411:
555:. This suggests that they are vulnerable and sensitive to overfishing, and their populations cannot easily bounce back after these events. Even though rays have been used as a scapegoat to explain the decline in bivalves, some studies have found that cownose rays do not consume a great deal of oysters or clams. Other studies have found that much of the shellfish prey that the cownose ray consumes is influenced by the size of the shell, so it has been suggested that oyster growers protect their shellfish until their shell reaches a certain size.
601:
82:
38:
523:. Male and female rays will come to the Bay in the late spring and leave in the fall. While occupying the Chesapeake Bay, the female rays and her pups will live in the estuarine waters. Males have been observed leaving the Bay earlier than the females to arrive at a second feeding ground, and the reason for taking a longer migration route is not fully known. One hypothesis is that males exit the Bay to reduce competition of certain resources, such as food and shelter.
57:
474:
349:
designed for crushing clams and oyster shells. Male rays often reach about 2.5 feet (0.76 m) in width, while females typically reach about 3 feet (0.9 m) in width. The cownose ray is often mistaken for being a shark by beach-goers due to the tips of the rays fins sticking out of the water, often resembling the dorsal fin of a shark.
486:
Cownose rays breed from April through
October. Rays will not reach a mature age until they are roughly 70% of the way to their maximum size. Females reach maturity between ages 7–8, while males reach maturity between ages 6–7. The lifespan of the cownose ray varies by sex; the oldest female ray that
571:
Stingrays, including the cownose ray, can pose a low to moderate risk to humans. Rays will lash their tails when threatened, posing a risk of being whipped. If threatened, the cownose ray can also use their barb as a weapon to sting the aggressor. A sting from a cownose ray can cause a very painful
453:
and the opening and closing of their jaw. Because of the type of prey cownose rays consume, their jaw needs to be able to handle the hard-shell organisms. Their jaws are extremely robust and have teeth with a hardness comparable to that of cement. Their cephalic lobes also assist with capturing and
348:
A cownose ray is typically brown-backed with a slightly white or yellow belly. Although its coloration is not particularly distinctive, its shape is easily recognizable. It has a broad head with wide-set eyes, and a pair of distinctive lobes on its subrostral fin. It also has a set of dental plates
268:
Cownose rays prefer to live in shallower, coastal waters or estuaries. Size, lifespan, and maturity differ between male and female rays. Rays have a distinct shape, and it has two lobes at the front of its head, resembling a cow nose. Cownose rays can live between 16 and 21 years, depending on sex.
550:
in the northwest
Atlantic Ocean has been cited and used to link cownose ray overpopulation to the decrease in large coastal sharks, which therefore cause bivalves populations valuable for commercial reasons to be depleted; however, there is little evidence that supports this hypothesis. Campaigns
551:
such as "Save the Bay, Eat a Ray" in the
Chesapeake Bay used these claims to promote the fishery of these rays in hopes of preserving the Bay, which can be detrimental to this species. Cownose rays reach a mature age later in their lifecycle and long gestation periods, meaning that they are a
1060:
Carlson, J.; Charvet, P.; Avalos, C.; Blanco-Parra, M.P.; Briones Bell-lloch, A.; Cardenosa, D.; Crysler, Z.; Derrick, D.; Espinoza, E.; Morales-Saldaña, J.M.; Naranjo-Elizondo, B.; Pacoureau, N.; Pérez Jiménez, J.C.; Schneider, E.V.C.; Simpson, N.J. & Dulvy, N.K. (2020).
612:
worldwide and are often featured in special 'touch tanks' where visitors can reach into a wide but shallow pool containing the fish, which have often had their barbs pinched or taken off (they eventually regrow, similar to human nails), making them safe enough to touch.
518:
Rays often travel and migrate in large schools based on size and sex. Their migration pattern consists of rays moving north in late Spring and moving south in late Fall. Much of what we know about their migration has been from studies done in the
572:
wound that requires medical attention once stung. While the sting is not usually fatal, it can be fatal if stung in the abdomen. There is also a risk associated with eating meat from the sea animal that has not been prepared correctly.
