607:
112:
3027:
486:
947:
3066:
3051:
3039:
309:
281:
249:
1359:(78% of specimens identifiable to order), with beetles in a distant second place (10%). Most hemipteran and beetle fossils have yet to be assigned to the species level. In terms of named diversity, dipterans (flies) make up the bulk of the assemblage, despite representing only 1.5% of insect fossils from the Solite Quarry. Within the shale layers bearing insect fossils, aquatic insects are most abundant in the early part of a layer, while terrestrial insects maintain a low but steady presence through the entire layer.
1011:
1091:
316:
288:
1048:
590:(deepest portion) completely lacking oxygen. An alternative hypothesis suggests that the lake was rather shallow, albeit still deep enough to have been permanent during the formation's deposition. This is supported by the abundance of dolomite, a mineral which forms most easily in salty shallow-water environments. In addition, the insect-bearing layers nearly lack organic
1362:
97 different morphotypes (forms) of beetles occur in the Solite Quarry. In terms of size distribution, the beetle fauna is similar to modern ecosystems, with just over half of all morphotypes between 2 and 4 mm in length. Most morphotypes are rare, with 84% known from a single specimen. The two
3065:
734:
The same techniques used to create the Newark APTS can be applied to other basins with continuous cyclical deposition, such as the Dan River-Danville Basin. A magnetostratigraphic sequence has been reconstructed for the Dan River-Danville Basin since 1997, assisting correlation to the Newark Basin.
638:
and carbon, with very little calcareous material. It is followed shortly by a very thin but laterally extensive dolomite bed. These layers correspond to a period of rising lake levels. Fossils of all types are most common in the succeeding black shale and associated lithologies, the point where the
518:
are more prevalent to the southeast and northwest, though periodic black mudstone beds are still frequently encountered. Color is the most useful metric for distinguishing the Cow Branch
Formation in the field, as red and purple sediments are practically absent, unlike the Dry Fork and Stoneville
739:
recorded in the Dan River-Danville Basin. Four of these magnetostratigraphic intervals were present through the deposition of the Cow Branch
Formation: a long reverse chron (D3r), followed by a short normal chron (D4n), a moderate-length reverse chron (D4r) and finally a long normal chron (D5n).
626:
which oscillates on a scale exceeding 21,000 years. 17 or 18 cycles are generally acknowledged in a continuous section at the Solite Quarry. Some sources estimate that up to 30 cycles were preserved at the site, factoring in all three quarry pits combined. The semi-precessional (10,000 to 15,000
617:
are readily apparent in the formation, shifting between the extremes of black microlaminated shale and massive coarse mudstone. These are identified as Van Houten cycles, a name applied to fluctuating lake depositional conditions throughout the
Triassic rift basins of the Newark Supergroup. Each
646:
black shale, though thin beds of extremely fine siliclastic clay can also be found. Insect fossils are predominant in microlaminated carbon-poor shale while fish, plants, and coprolites tend to occur among interbedded carbon-rich dolomite, siltstone, and fine sandstone. The fossiliferous layers
3050:
407:
which extends across the border of
Virginia and North Carolina in the eastern United States. The basin has also been termed the Danville Basin (emphasizing the northern portion in Virginia) or the Dan River Basin (emphasizing the southern portion, in North Carolina). It is one of many
744:(Warford Member), 221.47 Ma to 216.97 Ma. If the Cow Branch Formation is equivalent to this interval, then it would be firmly positioned within the Norian stage. The fossil beds of the Solite Quarry are in the lower-middle part of the formation, with an estimated age close to 220 Ma.
534:
is almost completely absent, indicating that the lake bed was uninhabited by burrowing animals. Insect-bearing fossil layers were likely completely freshwater while the fish-bearing layers may have been somewhat saltier. As in modern rift lakes, high water levels could have initiated
3038:
598:, a fact which may help to resolve the near-absence of bioturbators. As with excessive salinity, excessive fluorine can be toxic for fully aquatic organisms (including bioturbators and freshwater plants), but air-breathing insects can persevere and thrive close to the shoreline.
723:. The result was the Newark astrochronostratigraphic polarity time scale (APTS), a unifying system which provides precise ages for sediment layers within the basin. The resulting ages were younger than previously expected. For example, the Lockatong Formation was assigned a mid-
3874:
Fraser, Nicholas C.; Grimaldi, David A. (2003). "Late
Triassic continental faunal change: New perspectives on Triassic insect diversity as revealed by a locality in the Danville basin, Virginia, Newark Supergroup". In LeTourneau, Peter M.; Olsen, Paul E. (eds.).
740:
These four chrons have been equated with chrons E11r, E12n, E12r, and E13n (respectively) in the Newark Basin. Chrons E11r to E13n apply to a period of time extending from the early-mid
Lockatong Formation (Nursery Member) up to the early
485:
946:
4141:"Upper Triassic conchostracan biostratigraphy of the continental rift basins of eastern North America: Its importance for correlating Newark Supergroup events with the Germanic basin and the international geologic time scale"
477:, North Carolina. The site is home to the most extensive and fossiliferous exposures of the formation. Exceptionally-preserved fossils were first reported from the site in 1978, and collection has continued to the present.
706:
A Carnian age has been brought into doubt by a more diverse suite of dating methods in the Newark
Supergroup. Starting in the 1990s, the depositional history of the Newark Basin was recalibrated through a combination of
514:. The formation is thickest and most fine-grained at the state line, approximately in the middle of its exposed area. Here, the formation is about 1,900 metres (6,200 ft) thick. Coarser sediments such as dark grey
3092:
4939:
5089:
Spamer, Earle E. (15 February 1995). "The
Surviving Component of the Wilhelm Bock Collection of Fossils (Invertebrates, Vertebrates, and Plants) Held at the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia".
665:
The Cow Branch
Formation is certainly from the Late Triassic, though there is disagreement as to the exact age of its sediments. The fossil content and depositional environment are very similar to the
647:
occupy only a small portion of each cycle, less than a thousand years' worth of sedimentation. They give way to a thicker and coarser series of shallow-water siltstone, first with a high proportion of
423:, a name which encompassed almost all Triassic sediment in the basin. Thayer (1970), working in North Carolina, split up the Leaksville Formation and raised its members to formation status within the
3026:
1375:, both of which are known from numerous specimens (about 77% of all beetle fossils from the site). Few morphotypes are shared between Solite and other Triassic-Jurassic insect faunas.
4783:
FikĂĄÄek, Martin; Beutel, Rolf G.; Cai, Chenyang; Lawrence, John F.; Newton, Alfred F.; Solodovnikov, Alexey; ĹlipiĹski, Adam; Thayer, Margaret K.; Yamamoto, ShĂťhei (January 2020).
4896:
Grimaldi, David; Rasnitsyn, Alexandr; Junfeng, Zhang; Fraser, Nicholas (2005). "Revision of the bizarre
Mesozoic scorpionflies in the Pseudopolycentropodidae (Mecopteroidea)".
606:
3333:
Tectonic, Depositional, and paleoecological history of Early Mesozoic rift basins, eastern North America: 28th International Geological Congress Field Trip Guidebook T351
4614:
Fang, Yan; Muscente, A.D.; Heads, Sam W.; Wang, Bo; Xiao, Shuhai (2018-05-25). "The earliest Elcanidae (Insecta, Orthoptera) from the Upper Triassic of North America".
400:
3493:
Elevating Geoscience in the Southeastern United States: New Ideas about Old TerranesâField Guides for the GSA Southeastern Section Meeting, Blacksburg, Virginia, 2014
4083:"Astrochronostratigraphic polarity time scale (APTS) for the Late Triassic and Early Jurassic from continental sediments and correlation with standard marine stages"
700:
1991:
428:
419:
The Cow Branch Formation was initially distinguished by Meyertons (1963), working in the Virginian portion of the basin. He considered it to be a member of the
111:
2299:
436:
420:
3389:"Use of fine-scale stratigraphy and chemostratigraphy to evaluate conditions of deposition and preservation of a Triassic Lagerstätte, south-central Virginia"
4283:
Lucas, Spencer G.; Szajna, Michael J.; Lockley, Martin G.; Fillmore, David L.; Simpson, Edward L.; Klein, Hendrik; Boyland, Jack; Hartline, Brian W. (2014).
3087:
1430:
2293:
432:
2798:
1694:
2535:
2089:
1777:
4940:"The oldest predaceous water bugs (Insecta, Heteroptera, Belostomatidae), with implications for paleolimnology of the Triassic Cow Branch Formation"
2558:
2451:
1935:
1877:
1555:
1481:
1326:
695:
308:
4162:
Muttoni, Giovanni; Kent, Dennis V.; Olsen, Paul E.; Di Stefano, Piero; Lowrie, William; Bernasconi, Stefano M.; HernĂĄndez, FĂĄtima MartĂn (2004).
3558:"Revised stratigraphy of Late Triassic age strata of the Dan River Basin (Virginia and North Carolina, USA) based on drill core and outcrop data"
2899:
2663:
2646:
2516:
2500:
2428:
2355:
2158:
2119:
1818:
1614:
1538:
690:
5515:
5480:
2980:
2621:
2581:
2169:
1946:
1566:
1492:
1259:
1169:
4164:"Tethyan magnetostratigraphy from Pizzo Mondello (Sicily) and correlation to the Late Triassic Newark astrochronological polarity time scale"
2374:
2059:
1921:
1747:
1462:
1365:
1207:
280:
2634:
2401:
2141:
1709:
1630:
1371:
5495:
1597:
1335:
2956:
5490:
4785:"Reliable placement of beetle fossils via phylogenetic analyses â Triassic Leehermania as a case study (Staphylinidae or Myxophaga?)"
2918:
1379:
beetles are rare at Solite despite making up the vast majority of Triassic-Jurassic beetle diversity, as indicated by other sites.
