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This lack of a cure or vaccine is a definite problem in the equine industry, especially in developing countries where equines are highly valuable for both agriculture and transportation. Dourine is considered an endemic problem in developing countries, where over sixty percent of equines in the world
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or VSGs. These VSGs allow the organism to constantly manipulate and change the surface structure of its proteins, which means it is constantly being presented to the immune system as a new foreign organism and this prevents the body from mounting a large enough immune response to eradicate the
160:. However, none of the listed drugs are a cure and even the individual animals that are treated will experience relapses. Although this disease is not fatal in all cases and spontaneous recovery can occur, the death rate is relatively high and listed at a mortality rate of over fifty percent.
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has been manipulated to adapt to and proliferate in other species, such as dogs, rabbits, mice and rats, but this has never been observed to occur naturally. Although this limits spread of the disease because it is restricted to the equine population alone, the organism has developed complex
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Because this disease is highly durable in its equine host, it has proved very difficult to develop a vaccine for it. There are four main drugs on the market that are used to treat the clinical signs of dourine:
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animals. This is not an economically feasible option for many people who depend on horses for their livelihood. Therefore, it is crucial to continue research in this field and develop a viable vaccine.
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mechanisms over time to better equip itself for prolonged survival in the equine species. As normal for its genus, the parasite efficiently evades the host animal's immune system through the use of
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Dourine is spread venereally, and causes disc-shaped lesions of the reproductive organs, nervous system and skin, acute inflammation and edema of the genitals, followed by hindlimb paralysis,
64:. The occurrence of dourine is notifiable in the European Union under legislation from the OIE. There currently is no vaccine and although clinical signs can be treated, there is no cure.
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Hagos, A; Goddeeris, BM; Yilkal, K; Alemu, T; Fikru, R; Yacob, HT; Feseha, G; Claes, F (4 August 2010). "Efficacy of
Cymelarsan and Diminasan against
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94:, so much so that even observation under microscope is not sufficient to differentiate between the two as their structure is very similar.
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existing in the natural world, being known only as a sexually transmitted disease of members of the equine family, including
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Gillingwater, K.; BĂĽscher, P.; Brun, R. (September 2007). "Establishment of a panel of reference
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are located. The protocol for this disease, as stated by OIE, currently stands at slaughter of
56:
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Tibary, Ahmed; Pearson, Lisa K.; Fite, Cheryl L. "Chapter 8 - Reproductive Tract
Infections".
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Raibaud, A; Gaillard, C; Longacre, S; Hibner, U; Buck, G; Bernardi, G; Eisen, H (July 1983).
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Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
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357:: distribution, biology, treatment and phylogenetic relationship (a review)".
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at OIE. WAHID Interface - OIE World Animal Health
Information Database
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American
Heritage Dictionary of the English Language: Fifth Edition
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Brun, Reto; Hecker, Hermann; Lun, Zhao-Rong (October 1998). "
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397:"Genomic environment of variant surface antigen genes of
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42:, meaning mangy (said of a female camel), feminine of
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Gizaw, Yonas; Megersa, Mulisa; Fayera, Teka (2017).
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60:, which belongs to an important genus of parasitic
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90:has been discovered to be most closely linked to
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274:. Horserace Betting Levyboard. pp. 59–65.
135:and death in more than fifty percent of cases.
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581:Current status of Covering sickness worldwide
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25:Dourine of horses – its cause and suppression
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573:at the U.S. National Library of Medicine
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463:"Dourine: a neglected disease of equids"
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551:"OIE Technical Disease Card: Dourine"
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467:Tropical Animal Health and Production
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16:Disease of horses and other Equidae
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46:, meaning dirty), is a disease of
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281:from the original on 4 April 2022
311:infections in mice and horses".
50:and other members of the family
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120:variable surface glycoproteins
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371:10.1016/S0304-4017(98)00146-0
226:strains for drug screening".
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325:10.1016/j.vetpar.2010.03.041
240:10.1016/j.vetpar.2007.05.020
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54:. The disease is caused by
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515:Equine Infectious Diseases
528:Merck Veterinary Manual.
479:10.1007/s11250-017-1280-1
127:Transmission and symptoms
38:(French, from the Arabic
607:Horse breeding and studs
575:Medical Subject Headings
617:Veterinary protozoology
426:10.1073/pnas.80.14.4306
359:Veterinary Parasitology
313:Veterinary Parasitology
228:Veterinary Parasitology
399:Trypanosoma equiperdum
309:Trypanosoma equiperdum
268:Codes of Practice 2020
224:Trypanosoma equiperdum
115:Trypanosoma equiperdum
88:Trypanosoma equiperdum
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77:Trypanosoma equiperdum
57:Trypanosoma equiperdum
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97:Dourine has no known
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22:
417:1983PNAS...80.4306R
517:(Second ed.).
351:Trypanosoma evansi
220:Trypanosoma evansi
92:Trypanosoma evansi
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530:"Trypanosomiasis"
32:Covering sickness
23:Mohler, John R.,
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587:Disease card
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154:Cymerlarsan
84:Trypanosoma
82:Out of the
596:Categories
197:2017-05-19
173:References
133:paraplegia
187:"Dourine"
150:Diminazen
139:Treatment
123:disease.
497:28439783
333:20417035
276:Archived
248:17624671
68:Parasite
62:protozoa
571:Dourine
488:5432633
445:6308614
413:Bibcode
379:9806490
146:Suramin
107:donkeys
103:fomites
99:vectors
86:genus,
52:Equidae
36:dourine
577:(MeSH)
535:19 May
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436:384026
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285:24 May
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193:. 2017
156:, and
48:horses
40:darina
27:(1911)
554:(PDF)
279:(PDF)
272:(PDF)
111:mules
44:darin
34:, or
537:2017
493:PMID
441:PMID
375:PMID
353:and
329:PMID
287:2022
244:PMID
222:and
483:PMC
475:doi
431:PMC
421:doi
367:doi
321:doi
317:171
236:doi
232:148
101:or
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
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