392:
because of the areas they occupy. This allows for the rays to have the potential to live in a wider range of habitats if one area gets too crowded and competition for resources is high. Cownose rays are known to be abundant in the
1896:
1385:
Collins, Angela B.; Heupel, Michelle R.; Simpfendorfer, Colin A. (2008-12-01). "Spatial
Distribution and Long-term Movement Patterns of Cownose Rays Rhinoptera bonasus Within an Estuarine River".
442:. The cownose ray tends to feed either in the early morning hours or in the late afternoon hours, when the waves are calm and visibility is higher than during the day. Their feeding occurs in the
892:
886:
296:. The species has been subjected to overfishing due to the perceived threat of overpopulation in the Chesapeake Bay. There are not many conservation strategies or efforts for cownose rays.
880:
667:
1435:
Sasko, Desirée E.; Dean, Mason N.; Motta, Philip J.; Hueter, Robert E. (2006-08-16). "Prey capture behavior and kinematics of the
Atlantic cownose ray, Rhinoptera bonasus".
558:
There are not many conservation strategies or efforts for cownose rays, besides the fact that cownose ray killing contests have been banned in the state of
Maryland.
397:
and migrate to the area for mating and nursery purposes, typically in the late spring and summer time. Rays are typically spotted near the surface of waters as well.
1262:
Grubbs, R. Dean; Carlson, John K.; Romine, Jason G.; Curtis, Tobey H.; McElroy, W. David; McCandless, Camilla T.; Cotton, Charles F.; Musick, John A. (2016-02-15).
1195:
772:
655:
1892:
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1365:
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1977:
1814:
1339:
856:
1739:
2002:
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826:
2053:
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973:
850:
2078:
2548:
2167:
778:
2533:
2197:
2362:
1840:
967:
1952:
462:
The cownose ray sits fairly high up on the food chain, and as a result only has a few natural predators. These predators include;
2401:
281:. They are migratory creatures, where they migrate South in the winter and North in the summer. The rays are known to occupy the
868:
352:
When threatened the cownose ray can use the barb at the base of its tail to defend itself from the threat. A cownose ray has a
2553:
2479:
1789:
2406:
1926:
2137:
688:
1649:
1187:
1671:
1870:
1764:
1354:
2505:
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The following aquariums and zoos are known to have touch tanks featuring cownose rays (alone or with other fish):
2558:
2028:
2099:
1713:
1515:
1331:
1018:
676:
414:
Cownose ray teeth and mouthparts. Stingray teeth consist of interlocking bars (dental plates) that crush food.
2440:
2302:
1973:
1810:
410:
2288:
760:
718:
649:
543:. The overfishing is due to the perception that rays destroy oyster beds meant for the shellfish industry.
1735:
1230:
Life history, trophic ecology, & prey handling by cownose ray, Rhinoptera bonasus, from
Chesapeake Bay
487:
has been recorded was 21, and the oldest male ray was 18, which were both observed in the
Chesapeake Bay.
2543:
2315:
2310:
1998:
1486:
694:
450:
81:
2218:
2510:
989:
955:
706:
700:
498:
grows within its mother until it is ready to hatch. Rays have a longer gestation period due to their
19:
This article is about the ray common in the western
Atlantic. For other species of cownose rays, see
360:, close to the ray's body. This spine has teeth lining its lateral edges, and is coated with a weak
2049:
376:
Cownose rays are migratory and social creatures and reside on the east coast of the United States,
2432:
1085:
661:
2393:
2250:
2074:
814:
736:
311:
254:
213:
1140:
Omori, Kristen L.; Fisher, Robert A. (2017-11-01). "Summer and fall movement of cownose ray,
793:
682:
196:
2497:
2159:
2419:
2336:
1444:
1394:
1275:
1153:
1030:
939:
904:
832:
808:
712:
631:
552:
499:
2189:
8:
2538:
1232:. Virginia Institute of Marine Science, Virginia Sea Grant, College of William and Mary.
