3432:, under the same "substance" but different "administrations". The Covenant of Grace, the Old Covenant, and the New Covenant then, all have the same substance though only differ in the fact that the Old Covenant and the New Covenant constitute two separate administrations of that single substance. Covenant theology under the Second London Baptist Confession, in contrast, also sees the Covenant of Grace as beginning with The Fall in Genesis 3, and continuing through the Old Covenant and the New Covenant. But it sees the substance of the Covenant of Grace as being the same as the New Covenant, though not the Old Covenant. The Covenant of Grace, then, is the same thing as the New Covenant. As such, the Covenant of Grace coexists with the Old Covenant though is not the Old Covenant. Instead, under the Old Covenant it is a series of promises that point towards the New Covenant, and won't be realized until that point.
3444:, and as such consist of "types" and "antitypes", where the "type" is the explicit purpose of that covenant, but the "antitype" is the way in which that covenant points towards the promises of the Covenant of Grace through the New Covenant. Salvation was therefore possible for people under the Old Covenant through the Covenant of Grace if they had saving faith in these promises. Covenant theology under Westminster Federalism allows paedobaptism since it sees a greater continuity between the Old Covenant and the New Covenant. Covenant theology under 1689 Federalism, in contrast, supports credobaptism under the
3292:
covenant character, and is rightly considered as a mystery or sacrament. Of the blessings of this covenant it is the SIGN, holding forth the washing away of sin, and the pouring out of the Holy Ghost; and it is the SEAL, inasmuch as, being administered under the command of Christ, it is a constant PLEDGE of His unchangeably gracious intentions to those that believe and are baptized; while our submission to this rite is that act by which we accept and make ourselves parties to this covenant of grace and salvation, claiming its blessing, and binding ourselves to fulfil its conditions.
3440:
the New
Covenant are several other covenants, in particular the covenant of Abraham, the covenant of Moses, and the covenant of David. But these covenants are "works and law" covenants and not "redemptive" covenants, since they exist only for specific earthly purposes in space and time, such as to allow Israel to live in the promised land under the conditions given in the covenant. Though their substance is different from the Covenant of Grace, and are therefore not part of that covenant, they do point to the promises in that covenant. They do this by drawing on
1220:
3436:
Covenant, the covenant is administered by "the preaching of the Word, and the administration of the sacraments" so that "there are not, therefore, two covenants of grace differing in substance, but one and the same under various dispensations. In contrast, the Second London
Baptist Confession of Faith condenses this all down to say that the Covenant of Grace was revealed progressively over Old Testament history after Genesis 3 "by further steps, until the full discovery thereof was completed in the New Testament."
2404:
still be under condemnation. The gospel truth, however, is that Christ has performed the one act of righteousness and by His obedience of the one the many are made righteous (Rom 5:18, 19)… . Underlying Christ's mediatorship of a covenant of grace for the salvation of believers is His earthly fulfillment, through meritorious obedience, of His heavenly covenant of works with the Father. …What begins as a rejection of works ends up as an attack, however unintentional, on the biblical message of saving grace.
69:
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667:
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3251:: "The Apostle does not here oppose the covenant given by Moses, to the covenant given by Christ. …But it is the covenant of grace, which God, through Christ, hath established with men in all ages". The covenant of grace was therefore administered through "promises, prophecies, sacrifices, and at last by circumcision" during the patriarchal ages and through "the paschal lamb, the scape goat, the priesthood of Aaron" under
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writes, "The function of law within
Scripture is the maintenance of relationship, not the creation of relationship. Legal obligation is not the precondition for life and relationship. Rather, life and relationship form the necessary environment for obligation." While this view still affirms the necessity of the merit of Christ, it departs from Kline's construal of merit as a fundamental principle of the covenant of works.
1816:"You are to undergo circumcision, and it will be the sign of the covenant between me and you. 12 For the generations to come every male among you who is eight days old must be circumcised, including those born in your household or bought with money from a foreigner—those who are not your offspring. 13 Whether born in your household or bought with your money, they must be circumcised."
1826:, the promise is seen to extend to the children of believers as it always was in the Abrahamic Covenant. The Biblical covenants between God and man include signs and seals that visibly represent the realities behind the covenants. These visible signs and symbols of God's covenant redemption are administered in a corporate manner (for instance, to households—see
1097:. Although redemption motifs are prominent as Noah and his family are delivered from the judgment waters, the narrative of the flood plays on the creation motifs of Genesis 1 as de-creation and re-creation. The formal terms of the covenant itself more reflect a reaffirmation of the universal created order, than a particular redemptive promise.
1300:: (1) The Law of Moses was in first place a reenactment of the covenant of works; viewed this way, it is the ministration of condemnation and death. (2) It was also a national covenant, giving national blessings based on national obedience; in this way it was purely legal. (3) In the sacrificial system, it points to the
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But as the entrance into the Jewish Church was by circumcision, so the entrance into the
Christian Church is by baptism. Hence its administration is here prescribed to those who are made disciples, and as such disposed to become formally the members of Christ's Church. Hence it derives its federal or
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This covenant, the blood of Christ, that is, the pouring forth of His blood as a sacrificial victim, at once procured and ratified; so that it stands firm to all truly penitent and contrite spirits who believe in Him: and of this great truth, the Lord's Supper was the instituted sign and seal; and he
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If meritorious works could not be predicated of Jesus Christ as second Adam, then obviously there would be no meritorious achievement to be imputed to His people as the ground of their justification-approbation. The gospel invitation would turn out to be a mirage. We who have believed on Christ would
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meal, to which he gave a radical reinterpretation. The festival of
Passover commemorates the Israelites' deliverance from Egypt – specifically, how the lamb's blood which God commanded them to place on their door posts caused the Angel of Death to "pass over" their dwellings, so that their firstborn
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On the other hand, Calvinist theologians more in line with Murray tend to say that works were never meant to be the basis for grace, but that grace precedes the call for obedience. Consequently, works are the necessary response to grace and not the precondition for it. For example, Michael
Williams
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Nehemiah 13:29 which refers to "the covenant of the priesthood and the
Levites", Malachi 2:8 who speaks of "the covenant of Levi," and Jeremiah 33:21 who points to the "covenant with the Levitical priests." Van Dorn argues that the covenant document for this covenant is the book of Leviticus itself.
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Covenant theologians argue that the
Abrahamic Covenant is still in force, and that God's covenantal promise "to be your God and the God of your descendants after you" still stands for every believer. The argument that the administration of all (other) Biblical covenants, including the New Covenant,
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Covenant theology is a hermeneutical framework that seeks to understand the Bible according to its covenantal structure. Covenant theology is particularly associated with
Reformed theology, as the Reformed tradition has devoted much attention to studying the biblical covenants. As Dr. R. C. Sproul
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Since the
Covenant of Works and the Covenant of Grace are the only redemptive covenants, stemming from the Covenant of Redemption, salvation is only possible through the Covenant of Grace, as in the covenant theology of standard Westminster pedobaptist federalism. Between The Fall in Genesis 3 and
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The Westminster Confession of Faith outlines this "one substance, two administrations" understanding by specifying that under the Old Covenant, the covenant was "administered by promises, prophecies, sacrifices, circumcision, the paschal lamb, and other types and ordinances", while under the New
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Kline has argued that comparisons between the suzerain-vassal treaties and royal grants of the Ancient Near East provide insight in highlighting certain distinctive features of the Mosaic covenant as a law covenant, in contrast with the other historic post-Fall covenants. Many who have embraced
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as a covenant is present in the early confessions even if the Covenant of Works is not explicitly named. Examples include Belgic Confession, article 14, which speaks of Adam having received and transgressed the "commandment of life"; or Heidelberg Catechism, Question and Answer 6 affirming the
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Other commentators, such as Douglas Van Dorn, recognize a separate priestly covenant, independent of the Mosaic covenant (which he takes as a prophetic covenant). In taken with the Davidic (kingly) covenant, this represents the three offices of Christ. Van Dorn argues this case on the basis of
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The covenant of grace runs through the Old and New Testaments, and is the same in substance under both the law and gospel, though there is some difference in the administration. Under the law, the sacrifices, prophesies, and other types and ordinances of the Jews signified Christ, and men were
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The point of divergence is Wesley’s conviction that not only is the inauguration of the covenant of grace coincidental with the fall, but so is the termination of the covenant of works. This conviction is of supreme importance for Wesley in facilitating an Arminian adaptation of covenant
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teaches: "The Baptismal Covenant is God's word to us, proclaiming our adoption by grace, and our word to God, promising our response of faith and love. Those within the covenant constitute the community we call the Church". Watson explicates Wesleyan-Arminian theology regarding baptism:
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churches, Murray acknowledged the traditional concept of a works principle as a condition for life with Adam in the Garden of Eden, comparing Adam's works to the works of Christ. He disputed its label as a covenant, however, preferring to call this arrangement the Adamic administration.
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were under the covenant of works, while on the other hand, all of their progeny are under the covenant of grace. With Mosaic Law belonging to the covenant of grace, all of humanity is brought "within the reach of the provisions of that covenant." This belief is reflected in
2412:, and others have sought to uphold the distinction of two sorts of covenant traditions: one based on merit, earned by obedience to law (works), and the other on promise (grace). While the consensus in Calvinist theology is that works are antithetical to grace as the means of
1043:) on the part of God, but also entailed conditions on the part of men. The conditions of the covenant of grace were spoken of as assumptive and confirmatory rather than duties required in order to receive the covenant. The covenant was therefore also bilateral or dipleuric (
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Every part of this law must remain in force upon all mankind in all ages, as not depending either on time or place, nor on any other circumstances liable to change; but on the nature of God and the nature of man, and their unchangeable relation to each other" (Wesley's
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and few others proposed that the Mosaic Covenant is a third kind of substance, called the Subservient Covenant, as opposed to most covenant theologians Moses Amyraut did not hold that the two substances are only the "Covenant of Grace" and the "Covenant of Works".
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who in faith drinks of the cup, having reference to its signification, that blood of Christ which confirms to true believers the whole covenant of grace, is assured thereby of its faithfulness and permanence, and derives to Himself the fulness of its blessings.
969:, and shows His redeeming care in clothing Adam and Eve in garments of skin—perhaps picturing the first instance of animal sacrifice. The specific covenants after the fall of Adam are seen as administered under the overarching theological covenant of grace.
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The moral law contained in the Ten Commandments and enforced by the prophets, he (Christ) did not take away. It was not the design of His coming to revoke any part of this. This is a law which never can be broken. It stands fast as the faithful witness in
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God's covenantal relationship with God's creation is not made automatically or out of necessity. Rather, God chooses to establish the connection as a covenant, wherein the terms of the relationship are set down by God alone according to God's own will.
925:). God offered Adam a perfect and perpetual life if he did not violate God's single commandment, but warned that death would follow if he disobeyed that commandment. Adam broke the covenant, thus standing condemned as representative for all humankind.
1664:. Some covenant theologians have denied the intra-Trinitarian covenant of redemption, or have questioned the notion of the Son's works leading to the reward of gaining a people for God, or have challenged the covenantal nature of this arrangement.