5485:
3082:
1413:
427:. The Cow Branch Formation was divided into upper and lower members, though the lower member has subsequently been renamed to the
5535:
2231:
5530:
3963:"Paleomagnetism of Upper Triassic continental sedimentary rocks from the Dan RiverâDanville rift basin (eastern North America)"
594:, suggesting that the lakebed was fully oxygenated even at its deepest extent. The lake sediments have a high concentration of
3487:
Liutkus-Pierce, Cynthia M.; Fraser, Nicholas C.; Heckert, Andrew B. (2014), Bailey, Christopher M.; Coiner, Lorrie V. (eds.),
5500:
5242:
Axsmith, Brian J; Andrews, Felicia M; Fraser, Nicholas C (2004). "The structure and phylogenetic significance of the conifer
3508:
522:
The Cow Branch Formation represents a lacustrine (lake) system in a warm tropical climate, only around 2° to 4° north of the
4369:"Remarkable Diversity of Beetles (Coleoptera) in the Late Triassic (Norian) "Solite Deposit" of Virginia and North Carolina"
681:
in the southwest United States. During the late 20th century, these formations were often assigned to the later part of the
5540:
5456:
474:
162:
3667:"8. Paleoecology and Paleoenvironments of the Continental Early Mesozoic Newark Supergroup of Eastern North America"
201:
4850:
The Great Rift Valleys of Pangea in Eastern North America, Volume 2: Sedimentology, Stratigraphy, and Paleontology
3877:
The Great Rift Valleys of Pangea in Eastern North America, Volume 2: Sedimentology, Stratigraphy, and Paleontology
3606:"A new aquatic Eosuchian from the Newark Supergroup (Late TriassicâEarly Jurassic) of North Carolina and Virginia"
5020:
3986:
3489:"Stratigraphy, sedimentology, and paleontology of the Upper Triassic Solite Quarry, North Carolina and Virginia"
3849:
3352:
4334:
5520:
4544:
3931:
499:
The sediments of the Cow Branch Formation are dark grey to black in color and generally fine-grained. Blocky
443:
582:, or root casts has traditionally been taken as evidence that the waters were deep enough to be continually
5525:
674:
155:
4533:"How Time Flies for Flies: Diverse Diptera from the Triassic of Virginia and Early Radiation of the Order"
3903:
4582:
3331:
4784:
4742:, the Earliest Staphyliniform Beetle, from the Late Triassic of Virginia (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae)"
4706:
3556:
Olsen, Paul E.; Reid, Jeffrey C.; Taylor, Kenneth B.; Whiteside, Jessica H.; Kent, Dennis V. (2015).
1339:. Apart from arthropods, other invertebrate fossils from the Cow Branch Formation include (uncommon)
4319:"A new gliding tetrapod (Diapsida: ?Archosauromorpha) from the Upper Triassic (Carnian) of Virginia"
4227:
5051:
5200:
3057:
2010:
473:, is technically a cluster of three quarry pits, one in Pittsylvania County, Virginia and two in
4842:
489:
A relatively coarse-grained slab at the Solite Quarry, preserving numerous dinosaur footprints (
5505:
3605:
583:
442:
The type section of the Cow Branch Formation was a former roadcut along Virginia Route 856, in
412:
stretching from northeast to southwest in eastern North America, collectively described as the
5118:"Dicot-like leaf and flowers from the Late Triassic tropical Newark Supergroup rift zone, USA"
4284:
4140:
4082:
5510:
5052:"Yalea , a replacement generic name for Yala KRZEMIĹSKI, 1992 (Diptera: Procramptonomyiidae)"
4736:
Chatzimanolis, Stylianos; Grimaldi, David A.; Engel, Michael S.; Fraser, Nicholas C. (2012).
2307:(flowering plants) in their structure, though they likely are unrelated to true angiosperms.
5255:
5216:
5157:
5008:
4954:
4796:
4683:
4623:
4175:
4097:
4020:
3974:
3801:
3400:
3201:
3189:
2829:
2813:
conifer. Fossils of this species from the Solite Quarry were previously known by the names
1320:
1114:
were present. A relatively large freshwater shark tooth is also known from the formation.
736:
504:
466:
125:
4007:
Whiteside, Jessica H.; Grogan, Danielle S.; Olsen, Paul E.; Kent, Dennis V. (2011-05-31).
3666:
116:
Outcrop of the formation along the northwest wall of Solite Quarry Pit B in North Carolina
8:
5434:
5145:
720:
666:
623:
366:
346:
5442:
5259:
5220:
5161:
5012:
4958:
4800:
4687:
4627:
4179:
4101:
4024:
3978:
3805:
3404:
3205:
2632:
Fern fronds. The species has sometimes been considered referable to another fern genus,
5181:
5032:
4820:
4765:
4647:
4556:
4346:
4258:
4051:
4008:
3825:
3681:
3424:
3233:
712:
563:
5228:
3188:
Olsen, Paul E.; Remington, Charles L.; Cornet, Bruce; Thomson, Keith S. (1978-08-25).
5452:
5413:
5344:
5324:
5271:
5185:
5173:
5117:
5071:
5024:
4996:
4970:
4913:
4824:
4812:
4757:
4737:
4711:
4651:
4639:
4548:
4532:
4420:
4390:
4338:
4318:
4201:
4163:
4121:
4056:
4038:
3962:
3817:
3789:
3557:
3504:
3488:
3416:
3388:
3348:
3225:
3217:
2810:
741:
716:
614:
447:
413:
362:
5340:
5036:
4769:
4672:"Mesozoic Holcoptera (Coleoptera: Coptoclavidae) from England and the United States"
4581:
Selden, Paul A.; Anderson, John M.; Anderson, Heidi M.; Fraser, Nicholas C. (1999).
4560:
4350:
4109:
3428:
3237:
5403:
5336:
5305:
5267:
5263:
5224:
5165:
5063:
5016:
4962:
4905:
4804:
4749:
4701:
4691:
4631:
4540:
4380:
4330:
4191:
4183:
4113:
4105:
4046:
4028:
3982:
3829:
3809:
3677:
3569:
3496:
3408:
3340:
3209:
1196:
1001:
984:
678:
619:
383:
renowned for its exceptionally preserved insect fossils, along with small reptiles,
630:
In the Cow Branch Formation, each cycle begins with a brief package of fine silty
5446:
5144:
Axsmith, Brian J.; Fraser, Nicholas C.; Corso, Taryn (2013). Lomax, Barry (ed.).
4696:
4671:
3213:
1909:
Possible indeterminate phyllocarid crustaceans. May represent hemipterans or fly
1440:
1246:
1107:
1075:
1040:
1010:
424:
135:
3788:
Fraser, Nicholas C.; Grimaldi, David A.; Olsen, Paul E.; Axsmith, Brian (1996).
1832:
Insect larvae with thick mandibles, likely the aquatic grubs of beetles such as
5067:
4909:
4843:"Early Jurassic insects from the Newark Supergroup, northeastern United States"
2968:
2570:
2076:
1298:
957:
703:
and the "lower Cow Branch Formation" (now known as the Walnut Cove Formation).
610:
An outcrop showing cyclical beds of fine-grained sediments at the Solite Quarry
575:
354:
194:
5323:
Kustatscher, Evelyn; Van Konijnenburg-Van Cittert, Johanna H.A. (2011-08-01).
4385:
4368:
4009:"Climatically driven biogeographic provinces of Late Triassic tropical Pangea"
3500:
3412:
1318:" (clam shrimp) from the formation have typically been assigned to the genera
618:
cycle probably corresponds to variations in precipitation tied to the earth's
386:
fish, and plants. Dinosaur tracks have also been reported from the formation.
379:
5474:
5417:
5348:
5275:
5177:
5075:
5028:
4974:
4917:
4816:
4761:
4715:
4643:
4552:
4394:
4342:
4205:
4125:
4042:
3821:
3420:
3221:
2944:
The two species have subsequently been synonymized and referred to the genus
2841:
2601:
2440:
2335:
2280:
1734:
1507:
1080:
1058:
1036:
708:
655:, then salt casts, and finally massive siltstone beds scoured by wave action.
544:
358:
342:
254:
216:
203:
177:
164:
63:
27:
5290:
4033:
3071:
Vertebrate tooth in black shale from an outcrop near Madison, North Carolina
1090:
5438:
4583:"Fossil araneomorph spiders from the Triassic of South Africa and Virginia"
4060:
3229:
2940:
The latter species has been reported from the Solite Quarry under the name
2880:
2853:
2694:
2675:
2041:
2024:
1899:
1730:
1698:
1376:
916:
670:
531:
4997:"Mesozoic thrips and early evolution of the order Thysanoptera (Insecta)"
4870:
sp. nov. â a new Triassic cockroach (Insecta: Blattaria) from Virginia".
2935:
2930:
2865:
2779:
2749:
2658:
2481:
2386:
2304:
2284:
2106:
2014:
1762:
1315:
1181:
808:
652:
587:
404:
38:
4966:
4635:
1084:. Some specimens preserve traces of muscles and ligaments near the tail.
5322:
5169:
4808:
4117:
2737:
2413:
1963:
1888:
1860:
1843:
1477:
1249:
1230:
1164:
915:
Footprints of early quadrupedal dinosaurs or dinosauromorphs, possibly
794:
686:
643:
627:
year) astronomical cycle is another strong influence on sedimentation.
556:
539:
seeps along the edge of the basin, adding sodium into the lake system.
454:
83:
48:
4531:
Blagoderov, Vladimir; Grimaldi, David A.; Fraser, Nicholas C. (2007).
4196:
3932:"Stratigraphy and geology of Dan River Triassic basin, North Carolina"
4187:
3813:
3573:
2869:
2760:
2389:
2006:
1766:
1659:
1583:
1520:
1386:
1356:
1346:
1282:
927:
890:
728:
631:
571:
515:
511:
491:
462:
451:
88:
5408:
5363:
4228:"A new dinosauriform ischnogenus from the Late Triassic of Virginia"
3387:
Liutkus, C. M.; Beard, J. S.; Fraser, N. C.; Ragland, P. C. (2010).
