31:
213:. The Committees of safety were emergency panels of leading citizens, who passed laws, handed down regulations, enacted statutes, and did other fundamental business prior to the Declaration of Independence in July 1776 and the passage of individual state constitutions. As they assumed power to govern, however, they generally chose to observe rough legal procedures, warning and shaming enemies rather than killing them. Two examples of the rough legal proceedings were forced public confessions and apologies for slander or more violently, roughing up an individual for voting against giving the poorer Bostonians supplies. Many of the men that had served on their individual states' Committees of safety were later delegates for the Continental Congress.
233:
well-known in the communities in which they lived. Although the committees attempted as best they could to avoid physical violence, they administered revolutionary justice as they alone defined it. They worked out their own investigative procedures, interrogated people suspected of undermining the
American cause, and meted out punishments they deemed appropriate to the crimes. By mid-1775 the committees increasingly busied themselves with identifying, denouncing, and shunning political offenders. By demanding that enemies receive "civil excommunication" – the chilling words of a
111:
2717:
153:
copies of the Port Bill to other colonies, and call attention to it as an attempt to suppress
American liberty. The organization of the committees was at once enormously extended; almost every town, city, or county had one. In the middle and southern colonies the committees were empowered, by the terms of their appointment, to elect deputies to meet with those of other committees, to consult on measures for the public good.
627:
393:
366:
129:. In 1763, when the English government attempted to enforce the trade and navigation acts on the American colonies after the Peace of Paris, the colonial leaders advised the merchants to hold meetings and appoint committees to memorialize the legislature and correspond with each other to forward a union of interests. This was done in Massachusetts, Rhode Island, and New York 1763–64.
228:," because the committees were the first step in the creation of "a formal structure capable not only of policing the revolution on the ground but also of solidifying ties with other communities." The network of committees were also vital for reinforcing "a shared sense of purpose," speaking to "an imagined collectivity—a country of the mind" of Americans.
140:, appointed a correspondence committee of 21 to communicate with other Massachusetts towns concerning infringements of popular rights. Until late in 1774, the committee remained the real executive body of Boston and largely of the province. The Boston committee, by legal town meeting, was made the executive of Boston. Under its direction the
88:, as affairs drew toward a crisis, it became usual for towns to appoint three committees: of correspondence, of inspection, and of safety. The first was to keep the community informed of dangers either legislative or executive, and concert measures of public good; the second to watch for violations of
303:
By 1775, the committees had become counter-governments that gradually replaced royal authority and took control of local governments. They regulated the economy, politics, morality, and militia of their individual communities. In North
Carolina in December 1776, they came under the control of a more
180:
The focus of the committees was initially on enforcing the Non-importation
Agreements, which aimed to hinder the import of British manufactured goods. However, as the revolutionary crisis continued, the committees rapidly took on greater powers, filling the vacuum left by the colonial governments;
152:
After the Boston Port Bill came into effect the Boston committee invited those of eight other towns to meet in
Faneuil Hall, and the meeting sent circulars to the other colonies recommending suspension of trade with Great Britain, while the legislative committee was directed by the House to send
148:
of 1773 roused the remaining colonies: Georgia in
September, Maryland and Delaware in October, North Carolina in December, New York and New Jersey in February, chose legislative committees of correspondence. New municipalities later joined the movement, including several in New Hampshire, Rhode
232:
For ordinary people, they were community forums where personal loyalties were revealed, tested, and occasionally punished. ... Serving on committees of safety ... was certainly not an activity for the faint of heart. The members of these groups exposed ideological dissenters, usually people
245:
terms "a new kind of popular politics in
America." Wood writes that "the rhetoric of liberty now brought to the surface long-latent political tendencies. Ordinary people were no longer willing to trust only wealthy and learned gentlemen to represent them ... various
30:
173:. Hundreds of committees of inspection were formed following the First Continental Congress's declaration of the Continental Association, a boycott of British goods, in October 1774. In New York City, it was called the Committee of Observation or
2803:
2564:
273:, complained about the participation of cobblers and butchers, stating that "Nature never intended that such men should be profound politicians, or able statesmen. In 1775, the royal
1392:
92:, or attempts of loyalists to evade them; the third to act as general executive while the legal authority was in abeyance. In February 1776 these were regularly legalized by the
3007:
125:
Committees of correspondence were public functionaries, and first existed in
England, created by the parliamentary party of the 17th century in their struggles with the
1076:
1333:
2798:
2569:
250:, religious, and ethnic groups now felt that their particular interests were so distinct that only people of their kind could speak for them. In 1774 radicals in
2322:
1790:
1637:
1987:
667:
1780:
315:. The French revolutionaries were familiar with the American struggle — for them, the most recent and significant precedent of a Republican revolution.