922:
782:
46:
1448:
1398:
1279:
1157:
1948:
1836:
1304:
1024:
1006:
933:
724:
625:
540:
532:
289:
76:
61:
580:
from a cownose ray that has been contaminated with the bacteria. This bacteria causes
2492:
2323:
1623:
1584:
1468:
1460:
1410:
1309:
1291:
1233:
1169:
979:
838:
799:
643:
1893:"You can touch a stingray at new exhibit at Omaha's Henry Doorly Zoo & Aquarium"
1062:
253:(the East Atlantic populations are now generally considered a separate species, the
2328:
1615:
1574:
1564:
1452:
1402:
1299:
1283:
1161:
1080:
910:
844:
754:
742:
730:
637:
467:
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506:
is believed to last between 11 and 12 months, and at full term, the offspring are
2466:
2273:
1602:
Fisher, Robert A.; Call, Garrett C.; Grubbs, R. Dean (2011-04-01). "Cownose Ray (
961:
951:
898:
862:
820:
766:
547:
353:
262:
153:
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1918:
1569:
1552:
1456:
983:
916:
787:
609:
520:
394:
381:
282:
133:
123:
2129:
1553:"Use of a nursery area by cownose rays (Rhinopteridae) in southeastern Brazil"
1406:
1165:
1144:, along the east coast of United States observed with pop-up satellite tags".
2527:
2414:
1627:
1588:
1464:
1414:
1295:
1264:"Critical assessment and ramifications of a purported marine trophic cascade"
1237:
1173:
1071:
536:
491:
293:
66:
1641:
600:
1472:
1313:
443:
37:
2471:
1862:
1551:
Rangel, Bianca S.; Rodrigues, Alexandre; Moreira, Renata G. (2018-03-26).
2427:
2375:
2282:
1760:
1619:
874:
581:
246:
1579:
2367:
2354:
1263:
1012:
993:
945:
507:
427:
306:
274:
173:
163:
20:
1287:
2380:
2107:
2024:
1736:"Stingray Touchpool | Aquarium Exhibits | Explore Aquarium"
1705:
585:
503:
419:
365:
335:
324:
316:
242:
93:
2244:
2349:
2267:
589:
573:
439:
423:
389:
278:
238:
234:
143:
113:
265:, a group that is shared by bat rays, manta rays, and eagle rays.
2341:
431:
385:
2484:
2297:
495:
473:
377:
250:
103:
1055:
1053:
1051:
1049:
1047:
463:
361:
357:
422:
diet, meaning it feeds upon hard-shelled organisms, such as
1044:
577:
435:
270:
1384:
1261:
454:
handling their prey by pushing them towards their mouth.
477:
Cownose rays swimming in shallows in the Gulf of Mexico
1550:
1516:"Cownose Rays in the Chesapeake Bay: What do we know?"
1999:"Stingrays at Caribbean Cove presented by SSM Health"
269:
Rays feed upon organisms with harder shells, such as
1434:
388:. Cownose rays are able to tolerate a wide range of
384:. They prefer to live in near coastal waters and in
929:South Carolina Aquarium, Charleston South Carolina
438:, which have softer shells and are categorized as
2525:
1601:
827:National Mississippi River Museum & Aquarium
449:The rays are able to capture their prey through
1761:"Stingray Touch - Arizona-Sonora Desert Museum"
805:Memphis Zoo and Aquarium in Memphis, Tennessee
1086:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T60128A3088381.en
237:found throughout a large part of the western
1949:"Petting Zoo -Rooster Cogburn Ostrich Ranch"
1362:NOAA Fisheries Service Apex Predator Program
851:North Carolina Aquarium at Pine Knoll Shores
481:
1606:) Predation Relative to Bivalve Ontogeny".
1139:
526:
371:
1837:"SeaTrek Helmet Diving at OdySea Aquarium"
779:Long Island Aquarium and Exhibition Center
364:that causes symptoms similar to that of a
55:
36:
1578:
1568:
1303:
1084:
968:Wonders of Wildlife Museum & Aquarium
592:, pain, fever, and possible dehydration.