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to the believer. He argued that Jesus' own justification was due to His faith and obedience. In the same way then, the believer must be justified before God by faith and obedience. Shepherd's followers claim that the Covenant of Works between
1113:. In contrast with the covenants made with Adam or Noah which were universal in scope, this covenant was with a particular people. Abraham is promised a seed and a land, although he would not see its fruition within his own lifetime. The
1051:). Scholars have challenged the notion in contemporary scholarship that Genevan Reformers taught a unilateral and unconditional covenant relationship whilst the Rhineland Reformers taught a bilateral contractual relationship. Mark Jones,
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have departed from the traditional recognition of a covenant of works in classical covenant theology to develop a monocovenantal scheme subsuming everything under one Covenant of Grace. The focus of all biblical covenants is then on
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with God and the Church through the making of vows. On New Year's Eve, congregations belonging to various Methodist connexions, such as the United Methodist Church, Free Methodist Church and Pilgrim Holiness Church, conduct a
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Romans 11 teaches disobedient Jews are broken off of the family tree of Abraham. It is only after the full number of the Gentiles have been grafted into Abraham's family tree that God will pour out His mercy on the people of
3416:, published in 1689. The principal difference between these two variants of covenant theology is their understanding of the Covenant of Grace. Standard Westminster covenant theology sees the Covenant of Grace beginning with
3221:, it discards the "predestinarian template of Reformed theology that was part and parcel of its historical development." The main difference between Wesleyan covenant theology and classical covenant theology is as follows:
2306:. His views involved a reconfiguration of covenant theology that went beyond those of Murray, his predecessor. Shepherd denied any notion of a works or merit principle, leading to a denial of the imputation of Christ's
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writes of a probationary period for Adam, a promise of life for obedience, and the federal headship of Adam, but he does not write of a covenant of works. It is not referred to as a covenant in the opening chapters of
2137:
There have been recent developments in classical covenant theology by Reformed (Calvinist) pastors and theologians. Wesleyan covenant theology, a variation of classical covenant theology, was designed by
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a distinct and gracious covenant, involving circumcision of the heart, which foresees the embrace of the Gentiles and which is looked back upon as distinct from the Mosaic Covenant by the Apostle Paul in
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According to covenant theology, Paul makes it clear that baptism is the external sign of faith in Christ ("…you were baptized into Christ…"), and that through faith in Christ the believer is part of the
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justified by their faith in Him just as they would be under the gospel. These were done away with the coming of Christ, and replaced with the much simpler sacraments of baptism and the Lord's Supper.
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proclaims that He will build a house and lineage for David, establishing His kingdom and throne forever. This covenant is appealed to as God preserves David's descendants despite their wickedness (
1812:, corporate inclusion, or "generational succession" is therefore of secondary importance to whether infants should be baptized or not. The familial nature of the Abrahamic covenant is undisputed.
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because they are explicitly described in the Bible. Under the covenantal overview of the Bible, submission to God's rule and living in accordance with His moral law (expressed concisely in the
1187:
covenant is eternal, the followers of Christ are "children of Abraham" and therefore part of this covenant through faith. "Understand, then, that those who have faith are children of Abraham."
1937:), focused on the continuity of the covenant of grace, but taught the substance of what became classic covenant theology in terms of Law and Gospel. Early post-reformation writings, including
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covenantal representative fulfilling the covenant of works on their behalf, in both the positive requirements of righteousness and its negative penal consequences (commonly described as His
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was not originally part of covenant theology, following John Murray's observation that a covenant of works at creation does not receive explicit mention in early confessions such as the
1843:
is considered to be the visible New Testament sign of entrance into the Abrahamic Covenant and therefore may be administered individually to new believers making a public profession of
2387:(1646) explicitly names the Covenant of Works which Adam transgressed (7.2; 19.1), and which "continues to be a perfect rule of righteousness" in the form of the moral law (19.2, 3).
1672:
In Reformed theology, a sacrament is usually defined as a sign and seal of the covenant of grace. Since covenant theology today is mainly Reformed in its outlook, proponents view
944:
had mentioned a covenant of creation in 1562. The concept of the covenant of works became commonly recognized in Reformed theology by 1590, though not by all; some members of the
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theology—first, by reconfiguring the reach of the covenant of grace; and second, by disallowing any notion that there is a reinvigoration of the covenant of works beyond the fall.
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Covenant theology first sees a covenant of works administered with Adam in the Garden of Eden. Upon Adam's failure, God established the covenant of grace in the promised seed
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2419:
On the one hand, Calvinist theologians were more in line with Kline tend to say that works are ultimately the basis for grace, since God requires perfect upholding of the
1650:, but the idea of a contractual relationship between the Father and Son is present. Scriptural support for such a covenant may be found in Psalms 2 and 110, Isaiah 53,
1586:). Even in His giving of the Ten Commandments, God introduces His law by reminding the Israelites that he is the one who brought them out of slavery in Egypt (grace).
837:). That such a framework exists appears at least feasible, since from New Testament times the Bible of Israel has been known as the Old Testament (i.e., Covenant; see
4287:, p. 224: ‘For Wesley as for his Calvinist counterparts, every provision of grace throughout all ages flows only and always from the reconciling work of Christ.’
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since it sees less direct continuity between the Old Covenant and the New Covenant, even if it still sees major continuity through the overarching Covenant of Grace.
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622:
1025:, with the promise of a "seed" of the woman who would crush the serpent's head, is usually identified as the historical inauguration for the covenant of grace.
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reemphasized the idea of a covenant of works as expressed in the Westminster Confession of Faith 7.2 as a means to protect a gospel of grace. Kline wrote:
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1889:(including baptism) must be based on explicit commands of Scripture, is violated by infant baptism. Furthermore, because the New Covenant is described in
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1277:), particularly displayed as His glory-presence comes to dwell in the midst of the people. This covenant is the one most in view when referring to the
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3384:, so that Methodist believers can personally renew their covenant with the Creator every year; this liturgy is traditionally preceded by prayer and
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857:" or as "replacement theology", due to the perception that it teaches that God has abandoned the promises made to the Jews and has replaced the
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1206:. Non-covenantal theology does not teach that the Abrahamic covenant is inherited by gentiles, and thus presents a different view of baptism.
798:" or "1689 Federalism", to distinguish it from the standard covenant theology of Presbyterian "Westminster Federalism". It is associated with
770:
Covenentalists call these three covenants "theological" because, though not explicitly presented as such in the Bible, they are thought of as
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639:
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followed the main lines of the classic view, teaching the Covenant of Redemption, the Covenant of Works (Law), and the Covenant of Grace (
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957:, but is referred to as a covenant in Hosea 6:7, "But like Adam, they transgressed the covenant; there, they dealt faithlessly with Me."
299:
2378:. Additionally, defenders of the merit-based view argue that the concept of this works principle operating in the pre-Fall state in the
1919:
were among the first reformers to speak of God's salvation economy under the categories of a covenant of works and a covenant of grace.
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2519:
803:
786:, but as the structure by which the biblical text organizes itself. The most well-known form of Covenant Theology is associated with
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covenant ("Abraham's seed"). This provides the basis for the doctrine that baptism is the New Testament sign of God's covenant with
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and is most often used for the collection of books in the Bible, but can also refer to the New Covenant as a theological concept.
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in this sense, which are sometimes called "church ordinances." Along with the preached word, they are identified as an ordinary
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Some of Shepherd's critics contend that the concept of a works principle distinct from a Covenant of Grace is evident in the
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31:
1055:, J. Mark Beach, and John Von Rohr have argued that Leonard Trinterud's identification of the apparent polarisation between
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This article is about the Reformed or Wesleyan-Arminian theological framework. For the Catholic theological approach, see
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explains that he was looking to a better and heavenly land, a city with foundations, whose builder and architect is God (
688:
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1855:). In this view, baptism is thus seen as the functional replacement and sacramental equivalent of the Abrahamic rite of
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As with the Reformed view, the founder of the movement, John Wesley held that the moral law, which is contained in the
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circles, conceived of grace as the fundamental reality underlying all of creation. Influential among more conservative
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881:, not as a separate replacement entity. Many covenant theologians have also seen a distinct future promise of gracious
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1847:. Paedobaptists further believe this extends corporately to the households of believers which typically would include
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1634:, glorify Him, and give Him a people. Two of the earliest theologians to write about the covenant of redemption were
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17:
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Wesleyan covenant theology is also seen in the Methodist theology of baptism, e.g. when introducing this sacrament,
2458:." The sinner is thus saved by Christ's works and not his own. Right standing before God is then due to an alien or
2269:. This has not been developed consistently between the various theologians. For example, Barth, influential in the
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in the 2nd millennium BC. One of the highlights of his work has been the comparison of the Mosaic Covenant with the
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hermeneutics traditionally use a variation of this, known as Wesleyan covenant theology, which is consistent with
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Drawn Into Controversie: Reformed Theological Diversity and Debates Within Seventeenth-Century British Puritanism
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which has become known as the New Testament (or Covenant). Detractors of covenant theology often refer to it as "
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767:, under the framework of three overarching theological covenants: those of redemption, of works, and of grace.
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4084:. Collected Writings of John Murray. Edinburgh, Scotland, United Kingdom: Banner of Truth. pp. 217–218.
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His promises to Israel, but see the fulfillment of the promises to Israel in the person and the work of the
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Treaty formula. A suggested comparison of the treaty structure with the book of Deuteronomy is as follows:
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1881:) hold that baptism is only for those who can understand and profess their faith, and they argue that the
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An exposition of the gospels of St. Matthew and St. Mark: and some other detached parts of Holy Scripture
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The covenant of grace became the basis for all future covenants that God made with mankind such as with
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3669:"Sermon preached in June 1864 for the British Society for the Propagation of the Gospel among the Jews"
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received by faith, not by personal faithfulness which is the fruition of salvation and not its ground.
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and passive obedience). It is the historical expression of the eternal covenant of redemption. Genesis
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1255:, expands on the Abrahamic promise of a people and a land. Repeatedly mentioned is the promise of the
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written on their hearts and would know God, Baptist Covenant Theologians believe only those who are
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3408:" or "1689 federalism", to distinguish it from "Westminster federalism", and is associated with
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2370:). There is also explicit articulation of a Covenant of Works in the writings of those such as
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for salvation. The benefits of these rites do not occur from participating in the rite itself (
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1969:, 1597), developed the covenant of works and covenant of grace scheme along the lines of the
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The economy of the covenants, between God and man: Comprehending a complete body of divinity
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In Wesleyan covenant theology, the source of the covenant of grace is Jesus Christ, as "the
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collected by R. Scott Clark, associate professor of Historical and Systematic Theology at
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The baptism of disciples alone: A covenantal argument for credobaptism versus paedobaptism
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Theses, quotations from Reformed covenant theologians, and histories of covenant theology
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4916:(2001). "The Doctrine of the Covenant in Reformed Theology." In R. B. Gaffin Jr. (Ed.),
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4583:, The Westminster Assembly and the Reformed Faith, Phillipsburg, NJ: P&R Publishing,
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works of the earliest covenant theologians, particularly in the distinction made between
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2240:, that the Mosaic covenant was fundamentally an administration of the Covenant of Grace.
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1983:(particularly chap. 7, 8, 19), as well as in the writings of English theologians such as
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1567:
1267:
1079:
740:
549:
3953:
3364:
to follow Him, and "God is always the innocent party in cases where salvation is lost".
3348:
Wesleyan covenant theology, unlike Reformed classical covenant theology, emphasizes the
3277:
Richard Watson, An Exposition of the Gospels of St. Matthew and St. Mark, pages 282, 318
2443:
1518:
1494:), leading His people to the heavenly promised land. He is the high priest greater than
1369:
5088:
4644:
4555:
Jones, Mark (2011), "The 'Old' Covenant", in Haykin, Michael A.G.; Jones, Mark (eds.),
4264:(Regular Black ed.). United Methodist Publishing House. 5 April 2016. p. 91.
