D. degree at the
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The University of Pennsylvania memorialized Crawford W. Long in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, April 1912, with a bulletin and bronze medallion.
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857:"Crawford W. Long's First Publication concerning His Use of Ether for Anesthesia", JLR Medical Group. N.p., n.d. Web. March 2, 2017.
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Long, CW (1849). "An account of the first use of Sulphuric Ether by Inhalation as an Anaesthetic in Surgical Operations".
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Anaya-Prado, Roberto; Schadegg-Peña, Daniel (2015). "Crawford Williamson Long: The True Pioneer of Surgical Anesthesia".
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a physician who potentially discovered anesthesia prior to himself. After reading about Morton's demonstration in the
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Crawford W. Long Collection at Woodruff Health Sciences Center Library, Historical Collections, Emory University
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After an 18-month internship in New York, Long returned to Georgia. He took over a rural medical practice in
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811:"Surgical History: Crawford Long, Alfred Blalock, Louis Wright, and Georgia's Surgical Heritage"
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1149:"Imagining in time. Documenting the discovery of anesthesia: the Crawford W. Long Museum"
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Keys, T. E. (1972). "Historical vignettes. Dr. Crawford Williamson Long (1815–1878)".
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By the age of fourteen, he had graduated from the local academy and applied to the
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972:"Bulletin of memorial to Crawford W. Long, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 1912 April"
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452:). Crawford Long Middle School, in Atlanta, Georgia, was also named in his honor.
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Das, Sakti; Nation Earl F. (2004). "Hugh Hampton Young, the anesthesiologist".
1179:"Dr. Crawford W. Long Monument. Unveiled at Jefferson, Georgia. April 21, 1910"
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in Boston, Massachusetts. His work was published in the December 1846 issue of
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highest ambition was to do good and leave the world better by his labors."
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in 1800, Long used ether for the first time on March 30, 1842, to remove a
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1071:"Emory Crawford Long Hospital Renamed Emory University Hospital Midtown"
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Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania alumni
1073:(Press release). Emory Healthcare. February 13, 2009. Archived from
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1265:"Crawford W. Long (1815–1878) discoverer of ether for anesthesia".
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as one of the two designated monuments to represent Georgia in the
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The Twentieth Century Biographical Dictionary of Notable Americans
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1028:. Georgia Department of Archives and History. 1925. p. 150
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administered ether anesthesia before a medical audience at the
158:(November 1, 1815 – June 16, 1878) was an American surgeon and
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221:. In 1835, he received his A.M. degree. He began his study at
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Crawford, WM (February 1984). "More on the ether operation".
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874:. Vol. 2. Atlanta, Georgia: A. B. Caldwell. pp.
422:" of postage stamps in 1940, and in 1978 with a postcard.
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on December 6, 1977. It is on Crawford W. Long Street in
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Crawford W. Long & the Discovery of Ether Anesthesia
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was ratified on November 2, 1920. The county seat is
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928:. Athens: University of Georgia Press. p. 121.
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Johnson, Rossiter; Brown, John Howard, eds. (1904).
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867:Northen, William J.; Graves, John Temple (1910).
696:. Vol. VII. Boston: The Biographical Society
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1213:. Athens, Georgia: University of Georgia Press.
1210:The first anesthetic: the story of Crawford Long
1102:Journal of Anaesthesiology Clinical Pharmacology
925:The First Anesthetic: The Story of Crawford Long
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1439:– via Athens Historic Newspapers Archive.
280:. Long was also a cousin of the western legend
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996:Georgia Place-Names: Their History and Origins
598:. Southern Medical Association. Archived from
1444:Kelly, Howard A.; Burrage, Walter L. (eds.).
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284:, and may have operated on Doc's cleft lip.
209:. It was here he met and shared a room with
1459:. Baltimore: The Norman, Remington Company.
622:"Crawford Long Birthsite historical marker"
518:– first physician to use general anesthesia
1147:Murdock, Eugene J.; Deaver, Susan (1996).
960:. Wood Library – Museum of Anesthesiology.
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1002:. Macon, GA: Winship Press. p. 135.