561:
599:
472:
409:
334:comes from the Ancient Greek for bison (
261:)). These rays also belong to the order
2219:"Stingray Beach - Assiniboine Park Zoo"
2160:"Ray Bay - Ripley's Aquarium of Canada"
1811:"Downtown Aquarium Denver Visitor Info"
1371:from the original on February 22, 2016.
531:The cownose ray is currently listed as
470:, and humans who like to fish for them.
2526:
1786:"Cownose Ray - Atlantic City Aquarium"
1487:"Cownose Ray | Chesapeake Bay Program"
1227:
1198:from the original on November 19, 2018
1135:
1133:
1131:
1129:
1127:
1125:
1123:
869:Oklahoma City Zoo and Botanical Garden
2249:
2248:
1890:
1532:from the original on 13 November 2020
1430:
1428:
1426:
1424:
1257:
1255:
1253:
1251:
1249:
1247:
1223:
1221:
1219:
1217:
1215:
1213:
1121:
1119:
1117:
1115:
1113:
1111:
1109:
1107:
1105:
1103:
446:zone, or at the bottom of the ocean.
2190:"Vancouver Aquarium - Discover Rays"
1652:from the original on October 6, 2018
1380:
1378:
1352:
1325:
1323:
1843:from the original on 24 August 2018
1716:from the original on 24 August 2018
1072:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
673:Brookfield Zoo in Chicago, Illinois
405:
288:In 2019, the species was listed as
13:
2140:from the original on 2 August 2017
1664:
1421:
1355:"Commercial Fishery Species Guide"
1329:
1244:
1210:
1100:
502:species attributes. The length of
14:
2570:
2549:Fish of the Eastern United States
2229:from the original on 20 June 2019
2170:from the original on 13 July 2017
1974:"Touch a ray at friendship flats"
1929:from the original on 8 April 2023
1919:"Ray Bay: Interactive Touch Tank"
1706:"Adventure Aquarium - Camden, NJ"
1375:
1346:
1336:Florida Museum of Natural History
1320:
1180:
887:Ripley's Aquarium of Myrtle Beach
749:IMAG History & Science Center
608:Cownose rays can be seen in many
566:
539:due to extensive overfishing and
2534:IUCN Red List vulnerable species
2005:from the original on 5 June 2019
1899:from the original on 3 July 2021
1817:from the original on 5 June 2019
1342:from the original on 2016-04-27.
893:Ripley’s Aquarium of the Smokies
689:Children's Aquarium at Fair Park
80:
2211:
2200:from the original on 2017-08-01
2182:
2152:
2122:
2092:
2081:from the original on 2012-02-25
2067:
2056:from the original on 2017-08-17
2042:
2031:from the original on 2018-04-07
2017:
1991:
1980:from the original on 2021-03-03
1966:
1955:from the original on 2017-12-01
1941:
1911:
1884:
1873:from the original on 2021-04-27
1855:
1829:
1803:
1792:from the original on 2018-11-19
1778:
1767:from the original on 2017-12-01
1753:
1742:from the original on 2018-11-30
1728:
1698:
1686:from the original on 2018-10-06
1634:
1595:
1544:
1508:
1497:from the original on 2021-05-17
1479:
1353:Ball, Michael (July 16, 2012).
1146:Environmental Biology of Fishes
889:in Myrtle Beach, South Carolina
853:in Emerald Isle, North Carolina
1027:in Vancouver, British Columbia
677:California Academy of Sciences
604:The underside of a cownose ray
343:
1:
1891:Bicak, Carol (21 June 2014).