2686:
Fragmentary leaf and stem impressions of a sphenophyte (horsetail).
4753:
2468:
2417:
2288:
1673:
1648:
1644:
1349:
1341:
1145:
1111:
1021:
901:
874:
595:
579:
552:
500:
370:
350:
236:
78:
73:
58:
53:
43:
5291:"A catalogue of the Mesozoic and Cenozoic plants of North America"
5146:"A Triassic seed with an angiosperm-like wind dispersal mechanism"
3344:
526:. Deposition preceded at an estimated rate of around 46.3 cm/
5309:
4081:
Kent, Dennis V.; Olsen, Paul E.; Muttoni, Giovanni (2017-03-01).
2999:
2276:
1761:
A beetle, originally identified as the oldest known staphylinid (
1721:
1683:
847:
801:
682:
523:
93:
68:
4735:
4317:
Fraser, N.C.; Olsen, P.E.; Dooley, A.C. Jr.; Ryan, T.R. (2007).
2748:
Leaves of an enigmatic plant originally described as similar to
1870:
Indeterminate orthopterans (crickets, grasshoppers, and allies)
685:
stage. This was justified by their fossil content, particularly
3908:
Virginia Division of Mineral Resources Report of Investigations
3850:"A significant Late Triassic Lagerstaette from Virginia, U.S.A"
3674:
Triassic-Jurassic Rifting and the Opening of the Atlantic Ocean
3339:. Washington D.C.: American Geophysical Union. pp. 1â174.
2771:
Leaves of an enigmatic gymnosperm, possibly a type of conifer.
2463:
2185:
A paraxymyiid fly. One specimen was initially misidentified as
1510:
1451:
972:
Footprints, presumably created by small tanystropheids such as
724:
648:
591:
567:
548:
540:
458:
31:
4895:
4841:
Huber, Phillip; McDonald, Nicholas G.; Olsen, Paul E. (2003).
2613:
A lycopod, briefly listed in a single paper on the formation.
1047:
5325:"The ferns of the Middle Triassic flora from Thale (Germany)"
3330:
Olsen, Paul E.; Schlische, Roy W.; Gore, Pamela J.W. (1989).
2546:
772:
536:
507:
374:
5451:, Berkeley: University of California Press, pp. 1â880,
5329:
Neues Jahrbuch fßr Geologie und Paläontologie - Abhandlungen
4670:
Thomson, Ulysses; Ross, Andrew J.; Davidson, Philip (2017).
4580:
4425:
Mitteilungen der Schweizerischen Entomologichen Gesellschaft
1513:, one of the oldest known potential species of araneomorph.
995:
Multiple partial skeletons, two of which have been described
431:. Recent revisions place the Cow Branch Formation above the
5021:
10.1666/0022-3360(2004)078<0941:MTAEEO>2.0.CO;2
4995:
Grimaldi, David; Shmakov, Alexey; Fraser, Nicholas (2004).
4367:
Criscione-Vastano, Julia; Grimaldi, David A. (2024-05-31).
4293:
New Mexico Museum of Natural History & Science Bulletin
3987:
10.1130/0016-7606(1997)109<0366:POUTCS>2.3.CO;2
3486:
3187:
3044:
Conchostracan fossils in black shales (Solite Quarry Pit B)
1910:
635:
409:
4282:
4161:
3857:
Revista del Museo Civico di Scienze Naturali: Enrico Caffi
3787:
2933:
fern. Fossils of this species were initially described as
1004:
with elongated ribs, presumably hosting gliding membranes.
4366:
4335:
10.1671/0272-4634(2007)27[261:ANGTDA]2.0.CO;2
4145:
New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science Bulletin
3386:
2275:
Plant fossils are abundant. The most common examples are
527:
5433:
4852:. New York: Columbia University Press. pp. 206â223.
4782:
4545:
10.1206/0003-0082(2007)509[1:HTFFFD]2.0.CO;2
4530:
4421:"Triassic and Lower Jurassic stage of Diptera evolution"
4285:"The middle-late Triassic tetrapod footprint ichnogenus
4272:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 61â87.
4006:
3879:. New York: Columbia University Press. pp. 192â205.
3555:
4226:
Fraser, Nicholas C.; Olsen, Paul E. (15 October 1996).
3190:"Cyclic Change in Late Triassic Lacustrine Communities"
1829:
Numerous specimens preserved together in "death beds".
5246:
nov. comb. from the Upper Triassic of North America".
3056:
Fossil fish spine in black shale from an outcrop near
2462:
A hairy parachuting seed superficially similar to the
1810:
A limoniid crane fly in the subfamily Architipulinae.
1793:
A limoniid crane fly in the subfamily Architipulinae.
566:
in the formation indicates that the lake was strongly
4994:
4613:
4316:
3088:
List of stratigraphic units with ornithischian tracks
2051:
Indeterminate tipulomorphs (crane flies and allies).
480:
5241:
3883:
4669:
3790:"A Triassic Lagerstätte from eastern North America"
3495:, Geological Society of America, pp. 255â269,
2752:angiosperms, though more likely a species of fern.
634:. The uppermost portion of this package is rich in
5143:
4848:. In LeTourneau, Peter M.; Olsen, Paul E. (eds.).
4840:
4373:Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History
4263:and its significance for Triassic biostratigraphy"
3329:
4937:
1069:Numerous specimens, including complete skeletons.
5472:
4080:
3848:Fraser, Nicholas C.; Grimaldi, David A. (1999).
1503:A single juvenile specimen missing the abdomen.
4013:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
1853:Indeterminate naucorids (creeping water bugs).
3873:
3847:
5364:"(2246â2247) Proposals to conserve the names
5199:Axsmith, Brian J.; Taylor, Thomas N. (1997).
5198:
767:
315:
287:
5392:(fossil Pteridophyta : Osmundopsida )"
4225:
3904:"Triassic formations of the Danville basin"
399:The Cow Branch Formation is exposed in the
5049:
4938:Criscione, Julia; Grimaldi, David (2017).
4676:Proceedings of the Geologists' Association
4418:
4256:
4139:Kozur, Heinz W.; Weems, Robert E. (2007).
4138:
2287:are also present, though less common. Two
110:
5407:
4707:1983/f54090ef-e495-4f35-a375-b845583021e3
4705:
4695:
4384:
4195:
4050:
4032:
3960:
3901:
3676:. Amsterdam: Elsevier. pp. 185â230.
4865:
3961:Kent, Dennis V.; Olsen, Paul E. (1997).
3083:List of dinosaur-bearing rock formations
2312:
1788:Two specimens, one of which is a female.
1586:, a family of cricket-like orthopterans.
1384:
1119:
845:
605:
484:
295:Cow Branch Formation (the United States)
4526:
4524:
4522:
4520:
4518:
4516:
4514:
4512:
4510:
4508:
4506:
4504:
4502:
4500:
4498:
4496:
4494:
4492:
4490:
4488:
4486:
4484:
4482:
4480:
4478:
4476:
4474:
4472:
4470:
4468:
4466:
4464:
4462:
4460:
4458:
3929:
737:normal-reverse magnetic polarity chrons
699:has been reported from both the German
578:in the area. The lack of bioturbation,
461:extending across the state line by the
5473:
5361:
5139:
5137:
5135:
5115:
5111:
5109:
5107:
5105:
5088:
4990:
4988:
4986:
4984:
4933:
4931:
4929:
4927:
4891:
4889:
4887:
4885:
4861:
4859:
4836:
4834:
4731:
4729:
4727:
4725:
4665:
4663:
4661:
4456:
4454:
4452:
4450:
4448:
4446:
4444:
4442:
4440:
4438:
4414:
4412:
4410:
4408:
4406:
4404:
4362:
4360:
4257:Olsen, Paul E.; Baird, Donald (1986).
4168:Geological Society of America Bulletin
4076:
4074:
4072:
4070:
4002:
4000:
3998:
3996:
3967:Geological Society of America Bulletin
3956:
3954:
3952:
3925:
3923:
3921:
3897:
3895:
3551:
3549:
3547:
3545:
3482:
3480:
3478:
3476:
3474:
3472:
3470:
3468:
3466:
3464:
3462:
3460:
3458:
2729:Abundant conifer leaf-bearing shoots.
2472:(plane trees and American sycamores).
2346:Abundant conifer leaf-bearing shoots.
1355:The most abundant insects are aquatic
1333:though they may instead be species of
543:is conspicuously absent even from the
16:Geologic formation in the eastern U.S.