237:
committee – these groups silenced critics without sparking the kind of bloodbath that has characterized so many other insurgencies throughout the world.
2454:
1397:
1387:
2534:
1402:
2858:
1290:
1906:
1412:
2524:
533:
482:
201:
Committees of Safety were a later outcome of the committees of correspondence. Committees of safety were executive bodies that governed during
1800:
1760:
300:
Very few records of committees of safety survive. Committee activities are attested to primarily through newspapers and published material.
2559:
2483:
1972:
1911:
2514:
2220:
1423:
768:
2312:
189:
writes, "It is significant that the
Committees believed that they derived their authority from the Continental Congress, not from the
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1795:
1096:
2780:
2554:
1740:
1306:
733:
660:
294:
3069:
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2099:
1785:
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but consolidated into one called the "Committee of
Correspondence, Inspection, and Safety" to be elected annually by the towns.
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2519:
2302:
1977:
1367:
1146:
2891:
2853:
2752:
2730:
2478:
1770:
1025:
718:
509:
458:
2634:
1997:
984:
2629:
2509:
2332:
1775:
1765:
1755:
653:
399:
372:
2604:
1992:
1967:
1901:
1826:
1750:
1081:
743:
728:
224:
writes that "proliferation of local committees represented a development of paramount importance in the achievement of
2785:
2656:
2400:
1551:
17:
2307:
2624:
2574:
2544:
2529:
2383:
2029:
1491:
1431:
1372:
568:
Alan D. Watson, "The Committees of Safety and the Coming of the American Revolution in North Carolina, 1774–1776,"
2639:
1946:
1936:
1926:
723:
2539:
1627:
1591:
1328:
852:
3043:
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2190:
2149:
1481:
1115:
1031:
1004:
85:
70:
3064:
2944:
2584:
2405:
1014:
755:
274:
210:
105:
2734:
2614:
1982:
1931:
1682:
1561:
1441:
1275:
1061:
802:
93:
35:
2317:
1632:
2690:
2619:
2044:
1896:
1698:
1041:
892:
837:
676:
312:
162:
2327:
2059:
3033:
2997:
2988:
2808:
2741:
2723:
2378:
2368:
2250:
1672:
1657:
1471:
1362:
1311:
1156:
1106:
953:
817:
761:
241:
The strengthening of the committees of correspondence in the 1770s also marked the creation of what
2833:
2813:
1667:
1652:
1601:
1576:
1546:
1466:
1456:
1267:
43:
2970:
2936:
2594:
2154:
1821:
1708:
1451:
1046:
943:
847:
775:
170:
39:
1280:
2863:
2644:
2373:
1941:
1703:
1166:
1136:
708:
638:
404:
377:
2683:
2609:
2394:
2104:
1916:
1611:
1566:
1531:
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1446:
1382:
1131:
1071:
948:
266:
225:
2459:
2410:
1511:
1506:
1496:
1242:
994:
989:
738:
265:
politics greatly alarmed both royal officials and more conservative Patriots. For example,
27:
Local committees of Patriots that became a shadow government during the American Revolution
8:
2979:
2879:
2651:
2297:
2054:
1677:
1556:
1536:
1521:
1501:
1486:
1257:
1056:
786:
690:
206:
190:
50:
614:
3002:
2961:
2952:
2761:
2589:
2549:
2119:
2074:
1596:
1586:
1516:
979:
842:
812:
527:
498:
476:
174:
2828:
169:, established Committees of Inspection in every county, city, and town to enforce the
2928:
2240:
2200:
2024:
1732:
1606:
1581:
1541:
1526:
1476:
1407:
1377:
1234:
1193:
592:
515:
505:
464:
454:
308:
278:
270:
78:
3038:
3028:
2775:
2579:
2265:
2230:
2139:
2124:
2109:
2069:
1881:
1571:
1252:
1247:
1161:
1086:
1036:
938:
827:
822:
141:
2770:
2599:
2144:
2084:
2049:
2039:
1436:
1357:
1285:
1230:
1141:
1110:
1066:
999:
958:
918:
907:
877:
610:
255:
3023:
2918:
2913:
2195:
2089:
1091:
923:
912:
857:
832:
262:
242:
234:
182:
74:
3058:
2896:
2848:
2838:
2493:
2260:
2245:
2235:
2215:
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2134:
2129:
2064:
1891:
1745:
1151:
1009:
807:
645:
631:
519:
468:
186:
126:
110:
2706:
2488:
2205:
2185:
2159:
2079:
1886:
1831:
1816:
1662:
1647:
1642:
1171:
1101:
902:
887:
781:
749:
251:
166:
133:
114:
500:
American insurgents, American patriots : the revolution of the people
2922:
2255:
2210:
2114:
2034:
1921:
1321:
1316:
345:
221:
202:
2716:
2415:
2180:
2094:
1962:
974:
933:
713:
290:
286:
2292:
1051:
897:
282:
350:
American Insurgents, American Patriots: The Revolution of the People
2225:
882:
630: This article incorporates text from a publication now in the
437:
Old World, New World: Great Britain and America from the Beginning
928:
636:
Rines, George Edwin, ed. (1904). "Committees of Correspondence".
247:
145:
2796:
Presided over, signed, United States Declaration of Independence
2675:
137:
118:
3008:
Memorial to the 56 Signers of the Declaration of Independence
81:
away from royal officials, who became increasingly helpless.
616:
Westchester County, New York, During the American Revolution
2724:
1st and 3rd Governor of Massachusetts, 1780–1785, 1787–1793
121:, where a Committee of Safety convened on November 21, 1772
269:, the prominent South Carolina planter who had studied at
1077:
Declaration of the Causes and Necessity of Taking Up Arms
277:"noted in astonishment that the committee in control of
205:
of, were created by, and derived their authority from,
688:
412:
258:
be added to the revolutionary committee of the city."
281:
consisted of 'a Parcel of the Lowest People, chiefly
304:powerful central authority, the Council of Safety.
497:
2854:Co-founder, American Academy of Arts and Sciences
2735:Second Continental Congress, 1775–1777, 1785-1786
3056:
99:
2525:Intelligence in the American Revolutionary War
675:
451:The encyclopedia of the Continental Congresses
2691:
661:
591:The reference to "a Jew at their head" is to
2859:United States presidential election, 1788–89
2786:President, Massachusetts Provincial Congress
495:
2791:Chairman, Massachusetts Committee of Safety
1638:Washington's crossing of the Delaware River
307:Eighteen years later, at the height of the
156:
2698:
2684:
2515:African Americans in the Revolutionary War
769:Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness
668:
654:
532:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
481:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
448:
360:
358:
132:On November 21, 1772, a town meeting at
109:
29:
341:
339:
337:
335:
333:
331:
329:
327:
196:
14:
3057:
2844:Massachusetts Hall, Harvard University
2520:Dogs in the American Revolutionary War
609:
551:
549:
547:
545:
543:
431:
429:
427:
418:
38:to a Committee of Safety organized in
2679:
2432:
2357:
2285:
1856:
1192:
1026:Letters from a Farmer in Pennsylvania
687:
649:
635:
397:
370:
355:
254:demanded that seven artisans and six
69:, were different local committees of
2742:Boston Board of Selectmen, 1766–1775
2635:Daughters of the American Revolution
2433:
985:Declaration of Rights and Grievances
585:
324:
2630:Children of the American Revolution
2510:Timeline of the American Revolution
540:
424:
352:(Macmillan, 2010), pp. 162, 186–89.