1608:Journal of Shellfish Research
1037:
881:Rooster Cogburn Ostrich Ranch
739:in Panama City Beach, Florida
16:Species of cartilaginous fish
2554:Fish of the Western Atlantic
954:in St. Petersburg, Florida (
761:Jacksonville Zoo and Gardens
679:in San Francisco, California
670:in Sioux Falls, South Dakota
668:Butterfly House and Aquarium
658:in Atlantic City, New Jersey
650:Arizona-Sonora Desert Museum
595:
576:may be acquired from eating
513:
457:
336:
325:
317:
7:
2164:Ripley's Aquarium of Canada
1019:Ripley's Aquarium of Canada
418:The cownose ray exhibits a
400:
299:
10:
2575:
2025:"The San Antonio Aquarium"
1570:10.1590/1982-0224-20170089
1457:10.1016/j.zool.2005.12.005
1228:Fisher, Robert A. (2012).
964:in West Orange, New Jersey
871:in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
695:Clearwater Marine Aquarium
634:in Albuquerque, New Mexico
18:
2257:
1710:www.adventureaquarium.com
1407:10.1007/s12237-008-9100-5
1338:. University of Florida.
1166:10.1007/s10641-017-0654-6
1000:
990:Greensboro Science Center
936:in Chattanooga, Tennessee
719:Fort Wayne Children's Zoo
707:Downtown Aquarium, Denver
701:Columbus Zoo and Aquarium
664:in Long Beach, California
640:in New Orleans, Louisiana
482:Reproduction and lifespan
202:
195:
77:Scientific classification
75:
53:
44:
35:
30:
1646:Encyclopaedia Britannica
970:in Springfield, Missouri
942:in Corpus Christi, Texas
925:in Shreveport, Louisiana
895:in Gatlinburg, Tennessee
859:in Gulfport, Mississippi
835:in Boston, Massachusetts
833:The New England Aquarium
811:in Gulfport, Mississippi
769:in Kansas City, Missouri
763:in Jacksonville, Florida
757:in Indianapolis, Indiana
527:Threats and conservation
372:Habitat and distribution
1557:Neotropical Ichthyology
802:in Norwalk, Connecticut
796:in Ponce Inlet, Florida
662:Aquarium of the Pacific
588:. Symptoms can include
2559:Fish described in 1815
2050:"Texas State Aquarium"
1523:Chesapeake Bay Program
1025:The Vancouver Aquarium
976:in Rotterdam, New York
901:in St. Louis, Missouri
865:in Scottsdale, Arizona
823:in Mystic, Connecticut
815:Mote Marine Laboratory
775:in Glen, New Hampshire
773:Living Shores Aquarium
751:in Fort Myers, Florida
737:Gulf World Marine Park
721:in Fort Wayne, Indiana
697:in Clearwater, Florida
656:Atlantic City Aquarium
605:
562:Relationship to humans
510:, exiting tail first.
478:
415:
285:in the summer months.
255:Lusitanian cownose ray
1491:www.chesapeakebay.net
1033:in Winnipeg, Manitoba
907:in San Antonio, Texas
841:in Brooklyn, New York
794:Marine Science Center
727:in Fresno, California
685:in Solomons, Maryland
683:Calvert Marine Museum
628:in Camden, New Jersey
619:
603:
476:
413:
2223:Assiniboine Park Zoo
1923:Long Island Aquarium
1620:10.2983/035.030.0126
1387:Estuaries and Coasts
1332:"Rhinoptera bonasus"
1079:: e.T60128A3088381.
1031:Assiniboine Park Zoo
940:Texas State Aquarium
919:in Chicago, Illinois
905:San Antonio Aquarium
847:in Newport, Kentucky
817:in Sarasota, Florida
809:Mississippi Aquarium
713:The Florida Aquarium
632:Albuquerque Aquarium
584:, and can result in
386:estuarian ecosystems
380:, as well as in the
330:). The species name
2075:"Cownose Sting Ray"
1525:. 22 October 2015.