5516:Shale formations of the United States
5481:Geologic formations of North Carolina
5248:Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology
5209:Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology
4609:
4607:
4605:
4603:
4576:
4574:
4572:
4570:
4312:
4310:
4308:
4306:
4270:The beginning of the Age of Dinosaurs
4252:
4250:
4248:
4221:
4219:
4217:
4215:
3843:
3841:
3839:
3783:
3781:
3779:
3777:
3775:
3773:
3771:
3769:
3767:
3765:
3763:
3761:
3759:
3757:
3755:
3753:
3751:
3749:
3747:
3745:
3743:
3741:
3739:
3737:
3735:
3733:
3731:
3729:
3727:
3725:
3723:
3721:
3719:
3717:
3715:
3713:
3711:
3664:
3660:
3658:
3656:
3654:
3652:
3650:
3648:
3646:
3603:
3543:
3541:
3539:
3537:
3535:
3533:
3531:
3529:
3527:
3525:
3456:
3454:
3452:
3450:
3448:
3446:
3444:
3442:
3440:
3438:
3382:
3380:
3378:
3376:
3374:
3372:
3370:
3368:
3366:
3364:
3325:
3323:
3321:
3319:
3317:
3315:
3313:
3311:
3309:
3307:
3305:
3303:
3301:
3299:
3297:
3295:
3293:
3291:
3289:
3287:
3285:
3283:
3281:
3279:
3277:
3275:
3273:
3271:
3269:
3267:
3183:
3181:
3179:
3177:
3175:
3173:
3171:
3169:
3167:
3165:
3163:
3161:
3159:
3157:
3155:
3153:
3151:
3149:
3147:
3145:
3143:
3141:
3139:
3137:
3135:
3133:
3131:
3032:Southwest wall of Solite Quarry Pit B
469:. This quarry, commonly known as the
323:Cow Branch Formation (North Carolina)
5288:
3867:
3709:
3707:
3705:
3703:
3701:
3699:
3697:
3695:
3693:
3691:
3644:
3642:
3640:
3638:
3636:
3634:
3632:
3630:
3628:
3626:
3599:
3597:
3595:
3593:
3591:
3589:
3587:
3585:
3583:
3265:
3263:
3261:
3259:
3257:
3255:
3253:
3251:
3249:
3247:
3129:
3127:
3125:
3123:
3121:
3119:
3117:
3115:
3113:
3111:
457:was proposed in 2015: a large stone
5132:
5102:
4981:
4924:
4882:
4856:
4831:
4722:
4658:
4435:
4401:
4357:
4276:
4067:
3993:
3949:
3918:
3892:
3889:Weishampel et al., 2004, pp.517-607
1078:archosauromorph closely related to
824:Uncertain or tentative taxa are in
735:There are at least twelve pairs of
677:region, and to a lesser extent the
394:
13:
5496:Triassic geology of North Carolina
5050:KrzemiĹski, WiesĹaw (2004-12-31).
4898:Insect Systematics & Evolution
4600:
4567:
4323:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology
4303:
4245:
4212:
3836:
3682:10.1016/B978-0-444-42903-2.50013-0
3522:
3435:
3361:
3093:Indeterminate ornithischian tracks
2938:gaillardotii and N. linnaeaefolia.
2314:Plants of the Cow Branch Formation
1089:
1046:
1009:
945:
642:Most of the fossiliferous unit is
639:lakes are at their deepest extent.
601:
547:layers, having been replaced with
481:Sedimentology and paleoenvironment
14:
5552:
3688:
3623:
3580:
3244:
3108:
784:Taxon falsely reported as present
5491:Triassic System of North America
5201:"The Triassic conifer seed cone
3064:
3049:
3037:
3025:
2133:One of the oldest known thrips.
1167:, sometimes placed in the genus
1121:Fish of the Cow Branch Formation
570:, with its water saturated with
314:
307:
286:
279:
247:
36:
5486:Geologic formations of Virginia
5427:
5355:
5316:
5282:
5235:
5192:
5082:
5043:
4776:
4155:
4132:
4110:10.1016/j.earscirev.2016.12.014
3672:. In Manspeizer, Warren (ed.).
2309:
2013:. Initially misidentified as a
1693:Indeterminate flies, including
1381:
1116:
842:
789:Dubious taxon or junior synonym
689:, which were comparable to the
5536:Paleontology in North Carolina
5268:10.1016/j.revpalbo.2004.02.005
2836:P. cf. Ctenophyllum giganteum.
1983:A stem-group brachyceran fly.
1724:with preserved color patterns.
1549:One distorted female specimen.
1032:A partial skeleton and teeth.
693:of Germany. The conchostracan
1:
5531:Ichnofossiliferous formations
5362:Doweld, Alexander B. (2013).
5244:Pseudohirmerella delawarensis
5229:10.1016/S0034-6667(96)00050-4
3102:
2891:Uncommon ginkgophyte leaves.
2717:Conifer leaf-bearing shoots.
2705:Conifer leaf-bearing shoots.
2492:Conifer leaf-bearing shoots.
1765:), and later classified as a
1309:
942:Presumed dinosaur footprints
747:
731:), rather than late Carnian.
298:Show map of the United States
5501:Triassic geology of Virginia
4697:10.1016/j.pgeola.2017.05.009
4419:KrzemiĹski, Wieslaw (1992).
3214:10.1126/science.201.4357.729
3010:Common bennettitale leaves.
2283:and ginkgophytes. Ferns and
1617:fly tentatively assigned to
1450:Indeterminate archescytinid
1271:"Several partial skeletons"
1160:At least one large specimen
361:. The formation consists of
195:Approximate paleocoordinates
7:
5448:The Dinosauria, 2nd edition
5341:10.1127/0077-7749/2011/0174
5056:Acta Zoologica Cracoviensia
3076:
2942:Acrostichites linnaefolius.
2508:Common ginkgophyte leaves.
1582:The oldest known member of
1530:Indeterminate cockroaches.
1480:crane fly in the subfamily
1389:of the Cow Branch Formation
850:of the Cow Branch Formation
838:
751:
10:
5557:
5068:10.3409/173491504783995771
4910:10.1163/187631205794761021
4268:. In Padian, Kevin (ed.).
3018:
1934:One of the youngest known
1345:burrows and indeterminate
389:
326:Show map of North Carolina
4866:VrĹĄanskĂ˝, Peter (2003). "
4746:American Museum Novitates
4537:American Museum Novitates
4386:10.1206/0003-0090.467.1.1
3413:10.1007/s10933-010-9445-1
3393:Journal of Paleolimnology
2692:
2527:Winged gymnosperm seeds.
2270:
2262:A procramptonomyiid fly.
2245:A procramptonomyiid fly.
2229:
2167:
1944:
1775:
1242:At least three specimens
758:
754:
273:
265:
260:
242:
232:
193:
154:
149:
141:
131:
121:
109:
26:
21:
5541:Paleontology in Virginia
3930:Paul A., Thayer (1970).
3902:Meyertons, C.T. (1963).
2303:, have been compared to
1301:"-grade actinopterygian
756:
401:Dan River-Danville Basin
5378:Pecopteris williamsonis
5289:F.H., Knowlton (1919).
5001:Journal of Paleontology
4947:Journal of Paleontology
4616:Journal of Paleontology
4034:10.1073/pnas.1102473108
3665:Olsen, Paul E. (1988).
3604:Olsen, Paul E. (1979).
3058:Madison, North Carolina
2815:Glyptolepis platysperma
2809:Seed cones of an early
2412:Leaves of an enigmatic
2079:(predaceous water bug).
2011:Pseudopolycentropodidae
1294:At least two specimens
1101:
365:beds of black and grey
5386:P. curtata, P. hastata
5116:Cornet, Bruce (1993).
4872:Entomological Problems
4590:Journal of Arachnology
2291:forms, the seed taxon
2034:Indeterminate thrips.
1473:"Excellent specimens"
1094:
1051:
1014:
950:
832:taxa are discredited.
701:Middle Schilfsandstein
660:
611:
562:The high frequency of
496:
4868:Phyloblatta grimaldii
4789:Systematic Entomology
4090:Earth-Science Reviews
3501:10.1130/2014.0035(09)
2416:, often considered a
2366:A conifer seed cone.
2279:foliage, followed by
1992:Pseudopolycentropodes
1363:major exceptions are
1093:
1050:
1013:
949:
727:age (222.56 â 218.11
609:
488:
429:Walnut Cove Formation
380:konservat-lagerstätte
5521:Siltstone formations
5435:Weishampel, David B.
5382:Todites williamsonis
3939:Southeastern Geology
3562:Southeastern Geology
2910:Bennettitale leaves
2300:Pannaulika triassica
2257:One female specimen.
2100:One female specimen.
1758:Numerous specimens.
574:supplied from older
510:are the most common
467:Eden, North Carolina
437:Stoneville Formation
421:Leaksville Formation
339:Cow Branch Formation
126:Geological formation
22:Cow Branch Formation
5526:Lacustrine deposits
5260:2004RPaPa.129..251A
5221:1997RPaPa..96...71A
5162:2013Palgy..56.1173A
5013:2004JPal...78..941G
4967:10.1017/jpa.2017.48
4959:2017JPal...91.1166C
4801:2020SysEn..45..175F
4740:Leehermania prorova
4688:2017PrGA..128..659T
4636:10.1017/jpa.2018.20
4628:2018JPal...92.1028F
4259:"6. The ichnogenus
4180:2004GSAB..116.1043M
4102:2017ESRv..166..153K
4025:2011PNAS..108.8972W
3979:1997GSAB..109..366K
3806:1996Natur.380..615F
3405:2010JPall..44..645L
3206:1978Sci...201..729O
2991:A cycad seed cone.
2297:and the leaf taxon
2242:One male specimen.
2223:A paraxymyiid fly.
2218:Two male specimens.
2206:A paraxymyiid fly.
721:magnetostratigraphy
667:Lockatong Formation
444:Pittsylvania County
213: /
174: /
28:Stratigraphic range
5170:10.1111/pala.12049
4809:10.1111/syen.12386
2987:cf. Z. lissocardus
2385:Fronds of a large
2294:Edenia villisperma
2201:One male specimen.
2152:One male specimen.
1095:
1052:
1015:
951:
779:Reclassified taxon
713:radiometric dating
624:Milankovitch cycle
612:
497:
433:Dry Fork Formation
408:Triassic-Jurassic
5443:OsmĂłlska, Halszka
4019:(22): 8972â8977.
3800:(6575): 615â619.
3510:978-0-8137-0035-9
3200:(4357): 729â733.
3016:
3015:
2682:N. cf. knowltonii
2362:cf. C. neotericus
2268:
2267:
2130:Seven specimens.
2075:The oldest known
2002:Three specimens.
1431:procramptonomyiid
1307:
1306:
1274:A redfieldiiform
1099:
1098:
836:
835:
827:
815:
814:
811:
804:
797:
790:
785:
780:
775:
742:Passaic Formation
717:cyclostratigraphy
475:Rockingham County
414:Newark Supergroup
335:
334:
5548:
5467:
5466:
5465:
5422:
5421:
5411:
5402:(6): 1345â1346.