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646:Historical Gazetteer of the United States
263:The Southern Medical and Surgical Journal
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1098:"A Philatelic History of Anesthesiology"
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162:best known for his first use of inhaled
1183:Historic Postcard Collection, RG 48-2-5
1049:"Hospital name change enhances mission"
455:Long's childhood home was added to the
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524:, courthouse, site of a statue of Long
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778:Southern Medical and Surgical Journal
1519:Physicians from Georgia (U.S. state)
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1047:Goodwin, Sarah (February 16, 2009).
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457:National Register of Historic Places
448:(the other is his college roommate,
1514:People from Madison County, Georgia
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958:The History of Surgical Anesthesia
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643:Hellmann, Paul T. (May 13, 2013).
564:Madden, M. Leslie (May 14, 2004).
272:Crawford Long was a member of the
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1447:"Long, Crawford Williamson"
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1380:. New York: Paul B. Hoeber, Inc.
1051:(Press release). Emory University
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446:National Statuary Hall Collection
382:National Statuary Hall Collection
267:U.S. National Library of Medicine
1529:19th-century American physicians
1431:. Athens, Georgia. June 16, 1901
1359:10.1213/00000539-197211000-00011
717:Journal of Investigative Surgery
680:. N.p., n.d. Web. March 2, 2017.
182:Crawford Long U.S. postage stamp
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1539:Burials at Oconee Hill Cemetery
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798:. National Library of Medicine.
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766:. N.p., n.d. Web. March 2, 2017
213:, future Vice President of the
16:19th-century American physician
1425:"The Discovery of Anaesthesia"
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349:Crawford Long Bronze Medallion
293:Massachusetts General Hospital
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1401:"The Crawford W. Long Museum"
1374:Taylor, Frances Long (1928).
1312:10.1016/j.urology.2003.10.057
729:10.3109/08941939.2015.1061826
704:– via Internet Archive.
572:. University of Georgia Press
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274:Demosthenian Literary Society
215:Confederate States of America
1489:University of Georgia alumni
1454:American Medical Biographies
974:. Digital Library of Georgia
922:Boland, Frank Kells (2009).
624:. Digital Library of Georgia
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1250:10.1056/NEJM198402233100824
1025:Georgia's Official Register
993:Krakow, Kenneth K. (1975).
566:"Crawford Long (1815–1878)"
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440:stands in the crypt of the
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1484:American anesthesiologists
828:10.1177/000313481608200209
649:. Routledge. p. 227.
302:Medical College of Georgia
235:University of Pennsylvania
101:University of Pennsylvania
1036:– via Google Books.
809:Nakayama, Don K. (2016).
418:Long was honored in the "
409:Crawford W. Long Hospital
406:Emory-University-operated
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1332:. Atlanta: Jos. Jacobs.
1115:10.4103/0970-9185.105788
897:Architect of the Capitol
570:New Georgia Encyclopedia
314:In 1854, Long requested
156:Crawford Williamson Long
44:Crawford Williamson Long
1338:2027/mdp.39015078655415
1327:Jacobs, Joseph (1919).
1281:10.1001/jama.194.9.1008
522:Madison County, Georgia
427:Crawford W. Long Museum
276:while a student at the
225:in the fall of 1836 in
1096:Sekhar, K. C. (2013).
504:Charles Thomas Jackson
463:. Its coordinates are
420:Famous American Series
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1534:History of anesthesia
1524:19th-century surgeons
956:Keys, Thomas (1961).
482:34.12611°N 83.22444°W
461:Danielsville, Georgia
442:United States Capitol
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316:William Crosby Dawson
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278:University of Georgia
203:University of Georgia
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97:University of Georgia
1077:on February 26, 2009
676:"Crawford W. Long."
602:on February 13, 2015
510:William T. G. Morton
289:William T. G. Morton
223:Transylvania College
1429:Athens Daily Banner
1275:(9): 1008–9. 1965.
1207:Boland, FK (1950).
762:Crawford W. Long."
487:34.12611; -83.22444
478: /
227:Lexington, Kentucky
196:William H. Crawford
1494:History of Atlanta
1185:. Georgia Archives
893:"Crawford W. Long"
592:"Crawford W. Long"
450:Alexander Stephens
431:Jefferson, Georgia
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252:had described for
219:American Civil War
211:Alexander Stephens
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1479:American surgeons
356:Medical Examiner,
186:Long was born in
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