1449:2006Zool..109..171S
1399:2008EstCo..31.1174C
1280:2016NatSR...620970G
1188:"Cownose Ray Facts"
1158:2017EnvBF.100.1435O
1021:in Toronto, Ontario
956:The Rays Touch Tank
923:Shreveport Aquarium
913:in Orlando, Florida
883:in Picacho, Arizona
877:in Phoenix, Arizona
783:Riverhead, New York
733:in Atlanta, Georgia
709:in Denver, Colorado
494:, meaning that the
47:Conservation status
2544:Ovoviviparous fish
2303:rhinoptera-bonasus
2289:Rhinoptera bonasus
2259:Rhinoptera bonasus
2110:on 22 January 2021
1674:Rhinoptera bonasus
1604:Rhinoptera bonasus
1330:Kittle, Kimberly.
1268:Scientific Reports
1142:Rhinoptera bonasus
1065:Rhinoptera bonasus
1007:Aquarium of Quebec
934:Tennessee Aquarium
745:in Omaha, Nebraska
725:Fresno Chaffee Zoo
652:in Tucson, Arizona
626:Adventure Aquarium
606:
553:K-selected species
541:commercial fishing
479:
430:, but they prefer
416:
233:) is a species of
230:Rhinoptera bonasus
206:Rhinoptera bonasus
2521:
2520:
2493:Open Tree of Life
2251:Taxon identifiers
2130:"Quebec Aquarium"
1288:10.1038/srep20970
1152:(11): 1435–1449.
980:Virginia Aquarium
839:New York Aquarium
800:Maritime Aquarium
790:in Tampa, Florida
715:in Tampa, Florida
644:Aquarium of Boise
490:Cownose rays are
468:hammerhead sharks
310:is named for the
259:R. marginata
221:
220:
70:
2566:
2514:
2513:
2501:
2500:
2488:
2487:
2475:
2474:
2462:
2461:
2449:
2448:
2446:NHMSYS0020552622
2436:
2435:
2423:
2422:
2410:
2409:
2397:
2396:
2384:
2383:
2371:
2370:
2358:
2357:
2345:
2344:
2332:
2331:
2319:
2318:
2306:
2305:
2293:
2292:
2291:
2278:
2277:
2276:
2246:
2245:
2239:
2238:
2236:
2234:
2215:
2209:
2208:
2206:
2205:
2186:
2180:
2179:
2177:
2175:
2156:
2150:
2149:
2147:
2145:
2126:
2120:
2119:
2117:
2115:
2106:. Archived from
2096:
2090:
2089:
2087:
2086:
2071:
2065:
2064:
2062:
2061:
2046:
2040:
2039:
2037:
2036:
2021:
2015:
2014:
2012:
2010:
1995:
1989:
1988:
1986:
1985:
1970:
1964:
1963:
1961:
1960:
1945:
1939:
1938:
1936:
1934:
1915:
1909:
1908:
1906:
1904:
1888:
1882:
1881:
1879:
1878:
1867:www.omahazoo.com
1863:"Stingray Beach"
1859:
1853:
1852:
1850:
1848:
1833:
1827:
1826:
1824:
1822:
1807:
1801:
1800:
1798:
1797:
1782:
1776:
1775:
1773:
1772:
1757:
1751:
1750:
1748:
1747:
1732:
1726:
1725:
1723:
1721:
1702:
1696:
1695:
1693:
1691:
1668:
1662:
1661:
1659:
1657:
1638:
1632:
1631:
1599:
1593:
1592:
1582:
1572:
1548:
1542:
1541:
1539:
1537:
1531:
1520:
1512:
1506:
1505:
1503:
1502:
1483:
1477:
1476:
1432:
1419:
1418:
1393:(6): 1174–1183.