3377:
3183:
3118:
2850:
2837:
2807:
2617:
2573:
2478:
1930:
1658:
1468:
1068:
744:
604:
459:
444:
354:
324:
264:
52:
5046:
4918:
Redemptive History and Biblical Interpretation: The Shorter Writings of Geerhardus Vos
4536:
3874:
3858:
3636:
1475:
and Israel's hope and consolation: he is the fulfillment of the law and the prophets (
1399:, there is hope of restoration under a Davidic king who will bring peace and justice (
1381:
1373:
464:
5164:
5073:
5065:
5060:
5022:
5001:
4960:
4938:
4921:
4900:
4892:
4878:
4852:
4833:
4814:
4806:
4797:
4776:
4754:
4746:
4732:
4706:
4676:
4603:
4584:
4453:
4351:
4302:
4265:
4219:
4041:
3999:
3896:
3744:
3583:
3409:
3357:
3231:
3069:
3034:
2938:
2778:
2559:
2434:, it is Christ who perfectly obeyed the law in fulfillment of the covenant of works.
2396:
2363:
2355:
2332:
2324:
2186:
2182:
2159:
2086:
2059:
1996:
1938:
1775:
1635:
1476:
1032:
941:
818:
799:
736:
724:
526:
474:
454:
429:
369:
339:
220:
4976:
3781:""The Covenant of Works Revived:" John Owen on Republication in the Mosaic Covenant"
3503:
1350:
817:
As a framework for Biblical interpretation, covenant theology stands in contrast to
782:
treat classical covenant theology not merely as a point of doctrine or as a central
3842:
German Calvinism in the Confessional Age: The Covenant Theology of Caspar Olevianus
3326:
2716:
2711:
2371:
2351:
2328:
2163:
2008:
1946:
1912:
1897:
1890:
1878:
1718:
1690:
1579:
1389:
1219:
1060:
449:
379:
304:
283:
237:
73:
4957:
There Really Is a Difference: A Comparison of Covenant and Dispensational Theology
3714:"Report of the Committee to Study Republication: The Orthodox Presbyterian Church"
5017:
4930:
3971:
3740:
The Covenant Theology of Jonathan Edwards: Law, Gospel, and Evangelical Obedience
3421:
3039:
2797:
2544:
2454:. What Adam failed to achieve, Christ, the second Adam, succeeded in achieving.
2428:
2295:
2016:
1619:
1564:
1448:
1404:
1347:
1235:
1173:, but it has to be matched by an internal change, the circumcision of the heart.
1114:
954:
854:
834:
830:
569:
504:
4985:
4913:
4772:
3368:
3084:
3024:
2878:
2865:
2761:
2756:
2379:
2375:
2359:
2320:
2253:
2067:
2055:
2051:
1977:
1970:
1958:
1870:
1852:
1804:
1706:
1685:
1643:
1553:
1515:
1444:
1440:
1362:
1292:), a layer of law is prominent. Concerning this aspect of the Mosaic Covenant,
1264:
1245:
1044:
1036:
990:
911:
903:
559:
434:
424:
419:
414:
384:
359:
230:
42:
1995:. The classical statements among 17th century continental theologians include
1035:
theologians taught that the covenant was primarily unilateral or monopleuric (
739:, a competing form of biblical theology. It uses the theological concept of a
5181:
5026:
4600:
From Faith to Faith: John Wesley's Covenant Theology and the Way of Salvation
4576:
3397:
3162:
3049:
3044:
2933:
2918:
2913:
2903:
2600:
2595:
2515:
2043:
2035:
1783:
1763:
1739:
1594:
1522:
1460:
1293:
1064:
982:
937:
862:
787:
660:
594:
584:
409:
399:
364:
344:
114:
85:
77:
1582:) is a response to grace – never something which can earn God's acceptance (
1380:), although it did not stop judgment from finally arriving (compare 2 Kings
1013:
to the elect to give them willingness and ability to believe. Christ is the
977:
There is debate among the reformed if the Mosaic covenant was in some way a
5133:
5079:"Covenant Theology Illustrated: Romans 5 on the Federal Headship of Christ"
4897:
The New Schaff-Herzog Twentieth Century Encyclopedia of Religious Knowledge
4134:
4022:(2002). "Law, Gospel, and Covenant: Reassessing Some Emerging Antitheses".
3429:
3425:
3385:
3158:
2923:
2893:
2822:
2812:
2612:
2447:
2312:
2262:
2102:
2090:
1951:
Concerning the Substance of the Covenant of Grace between God and the Elect
1885:, which many paedobaptists also advocate and which states that elements of
1866:
1623:
1574:
founded and fulfilled in Christ. These individual covenants are called the
1571:
1472:
1425:
1419:
1284:
Although it is a gracious covenant beginning with God's redemptive action (
1166:
1122:
915:
874:
826:
822:
656:
579:
469:
314:
200:
104:
68:
4560:
3980:. Vol. 1 (2nd American ed.). New York: Thomas Kirk. p. 126.
1646:
had hinted at the idea before them. This covenant is not mentioned in the
4728:
4690:
3417:
3244:
2860:
2832:
2534:
2529:
2499:
2274:
2139:
2063:
2047:
1920:
1779:
1767:
1695:
1252:
1056:
1010:
949:
756:
531:
329:
109:
81:
35:
3916:
3713:
5156:
4655:
4123:. Phillipsburg, New Jersey, United States: Presbyterian & Reformed.
3252:
3213:
maintains the superstructure of classical covenant theology, but being
2802:
2701:
2249:
2189:
2171:
1747:
1721:
are commonly considered to be the sacraments of the covenant of works.
1681:
775:
554:
439:
2236:
Kline's insights have still insisted, however, in accordance with the
1935:
A Brief Exposition of the One and Eternal Testament or Covenant of God
1786:
as an actual bodily presence of Christ, as well as from the generally
4693:(1996), "American Secession Theologians on Covenant and Baptism", in
3260:
3210:
2486:
2278:
2143:
1759:
1755:
1730:
1677:
1498:, offering up Himself as the perfect sacrifice once for all (Hebrews
1271:
1227:
807:
779:
760:
564:
334:
89:
4581:
The Westminster Assembly: Reading Its Theology in Historical Context
2077:
Recent well-known covenant theologians in the United States include
3892:
3214:
1851:, or individually to children or infants of believing parents (see
1734:
1456:
1451:, Jesus alludes to this prophecy, as well as to prophecies such as
1436:
1143:
Exclusive: it is only for Abraham and his (spiritual) descendants.
966:
811:
666:
609:
3675:, vol. 10 – via The Christian Classics Ethereal Library
2427:
reward. Since this is understood to be an impossible task for the
1754:
saves God's New Covenant people from being judged for their sins.
5161:
A Father Who Keeps His Promises: God's Covenant Love in Scripture
4564:
4156:. Phillipsburg, New Jersey, United States: P & R. p. 74.
3459:
3396:
The most well-known form of Covenant theology is associated with
3168:
2554:
1886:
1840:
1787:
1673:
1541:
1507:
1490:), and the Son over the house where Moses was a servant (Hebrews
1433:
1429:
1199:
1195:
1184:
1162:
1136:
1106:
1072:
870:
748:
4751:
Kingdom Prologue: Genesis Foundations for a Covenantal Worldview
1859:(Colossians 2:11–14) and symbolizes the internal cleansing from
981:. The view that there was such a republication was advocated by
4874:
4702:
3256:
2424:
2178:
2175:
2071:
1809:
1790:
position that the supper is strictly a memorial commemoration.
1606:
The covenant of redemption is the eternal agreement within the
1354:
1301:
1256:
1009:
for all people who have faith in Christ. God also promises the
3520:
frequently observed, "Reformed theology is covenant theology."
2416:, differences emerge in attempts to describe this antithesis.
2248:
A number of major 20th-century covenant theologians including
1976:
Classical statements of covenant theology can be found in the
1125:
writes that the promised seed refers in particular to Christ (
3998:. Grand Rapids, Michigan, United States: Baker. p. 648.
2607:
2590:
2435:
2266:
1848:
1844:
1560:
1549:
1495:
1483:
1343:
1241:
783:
732:
4141:. Grand Rapids, Michigan, United States: Baker. p. 160.
4119:
Estelle, Bryan D; Fesko, JV; VanDrunen, David, eds. (2009).
1610:
in which the Father appointed the Son through the Spirit to
34:. For the religious and political movement in Scotland, see
3559:
3557:
3555:
3553:
3551:
3549:
3349:
3235:
2438:, earning the reward, graciously bestows it to His people (
1533:
1090:
858:
3263:, baptism and the Lord's Supper. The Methodist theologian
2224:
List of gods as witnesses (notably lacking in Deuteronomy)
2170:, by identifying the form of the covenant with the common
3809:
3353:
3239:
2450:
writes, "Man's relationship to God in creation was based
2431:
2420:
2316:
2243:
1896:
as a time when all who were members of it would have the
1860:
1705:
to include signs and seals of the covenant of works. The
731:
framework for understanding the overall structure of the
3821:
3691:
3546:
3259:, the covenant of grace is mediated through the greater
2456:
Ultimately the only way one can be justified is by works
879:
established the church in organic continuity with Israel
4543:, Exposition of the Old and New Testament, Sacred texts
4505:
4503:
4501:
4341:
4339:
4100:
1149:
Everlasting: it is not replaced by any later covenant.
4346:
Marquardt, Manfred; Klaiber, Walter (1 January 2002).
4088:
3536:
3534:
3532:
3530:
3528:
3367:
When persons become professing members of a Methodist
2302:
was dismissed due to controversy over his teaching on
1459:
meal is "the New Covenant in blood." This use of the
4937:, 2 vols. Phillipsburg: Presbyterian & Reformed.
4895:(1955), "Covenant Theology", in Loetscher, LA (ed.),
4348:
Living Grace: An Outline of United Methodist Theology
4118:
3934:
3797:
1955:
De substantia foederis gratuiti inter deum et electos
865:
on the Earth. Covenant theologians deny that God has
5122:
Law and Covenant in Israel and the Ancient Near East
4498:
4336:
4328:. Vol. 75. George B. Utter. 1913. p. 422.
4278:
3455:
2166:, in the 1960s and 1970s, building on prior work by
910:, also called the covenant of life) was made in the
76:
in Geneva, featuring prominent Reformed theologians
3679:
3525:
747:. The standard form of covenant theology views the
4250:. George Lane & Levi Scott. pp. 282, 318.
4048:. Eugene, Oregon, United States: Wiph & Stock.
1733:or the Lord's Supper was instituted by Jesus at a
1259:, "I will be your God and you will be my people" (
1075:on the other hand is a faulty reading of history.
4423:Guidebook of the Emmanuel Association of Churches
3960:, The Christian classics ethereal library, Sec. 1
2001:The Doctrine of the Covenant and Testament of God
1837:), not in an exclusively individualistic manner.
1701:Sometimes Reformed covenantal theologians define
1630:for their sin. In return, the Father promised to
918:who represented all humankind as a federal head (
5179:
5163:. Cincinnati, Ohio: Servant Books. p. 294.