5359:
5353:
5352:
5320:
5314:
5313:
5295:
5286:
5280:
5279:
5239:
5233:
5232:
5196:
5190:
5189:
5156:(5): 1173â1177.
5141:
5130:
5129:
5113:
5100:
5099:
5086:
5080:
5079:
5047:
5041:
5040:
4992:
4979:
4978:
4953:(6): 1166â1177.
4944:
4935:
4922:
4921:
4893:
4880:
4879:
4863:
4854:
4853:
4847:
4838:
4829:
4828:
4780:
4774:
4773:
4733:
4720:
4719:
4709:
4699:
4667:
4656:
4655:
4622:(6): 1028â1034.
4611:
4598:
4597:
4587:
4578:
4565:
4564:
4528:
4433:
4432:
4416:
4399:
4398:
4388:
4364:
4355:
4354:
4314:
4301:
4300:
4280:
4274:
4273:
4267:
4254:
4243:
4242:
4232:
4223:
4210:
4209:
4199:
4188:10.1130/b25326.1
4159:
4153:
4152:
4136:
4130:
4129:
4087:
4078:
4065:
4064:
4054:
4036:
4004:
3991:
3990:
3958:
3947:
3946:
3936:
3927:
3916:
3915:
3899:
3890:
3887:
3881:
3880:
3871:
3865:
3864:
3854:
3845:
3834:
3833:
3814:10.1038/380615a0
3785:
3686:
3685:
3671:
3662:
3621:
3620:
3610:
3601:
3578:
3577:
3574:10.7916/D82F7MSJ
3553:
3520:
3519:
3518:
3517:
3484:
3433:
3432:
3384:
3359:
3358:
3338:
3327:
3242:
3241:
3185:
3068:
3053:
3041:
3029:
2925:T. gaillardotii?
2799:Pseudohirmerella
2790:Conifer leaves.
2310:
1784:M. krzeminksorum
1382:
1117:
985:Mecistotrachelos
843:
825:
807:
800:
793:
788:
783:
778:
771:
768:
752:
679:Chinle Formation
395:Regional setting
327:
318:
317:
311:
299:
290:
289:
283:
253:
251:
250:
228:
227:
225:
224:
223:
218:
214:
211:
210:
209:
206:
189:
188:
186:
185:
184:
179:
175:
172:
171:
170:
167:
114:
105:
19:
18:
5556:
5555:
5551:
5550:
5549:
5547:
5546:
5545:
5471:
5470:
5463:
5461:
5459:
5430:
5425:
5409:10.12705/626.33
5360:
5356:
5321:
5317:
5293:
5287:
5283:
5240:
5236:
5197:
5193:
5142:
5133:
5114:
5103:
5092:Notulae Naturae
5087:
5083:
5048:
5044:
4993:
4982:
4942:
4936:
4925:
4894:
4883:
4864:
4857:
4845:
4839:
4832:
4781:
4777:
4734:
4723:
4668:
4659:
4612:
4601:
4585:
4579:
4568:
4529:
4436:
4417:
4402:
4365:
4358:
4315:
4304:
4281:
4277:
4265:
4255:
4246:
4230:
4224:
4213:
4160:
4156:
4137:
4133:
4085:
4079:
4068:
4005:
3994:
3959:
3950:
3934:
3928:
3919:
3900:
3893:
3888:
3884:
3872:
3868:
3852:
3846:
3837:
3786:
3689:
3669:
3663:
3624:
3608:
3602:
3581:
3554:
3523:
3515:
3513:
3511:
3485:
3436:
3385:
3362:
3355:
3336:
3328:
3245:
3186:
3109:
3105:
3079:
3072:
3069:
3060:
3054:
3045:
3042:
3033:
3030:
3021:
2969:gleicheniaceous
2805:P. delawarensis
2628:L. virginiensis
2536:Glandulozamites
2273:
2090:Triassopsychoda
1778:Metarchilimonia
1695:eoptychopterids
1676:(seed shrimp).
1604:C. virginiensis
1441:Archescytinidae
1312:
1104:
1028:R. carolinensis
1002:archosauromorph
908:A. milfordensis
841:
823:
766:
750:
663:
615:Sediment cycles
604:
602:Sediment cycles
576:carbonate rocks
483:
425:Dan River Group
397:
392:
357:in the eastern
331:
330:
329:
328:
325:
324:
321:
320:
319:
302:
301:
300:
297:
296:
293:
292:
291:
248:
246:
221:
219:
215:
212:
207:
204:
202:
200:
199:
182:
180:
176:
173:
168:
165:
163:
161:
160:
136:Dan River Group
117:
104:
103:
102:
101:
96:
91:
86:
81:
76:
71:
66:
61:
56:
51:
46:
41:
35:
17:
12:
11:
5:
5554:
5544:
5543:
5538:
5533:
5528:
5523:
5518:
5513:
5508:
5503:
5498:
5493:
5488:
5483:
5469:
5468:
5457:
5429:
5426:
5424:
5423:
5354:
5335:(2): 209â248.
5315:
5281:
5254:(4): 251â263.
5234:
5215:(1â2): 71â79.
5191:
5131:
5122:Modern Geology
5101:
5081:
5042:
5007:(5): 941â952.
4980:
4923:
4904:(4): 443â458.
4881:
4855:
4830:
4795:(1): 175â187.
4775:
4754:10.1206/3761.2
4748:(3761): 1â28.
4721:
4682:(4): 659â674.
4657:
4599:
4566:
4539:(3572): 1â39.
4434:
4400:
4356:
4329:(2): 261â265.
4302:
4287:Gwyneddichnium
4275:
4244:
4211:
4154:
4131:
4066:
3992:
3973:(3): 366â377.
3948:
3917:
3891:
3882:
3866:
3835:
3687:
3622:
3579:
3521:
3509:
3434:
3399:(2): 645â666.
3360:
3353:
3243:
3106:
3104:
3101:
3100:
3099:
3098:
3097:
3096:
3095:
3078:
3075:
3074:
3073:
3070:
3063:
3061:
3055:
3048:
3046:
3043:
3036:
3034:
3031:
3024:
3020:
3017:
3014:
3013:
3011:
3008:
3003:
2995:
2994:
2992:
2989:
2984:
2975:
2974:
2972:
2965:
2960:
2952:
2951:
2949:
2927:
2922:
2914:
2913:
2911:
2908:
2903:
2895:
2894:
2892:
2889:
2884:
2876:
2875:
2873:
2862:
2857:
2848:
2847:
2845:
2838:
2833:
2825:
2824:
2822:
2807:
2802:
2794:
2793:
2791:
2788:
2783:
2775:
2774:
2772:
2769:
2764:
2756:
2755:
2753:
2746:
2741:
2733:
2732:
2730:
2727:
2721:
2720:
2718:
2715:
2709:
2708:
2706:
2703:
2698:
2690:
2689:
2687:
2684:
2679:
2671:
2670:
2668:
2655:
2650:
2642:
2641:
2639:
2630:
2625:
2617:
2616:
2614:
2611:
2609:
2596:
2595:
2593:
2590:
2585:
2577:
2576:
2574:
2567:
2562:
2559:Grammaephloios
2553:
2552:
2550:
2544:
2539:
2531:
2530:
2528:
2525:
2520:
2512:
2511:
2509:
2506:
2504:
2496:
2495:
2493:
2490:
2485:
2476:
2475:
2473:
2460:
2458:E. villisperma
2455:
2447:
2446:
2444:
2437:
2432:
2424:
2423:
2421:
2410:
2405:
2396:
2395:
2393:
2383:
2378:
2370:
2369:
2367:
2364:
2359:
2350:
2349:
2347:
2344:
2339:
2331:
2330:
2327:
2324:
2321:
2320:Genus / Taxon
2317:
2316:
2272:
2269:
2266:
2265:
2263:
2260:
2255:
2249:
2248:
2246:
2243:
2240:
2235:
2227:
2226:
2224:
2221:
2216:
2210:
2209:
2207:
2204:
2199:
2193:
2192:
2190:
2183:
2180:Two specimens.
2178:
2173:
2165:
2164:
2162:
2155:
2150:
2145:
2137:
2136:
2134:
2131:
2128:
2123:
2115:
2114:
2112:
2103:
2098:
2093:
2085:
2084:
2082:
2073:
2068:
2063:
2055:
2054:
2052:
2049:
2047:
2044:
2038:
2037:
2035:
2032:
2030:
2027:
2021:
2020:
2018:
2009:in the family
2003:
2000:
1995:
1987:
1986:
1984:
1981:
1976:
1970:
1969:
1967:
1960:
1955:
1950:
1942:
1941:
1939:
1932:
1930:
1925:
1917:
1916:
1914:
1907:
1905:
1902:
1895:
1894:
1892:
1887:Indeterminate
1885:
1883:
1880:
1878:Phoroschizidae
1874:
1873:
1871:
1868:
1866:
1863:
1857:
1856:
1854:
1851:
1849:
1846:
1840:
1839:
1837:
1830:
1827:
1825:M. articulatus
1822:
1814:
1813:
1811:
1808:
1803:
1797:
1796:
1794:
1791:
1786:
1781:
1773:
1772:
1770:
1759:
1756:
1751:
1743:
1742:
1740:
1733:in the family
1727:
1718:
1713:
1705:
1704:
1702:
1691:
1689:
1686:
1680:
1679:
1677:
1670:
1668:
1663:
1655:
1654:
1652:
1641:
1639:
1634:
1625:
1624:
1622:
1611:
1606:
1601:
1592:
1591:
1589:
1580:
1575:
1570:
1562:
1561:
1559:
1552:
1547:
1542:
1534:
1533:
1531:
1528:
1526:
1523:
1517:
1516:
1514:
1504:
1501:
1496:
1488:
1487:
1485:
1482:Architipulinae
1474:
1471:
1466:
1458:
1457:
1455:
1448:
1446:
1443:
1437:
1436:
1434:
1427:
1424:Two specimens.