1382:
1373:
1372:
1370:
1359:
1350:
1344:
1343:
1327:
1318:
1317:
1307:
1259:
1242:
1241:
1225:
1208:
1207:
1205:
1203:
1184:
1178:
1177:
1137:
1098:
1097:
1095:
1093:
1088:
1057:
996:, North Carolina
911:SeaWorld Orlando
857:Ocean Adventures
845:Newport Aquarium
829:in Dubuque, Iowa
755:Indianapolis Zoo
743:Henry Doorly Zoo
731:Georgia Aquarium
691:in Dallas, Texas
638:Audubon Aquarium
406:Diet and feeding
339:
328:
320:
314:words for nose (
208:
85:
84:
64:
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58:
40:
28:
27:
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2467:Observation.org
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2188:
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2143:
2141:
2134:Quebec Aquarium
2128:
2127:
2123:
2113:
2111:
2104:Turtle Back Zoo
2098:
2097:
2093:
2084:
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2073:
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1357:
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1328:
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1226:
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1201:
1199:
1192:Saint Louis Zoo
1186:
1185:
1181:
1138:
1101:
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1089:
1058:
1045:
1040:
1003:
962:Turtle Back Zoo
952:Tropicana Field
948:in Toledo, Ohio
899:Saint Louis Zoo
863:OdySea Aquarium
821:Mystic Aquarium
767:Kansas City Zoo
703:in Powell, Ohio
646:in Boise, Idaho
622:
598:
569:
564:
548:trophic cascade
529:
516:
484:
460:
408:
403:
374:
346:
304:The genus name
302:
263:Myliobatiformes
217:
210:
204:
191:
188:R. bonasus
154:Myliobatiformes
79:
71:
60:
56:
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24:
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2016:
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1854:
1828:
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1777:
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1697:
1682:. 2017-05-11.
1680:Florida Museum
1663:
1633:
1614:(1): 187–196.
1594:
1543:
1507:
1478:
1443:(3): 171–181.
1420:
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1009:in Quebec City
1002:
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987:
984:Virginia Beach
977:
971:
965:
959:
949:
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927:
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917:Shedd Aquarium
914:
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788:Lowry Park Zoo
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618:
610:public aquaria
597:
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568:
567:Risk to humans
565:
563:
560:
528:
525:
521:Chesapeake Bay
515:
512:
483:
480:
459:
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407:
404:
402:
399:
395:Chesapeake Bay
382:Gulf of Mexico
373:
370:
345:
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298:
283:Chesapeake Bay
219:
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134:Elasmobranchii
131:
127:
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124:Chondrichthyes
121:
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2100:"Animals A-Z"
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537:IUCN Red List
534:
524:
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511:
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501:
497:
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492:ovoviviparous
488:
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312:Ancient Greek
309:
308:
297:
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294:IUCN Red List
291:
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197:Binomial name
194:
190:
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184:
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176:
172:
169:
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165:
164:Rhinopteridae
162:
159:
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2258:
2231:. Retrieved
2222:
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2193:
2184:
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2163:
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2133:
2124:
2112:. Retrieved
2108:the original
2103:
2094:
2083:. Retrieved
2069:
2058:. Retrieved
2044:
2033:. Retrieved
2019:
2007:. Retrieved
1993:
1982:. Retrieved
1968:
1957:. Retrieved
1943:
1931:. Retrieved
1922:
1913:
1901:. Retrieved
1886:
1875:. Retrieved
1866:
1857:
1845:. Retrieved
1831:
1819:. Retrieved
1805:
1794:. Retrieved
1780:
1769:. Retrieved
1755:
1744:. Retrieved
1730:
1718:. Retrieved
1709:
1700:
1688:. Retrieved
1679:
1673:
1666:
1654:. Retrieved
1645:
1636:
1611:
1607:
1603:
1597:
1580:11449/164039
1560:
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1546:
1534:. Retrieved
1522:
1510:
1499:. Retrieved
1490:
1481:
1440:
1436:
1390:
1386:
1361:
1348:
1335:
1274:(1): 20970.