5013:The Economy of the Covenants Between God and Man
4935:The Economy of the Covenants Between God and Man
4849:The Israel of God: Yesterday, Today and Tomorrow
4811:A New Systematic Theology of the Christian Faith
4528:The Distinctiveness of Baptist Covenant Theology
4345:
3996:New Testament Theology: Magnifying God in Christ
3917:"Report of the Committee to Study Republication"
2021:The Economy of the Covenants Between God and Man
1525:" comes from the Latin translation of the Greek
645:North American Presbyterian and Reformed Council
4194:
4192:
4190:
2031:, Vol 2, Banner of Truth edition, p. 950.
4214:Tucker, Karen B. Westerfield (27 April 2011).
2149:
4920:. Phillipsburg: Presbyterian & Reformed.
4851:, Phillipsburg: Presbyterian & Reformed,
4725:God of Promise: Introducing Covenant Theology
4241:
4239:
4237:
4235:
3191:
2469:
1667:
1428:is anticipated with the hopes of the Davidic
689:
640:International Conference of Reformed Churches
4415:
4320:
4318:
4301:(2nd ed.). Abingdon Press. p. 40.
4290:
4187:
3889:Covenant Theology: A Reformed Baptist Primer
3391:
2111:Greenville Presbyterian Theological Seminary
2005:Summa doctrinae de foedere et testamento dei
3582:. Edinburgh: Banner of Truth. p. 361.
3496:
2105:. This system is taught at schools such as
1993:An Exposition of the Epistle to the Hebrews
1869:Covenant theologians (such as the Baptists
1738:might be spared from the final plague. The
930:
4232:
4207:
3198:
3184:
948:disagreed with the teaching in the 1640s.
821:in regard to the relationship between the
696:
682:
27:Protestant biblical interpretive framework
5132:
4846:
4823:
4491:Second London Baptist Confession of Faith
4437:
4315:
4058:
3990:
3984:
3414:Second London Baptist Confession of Faith
3343:John Wesley, Sermons, Volume 1, Sermon 25
2023:. It may also be seen in the writings of
1601:
804:Second London Baptist Confession of Faith
774:, describing and summarizing a wealth of
5029:– a central passage for federal theology
4865:
4370:
4296:
4254:
4218:. Oxford University Press. p. 117.
4198:
4151:
3886:
3663:
3649:Bonar, Horatius (July 1870), "The Jew",
3267:, with regard to the Eucharist, stated:
2641:Explanatory Notes Upon the New Testament
1218:
888:
4891:
4871:Extra-Scriptural Binding: a New Danger
4699:Extra-Scriptural Binding: a New Danger
4675:, Dingwall: Peter and Rachel Reynolds,
4617:
4598:Rodes, Stanley J. (25 September 2014),
4169:"Sermon 6 – The Righteousness of Faith"
3970:
3880:
3736:
3371:, they personally bind themselves to a
2383:goodness of man in creation. The later
2285:
1589:
1432:, and most explicitly predicted by the
1161:The external sign of entering into the
14:
5180:
4719:
4575:
4245:
4213:
4133:
4106:
4040:
4018:
3940:
3895:: Waters of Creation. pp. 102–8.
3839:
3815:
3803:
3697:
3575:
2395:In opposition to the modern revisers,
2368:Commentary on the Heidelberg Catechism
2244:Contemporary revisions and controversy
2029:Collected Writings of Jonathan Edwards
1943:Commentary on the Heidelberg Catechism
979:republication of the covenant of works
143:Republication of the Covenant of Works
5116:Covenant theology articles and essays
5112:by historic and contemporary scholars
4959:. Friends of Israel Gospel Ministry.
4745:
4689:
4597:
4554:
4443:
4383:(2). Fundamental Wesleyan Publishers.
4284:
4094:
4064:The Current Justification Controversy
3844:. Grand Rapids, MI: Baker Book House.
3827:
3778:
3708:
3706:
3685:
3648:
3563:
2677:Four sources of theological authority
2154:
1770:(that is, real spiritual presence or
1762:as a mysterious participation in the
1514:), ruling forever on David's throne (
1463:typology is developed further in the
1100:
751:of God's dealings with mankind, from
32:Covenantal theology (Catholic Church)
4667:
4350:. Abingdon Press. pp. 112–115.
4262:The United Methodist Book of Worship
3642:
3569:
3404:. Another form is sometimes called "
2787:The Sunday Service of the Methodists
2162:did pioneering work in the field of
1316:, see in the passage that begins in
1214:
1000:
897:
794:. Another form is sometimes called "
630:World Communion of Reformed Churches
273:Institutes of the Christian Religion
5066:"Two Adams, Two Covenants of Works"
5002:A treatise of the covenant of grace
4673:A Treatise of the Covenant of Grace
4525:
4509:
4297:Campbell, Ted A. (1 October 2011).
4046:The Structure of Biblical Authority
3607:
3540:
3412:(credobaptists) and comes from the
3400:(paedobaptists) and comes from the
1963:A Treatise of our Effectual Calling
1455:, when he says that the cup of the
1337:
1307:
883:restoration for unregenerate Israel
24:
4299:Methodist Doctrine: The Essentials
4166:
4076:
3923:. The Orthodox Presbyterian Church
3909:
3779:Brown, Michael (27 January 2011).
3763:
3703:
3657:
1715:tree of knowledge of good and evil
1482:). He is the prophet greater than
1328:
1084:
972:
960:
25:
5214:
5089:Introduction to Covenant Theology
4970:
4790:Collected Writings of John Murray
4066:. Unicoi, TN: Trinity Foundation.
3651:The Quarterly Journal of Prophecy
2980:Methodist Church of Great Britain
2652:Distinctive beliefs and practices
2227:Sanctions: curses and blessings (
1957:, 1585), and Scottish Theologian
1904:are members of the New Covenant.
1304:of salvation through a mediator.
735:. It is often distinguished from
4990:Post-Reformation Digital Library
4534:
3870:
3854:
3632:
3613:
3458:
3284:United Methodist Book of Worship
3167:
3141:Ordination of women in Methodism
2727:Sanctification (growth in grace)
2493:
2292:Westminster Theological Seminary
2123:Westminster Theological Seminary
1945:(published posthumously, 1591),
1746:: as the lamb's blood saved the
1724:
1694:), but through the power of the
1298:Commentary on Second Corinthians
672:Reformed Christianity portal
665:
67:
5193:Christian theological movements
5105:Westminster Seminary California
4624:Westminster Confession of Faith
4519:
4482:
4475:Westminster Confession of Faith
4466:
4387:
4373:"An Arminian Covenant Theology"
4364:
4160:
4145:
4127:
4112:
4070:
4052:
4034:
4024:Westminster Theological Journal
4012:
3964:
3958:Westminster Confession of Faith
3946:
3833:
3772:
3757:
3737:Hoehner, Paul J. (2021-05-13).
3730:
3402:Westminster Confession of Faith
2385:Westminster Confession of Faith
2238:Westminster Confession of Faith
2132:
2127:Westminster Seminary California
2013:Institutes of Elenctic Theology
1981:Westminster Confession of Faith
1967:Tractatus de vocatione efficaci
1883:regulative principle of worship
1698:as they are received by faith.
1506:). He is the king greater than
1413:
1224:Moses with the Ten Commandments
1005:The covenant of grace promises
825:(with national Israel) and the
792:Westminster Confession of Faith
743:as an organizing principle for
248:Westminster Confession of Faith
4986:Early modern works on covenant
4847:——— (2000),
4788:(1982). Covenant Theology. In
3673:Metropolitan Tabernacle Pulpit
3424:3, and continuing through the
3075:Conservative holiness movement
1742:writers understand this event
155:Logical order of God's decrees
13:
1:
4824:Robertson, O. Palmer (1981),
4444:Sweet, Leonard (2014-02-21).
3785:Christ United Reformed Church
3743:. Wipf and Stock Publishers.
3489:
3006:Other Methodist denominations
2119:Reformed Theological Seminary
2107:Covenant Theological Seminary
1395:). Among the prophets of the
1183:According to Paul, since the
1109:covenant is found in Genesis
1093:covenant is found in Genesis
253:Westminster Shorter Catechism
5023:Commentary on Romans 5:12-21
4661:
4651:Westminster Larger Catechism
3474:Biblical law in Christianity
3329:, continues to stand today:
2747:Baptism with the Holy Spirit
2633:Sermons on Several Occasions
727:, a conceptual overview and
258:Westminster Larger Catechism
7:
5110:Essays on covenant theology
5095:Series on Covenant Theology
5047:"The Adamic Administration"
4830:Presbyterian & Reformed
4402:The United Methodist Church
4371:Reasoner, Vic (Fall 2000).
4199:Crowther, Jonathan (1815).
3621:, vol. 17, p. 560
3576:Murray, Iain (2014-10-01).
3451:
3136:Homosexuality and Methodism
2899:William Williams Pantycelyn
2672:Priesthood of all believers
2150:Classical covenant theology
1750:from the plague, so Jesus'
780:Reformed systems of thought
10:
5219:
5138:"The Covenant with Israel"
4955:Showers, Reginald (1990).
4949:
4753:, Overland Park: Two Age,
4569:Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht
4216:American Methodist Worship
4201:A Portraiture of Methodism
4152:Williams, Michael (2005).
3887:Van Dorn, Douglas (2014).
3356:initiates a covenant with
3109:Methodist views on alcohol
2470:Wesleyan covenant theology
2345:Second Helvetic Confession
1907:
1797:
1793:
1766:of Christ mediated by the
1668:Covenantal signs and seals
1632:raise Christ from the dead
1417:
1296:makes three points in his
1233:
1077:
40:
29:
5155:
4792:, vol. 4. Carlisle, PA:
4602:, James Clarke & Co,
4394:"¶217. Membership Vows".
4154:Far as the Curse is Found
3766:Marrow of Modern Divinity
3406:Baptist covenant theology
3392:Baptist covenant theology
3304:prophet, priest, and king
2687:Substitutionary atonement
2231:. Deuteronomy 28; 31–34).
2115:Knox Theological Seminary
1758:has generally viewed the
796:Baptist Covenant Theology
635:World Reformed Fellowship
148:Baptist Covenant Theology
4450:Tyndale House Publishers
4246:Watson, Richard (1852).
4139:Getting the Gospel Right
3479:Covenant renewal worship
3382:Covenant Renewal Service
3114:Methodist local preacher
2793:Covenant Renewal Service
2665:Conditional preservation
2390:
2273:churches and in certain
1312:Some commentators, like
395:Friedrich Schleiermacher
41:Not to be confused with
5037:"The Covenant of Grace"
5033:"The Covenant of Works"
4899:, Grand Rapids: Baker,
4826:Christ of the Covenants
4656:1689 Baptist Confession
4433:. 2002. pp. 25–28.
3840:Bierma, Lyle D (1997).
3360:, humans are given the
3174:Christianity portal
3080:Holiness Pentecostalism
3000:Global Methodist Church
2995:World Methodist Council
2990:United Methodist Church
2207:. Deuteronomy 1:5–3:29)
1808:include a principle of
1111:chapters 12, 15, and 17
902:The covenant of works (
861:with Christians as His
849:"), in contrast to the
737:dispensational theology
133:Theology of John Calvin
4813:. Nashville: Nelson.
3346:
3300:
3280:
3249:Righteousness of Faith
3228:
2929:Countess of Huntingdon
2904:Benjamin Titus Roberts
2692:Imparted righteousness
2406:
1917:Johannes Oecolampadius
1863:, among other things.