1422:
1417:
1409:
1408:
1405:
1402:
1399:
1396:
1395:Genus / Taxon
1392:
1391:
1327:Palaeolimnadia
1316:Conchostracans
1311:
1308:
1305:
1304:
1302:
1295:
1292:
1286:
1278:
1277:
1275:
1272:
1269:
1263:
1255:
1254:
1252:
1243:
1240:
1234:
1226:
1225:
1223:
1220:
1218:
1211:
1202:
1201:
1199:
1197:redfieldiiform
1193:
1191:
1185:
1177:
1176:
1174:
1161:
1158:
1149:
1141:
1140:
1137:
1134:
1131:
1128:
1127:Genus / Taxon
1124:
1123:
1108:pholidophorids
1103:
1100:
1097:
1096:
1087:
1072:
1067:
1062:
1054:
1053:
1044:
1041:mystriosuchine
1033:
1030:
1025:
1017:
1016:
1007:
998:
993:
988:
980:
979:
977:
970:
967:
961:
958:Gwyneddichnium
953:
952:
943:
940:
937:
931:
923:
922:
920:
917:ornithischians
913:
910:
905:
897:
896:
894:
887:
884:
878:
870:
869:
866:
863:
860:
857:
856:Genus / Taxon
853:
852:
840:
837:
834:
833:
818:
816:
813:
812:
805:
798:
791:
786:
781:
776:
760:
759:
757:
755:
749:
746:
696:Anyuanestheria
662:
659:
603:
600:
482:
479:
435:and below the
396:
393:
391:
388:
355:North Carolina
333:
332:
322:
313:
312:
306:
305:
304:
303:
294:
285:
284:
278:
277:
276:
275:
274:
271:
270:
267:
263:
262:
258:
257:
244:
240:
239:
234:
230:
229:
197:
191:
190:
158:
152:
151:
147:
146:
143:
139:
138:
133:
129:
128:
123:
119:
118:
115:
107:
106:
99:
98:
97:
92:
87:
82:
77:
72:
67:
62:
57:
52:
47:
42:
37:
24:
23:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5553:
5542:
5539:
5537:
5534:
5532:
5529:
5527:
5524:
5522:
5519:
5517:
5514:
5512:
5509:
5507:
5506:Carnian Stage
5504:
5502:
5499:
5497:
5494:
5492:
5489:
5487:
5484:
5482:
5479:
5478:
5476:
5460:
5458:0-520-24209-2
5454:
5450:
5449:
5444:
5440:
5439:Dodson, Peter
5436:
5432:
5431:
5419:
5415:
5410:
5405:
5401:
5397:
5393:
5391:
5387:
5383:
5379:
5375:
5371:
5370:Acrostichites
5367:
5358:
5350:
5346:
5342:
5338:
5334:
5330:
5326:
5319:
5311:
5307:
5303:
5299:
5298:USGS Bulletin
5292:
5285:
5277:
5273:
5269:
5265:
5261:
5257:
5253:
5249:
5245:
5238:
5230:
5226:
5222:
5218:
5214:
5210:
5206:
5204:
5195:
5187:
5183:
5179:
5175:
5171:
5167:
5163:
5159:
5155:
5151:
5150:Palaeontology
5147:
5140:
5138:
5136:
5127:
5123:
5119:
5112:
5110:
5108:
5106:
5097:
5093:
5085:
5077:
5073:
5069:
5065:
5061:
5057:
5053:
5046:
5038:
5034:
5030:
5026:
5022:
5018:
5014:
5010:
5006:
5002:
4998:
4991:
4989:
4987:
4985:
4976:
4972:
4968:
4964:
4960:
4956:
4952:
4948:
4941:
4934:
4932:
4930:
4928:
4919:
4915:
4911:
4907:
4903:
4899:
4892:
4890:
4888:
4886:
4878:(1â2): 51â53.
4877:
4873:
4869:
4862:
4860:
4851:
4844:
4837:
4835:
4826:
4822:
4818:
4814:
4810:
4806:
4802:
4798:
4794:
4790:
4786:
4779:
4771:
4767:
4763:
4759:
4755:
4751:
4747:
4743:
4741:
4732:
4730:
4728:
4726:
4717:
4713:
4708:
4703:
4698:
4693:
4689:
4685:
4681:
4677:
4673:
4666:
4664:
4662:
4653:
4649:
4645:
4641:
4637:
4633:
4629:
4625:
4621:
4617:
4610:
4608:
4606:
4604:
4595:
4591:
4584:
4577:
4575:
4573:
4571:
4562:
4558:
4554:
4550:
4546:
4542:
4538:
4534:
4527:
4525:
4523:
4521:
4519:
4517:
4515:
4513:
4511:
4509:
4507:
4505:
4503:
4501:
4499:
4497:
4495:
4493:
4491:
4489:
4487:
4485:
4483:
4481:
4479:
4477:
4475:
4473:
4471:
4469:
4467:
4465:
4463:
4461:
4459:
4457:
4455:
4453:
4451:
4449:
4447:
4445:
4443:
4441:
4439:
4430:
4426:
4422:
4415:
4413:
4411:
4409:
4407:
4405:
4396:
4392:
4387:
4382:
4378:
4374:
4370:
4363:
4361:
4352:
4348:
4344:
4340:
4336:
4332:
4328:
4324:
4320:
4313:
4311:
4309:
4307:
4298:
4294:
4290:
4288:
4279:
4271:
4264:
4262:
4253:
4251:
4249:
4240:
4236:
4235:Jeffersoniana
4229:
4222:
4220:
4218:
4216:
4207:
4203:
4198:
4193:
4189:
4185:
4181:
4177:
4173:
4169:
4165:
4158:
4150:
4146:
4142:
4135:
4127:
4123:
4119:
4115:
4111:
4107:
4103:
4099:
4095:
4091:
4084:
4077:
4075:
4073:
4071:
4062:
4058:
4053:
4048:
4044:
4040:
4035:
4030:
4026:
4022:
4018:
4014:
4010:
4003:
4001:
3999:
3997:
3988:
3984:
3980:
3976:
3972:
3968:
3964:
3957:
3955:
3953:
3944:
3940:
3933:
3926:
3924:
3922:
3913:
3909:
3905:
3898:
3896:
3886:
3878:
3870:
3862:
3858:
3851:
3844:
3842:
3840:
3831:
3827:
3823:
3819:
3815:
3811:
3807:
3803:
3799:
3795:
3791:
3784:
3782:
3780:
3778:
3776:
3774:
3772:
3770:
3768:
3766:
3764:
3762:
3760:
3758:
3756:
3754:
3752:
3750:
3748:
3746:
3744:
3742:
3740:
3738:
3736:
3734:
3732:
3730:
3728:
3726:
3724:
3722:
3720:
3718:
3716:
3714:
3712:
3710:
3708:
3706:
3704:
3702:
3700:
3698:
3696:
3694:
3692:
3683:
3679:
3675:
3668:
3661:
3659:
3657:
3655:
3653:
3651:
3649:
3647:
3645:
3643:
3641:
3639:
3637:
3635:
3633:
3631:
3629:
3627:
3618:
3614:
3607:
3600:
3598:
3596:
3594:
3592:
3590:
3588:
3586:
3584:
3575:
3571:
3567:
3563:
3559:
3552:
3550:
3548:
3546:
3544:
3542:
3540:
3538:
3536:
3534:
3532:
3530:
3528:
3526:
3512:
3506:
3502:
3498:
3494:
3490:
3483:
3481:
3479:
3477:
3475:
3473:
3471:
3469:
3467:
3465:
3463:
3461:
3459:
3457:
3455:
3453:
3451:
3449:
3447:
3445:
3443:
3441:
3439:
3430:
3426:
3422:
3418:
3414:
3410:
3406:
3402:
3398:
3394:
3390:
3383:
3381:
3379:
3377:
3375:
3373:
3371:
3369:
3367:
3365:
3356:
3350:
3346:
3345:10.1029/FT351
3342:
3335:
3334:
3326:
3324:
3322:
3320:
3318:
3316:
3314:
3312:
3310:
3308:
3306:
3304:
3302:
3300:
3298:
3296:
3294:
3292:
3290:
3288:
3286:
3284:
3282:
3280:
3278:
3276:
3274:
3272:
3270:
3268:
3266:
3264:
3262:
3260:
3258:
3256:
3254:
3252:
3250:
3248:
3239:
3235:
3231:
3227:
3223:
3219:
3215:
3211:
3207:
3203:
3199:
3195:
3191:
3184:
3182:
3180:
3178:
3176:
3174:
3172:
3170:
3168:
3166:
3164:
3162:
3160:
3158:
3156:
3154:
3152:
3150:
3148:
3146:
3144:
3142:
3140:
3138:
3136:
3134:
3132:
3130:
3128:
3126:
3124:
3122:
3120:
3118:
3116:
3114:
3112:
3107:
3094:
3091:
3090:
3089:
3086:
3085:
3084:
3081:
3080:
3067:
3062:
3059:
3052:
3047:
3040:
3035:
3028:
3023:
3022:
3012:
3009:
3007:
3004:
3002:
3001:
2997:
2996:
2993:
2990:
2988:
2985:
2983:
2982:
2977:
2976:
2973:
2970:
2966:
2964:
2961:
2959:
2958:
2954:
2953:
2950:
2947:
2943:
2939:
2937:
2932:
2929:Fronds of an
2928:
2926:
2923:
2921:
2920:
2916:
2915:
2912:
2909:
2907:
2904:
2902:
2901:
2900:Sphenozamites
2897:
2896:
2893:
2890:
2888:
2885:
2883:
2882:
2878:
2877:
2874:
2871:
2867:
2863:
2861:
2858:
2856:
2855:
2850:
2849:
2846:
2843:
2839:
2837:
2834:
2832:
2831:
2827:
2826:
2823:
2820:
2816:
2812:
2808:
2806:
2803:
2801:
2800:
2796:
2795:
2792:
2789:
2787:
2784:
2782:
2781:
2777:
2776:
2773:
2770:
2768:
2765:
2763:
2762:
2758:
2757:
2754:
2751:
2747:
2745:
2742:
2740:
2739:
2735:
2734:
2731:
2728:
2726:
2723:
2722:
2719:
2716:
2714:
2713:P. simpsoniae
2711:
2710:
2707:
2704:
2702:
2699:
2697:
2696:
2691:
2688:
2685:
2683:
2680:
2678:
2677:
2673:
2672:
2669:
2666:
2665:
2664:Eretmophyllum
2660:
2656:
2654:
2651:
2649:
2648:
2647:Metreophyllum
2644:
2643:
2640:
2637:
2636:
2631:
2629:
2626:
2624:
2623:
2619:
2618:
2615:
2612:
2610:
2608:
2604:
2603:
2602:Lepidodendron
2598:
2597:
2594:
2591:
2589:
2586:
2584:
2583:
2579:
2578:
2575:
2572:
2568:
2566:
2563:
2561:
2560:
2555:
2554:
2551:
2548:
2545:
2543:
2540:
2538:
2537:
2533:
2532:
2529:
2526:
2524:
2521:
2519:
2518:
2517:Fraxinopteris
2514:
2513:
2510:
2507:
2505:
2503:
2502:
2501:Eretmophyllum
2498:
2497:
2494:
2491:
2489:
2486:
2484:
2483:
2478:
2477:
2474:
2471:
2470:
2465:
2461:
2459:
2456:
2454:
2453:
2449:
2448:
2445:
2442:
2438:
2436:
2433:
2431:
2430:
2429:Dictyophyllum
2426:
2425:
2422:
2419:
2415:
2411:
2409:
2406:
2404:
2403:
2398:
2397:
2394:
2391:
2388:
2384:
2382:
2379:
2377:
2376:
2372:
2371:
2368:
2365:
2363:
2360:
2358:
2357:
2356:Compsostrobus
2352:
2351:
2348:
2345:
2343:
2340:
2338:
2337:
2336:Brachyphyllum
2333:
2332:
2328:
2325:
2322:
2319:
2318:
2315:
2311:
2308:
2306:
2302:
2301:
2296:
2295:
2290:
2286:
2282:
2281:bennettitales
2278:
2264:
2261:
2259:
2256:
2254:
2253:Y. rectimedia
2251:
2250:
2247:
2244:
2241:
2239:
2236:
2234:
2233:
2228:
2225:
2222:
2220:
2217:
2215:
2212:
2211:
2208:
2205:
2203:
2200:
2198:
2197:V. lativentra
2195:
2194:
2191:
2188:
2184:
2182:
2179:
2177:
2174:
2172:
2171:
2166:
2163:
2160:
2156:
2154:
2151:
2149:
2146:
2144:
2143:
2139:
2138:
2135:
2132:
2129:
2127:
2126:T. virginicus
2124:
2122:
2121:
2120:Triassothrips
2117:
2116:
2113:
2111:
2108:
2104:
2102:
2099:
2097:
2094:
2092:
2091:
2087:
2086:
2083:
2081:
2078:
2074:
2072:
2070:87 specimens.
2069:
2067:
2064:
2062:
2061:
2057:
2056:
2053:
2050:
2048:
2045:
2043:
2040:
2039:
2036:
2033:
2031:
2028:
2026:
2023:
2022:
2019:
2017:(caddisfly).
2016:
2012:
2008:
2004:
2001:
1999:
1998:P. virginicus
1996:
1994:
1993:
1989:
1988:
1985:
1982:
1980:
1978:One specimen.
1977:
1975:
1972:
1971:
1968:
1965:
1962:A stem-group
1961:
1959:
1957:One specimen.
1956:
1954:
1951:
1949:
1948:
1943:
1940:
1938:cockroaches.
1937:
1933:
1931:
1929:
1926:
1924:
1923:
1919:
1918:
1915:
1912:
1908:
1906:
1903:
1901:
1897:
1896:
1893:
1890:
1886:
1884:
1881:
1879:
1876:
1875:
1872:
1869:
1867:
1864:
1862:
1859:
1858:
1855:
1852:
1850:
1847:
1845:
1842:
1841:
1838:
1835:
1831:
1828:
1826:
1823:
1821:
1820:
1819:Mormolucoides
1816:
1815:
1812:
1809:
1807:
1805:One specimen.
1804:
1802:
1799:
1798:
1795:
1792:
1790:
1787:
1785:
1782:
1780:
1779:
1774:
1771:
1768:
1764:
1760:
1757:
1755:
1752:
1750:
1749:
1745:
1744:
1741:
1739:
1736:
1735:Coptoclavidae
1732:
1728:
1726:
1723:
1719:
1717:
1716:H. solitensis
1714:
1712:
1711:
1707:
1706:
1703:
1700:
1696:
1692:
1690:
1687:
1685:
1682:
1681:
1678:
1675:
1671:
1669:
1667:
1664:
1662:
1661:
1657:
1656:
1653:
1650:
1646:
1642:
1640:
1638:
1635:
1633:
1632:
1627:
1626:
1623:
1620:
1616:
1612:
1610:
1608:One specimen.
1607:
1605:
1602:
1600:
1599:
1594:
1593:
1590:
1588:
1585:
1581:
1579:
1576:
1574:
1573:C. virginiana
1571:
1569:
1568:
1564:
1563:
1560:
1557:
1553:
1551:
1548:
1546:
1543:
1541:
1540:
1539:Brachyrhyphys
1536:
1535:
1532:
1529:
1527:
1524:
1522:
1519:
1518:
1515:
1512:
1509:
1505:
1502:
1500:
1497:
1495:
1494:
1490:
1489:
1486:
1483:
1479:
1475:
1472:
1470:
1467:
1465:
1464:
1460:
1459:
1456:
1453:
1449:
1447:
1444:
1442:
1439:
1438:
1435:
1432:
1428:
1426:
1423:
1421:
1418:
1416:
1415:
1411:
1410:
1406:
1403:
1400:
1397:
1394:
1393:
1390:
1388:
1383:
1380:
1378:
1377:Archostematan
1374:
1373:
1368:
1367:
1360:
1358:
1353:
1351:
1348:
1344:
1343:
1338:
1337:
1332:
1329:
1328:
1323:
1322:
1317:
1303:
1300:
1296:
1293:
1290:
1287:
1285:
1284:
1280:
1279:
1276:
1273:
1270:
1267:
1264:
1262:
1261:
1257:
1256:
1253:
1251:
1248:
1247:semionotiform
1244:
1241:
1238:
1235:
1233:
1232:
1228:
1227:
1224:
1222:A coelacanth
1221:
1219:
1216:
1212:
1210:
1209:
1204:
1203:
1200:
1198:
1194:
1192:
1189:
1186:
1184:
1183:
1179:
1178:
1175:
1172:
1171:
1166:
1162:
1159:
1157:
1153:
1150:
1148:
1147:
1143:
1142:
1138:
1135:
1132:
1129:
1126:
1125:
1122:
1118:
1115:
1113:
1109:
1092:
1088:
1086:
1083:
1082:
1081:Tanystropheus
1077:
1076:tanystropheid
1073:
1071:
1068:
1066:
1063:
1061:
1060:
1059:Tanytrachelos
1056:
1055:
1049:
1045:
1042:
1038:
1034:
1031:
1029:
1026:
1024:
1023:
1019:
1018:
1012:
1008:
1006:
1003:
999:
997:
994:
992:
989:
987:
986:
982:
981:
978:
975:
974:Tanytrachelos
971:
968:
965:
962:
960:
959:
955:
954:
948:
944:
941:
938:
935:
932:
930:
929:
925:
924:
921:
918:
914:
911:
909:
906:
904:
903:
899:
898:
895:
892:
888:
885:
882:
879:
877:
876:
872:
871:
867:
864:
861:
858:
855:
854:
851:
849:
844:
831:
822:
819:
817:
810:
806:
803:
799:
796:
792:
787:
782:
777:
774:
770:
769:
765:
762:
761:
753:
745:
743:
738:
732:
730:
726:
722:
718:
714:
710:
709:core drilling
704:
702:
698:
697:
692:
691:Middle Keuper
688:
684:
680:
676:
672:
668:
658:
657:
654:
650:
645:
641:
637:
633:
628:
625:
621:
616:
608:
599:
597:
593:
589:
585:
581:
577:
573:
569:
565:
560:
558:
554:
551:(high-sodium
550:
546:
545:siliciclastic
542:
538:
533:
529:
525:
520:
517:
513:
509:
506:
502:
494:
493:
487:
478:
476:
472:
471:Solite Quarry
468:
464:
460:
456:
453:
449:
446:southeast of
445:
440:
438:
434:
430:
426:
422:
417:
415:
411:
406:
402:
387:
385:
382:
381:
376:
372:
368:
364:
360:
359:United States
356:
352:
348:
344:
343:Late Triassic
340:
310:
282:
272:
268:
264:
259:
256:
255:United States
245:
241:
238:
235:
231:
226:
198:
196:
192:
187:
178:36.4°N 80.0°W
159:
157:
153:
148:
144:
140:
137:
134:
130:
127:
124:
120:
113:
108:
95:
90:
85:
80:
75:
70:
65:
60:
55:
50:
45:
40:
33:
29:
25:
20:
5511:Norian Stage
5462:, retrieved
5447:
5428:Bibliography
5399:
5395:
5390:P. recentior
5389:
5385:
5381:
5377:
5373:
5369:
5365:
5357:
5332:
5328:
5318:
5310:10.3133/b696
5301:
5297:
5284:
5251:
5247:
5243:
5237:
5212:
5208:
5202:
5194:
5153:
5149:
5125:
5121:
5095:
5091:
5084:
5059:
5055:
5045:
5004:
5000:
4950:
4946:
4901:
4897:
4875:
4871:
4867:
4849:
4792:
4788:
4778:
4745:
4739:
4679:
4675:
4619:
4615:
4593:
4589:
4536:
4428:
4424:
4376:
4372:
4326:
4322:
4296:
4292:
4286:
4278:
4269:
4260:
4238:
4234:
4171:
4167:
4157:
4148:
4144:
4134:
4093:
4089:
4016:
4012:
3970:
3966:
3942:
3938:
3911:
3907:
3885:
3876:
3869:
3860:
3856:
3797:
3793:
3673:
3616:
3612:
3565:
3561:
3514:, retrieved
3492:
3396:
3392:
3332:
3197:
3193:
3005:
2998:
2986:
2981:Zamiostrobus
2978:
2967:Fronds of a
2962:
2955:
2945:
2941:
2934:
2931:osmundaceous
2924:
2917:
2905:
2898:
2886:
2881:Sphenobaiera
2879:
2866:caytonialean
2864:Leaves of a
2859:
2854:Sagenopteris
2851:
2842:bennettitale
2835:
2830:Pterophyllum
2828:
2818:
2814:
2804:
2797:
2785:
2778:
2766:
2759:
2744:P. triassica
2743:
2736:
2724:
2712:
2700:
2695:Pagiophyllum
2693:
2681:
2676:Neocalamites
2674:
2662:
2657:Leaves of a
2652:
2645:
2633:
2627:
2622:Lonchopteris
2620:
2606:
2599:
2587:
2582:Lepacyclotes
2580:
2564:
2556:
2541:
2534:
2522:
2515:
2499:
2487:
2479:
2467:
2457:
2450:
2439:Fronds of a
2434:
2427:
2407:
2399:
2380:
2373:
2361:
2353:
2341:
2334:
2313:
2298:
2292:
2285:sphenophytes
2274:
2258:
2252:
2238:Y. argentata
2237:
2230:
2219:
2213:
2202:
2196:
2186:
2181:
2175:
2170:Virginiptera
2168:
2153:
2147:
2140:
2125:
2118:
2110:
2109:(drain fly).