207:provincial assemblies or congresses
191:provincial assemblies or congresses
34:A July 4, 1776, notice sent by the
24:
1291:European allies of King George III
1147:British credit crisis of 1772–1773
1082:Committee of Secret Correspondence
744:No taxation without representation
557:The American Revolution: A History
25:
3081:
2809:Signed, Articles of Confederation
2657:Museum of the American Revolution
570:North Carolina Historical Review,
398:Rines, George Edwin, ed. (1904).
371:Rines, George Edwin, ed. (1904).
261:The development of coalition and
2715:
2705:
2545:Continental Currency dollar coin
2530:Women in the American Revolution
625:
391:
364:
2640:Sons of the American Revolution
602:
562:
3070:Colonial government in America
3039:John Hancock Sr. (grandfather)
2540:Continental currency banknotes
1628:Staten Island Peace Conference
489:
442:
400:"Committees of Correspondence"
385:
311:, France was ruled by its own
142:tea was thrown into the harbor
13:
1:
3044:Edmund Quincy (father-in-law)
2814:1788 Massachusetts Compromise
2776:Co-inspired, Boston Tea Party
2358:
1334:German supporters of Congress
1032:Massachusetts Circular Letter
318:
216:
161:Resolution 11, passed by the
86:Province of Massachusetts Bay
1015:Committees of correspondence
504:(First ed.). New York.
211:New York Provincial Congress
106:Committees of correspondence
100:Committees of correspondence
55:committees of correspondence
7:
2652:Charters of Freedom Rotunda
1857:
1683:Pennsylvania Mutiny of 1783
1668:Pennsylvania Mutiny of 1781
1442:Capture of Fort Ticonderoga
1097:Declaration of Independence
1062:Second Continental Congress
578:
149:Island, and New York City.
94:Massachusetts General Court
77:; they took control of the
36:Second Continental Congress
10:
3086:
2535:Financial costs of the war
1042:First Continental Congress
893:Royal Proclamation of 1763
838:Second Rockingham ministry
677:American Revolutionary War
439:(Grove, 2007), pp. 144–45.
313:Committee of Public Safety
163:First Continental Congress
103:
90:non-importation agreements
3029:John Hancock Jr. (father)
3016:
2905:
2872:
2821:
2751:
2713:
2502:
2471:
2447:
2443:
2428:
2389:Constitutional Convention
2369:Society of the Cincinnati
2364:
2353:
2278:
2173:
2017:
2010:
1955:
1874:
1867:
1863:
1852:
1809:
1731:
1717:
1691:
1658:Carlisle Peace Commission
1620:
1492:Siege of Fort Ticonderoga
1421:
1346:
1299:
1266:
1229:
1222:
1218:
1188:
1157:Hutchinson letters affair
1124:
1107:Articles of Confederation
967:
954:Proclamation of Rebellion
866:
818:First Rockingham ministry
795:
762:All men are created equal
701:
697:
683:
63:committees of observation
2781:1774 Massacre Day speech
1653:Entry of France into war
1268:Kingdom of Great Britain
181:the committees began to
157:Committees of inspection
59:committees of inspection
44:Province of Pennsylvania
2384:Ratification Day (1784)
1709:Second Anglo-Mysore War
1393:Northern after Saratoga
1373:New York and New Jersey
1047:Continental Association
944:Conciliatory Resolution
803:Pitt–Newcastle ministry
776:Consent of the governed
449:Grossman, Mark (2015).
171:Continental Association
3034:Thomas Hancock (uncle)
2932:(2002 animated series)
2864:Granary Burying Ground
2645:Sons of the Revolution
2374:Treaty of Paris (1783)
1704:Fourth Anglo-Dutch War
1699:Cherokee–American wars
1312:Franco-American Treaty
1167:Philadelphia Tea Party
1137:Treaty of Paris (1763)
1116:Confederation Congress
709:American Enlightenment
639:Encyclopedia Americana
572:(1996) 73#2 pp 131–155
405:Encyclopedia Americana
378:Encyclopedia Americana
373:"Committees of Safety"
239:
185:and recruit soldiers.
122:
46:
3024:Dorothy Quincy (wife)
2590:Washington's Birthday
2395:The Federalist Papers
2379:Evacuation Day (1783)
1432:Lexington and Concord
1132:French and Indian War
1072:Olive Branch Petition
559:(Random House, 2002).