1626:of mankind to make an
1602:Covenant of redemption
1570:), and finally in the
1465:Epistle to the Hebrews
1231:
1048:
1040:
931:
907:
772:theologically implicit
310:Johannes Oecolampadius
5198:Christian terminology
4794:Banner of Truth Trust
4767:Malone, Fred (2003).
3617:, "Exercitation 18",
3484:New Covenant theology
3338:, Vol. I, Sermon 25).
3331:
3289:
3269:
3223:
3097:Other relevant topics
2985:Free Methodist Church
2889:John William Fletcher
2732:Sunday Sabbatarianism
2540:First Great Awakening
2460:imputed righteousness
2401:
2203:Historical prologue (
2040:Princeton theologians
1782:which believe in the
1774:). This differs from
1752:substitutionary death
1648:Westminster Standards
1471:). Jesus is the last
1346:covenant is found in
1222:
1078:Further information:
889:Theological covenants
320:Peter Martyr Vermigli
243:Westminster Standards
61:Reformed Christianity
5127:George E. Mendenhall
5053:"What is a Covenant"
4995:Nave's Topical Bible
4873:, Neerlandia, Alta,
4701:, Neerlandia, Alta,
4618:Historical documents
4446:The Well-Played Life
4431:Emmanuel Association
4326:The Sabbath Recorder
4121:The Law is Not Faith
3566:, pp. 7, 62–76.
3446:regulative principle
3146:Bishops in Methodism
2909:Walter Ashbel Sellew
2828:Brush arbour revival
2742:Second work of grace
2737:Christian perfection
2626:Articles of Religion
2520:in the United States
2341:Heidelberg Catechism
2337:Thirty-Nine Articles
2286:Shepherd controversy
2200:. Deuteronomy 1:1–4)
2168:George E. Mendenhall
2095:Richard L. Pratt Jr.
1821:Acts of the Apostles
1590:Subservient Covenant
1063:on the one hand and
946:Westminster Assembly
590:New England theology
575:Mercersburg theology
500:Continental Reformed
226:Heidelberg Catechism
216:Three Forms of Unity
211:Helvetic Confessions
170:Regulative principle
5041:Systematic Theology
4082:Studies in Theology
4060:Robertson, O Palmer
3830:, pp. 183–184.
3818:, pp. 233–234.
3508:Ligonier Ministries
3504:"Covenant Theology"
3466:Christianity portal
3380:in the form of the
3314:of His church, the
3104:Saints in Methodism
2582:Doctrinal standards
2300:systematic theology
2294:in the late 1970s,
2214:. Deuteronomy 4–26)
2099:O. Palmer Robertson
2083:J. Ligon Duncan III
2011:(1623–1687) in his
1800:Covenant succession
1244:covenant, found in
1155:Accepted by faith.
1080:Covenant (biblical)
802:and comes from the
790:and comes from the
300:List of theologians
279:Systematic theology
5188:Calvinist theology
5097:by J. Ligon Duncan
5083:Modern Reformation
4893:Van Til, Cornelius
4807:Reymond, Robert L.
4645:Helvetic Consensus
4477:, sections 5 and 6
4397:Book of Discipline
3700:, pp. 227–28.
3378:watchnight service
3320:judge of the world
3316:heir of all things
3119:Itinerant preacher
3030:General Conference
2838:Watchnight service
2660:Assurance of faith
2155:Covenant structure
1999:(c. 1603–1669) in
1931:Heinrich Bullinger
1772:pneumatic presence
1576:biblical covenants
1546:Genesis 12, 15, 17
1232:
1101:Abrahamic covenant
1041:foedus monopleuron
936:was first used by
851:Christian addition
841:, "they hear the
839:2 Corinthians 3:14
745:Christian theology
605:Princeton theology
445:H. Richard Niebuhr
355:Franciscus Gomarus
325:Heinrich Bullinger
265:Barmen Declaration
5170:978-0-89283-829-5
5136:(November 2005).
5074:Meredith G. Kline
5061:Meredith G. Kline
4977:Covenant Theology
4933:(Reprint 1990).
4747:Kline, Meredith G
4590:978-0-87552-612-6
4526:Denault, Pascal,
4512:, pp. 41–44.
4493:, 1689, section 3
4459:978-1-4143-9080-2
4429:, United States:
4377:Arminian Magazine
4173:The Wesley Center
4109:, pp. 35–50.
4097:, pp. 108–9.
4020:Horton, Michael S
4005:978-0-8010-2680-5
3992:Schreiner, Thomas
3902:978-0-9862376-0-7
3750:978-1-7252-8157-8
3665:Spurgeon, Charles
3543:, pp. 10–20.
3410:Reformed Baptists
3232:Wesleyan-Arminian
3208:
3207:
3070:Holiness movement
3035:Methodist Circuit
2939:George Whitefield
2769:
2768:
2682:Covenant theology
2560:Wesleyan theology
2364:Zacharias Ursinus
2333:Belgic Confession
2325:French Confession
2298:, a professor of
2221:. Deuteronomy 27)
2217:Document clause (
2183:Ancient Near East
2160:Meredith G. Kline
2142:, the founder of
2087:Meredith G. Kline
2060:J. Gresham Machen
1997:Johannes Cocceius
1989:Biblical Theology
1939:Zacharius Ursinus
1776:Roman Catholicism
1636:Johannes Cocceius
1033:Reformed orthodox
1001:Covenant of grace
942:Zacharias Ursinus
898:Covenant of works
875:Jesus of Nazareth
819:dispensationalism
800:Reformed Baptists
778:data. Historical
725:Biblical Theology
709:Covenant theology
706:
705:
475:Donald G. Bloesch
455:Cornelius Van Til
370:Samuel Rutherford
340:Zacharias Ursinus
221:Belgic Confession
138:Covenant theology
18:Covenant of works
16:(Redirected from
5210:
5174:
5152:
5150:
5148:
5134:Dulles SJ, Avery
5081:by S. M. Baugh,
5070:Kingdom Prologue
5057:Kingdom Prologue
5043:by Charles Hodge
4931:Witsius, Hermann
4909:
4887:
4861:
4842:
4828:, Phillipsburg:
4763:
4741:
4727:, Grand Rapids:
4715:
4685:
4612:
4609:978-0-22790220-2
4593:
4571:
4550:
4549:
4548:
4530:
4513:
4507:
4496:
4494:
4486:
4480:
4478:
4470:
4464:
4463:
4441:
4435:
4434:
4419:
4413:
4412:
4410:
4408:
4391:
4385:
4384:
4368:
4362:
4361:
4357:978-1-42675650-4
4343:
4334:
4333:
4322:
4313:
4312:
4308:978-1-42675347-3
4294:
4288:
4282:
4276:
4275:
4271:978-1-42673500-4
4258:
4252:
4251:
4243:
4230:
4229:
4225:978-0-19045420-3
4211:
4205:
4204:
4196:
4185:
4184:
4182:
4180:
4164:
4158:
4157:
4149:
4143:
4142:
4131:
4125:
4124:
4116:
4110:
4104:
4098:
4092:
4086:
4085:
4074:
4068:
4067:
4056:
4050:
4049:
4042:Kleine, Meredith
4038:
4032:
4031:
4016:
4010:
4009:
3988:
3982:
3981:
3972:Witsius, Hermann
3968:
3962:
3961:
3950:
3944:
3938:
3932:
3931:
3929:
3928:
3913:
3907:
3906:
3884:
3878:
3868:
3862:
3852:
3846:
3845:
3837:
3831:
3825:
3819:
3813:
3807:
3801:
3795:
3794:
3792:
3791:
3776:
3770:
3769:
3764:Fisher, Edward.
3761:
3755:
3754:
3734:
3728:
3727:
3725:
3724:
3710:
3701:
3695:
3689:
3683:
3677:
3676:
3661:
3655:
3653:
3646:
3640:
3630:
3624:
3622:
3611:
3605:
3604:
3602:
3601:
3592:. Archived from
3579:The Puritan Hope
3573:
3567:
3561:
3544:
3538:
3523:
3522:
3516:
3514:
3500:
3468:
3463:
3462:
3344:
3327:Ten Commandments
3298:
3278:
3230:As such, in the
3200:
3193:
3186:
3172:
3171:
2717:Prevenient grace
2712:Outward holiness
2579:
2578:
2497:
2474:
2473:
2446:). For example,
2343:(1563), and the
2329:Scots Confession
2308:active obedience
2164:Biblical studies
2025:Jonathan Edwards
2009:Francis Turretin
1947:Caspar Olevianus
1913:Huldrych Zwingli
1879:Charles Spurgeon
1691:ex opere operato
1680:as the only two
1612:become incarnate
1580:Ten Commandments
1338:Davidic covenant
1318:Deuteronomy 29:1
1308:Moabite covenant
1251:and the book of
1049:foedus dipleuron
940:in 1585, though
934:
914:between God and
717:federal theology
698:
691:
684:
670:
669:
527:Reformed Baptist
450:Reinhold Niebuhr
390:Jonathan Edwards
380:Francis Turretin
305:Huldrych Zwingli
284:Metrical psalter
238:Scots Confession
74:Reformation Wall
71:
48:
47:
21:
5218:
5217:
5213:
5212:
5211:
5209:
5208:
5207:
5178:
5177:
5171:
5146:
5144:
5091:by J. I. Packer
5018:Hermann Witsius
4973:
4952:
4914:Vos, Geerhardus
4907:
4885:
4877:: Inheritance,
4859:
4840:
4761:
4739:
4721:Horton, Michael
4713:
4705:: Inheritance,
4683:
4664:
4620:
4610:
4591:
4546:
4544:
4522:
4517:
4516:
4508:
4499:
4488:
4487:
4483:
4472:
4471:
4467:
4460:
4442:
4438:
4421:
4420:
4416:
4406:
4404:
4393:
4392:
4388:
4369:
4365:
4358:
4344:
4337:
4324:
4323:
4316:
4309:
4295:
4291:
4283:
4279:
4272:
4260:
4259:
4255:
4244:
4233:
4226:
4212:
4208:
4197:
4188:
4178:
4176:
4165:
4161:
4150:
4146:
4132:
4128:
4117:
4113:
4105:
4101:
4093:
4089:
4075:
4071:
4057:
4053:
4039:
4035:
4017:
4013:
4006:
3989:
3985:
3969:
3965:
3952:
3951:
3947:
3939:
3935:
3926:
3924:
3915:
3914:
3910:
3903:
3885:
3881:
3869:
3865:
3853:
3849:
3838:
3834:
3826:
3822:
3814:
3810:
3802:
3798:
3789:
3787:
3777:
3773:
3762:
3758:
3751:
3735:
3731:
3722:
3720:
3712:
3711:
3704:
3696:
3692:
3684:
3680:
3662:
3658:
3647:
3643:
3631:
3627:
3612:
3608:
3599:
3597:
3590:
3574:
3570:
3562:
3547:
3539:
3526:
3512:
3510:
3502:
3501:
3497:
3492:
3464:
3457:
3454:
3394:
3345:
3342:
3299:
3296:
3279:
3276:
3204:
3166:
3152:
3151:
3150:
3098:
3090:
3089:
3065:
3057:
3056:
3040:Pastoral charge
3020:
3012:
3011:
2975:
2974:
2958:
2957:
2956:
2870:
2853:
2843:
2842:
2808:Mourner's bench
2798:Revival service
2781:
2771:
2770:
2666:
2647:
2644:
2618:Apostles' Creed
2576:
2566:
2565:
2564:
2523:
2510:
2502:
2472:
2393:
2362:(for instance,
2296:Norman Shepherd
2288:
2246:
2157:
2152:
2135:
2019:(1636–1708) in
2017:Hermann Witsius
1961:(1555–1599) in
1949:(1536–1587) in
1941:(1534–1583) in
1910:
1802:
1796:
1727:
1670:
1604:
1592:
1449:the Last Supper
1422:
1416:
1405:Book of Ezekiel
1340:
1331:
1329:Levite covenant
1310:
1238:
1236:Mosaic covenant
1217:
1215:Mosaic covenant
1179:Philippians 3:3
1115:Book of Hebrews
1103:
1087:
1085:Noahic covenant
1082:
1015:substitutionary
1003:
975:
973:Mosaic covenant
963:
961:Adamic covenant
900:
891:
855:supersessionism
831:house of Israel
711:(also known as
702:
664:
650:
649:
625:
615:
614:
570:Marrow Brethren
545:
537:
536:
495:
485:
484:
465:Jürgen Moltmann
350:William Perkins
297:
289:
288:
193:
185:
184:
128:
120:
119:
100:
92:
46:
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5216:
5206:
5205:
5200:
5195:
5190:
5176:
5175:
5169:
5153:
5130:
5118:
5113:
5107:
5098:
5092:
5086:
5076:
5063:
5050:
5049:by John Murray
5044:
5030:
5020:
5009:
4998:
4992:
4983:
4972:
4971:External links
4969:
4968:
4967:
4951:
4948:
4947:
4946:
4928:
4911:
4905:
4889:
4883:
4867:Schilder, Klas
4863:
4857:
4844:
4838:
4821:
4804:
4783:
4773:Founders Press
4765:
4759:
4743:
4737:
4717:
4711:
4695:Schilder, Klas
4687:
4681:
4663:
4660:
4659:
4658:
4653:
4648:
4642:
4619:
4616:
4615:
4614:
4608:
4595:
4589:
4577:Letham, Robert
4573:
4552:
4532:
4521:
4518:
4515:
4514:
4497:
4481:
4465:
4458:
4452:. p. 62.