2101:
2095:
2088:
2080:
2077:belostomatid
2071:
2065:
2058:
2042:Tipulomorpha
2025:Thysanoptera
2015:trichopteran
1997:
1990:
1979:
1973:
1958:
1952:
1947:Prosechamyia
1945:
1936:phyloblattid
1928:P. grimaldii
1927:
1920:
1900:Phyllocarida
1833:
1824:
1817:
1806:
1800:
1789:
1783:
1776:
1753:
1746:
1738:
1731:water beetle
1725:
1715:
1708:
1699:culicomorphs
1665:
1658:
1636:
1628:
1618:
1609:
1603:
1595:
1587:
1578:
1572:
1567:Cascadelcana
1565:
1556:protorhyphid
1550:
1545:B. distortus
1544:
1537:
1498:
1493:Argyrarachne
1491:
1468:
1461:
1425:
1419:
1412:
1385:
1370:
1364:
1361:
1354:
1340:
1334:
1331:
1325:
1319:
1313:
1299:palaeoniscid
1288:
1281:
1265:
1260:Synorichthys
1258:
1250:ginglymodian
1236:
1229:
1214:
1206:
1187:
1180:
1170:Osteopleurus
1168:
1155:
1151:
1144:
1120:
1106:Undescribed
1105:
1085:
1079:
1070:
1064:
1057:
1043:) phytosaur
1027:
1020:
1005:
996:
990:
983:
973:
963:
956:
933:
926:
907:
900:
880:
873:
846:
829:
820:
763:
733:
705:
694:
687:palynomorphs
675:Mid Atlantic
671:Newark Basin
664:
656:
653:slickensides
640:
629:
622:, a type of
613:
561:
532:Bioturbation
521:
519:formations.
498:
490:
470:
441:
418:
398:
384:
378:
338:
336:
269:Thayer, 1970
261:Type section
217:5.5°N 20.4°W
5203:Glyptolepis
4174:(9): 1043.
4118:2434/491902
4096:: 153â180.
3568:(1): 1â31.
3006:Z. powellii
2936:Neuropteris
2819:Hirmeriella
2811:cheirolepid
2780:Podozamites
2701:P. diffusum
2661:similar to
2659:ginkgophyte
2592:A lycopod.
2482:Elatocladus
2387:cyatheacean
2375:Cyathoforma
2305:angiosperms
2159:paraxymyiid
2105:A probable
2066:T. solensis
2060:Triassonepa
2007:scorpionfly
1974:P. trimedia
1964:brachyceran
1922:Phyloblatta
1904:?P. indet.
1763:rove beetle
1748:Leehermania
1672:Freshwater
1615:crosaphidid
1508:araneomorph
1463:Architipula
1366:Leehermania
1357:hemipterans
1215:Pariostegus
1208:Pariostegus
1182:Cionichthys
1037:phytosaurid
1000:A probable
969:Footprints
939:Footprints
912:Footprints
893:footprints
886:Footprints
830:crossed out
809:Morphotaxon
588:hypolimnion
586:, with the
559:processes.
512:lithologies
503:and thinly-
410:rift basins
405:half-graben
403:, a narrow
220: /
183:36.4; -80.0
181: /
156:Coordinates
5475:Categories
5464:2019-02-21
5384:) against
5062:(3): 229.
4596:: 401â414.
4299:: 135â156.
4197:2434/48459
4151:: 137â188.
3945:(1): 1â31.
3516:2023-12-18
3354:0875906583
3103:References
2860:cf. S. sp.
2738:Pannaulika
2635:Cynepteris
2565:cf. G. sp.
2488:cf. E. sp.
2466:of modern
2414:gymnosperm
2408:cf. D. sp.
2402:Dechellyia
2214:V. similis
2142:Veriplecia
2046:T. indet.
2029:T. indet.
1953:P. dimedia
1889:stem-group
1882:P. indet.
1865:O. indet.
1861:Orthoptera
1848:N. indet.
1844:Naucoridae
1834:Holcoptera
1767:myxophagan
1754:L. prorova
1710:Holcoptera
1688:D. indet.
1637:cf. C. sp.
1631:Clytiopsis
1525:B. indet.
1499:A. solitus
1445:A. indet.
1387:Arthropods
1372:Holcoptera
1310:Arthropods
1231:Semionotus
1165:coelacanth
1112:holosteans
991:M. apeoros
826:small text
795:Ichnotaxon
748:Paleobiota
644:calcareous
620:precession
584:stratified
557:diagenetic
555:) through
455:stratotype
377:. It is a
367:lacustrine
222:5.5; -20.4
5418:0040-0262
5349:0077-7749
5304:: 1â815.
5276:0034-6667
5186:128767475
5178:0031-0239
5076:0065-1710
5029:0022-3360
4975:0022-3360
4918:1399-560X
4825:203407211
4817:0307-6970
4762:0003-0082
4716:0016-7878
4652:133821611
4644:0022-3360
4553:0003-0082
4395:0003-0090
4343:0272-4634
4206:0016-7606
4126:0012-8252
4043:0027-8424
3822:0028-0836
3421:0921-2728
3222:0036-8075
2870:seed fern
2761:Pelourdea
2418:gnetalean
2390:tree fern
2187:Crosaphis
2148:V. rugosa
2107:psychodid
2096:T. olseni
1913:instead.
1891:beetles.
1801:M. solita
1674:ostracods
1660:Darwinula
1619:Crosaphis
1598:Crosaphis
1584:Elcanidae
1521:Blattodea
1469:A. youngi
1401:Material
1336:Eustheria
1283:Turseodus
1237:S. brauni
1133:Material
1065:T. ahynis
928:Grallator
891:phytosaur
889:Presumed
862:Material
764:Color key
632:claystone
580:mudcracks
572:magnesium
516:sandstone
505:laminated
501:mudstones
492:Grallator
463:Dan River
347:formation
345:geologic
142:Thickness
5445:(2004),
5374:Germaria
5368:against
5128:: 81â99.
5037:85901347
4770:86429652
4561:46999813
4431:: 39â59.
4351:14498449
4261:Atreipus
4061:21571639
3863:: 79â84.
3613:Postilla
3429:85464908
3238:23168710
3230:17750230
3077:See also
2957:Wingatea
2844:leaves.
2549:leaves.
2469:Platanus
2441:dipterid
2323:Species
2176:V. certa
1645:crayfish
1478:limoniid
1398:Species
1350:bivalves
1342:Scoyenia
1146:Diplurus
1130:Species
1074:A small
1022:Rutiodon
902:Atreipus
875:Apatopus
859:Species
848:Reptiles
839:Reptiles
596:fluorine
568:alkaline
564:dolomite
553:feldspar
450:. A new
371:mudstone
363:cyclical
351:Virginia
266:Named by
237:Virginia
150:Location
5366:Todites
5256:Bibcode
5217:Bibcode
5158:Bibcode
5098:: 1â16.
5009:Bibcode
4955:Bibcode
4797:Bibcode
4684:Bibcode
4624:Bibcode
4379:(467).
4241:: 1â17.
4176:Bibcode
4098:Bibcode
4052:3107300
4021:Bibcode
3975:Bibcode
3914:: 1â65.
3830:4360335
3802:Bibcode
3619:: 1â14.
3401:Bibcode
3202:Bibcode
3194:Science
3019:Gallery
3000:Zamites
2946:Todites
2919:Todites
2840:Common
2571:lycopod
2464:achenes
2329:Images
2289:endemic
2277:conifer
1684:Diptera
1666:D. spp.
1649:decapod
1577:A wing.
1420:A. cara
1407:Images
1347:unionid
1321:Cyzicus
1156:newarki
1139:Images
868:Images
802:Ootaxon
683:Carnian
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