1271:
1267:
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1191:
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1090:. Retrieved
1076:
1070:
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322:) and wing (
315:
305:
303:
287:
267:
258:
249:to southern
229:
228:
224:
222:
205:
203:
187:
186:
174:
140:Superorder:
31:Cownose ray
25:
2428:NatureServe
2376:iNaturalist
2283:Wikispecies
1092:18 November
974:ViaAquarium
875:Phoenix Zoo
582:shigellosis
428:crustaceans
420:durophagous
344:Description
275:crustaceans
247:New England
225:cownose ray
2539:Rhinoptera
2528:Categories
2204:2017-08-01
2114:12 January
2085:2011-01-09
2060:2017-08-16
2035:2018-04-07
1984:2021-04-13
1959:2017-11-25
1877:2021-07-03
1796:2017-10-28
1771:2017-11-25
1746:2018-11-30
1642:"Stingray"
1501:2021-07-03
1038:References
1013:Granby Zoo
994:Greensboro
986:, Virginia
946:Toledo Zoo
533:vulnerable
500:K-selected
390:salinities
307:Rhinoptera
290:vulnerable
175:Rhinoptera
130:Subclass:
62:Vulnerable
21:Rhinoptera
2274:Q10360338
1903:23 August
1847:23 August
1720:23 August
1628:0730-8000
1589:1982-0224
1465:0944-2006
1415:1559-2731
1296:2045-2322
1238:793126326
1174:1573-5133
1015:in Granby
596:Aquariums
586:dysentery
514:Migration
508:born live
504:gestation
458:Predation
366:bee sting
243:Caribbean
182:Species:
100:Kingdom:
94:Eukaryota
2433:2.102562
2394:10151263
2350:FishBase
2342:46560999
2268:Wikidata
2227:Archived
2198:Archived
2174:1 August
2168:Archived
2144:1 August
2138:Archived
2079:Archived
2054:Archived
2029:Archived
2003:Archived
1978:Archived
1953:Archived
1927:Archived
1897:Archived
1871:Archived
1841:Archived
1815:Archived
1790:Archived
1765:Archived
1740:Archived
1714:Archived
1684:Archived
1650:Archived
1527:Archived
1495:Archived
1473:16777392
1366:Archived
1364:. NOAA.
1340:Archived
1314:26876514
1196:Archived
590:diarrhea
574:Shigella
440:bivalves
432:scallops
424:mollusks
401:Behavior
300:Taxonomy
279:mollusks
239:Atlantic
235:Batoidea
214:Mitchill
160:Family:
144:Batoidea
114:Chordata
110:Phylum:
104:Animalia
90:Domain:
67:IUCN 3.1
2368:5215777
2233:20 June
1445:Bibcode
1437:Zoology
1395:Bibcode
1305:4753470
1276:Bibcode
1154:Bibcode
535:by the
451:suction
444:benthic
356:with a
337:bonasos
332:bonasus
292:on the
245:, from
216:, 1815)
170:Genus:
150:Order:
120:Class:
65: (
2511:158544
2498:197732
2485:158544
2472:794498
2459:118255
2407:160985
2316:182160
2298:ARKive
2009:5 June
1821:5 June
1626:
1587:
1536:3 July
1471:
1463:
1413:
1312:
1302:
1294:
1236:
1172:
1001:Canada
496:embryo
378:Brazil
326:pteron
318:rhinos
251:Brazil
2506:WoRMS
2420:60128
2389:IRMNG
2381:82385
2329:4S9R4
1933:7 May
1563:(1).
1530:(PDF)
1519:(PDF)
1369:(PDF)
1358:(PDF)
464:cobia
436:clams
362:venom
358:toxin
354:spine
277:, or
271:clams
2480:OBIS
2454:NCBI
2415:IUCN
2402:ITIS
2363:GBIF
2355:2584
2311:BOLD
2235:2019
2176:2017
2146:2017
2116:2020
2011:2019
1935:2023
1905:2018
1849:2018
1823:2019
1722:2018
1692:2018
1658:2018
1624:ISSN
1585:ISSN
1538:2021
1469:PMID
1461:ISSN
1411:ISSN
1310:PMID
1292:ISSN
1234:OCLC
1204:2018
1170:ISSN
1094:2021
1077:2020
578:meat
546:The
241:and
223:The
2441:NBN
2337:EoL
2324:CoL
1616:doi
1575:hdl
1565:doi
1453:doi
1441:109
1403:doi
1300:PMC
1284:doi
1162:doi
1150:100
1081:doi
992:in
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781:in
434:or
340:).
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