4436:
4427:Logansport, ID
4414:
4386:
4363:
4356:
4335:
4314:
4307:
4289:
4277:
4270:
4253:
4231:
4224:
4206:
4203:. p. 224.
4186:
4167:Wesley, John.
4159:
4144:
4126:
4111:
4099:
4087:
4069:
4051:
4033:
4011:
4004:
3983:
3963:
3945:
3943:, p. 235.
3933:
3908:
3901:
3879:
3863:
3847:
3832:
3820:
3808:
3806:, p. 232.
3796:
3771:
3756:
3749:
3729:
3702:
3690:
3688:, p. 185.
3678:
3656:
3641:
3625:
3619:Complete Works
3606:
3589:978-1848714786
3588:
3568:
3545:
3524:
3494:
3493:
3491:
3488:
3487:
3486:
3481:
3476:
3470:
3469:
3453:
3450:
3393:
3390:
3340:
3297:Richard Watson
3294:
3274:
3265:Richard Watson
3206:
3205:
3203:
3202:
3195:
3188:
3180:
3177:
3176:
3154:
3153:
3149:
3148:
3143:
3138:
3133:
3128:
3127:
3126:
3116:
3111:
3106:
3100:
3099:
3096:
3095:
3092:
3091:
3088:
3087:
3085:Evangelicalism
3082:
3077:
3072:
3066:
3064:Related groups
3063:
3062:
3059:
3058:
3055:
3054:
3053:
3052:
3042:
3037:
3032:
3027:
3025:Connexionalism
3021:
3018:
3017:
3014:
3013:
3010:
3009:
3002:
2997:
2992:
2987:
2982:
2976:
2973:
2972:
2969:
2965:
2964:
2963:
2960:
2959:
2955:
2954:
2949:
2943:
2942:
2941:
2936:
2931:
2926:
2921:
2916:
2911:
2906:
2901:
2896:
2891:
2886:
2881:
2879:Francis Asbury
2876:
2871:
2869:
2868:
2866:Charles Wesley
2863:
2857:
2854:
2849:
2848:
2845:
2844:
2841:
2840:
2835:
2830:
2825:
2820:
2815:
2810:
2805:
2800:
2795:
2790:
2782:
2777:
2776:
2773:
2772:
2767:
2766:
2765:
2764:
2762:Works of mercy
2759:
2757:Works of piety
2754:
2749:
2744:
2739:
2734:
2729:
2724:
2719:
2714:
2709:
2704:
2699:
2694:
2689:
2684:
2679:
2674:
2669:
2662:
2654:
2653:
2649:
2648:
2646:
2645:
2638:
2636:
2629:
2622:
2621:
2620:
2615:
2605:
2604:
2603:
2598:
2587:
2584:
2583:
2577:
2572:
2571:
2568:
2567:
2563:
2562:
2557:
2552:
2547:
2542:
2537:
2532:
2526:
2525:
2524:
2514:
2511:
2508:
2507:
2504:
2503:
2498:
2490:
2489:
2483:
2482:
2471:
2468:
2410:Michael Horton
2397:Meredith Kline
2392:
2389:
2380:Garden of Eden
2360:Law and Gospel
2321:Garden of Eden
2287:
2284:
2254:Klaas Schilder
2245:
2242:
2233:
2232:
2225:
2222:
2215:
2210:Stipulations (
2208:
2201:
2156:
2153:
2151:
2148:
2134:
2131:
2079:Michael Horton
2068:Herman Bavinck
2062:) and, in the
2056:Geerhardus Vos
2052:B. B. Warfield
1959:Robert Rollock
1929:2:9–11), like
1909:
1906:
1871:Benjamin Keach
1853:Infant baptism
1795:
1792:
1726:
1723:
1707:Garden of Eden
1686:means of grace
1669:
1666:
1644:Caspar Olevian
1603:
1600:
1591:
1588:
1469:esp. chs. 7–10
1441:Jeremiah 31:31
1418:Main article:
1415:
1412:
1339:
1336:
1330:
1327:
1309:
1306:
1234:Main article:
1216:
1213:
1212:
1211:
1207:
1204:Galatians 3:26
1191:
1181:
1159:
1153:
1147:
1102:
1099:
1086:
1083:
1053:Richard Muller
1002:
999:
991:Meredith Kline
974:
971:
962:
959:
912:Garden of Eden
899:
896:
890:
887:
835:Christ's blood
704:
703:
701:
700:
693:
686:
678:
675:
674:
652:
651:
648:
647:
642:
637:
632:
626:
621:
620:
617:
616:
613:
612:
607:
602:
597:
592:
587:
582:
577:
572:
567:
562:
560:Federal Vision
557:
552:
546:
543:
542:
539:
538:
535:
534:
529:
524:
522:Congregational
519:
518:
517:
512:
502:
496:
491:
490:
487:
486:
483:
482:
480:Michael Horton
477:
472:
467:
462:
460:T. F. Torrance
457:
452:
447:
442:
437:
435:Geerhardus Vos
432:
427:
425:B. B. Warfield
422:
420:Herman Bavinck
417:
415:Abraham Kuyper
412:
407:
402:
397:
392:
387:
385:Richard Baxter
382:
377:
372:
367:
362:
360:William Twisse
357:
352:
347:
342:
337:
332:
327:
322:
317:
312:
307:
298:
295:
294:
291:
290:
287:
286:
281:
276:
269:
268:
267:
262:
261:
260:
255:
250:
240:
235:
234:
233:
231:Canons of Dort
228:
223:
213:
203:
194:
191:
190:
187:
186:
183:
182:
177:
175:Predestination
172:
167:
162:
157:
152:
151:
150:
145:
135:
129:
126:
125:
122:
121:
118:
117:
112:
107:
101:
98:
97:
94:
93:
72:
64:
63:
57:
56:
43:Federal Vision
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5215:
5204:
5201:
5199:
5196:
5194:
5191:
5189:
5186:
5185:
5183:
5172:
5166:
5162:
5158:
5154:
5143:
5139:
5135:
5131:
5128:
5124:
5123:
5119:
5117:
5114:
5111:
5108:
5106:
5102:
5099:
5096:
5093:
5090:
5087:
5084:
5080:
5077:
5075:
5071:
5067:
5064:
5062:
5058:
5054:
5051:
5048:
5045:
5042:
5038:
5034:
5031:
5028:
5027:Charles Hodge
5024:
5021:
5019:
5015:
5014:
5010:
5008:
5004:
5003:
4999:
4996:
4993:
4991:
4987:
4984:
4982:
4978:
4975:
4974:
4966:
4965:0-915540-50-9
4962:
4958:
4954:
4953:
4944:
4943:0-87552-870-8
4940:
4936:
4932:
4929:
4927:
4926:0-87552-513-X
4923:
4919:
4915:
4912:
4908:
4906:99914-2-980-8
4902:
4898:
4894:
4890:
4886:
4884:0-921100-46-9
4880:
4876:
4872:
4868:
4864:
4860:
4858:0-87552-398-6
4854:
4850:
4845:
4841:
4839:0-87552-418-4
4835:
4831:
4827:
4822:
4820:
4819:0-8499-1317-9
4816:
4812:
4808:
4805:
4803:
4802:0-85151-340-9
4799:
4795:
4791:
4787:
4784:
4782:
4781:0-9713361-3-X
4778:
4774:
4770:
4766:
4762:
4760:0-9706418-0-X
4756:
4752:
4748:
4744:
4740:
4738:0-8010-1289-9
4734:
4730:
4726:
4722:
4718:
4714:
4712:0-921100-46-9
4708:
4704:
4700:
4696:
4692:
4688:
4684:
4682:1-84685-278-1
4678:
4674:
4670:
4666:
4665:
4657:
4654:
4652:
4649:
4646:
4643:
4641:
4640:Chapter XXVII
4637:
4633:
4629:
4625:
4622:
4621:
4611:
4605:
4601:
4596:
4592:
4586:
4582:
4578:
4574:
4570:
4566:
4562:
4558:
4553:
4542:
4538:
4533:
4529:
4524:
4523:
4511:
4506:
4504:
4502:
4492:
4485:
4476:
4469:
4461:
4455:
4451:
4447:
4440:
4432:
4428:
4424:
4418:
4403:
4399:
4398:
4390:
4382:
4378:
4374:
4367:
4359:
4353:
4349:
4342:
4340:
4332:
4327:
4321:
4319:
4310:
4304:
4300:
4293:
4286:
4281:
4273:
4267:
4263:
4257:
4249:
4242:
4240:
4238:
4236:
4227:
4221:
4217:
4210:
4202:
4195:
4193:
4191:
4174:
4170:
4163:
4155:
4148:
4140:
4136:
4130:
4122:
4115:
4108:
4103:
4096:
4091:
4083:
4079:
4073:
4065:
4061:
4055:
4047:
4043:
4037:
4029:
4025:
4021:
4015:
4007:
4001:
3997:
3993:
3987:
3979:
3978:
3973:
3967:
3959:
3955:
3949:
3942:
3937:
3922:
3918:
3912:
3904:
3898:
3894:
3890:
3883:
3876:
3872:
3867:
3860:
3856:
3851:
3843:
3836:
3829:
3824:
3817:
3812:
3805:
3800:
3786:
3782:
3775:
3767:
3760:
3752:
3746:
3742:
3741:
3733:
3719:
3715:
3709:
3707:
3699:
3694:
3687:
3682:
3674:
3670:
3666:
3660:
3652:
3645:
3638:
3634:
3629:
3620:
3616:
3610:
3596:on 2015-07-18
3595:
3591:
3585:
3581:
3580:
3572:
3565:
3560:
3558:
3556:
3554:
3552:
3550:
3542:
3537:
3535:
3533:
3531:
3529:
3521:
3509:
3505:
3499:
3495:
3485:
3482:
3480:
3477:
3475:
3472:
3471:
3467:
3461:
3456:
3449:
3447:
3443:
3437:
3433:
3431:
3427:
3423:
3419:
3415:
3411:
3407:
3403:
3399:
3398:Presbyterians
3389:
3387:
3383:
3379:
3374:
3370:
3365:
3363:
3359:
3355:
3351:
3339:
3337:
3330:
3328:
3323:
3321:
3317:
3313:
3309:
3305:
3293:
3288:
3285:
3273:
3268:
3266:
3262:
3258:
3254:
3250:
3246:
3241:
3237:
3233:
3227:
3222:
3220:
3216:
3212:
3201:
3196:
3194:
3189:
3187:
3182:
3181:
3179:
3178:
3175:
3170:
3165:
3164:
3163:Protestantism
3160:
3156:
3155:
3147:
3144:
3142:
3139:
3137:
3134:
3132:
3129:
3125:
3124:Circuit rider
3122:
3121:
3120:
3117:
3115:
3112:
3110:
3107:
3105:
3102:
3101:
3094:
3093:
3086:
3083:
3081:
3078:
3076:
3073:
3071:
3068:
3067:
3061:
3060:
3051:
3050:Penitent band
3048:
3047:
3046:
3045:Class meeting
3043:
3041:
3038:
3036:
3033:
3031:
3028:
3026:
3023:
3022:
3016:
3015:
3008:
3007:
3003:
3001:
2998:
2996:
2993:
2991:
2988:
2986:
2983:
2981:
2978:
2977:
2970:
2967:
2966:
2962:
2961:
2953:
2950:
2948:
2945:
2944:
2940:
2937:
2935:
2934:Phoebe Palmer
2932:
2930:
2927:
2925:
2922:
2920:
2919:Albert Outler
2917:
2915:
2914:Howell Harris
2912:
2910:
2907:
2905:
2902:
2900:
2897:
2895:
2892:
2890:
2887:
2885:
2882:
2880:
2877:
2875:
2874:Richard Allen
2872:
2867:
2864:
2862:
2859:
2858:
2856:
2855:
2852:
2847:
2846:
2839:
2836:
2834:
2831:
2829:
2826:
2824:
2821:
2819:
2816:
2814:
2811:
2809:
2806:
2804:
2801:
2799:
2796:
2794:
2791:
2789:
2788:
2784:
2783:
2780:
2775:
2774:
2763:
2760:
2758:
2755:
2753:
2750:
2748:
2745:
2743:
2740:
2738:
2735:
2733:
2730:
2728:
2725:
2723:
2722:Real presence
2720:
2718:
2715:
2713:
2710:
2708:
2705:
2703:
2700:
2698:
2695:
2693:
2690:
2688:
2685:
2683:
2680:
2678:
2675:
2673:
2670:
2668:
2667:of the saints
2663:
2661:
2658:
2657:
2656:
2655:
2651:
2650:
2643:
2642:
2637:
2635:
2634:
2630:
2628:
2627:
2623:
2619:
2616:
2614:
2611:
2610:
2609:
2606:
2602:
2601:New Testament
2599:
2597:
2596:Old Testament
2594:
2593:
2592:
2589:
2588:
2586:
2585:
2581:
2580:
2575:
2570:
2569:
2561:
2558:
2556:
2553:
2551:
2550:Nonconformism
2548:
2546:
2543:
2541:
2538:
2536:
2533:
2531:
2528:
2527:
2521:
2517:
2513:
2512:
2506:
2505:
2501:
2496:
2492:
2491:
2488:
2485:
2484:
2480:
2476:
2475:
2467:
2463:
2461:
2457:
2453:
2449:
2445:
2441:
2437:
2433:
2430:
2426:
2422:
2417:
2415:
2414:justification
2411:
2405:
2400:
2398:
2388:
2386:
2381:
2377:
2373:
2369:
2365:
2361:
2357:
2353:
2348:
2346:
2342:
2338:
2334:
2330:
2326:
2322:
2318:
2314:
2309:
2305:
2304:justification
2301:
2297:
2293:
2283:
2280:
2276:
2272:
2268:
2264:
2259:
2255:
2251:
2241:
2239:
2230:
2226:
2223:
2220:
2216:
2213:
2209:
2206:
2202:
2199:
2195:
2194:
2193:
2191:
2188:
2184:
2180:
2177:
2173:
2169:
2165:
2161:
2147:
2145:
2141:
2130:
2128:
2124:
2120:
2116:
2112:
2108:
2104:
2100:
2096:
2092:
2088:
2084:
2080:
2075:
2073:
2069:
2065:
2061:
2057:
2053:
2049:
2045:
2044:Charles Hodge
2041:
2037:
2036:United States
2032:
2030:
2027:(1703–58) in
2026:
2022:
2018:
2014:
2010:
2006:
2002:
1998:
1994:
1990:
1987:(1616–1683),
1986:
1982:
1979:
1974:
1973:distinction.
1972:
1968:
1964:
1960:
1956:
1952:
1948:
1944:
1940:
1936:
1932:
1928:
1927:
1922:
1918:
1914:
1905:
1903:
1899:
1895:
1892:
1888:
1884:
1880:
1876:
1872:
1868:
1864:
1862:
1858:
1854:
1850:
1846:
1842:
1838:
1836:
1832:
1829:
1825:
1822:
1817:
1815:
1811:
1806:
1801:
1791:
1789:
1785:
1784:Real Presence
1781:
1777:
1773:
1769:
1765:
1764:Real Presence
1761:
1757:
1753:
1749:
1745:
1744:typologically
1741:
1740:New Testament
1736:
1732:
1725:Lord's Supper
1722:
1720:
1716:
1712:
1708:
1704:
1699:
1697:
1693:
1692:
1687:
1683:
1679:
1678:Lord's Supper
1675:
1665:
1663:
1660:
1656:
1653:
1649:
1645:
1641:
1637:
1633:
1629:
1625:
1621:
1617:
1613:
1609:
1599:
1596:
1595:Moses Amyraut
1587:
1585:
1581:
1577:
1573:
1569:
1566:
1562:
1558:
1555:
1551:
1547:
1543:
1539:
1535:
1530:
1528:
1524:
1523:New Testament
1521:). The term "
1520:
1517:
1513:
1509:
1505:
1501:
1497:
1493:
1489:
1485:
1481:
1478:
1474:
1470:
1466:
1462:
1461:Old Testament
1458:
1454:
1450:
1446:
1442:
1438:
1435:
1431:
1427:
1421:
1411:
1409:
1406:
1402:
1398:
1394:
1391:
1387:
1383:
1379:
1375:
1371:
1367:
1364:
1360:
1356:
1352:
1349:
1345:
1335:
1326:
1324:
1323:Romans 10:6–8
1319:
1315:
1305:
1303:
1299:
1295:
1294:Charles Hodge
1291:
1290:Exodus 20:1–2
1287:
1282:
1280:
1276:
1273:
1269:
1266:
1262:
1258:
1254:
1250:
1247:
1243:
1237:
1229:
1225:
1221:
1208:
1205:
1201:
1197:
1192:
1190:
1189:Galatians 3:7
1186:
1182:
1180:
1176:
1172:
1171:Genesis 17:10
1168:
1165:covenant was
1164:
1160:
1158:
1154:
1152:
1148:
1146:
1142:
1141:
1140:
1139:covenant is:
1138:
1133:
1131:
1128:
1124:
1120:
1116:
1112:
1108:
1098:
1096:
1092:
1081:
1076:
1074:
1070:
1066:
1062:
1058:
1054:
1050:
1046:
1042:
1038:
1034:
1030:
1026:
1024:
1020:
1016:
1012:
1008:
998:
996:
992:
988:
987:Edward Fisher
984:
983:Thomas Boston
980:
970:
968:
958:
956:
951:
947:
943:
939:
938:Dudley Fenner
935:
933:
932:foedus operum
926:
924:
921:
917:
913:
909:
908:foedus operum
905:
895:
886:
884:
880:
876:
872:
868:
864:
863:chosen people
860:
856:
852:
848:
844:
840:
836:
832:
828:
824:
820:
815:
814:soteriology.
813:
809:
805:
801:
797:
793:
789:
788:Presbyterians
785:
781:
777:
773:
768:
766:
762:
758:
754:
750:
746:
742:
738:
734:
730:
726:
722:
718:
714:
713:covenantalism
710:
699:
694:
692:
687:
685:
680:
679:
677:
676:
673:
668:
663:
662:
661:Protestantism
658:
654:
653:
646:
643:
641:
638:
636:
633:
631:
628:
627:
624:
623:Organizations
619:
618:
611:
608:
606:
603:
601:
598:
596:
595:New Calvinism
593:
591:
588:
586:
585:Neo-Calvinism
583:
581:
578:
576:
573:
571:
568:
566:
563:
561:
558:
556:
553:
551:
548:
547:
541:
540:
533:
530:
528:
525:
523:
520:
516:
515:United States
513:
511:
508:
507:
506:
503:
501:
498:
497:
494:
493:Denominations
489:
488:
481:
478:
476:
473:
471:
468:
466:
463:
461:
458:
456:
453:
451:
448:
446:
443:
441:
438:
436:
433:
431:
428:
426:
423:
421:
418:
416:
413:
411:
410:Charles Hodge
408:
406:
403:
401:
400:Philip Schaff
398:
396:
393:
391:
388:
386:
383:
381:
378:
376:
373:
371:
368:
366:
365:Moses Amyraut
363:
361:
358:
356:
353:
351:
348:
346:
345:Theodore Beza
343:
341:
338:
336:
333:
331:
328:
326:
323:
321:
318:
316:
313:
311:
308:
306:
303:
302:
301:
293:
292:
285:
282:
280:
277:
275:
274:
270:
266:
263:
259:
256:
254:
251:
249:
246:
245:
244:
241:
239:
236:
232:
229:
227:
224:
222:
219:
218:
217:
214:
212:
209:
208:
207:
204:
202:
199:
198:
197:
196:List of texts
189:
188:
181:
180:Scholasticism
178:
176:
173:
171:
168:
166:
165:Lord's Supper
163:
161:
158:
156:
153:
149:
146:
144:
141:
140:
139:
136:
134:
131:
130:
124:
123:
116:
115:Protestantism
113:
111:
108:
106:
103:
102:
96:
95:
91:
87:
86:Theodore Beza
83:
79:
78:William Farel
75:
70:
66:
65:
62:
59:
58:
54:
50:
49:
44:
37:
33:
19:
5160:
5145:. Retrieved
5142:First Things
5141:
5121:
5082:
5069:
5056:
5040:
5011:
5000:
4956:
4934:
4917:
4896:
4870:
4848:
4825:
4810:
4789:
4786:Murray, John
4768:
4750:
4724:
4698:
4691:Faber, Jelle
4672:
4632:Chapter VIII
4599:
4580:
4556:
4545:, retrieved
4540:
4535:Gill, John,
4527:
4520:Bibliography
4490:
4484:
4474:
4468:
4445:
4439:
4422:
4417:
4405:. Retrieved
4396:
4389:
4380:
4376:
4366:
4347:
4329:
4325:
4298:
4292:
4280:
4261:
4256:
4247:
4215:
4209:
4200:
4177:. Retrieved
4172:
4162:
4153:
4147:
4138:
4129:
4120:
4114:
4102:
4090:
4081:
4078:Murray, John
4072:
4063:
4054:
4045:
4036:
4027:
4023:
4014:
3995:
3986:
3976:
3966:
3957:
3948:
3936:
3925:. Retrieved
3920:
3911:
3888:
3882:
3866:
3850:
3841:
3835:
3823:
3811:
3799:
3788:. Retrieved
3784:
3774:
3765:
3759:
3739:
3732:
3721:. Retrieved
3717:
3693:
3681:
3672:
3659:
3650:
3644:
3628:
3618:
3609:
3598:. Retrieved
3594:the original
3578:
3571:
3518:
3511:. Retrieved
3498:
3438:
3434:
3430:New Covenant
3426:Old Covenant
3395:
3366:
3352:that though
3347:
3335:
3332:
3324:
3319:
3315:
3311:
3307:
3303:
3301:
3290:
3281:
3270:
3255:. Under the
3248:
3229:
3224:
3209:
3159:Christianity
3157:
3019:Organization
3004:
2924:James Varick
2894:Orange Scott
2823:Tent revival
2813:Camp meeting
2785:
2752:Views on sin
2681:
2639:
2631:
2624:
2613:Nicene Creed
2464:
2455:
2451:
2448:R. C. Sproul
2439:
2418:
2407:
2402:
2394:
2367:
2352:commentaries
2349:
2339:(1562), the
2335:(1561), the
2331:(1560), the
2327:(1559), the
2289:
2247:
2234:
2228:
2218:
2211:
2204:
2197:
2158:
2136:
2133:Developments
2103:R. C. Sproul
2091:J. I. Packer
2076:
2033:
2028:
2020:
2012:
2004:
2000:
1992:
1988:
1975:
1966:
1962:
1954:
1950:
1942:
1934:
1924:
1911:
1867:Credobaptist
1865:
1857:circumcision
1839:
1818:
1805:Paedobaptist
1803:
1771:
1728:
1711:tree of life
1702:
1700:
1689:
1671:
1624:federal head
1605:
1593:
1572:New Covenant
1538:Genesis 6, 9
1531:
1527:New Covenant
1526:
1426:New Covenant
1423:
1420:New Covenant
1414:New Covenant
1400:
1358:
1341:
1332:
1311:
1297:
1285:
1283:
1279:Old Covenant
1278:
1260:
1239:
1223:
1175:Jeremiah 4:4
1167:circumcision
1157:Genesis 15:6
1151:Genesis 17:7
1145:Genesis 17:7
1134:
1123:Apostle Paul
1104:
1088:
1031:
1027:
1007:eternal life
1004:
976:
967:Genesis 3:15
964:
929:
927:
901:
892:
866:
847:old covenant
846:
842:
827:New Covenant
823:Old Covenant
816:
769:
765:Consummation
729:interpretive
720:
716:
712:
708:
707:
657:Christianity
655:
505:Presbyterian
470:J. I. Packer
315:Martin Bucer
271:
201:Geneva Bible
137:
105:Christianity
5203:Arminianism
5157:Hahn, Scott
4997:on covenant
4729:Baker Books
4636:Chapter XIX
4628:Chapter VII
4541:Deuteronomy
4107:Horton 2006
3941:Letham 2009
3816:Letham 2009
3804:Letham 2009
3698:Letham 2009
3245:John Wesley
3234:view, only
3219:soteriology
2952:Theologians
2884:Thomas Coke
2861:John Wesley
2545:Moravianism
2535:Arminianism
2530:Anglicanism
2500:John Wesley
2275:evangelical
2258:John Murray
2140:John Wesley
2064:Netherlands
2048:A. A. Hodge
1921:John Calvin
1780:Lutheranism
1768:Holy Spirit
1696:Holy Spirit
1652:Philippians
1453:Isaiah 49:8
1253:Deuteronomy
1011:Holy Spirit
950:John Calvin
555:Amyraldians
510:South Korea
430:John Machen
330:John Calvin
296:Theologians
206:Confessions
110:Reformation
82:John Calvin
36:Covenanters
5182:Categories
4669:Ball, John
4547:2014-07-01
4285:Rodes 2014
4135:Sproul, RC
4095:Kline 2000
4030:: 279–287.
3927:2022-11-09
3828:Jones 2011
3790:2022-10-30
3723:2022-10-30
3686:Jones 2011
3615:Owen, John
3600:2015-02-21
3564:Rodes 2014
3490:References
3261:sacraments
3253:Mosaic Law
3247:'s sermon
2818:Tabernacle
2803:Altar call
2509:Background
2250:Karl Barth
2196:Preamble (
2190:Suzerainty
1971:law-gospel
1926:Institutes
1902:born again
1814:Genesis 17
1798:See also:
1748:Israelites
1717:, and the
1682:sacraments
1659:Revelation
1372:; 2 Kings
1071:, and the
829:(with the
776:scriptural
761:Redemption
721:federalism
580:Neonomians
550:Afrikaners
440:Karl Barth
405:John Nevin
99:Background
5007:John Ball
4671:(2006) ,
4662:Advocates
4561:Göttingen
3369:connexion
3362:free will
3211:Methodism
2833:Lovefeast
2707:Free will
2702:New birth
2697:Moral law
2487:Methodism
2429:corrupted
2372:Olevianus
2279:Calvinist
2144:Methodism
2007:, 1648),
1985:John Owen
1875:John Gill
1760:Eucharist
1756:Calvinism
1731:Eucharist
1703:sacrament
1642:, though
1640:John Owen
1628:atonement
1510:(Matthew
1486:(Matthew
1314:John Gill
1272:Leviticus
1228:Rembrandt
1196:Abrahamic
1185:Abrahamic
1163:Abrahamic
1137:Abrahamic
1127:Galatians
1107:Abrahamic
1095:8:20–9:17
1069:Bullinger
1061:Olevianus
995:John Owen
928:The term
867:abandoned
808:Methodist
806:of 1689.
565:Huguenots
544:Movements
375:John Owen
335:John Knox
90:John Knox
5159:(1998).
4981:Ligonier
4869:(1996),
4809:(1998).
4749:(2000),
4723:(2006),
4626:(1647),
4579:(2009),
4137:(1999).
4062:(2003).
4044:(1989).
3994:(2008).
3974:(1804).
3891:. Erie,
3667:(1864),
3513:11 April
3452:See also
3442:typology
3428:and the
3418:The Fall
3373:covenant
3358:humanity
3341:—
3295:—
3275:—
3215:Arminian
2971:Churches
2574:Doctrine
2479:a series
2477:Part of
2452:on works
2425:heavenly
2356:dogmatic
2347:(1566).
2271:mainline
2179:treaties
2172:Suzerain
1894:31:31–34
1891:Jeremiah
1849:children
1835:16:31–34
1831:16:14–15
1810:familial
1735:Passover
1676:and the
1584:legalism
1565:2 Samuel
1559:), with
1548:), with
1540:), with
1457:Passover
1437:Jeremiah
1408:37:24–28
1393:13:12–14
1390:Jeremiah
1386:23:26–27
1378:19:32–34
1366:11:26–39
1348:2 Samuel
1073:Puritans
812:Arminian
753:Creation
741:covenant
610:Puritans
600:Pilgrims
532:Anglican
127:Theology
53:a series
51:Part of
4988:in the
4950:Critics
4697:(ed.),
4510:Denault
4331:heaven.
4179:27 June
3954:"XXVII"
3921:opc.org
3718:opc.org
3541:Denault
3422:Genesis
3386:fasting
3336:Sermons
3312:saviour
3131:Steward
2947:Bishops
2779:Worship
2555:Pietism
2516:History
2408:Kline,
2376:Rollock
2319:in the
2187:Hittite
2181:of the
2034:In the
1978:British
1908:History
1887:worship
1841:Baptism
1824:2:38–39
1819:In the
1794:Baptism
1788:Baptist
1719:Sabbath
1674:Baptism
1608:Godhead
1542:Abraham
1508:Solomon
1480:5:17–18
1477:Matthew
1434:prophet
1430:messiah
1363:1 Kings
1344:Davidic
1210:Israel.
1200:Abraham
1121:). The
1119:11:8–16
955:Genesis
923:5:12–21
871:Messiah
845:of the
843:reading
749:history
723:) is a
160:Baptism
5167:
5147:8 July
5129:, 1954
5085:(2000)
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4407:5 June
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3899:
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3586:
3306:, the
3257:Gospel
2968:Groups
2851:People
2608:Creeds
2432:sinner
2256:, and
2176:Vassal
2125:, and
2072:Gospel
2058:, and
2038:, the
2015:, and
1991:, and
1877:, and
1713:, the
1709:, the
1662:5:9–10
1655:2:5–11
1618:, and
1616:suffer
1554:Exodus
1447:). At
1370:15:1–8
1353:. The
1302:Gospel
1265:Exodus
1246:Exodus
1242:Mosaic
1230:(1659)
1091:Noahic
1065:Luther
1057:Calvin
1019:active
920:Romans
877:, who
88:, and
5068:from
5055:from
5039:from
4489:"7",
4473:"7",
4175:. NNU
2591:Bible
2444:22:29
2442:Luke
2436:Jesus
2391:Kline
2267:faith
2263:grace
1845:faith
1622:as a
1561:David
1557:19–24
1550:Moses
1512:12:42
1496:Aaron
1492:3:5–6
1488:12:41
1484:Jonah
1397:exile
1275:26:12
1249:19–24
1045:Latin
1037:Latin
904:Latin
784:dogma
733:Bible
719:, or
192:Texts
5165:ISBN
5149:2018
5035:and
4961:ISBN
4939:ISBN
4922:ISBN
4901:ISBN
4879:ISBN
4853:ISBN
4834:ISBN
4815:ISBN
4798:ISBN
4777:ISBN
4755:ISBN
4733:ISBN
4707:ISBN
4677:ISBN
4638:and
4604:ISBN
4585:ISBN
4537:"29"
4454:ISBN
4409:2021
4352:ISBN
4303:ISBN
4266:ISBN
4220:ISBN
4181:2017
4000:ISBN
3897:ISBN
3871:Gill
3855:Gill
3745:ISBN
3639:: 5.
3633:Gill
3584:ISBN
3515:2022
3350:fact
3318:and
3310:and
3308:head
3238:and
3236:Adam
2423:for
2374:and
2354:and
2315:and
2313:Adam
2265:and
2101:and
1915:and
1828:Acts
1778:and
1729:The
1657:and
1638:and
1534:Noah
1519:1:32
1516:Luke
1500:9:12
1473:Adam
1424:The
1382:21:7
1374:8:19
1355:Lord
1342:The
1257:Lord
1240:The
1135:The
1130:3:16
1105:The
1089:The
1059:and
1023:3:15
993:and
916:Adam
859:Jews
757:Fall
5125:by
5072:by
5059:by
5025:by
5016:by
5005:by
3420:in
3354:God
3322:."
3240:Eve
3217:in
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2421:law
2317:God
2290:At
2074:).
1898:law
1861:sin
1620:die
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