496:Breen, T. H. (2010).
267:William Henry Drayton
230:
113:
33:
2834:Hancock–Clarke House
2595:Jefferson's Birthday
2585:Pulaski Memorial Day
1592:Guilford Court House
1243:Continental Congress
1020:Committees of safety
995:Daughters of Liberty
990:Virginia Association
739:Rights of Englishmen
453:. Amenia, New York.
209:, like those of the
197:Committees of safety
67:committees of safety
42:in the colonial-era
3065:American Revolution
2998:John Hancock Center
2880:American Revolution
1723:colony or location)
1678:Newburgh Conspiracy
1537:Sullivan Expedition
1057:Provincial Congress
848:Fox–North coalition
787:Settler colonialism
734:Freedom of religion
691:American Revolution
275:governor of Georgia
51:American Revolution
3003:John Hancock Tower
2625:Semiquincentennial
2550:Libertas Americana
980:Stamp Act Congress
870:Acts of Parliament
843:Shelburne ministry
813:Grenville ministry
175:Committee of Sixty
123:
47:
3052:
3051:
2948:(2015 miniseries)
2940:(2008 miniseries)
2804:Dunlap broadside)
2673:
2672:
2669:
2668:
2665:
2664:
2424:
2423:
2411:Shays's Rebellion
2349:
2348:
2345:
2344:
2341:
2340:
2274:
2273:
2241:Richard Henry Lee
2006:
2005:
1848:
1847:
1844:
1843:
1840:
1839:
1692:Related conflicts
1562:Connecticut Farms
1342:
1341:
1235:Thirteen Colonies
1184:
1183:
1180:
1179:
593:Mordecai Sheftall
511:978-0-8090-7588-1
460:978-1-78539-259-7
421:, pp. 38–39.
309:French Revolution
271:Oxford University
79:Thirteen Colonies
75:shadow government
18:Council of Safety
16:(Redirected from
3077:
2744:
2737:
2726:
2719:
2700:
2693:
2686:
2677:
2676:
2615:Sesquicentennial
2575:Independence Day
2479:Founding Fathers
2445:
2444:
2430:
2429:
2355:
2354:
2283:
2282:
2015:
2014:
1872:
1871:
1865:
1864:
1854:
1853:
1729:
1728:
1724:
1552:Cape St. Vincent
1227:
1226:
1220:
1219:
1190:
1189:
1162:Boston Tea Party
1087:Halifax Resolves
1037:Suffolk Resolves
828:Grafton ministry
823:Chatham ministry
719:Colonial history
699:
698:
685:
684:
670:
663:
656:
647:
646:
643:
629:
628:
620:
596:
589:
573:
566:
560:
555:Gordon S. Wood,
553:
538:
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531:
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487:
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297:at their head."
91:
61:, also known as
21:
3085:
3084:
3080:
3079:
3078:
3076:
3075:
3074:
3055:
3054:
3053:
3048:
3012:
2946:Sons of Liberty
2901:
2892:Founding Father
2868:
2817:
2771:Sons of Liberty
2755:Founding events
2754:
2747:
2740:
2729:
2722:
2709:
2704:
2674:
2661:
2600:Von Steuben Day
2498:
2467:
2439:
2420:
2360:
2337:
2279:Colonial allies
2270:
2169:
2002:
1963:King George III
1951:
1859:
1836:
1805:
1725:
1722:
1720:
1713:
1687:
1616:
1597:Lochry's Defeat
1482:Assunpink Creek
1472:Fort Washington
1417:
1351:
1349:
1338:
1329:Hortalez et Cie
1300:Colonial allies
1295:
1262:
1231:United Colonies
1214:
1176:
1142:Boston Massacre
1120:
1111:Perpetual Union
1067:United Colonies
1000:Sons of Liberty
963:
871:
869:
868:Related British
862:
791:
693:
689:Origins of the
679:
674:
626:
623:
605:
600:
599:
590:
586:
581:
576:
567:
563:
554:
541:
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461:
447:
443:
435:Kathleen Burk,
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5:
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3011:
3010:
3005:
3000:
2995:
2986:
2977:
2968:
2959:
2950:
2942:
2934:
2930:Liberty's Kids
2926:
2909:
2907:
2903:
2902:
2900:
2899:
2894:
2889:
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2887:
2876:
2874:
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2738:
2727:
2714:
2711:
2710:
2703:
2702:
2695:
2688:
2680:
2671:
2670:
2667:
2666:
2663:
2662:
2660:
2659:
2654:
2649:
2648:
2647:
2642:
2637:
2632:
2627:
2622:
2617:
2612:
2607:
2605:Minor holidays
2602:
2597:
2592:
2587:
2582:
2577:
2572:
2567:
2562:
2552:
2547:
2542:
2537:
2532:
2527:
2522:
2517:
2512:
2506:
2504:
2500:
2499:
2497:
2496:
2491:
2486:
2481:
2475:
2473:
2469:
2468:
2466:
2465:
2457:
2451:
2449:
2441:
2440:
2438:
2437:
2436:Related topics
2426:
2425:
2422:
2421:
2419:
2418:
2413:
2408:
2406:Bill of Rights
2403:
2398:
2391:
2386:
2381:
2376:
2371:
2365:
2362:
2361:
2351:
2350:
2347:
2346:
2343:
2342:
2339:
2338:
2336:
2335:
2330:
2325:
2320:
2315:
2310:
2305:
2300:
2295:
2289:
2287:
2280:
2276:
2275:
2272:
2271:
2269:
2268:
2263:
2258:
2253:
2248:
2243:
2238:
2233:
2228:
2223:
2218:
2213:
2208:
2203:
2198:
2193:
2188:
2183:
2177:
2175:
2171:
2170:
2168:
2167:
2162:
2157:
2152:
2147:
2142:
2137:
2132:
2127:
2122:
2117:
2112:
2107:
2102:
2097:
2092:
2087:
2082:
2077:
2072:
2067:
2062:
2057:
2052:
2047:
2042:
2037:
2032:
2027:
2021:
2019:
2012:
2008:
2007:
2004:
2003:
2001:
2000:
1995:
1990:
1985:
1980:
1975:
1970:
1965:
1959:
1957:
1953:
1952:
1950:
1949:
1944:
1939:
1934:
1929:
1924:
1919:
1914:
1909:
1904:
1899:
1894:
1889:
1884:
1878:
1876:
1869:
1861:
1860:
1850:
1849:
1846:
1845:
1842:
1841:
1838:
1837:
1835:
1834:
1829:
1824:
1819:
1813:
1811:
1810:Loyal colonies
1807:
1806:
1804:
1803:
1798:
1796:South Carolina
1793:
1788:
1783:
1781:North Carolina
1778:
1773:
1768:
1763:
1758:
1753:
1748:
1743:
1737:
1735:
1733:Rebel colonies
1726:
1718:
1715:
1714:
1712:
1711:
1706:
1701:
1695:
1693:
1689:
1688:
1686:
1685:
1680:
1675:
1673:Sint Eustatius
1670:
1665:
1660:
1655:
1650:
1645:
1640:
1635:
1633:"First Salute"
1630:
1624:
1622:
1618:
1617:
1615:
1614:
1609:
1604:
1599:
1594:
1589:
1584:
1579:
1577:Kings Mountain
1574:
1569:
1564:
1559:
1554:
1549:
1544:
1539:
1534:
1529:
1524:
1519:
1514:
1509:
1504:
1499:
1494:
1489:
1484:
1479:
1474:
1469:
1467:Harlem Heights
1464:
1459:
1457:Valcour Island
1454:
1449:
1444:
1439:
1434:
1428:
1426:
1419:
1418:
1416:
1415:
1410:
1405:
1400:
1395:
1390:
1385:
1380:
1375:
1370:
1365:
1360:
1354:
1352:
1347:
1344:
1343:
1340:
1339:
1337:
1336:
1331:
1326:
1325:
1324:
1319:
1314:
1303:
1301:
1297:
1296:
1294:
1293:
1288:
1283:
1278:
1272:
1270:
1264:
1263:
1261:
1260:
1255:
1250:
1245:
1239:
1237:
1224:
1216:
1215:
1213:
1212:
1209:
1206:
1203:
1200:
1197:
1186:
1185:
1182:
1181:
1178:
1177:
1175:
1174:
1169:
1164:
1159:
1154:
1149:
1144:
1139:
1134:
1128:
1126:
1122:
1121:
1119:
1118:
1113:
1104:
1099:
1094:
1092:Lee Resolution
1089:
1084:
1079:
1074:
1069:
1064:
1059:
1054:
1049:
1044:
1039:
1034:
1029:
1022:
1017:
1012:
1010:Black Patriots
1007:
1002:
997:
992:
987:
982:
977:
971:
969:
965:
964:
962:
961:
956:
951:
946:
941:
936:
931:
926:
921:
916:
910:
905:
900:
895:
890:
885:
880:
874:
872:
867:
864:
863:
861:
860:
858:Black Loyalist
855:
850:
845:
840:
835:
833:North ministry
830:
825:
820:
815:
810:
805:
799:
797:
793:
792:
790:
789:
784:
779:
772:
765:
758:
753:
746:
741:
736:
731:
726:
721:
716:
711:
705:
703:
695:
694:
681:
680:
673:
672:
665:
658:
650:
622:
621:
619:. H.B. Dawson.
606:
604:
601:
598:
597:
583:
582:
580:
577:
575:
574:
561:
539:
510:
488:
459:
441:
423:
411:
408:. Vol. 5.
384:
381:. Vol. 5.
354:
322:
320:
317:
263:interest-group
243:Gordon S. Wood
235:North Carolina
218:
215:
198:
195:
158:
155:
104:Main article:
101:
98:
73:that became a
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3082:
3071:
3068:
3066:
3063:
3062:
3060:
3045:
3042:
3040:
3037:
3035:
3032:
3030:
3027:
3025:
3022:
3021:
3019:
3015:
3009:
3006:
3004:
3001:
2999:
2996:
2994:
2992:
2987:
2985:
2983:
2978:
2976:
2974:
2969:
2967:
2965:
2960:
2958:
2956:
2951:
2949:
2947:
2943:
2941:
2939:
2935:
2933:
2931:
2927:
2924:
2920:
2916:
2915:
2911:
2910:
2908:
2904:
2898:
2897:Syng inkstand
2895:
2893:
2890:
2886:
2883:
2882:
2881:
2878:
2877:
2875:
2871:
2865:
2862:
2860:
2857:
2855:
2852:
2850:
2849:Boston Cadets
2847:
2845:
2842:
2840:
2839:Hancock Manor
2837:
2835:
2832:
2830:
2827:
2826:
2824:
2820:
2815:
2812:
2810:
2807:
2805:
2802:
2800:
2797:
2794:
2792:
2789:
2787:
2784:
2782:
2779:
2777:
2774:
2772:
2769:
2767:
2765:
2760:
2758:
2756:
2753:United States
2750:
2743:
2739:
2736:
2732:
2728:
2725:
2721:
2720:
2718:
2712:
2708:
2701:
2696:
2694:
2689:
2687:
2682:
2681:
2678:
2658:
2655:
2653:
2650:
2646:
2643:
2641:
2638:
2636:
2633:
2631:
2628:
2626:
2623:
2621:
2618:
2616:
2613:
2611:
2608:
2606:
2603:
2601:
2598:
2596:
2593:
2591:
2588:
2586:
2583:
2581:
2580:Patriots' Day
2578:
2576:
2573:
2571:
2568:
2566:
2563:
2561:
2558:
2557:
2556:
2555:Commemoration
2553:
2551:
2548:
2546:
2543:
2541:
2538:
2536:
2533:
2531:
2528:
2526:
2523:
2521:
2518:
2516:
2513:
2511:
2508:
2507:
2505:
2501:
2495:
2494:Yankee Doodle
2492:
2490:
2487:
2485:
2482:
2480:
2477:
2476:
2474:
2470:
2464:
2463:
2458:
2456:
2453:
2452:
2450:
2446:
2442:
2435:
2434:
2431:
2427:
2417:
2414:
2412:
2409:
2407:
2404:
2402:
2399:
2397:
2396:
2392:
2390:
2387:
2385:
2382:
2380:
2377:
2375:
2372:
2370:
2367:
2366:
2363:
2356:
2352:
2334:
2331:
2329:
2326:
2324:
2323:de Rochambeau
2321:
2319:
2316:
2314:
2311:
2309:
2306:
2304:
2301:
2299:
2296:
2294:
2291:
2290:
2288:
2284:
2281:
2277:
2267:
2264:
2262:
2259:
2257:
2254:
2252:
2249:
2247:
2244:
2242:
2239:
2237:
2234:
2232:
2229:
2227:
2224:
2222:
2219:
2217:
2214:
2212:
2209:
2207:
2204:
2202:
2199:
2197:
2194:
2192:
2189:
2187:
2184:
2182:
2179:
2178:
2176:
2172:
2166:
2163:
2161:
2158:
2156:
2153:
2151:
2148:
2146:
2143:
2141:
2138:
2136:
2133:
2131:
2128:
2126:
2123:
2121:
2118:
2116:
2113:
2111:
2108:
2106:
2103:
2101:
2098:
2096:
2093:
2091:
2088:
2086:
2083:
2081:
2078:
2076:
2073:
2071:
2068:
2066:
2063:
2061:
2058:
2056:
2053:
2051:
2048:
2046:
2043:
2041:
2038:
2036:
2033:
2031:
2028:
2026:
2023:
2022:
2020:
2016:
2013:
2009:
1999:
1996:
1994:
1991:
1989:
1986:
1984:
1981:
1979:
1976:
1974:
1971:
1969:
1966:
1964:
1961:
1960:
1958:
1954:
1948:
1945:
1943:
1940:
1938:
1935:
1933:
1930:
1928:
1925:
1923:
1920:
1918:
1915:
1913:
1910:
1908:
1905:
1903:
1900:
1898:
1895:
1893:
1890:
1888:
1885:
1883:
1880:
1879:
1877:
1873:
1870:
1866:
1862:
1855:
1851:
1833:
1830:
1828:
1825:
1823:
1820:
1818:
1815:
1814:
1812:
1808:
1802:
1799:
1797:
1794:
1792:
1789:
1787:
1784:
1782:
1779:
1777:
1774:
1772:
1769:
1767:
1766:New Hampshire
1764:
1762:
1761:Massachusetts
1759:
1757:
1754:
1752:
1749:
1747:
1744:
1742:
1739:
1738:
1736:
1734:
1730:
1727:
1716:
1710:
1707:
1705:
1702:
1700:
1697:
1696:
1694:
1690:
1684:
1681:
1679:
1676:
1674:
1671:
1669:
1666:
1664:
1661:
1659:
1656:
1654:
1651:
1649:
1646:
1644:
1641:
1639:
1636:
1634:
1631:
1629:
1626:
1625:
1623:
1619:
1613:
1610:
1608:
1605:
1603:
1600:
1598:
1595:
1593:
1590:
1588:
1585:
1583:
1580:
1578:
1575:
1573:
1570:
1568:
1565:
1563:
1560:
1558:
1555:
1553:
1550:
1548:
1545:
1543:
1540:
1538:
1535:
1533:
1530:
1528:
1525:
1523:
1520:
1518:
1515:
1513:
1510:
1508:
1505:
1503:
1500:
1498:
1495:
1493:
1490:
1488:
1485:
1483:
1480:
1478:
1475:
1473:
1470:
1468:
1465:
1463:
1460:
1458:
1455:
1453:
1450:
1448:
1445:
1443:
1440:
1438:
1435:
1433:
1430:
1429:
1427:
1425:
1420:
1414:
1413:Naval battles
1411:
1409:
1406:
1404:
1401:
1399:
1396:
1394:
1391:
1389:
1386:
1384:
1381:
1379:
1376:
1374:
1371:
1369:
1366:
1364:
1361:
1359:
1356:
1355:
1353:
1348:Campaigns and
1345:
1335:
1332:
1330:
1327:
1323:
1320:
1318:
1315:
1313:
1310:
1309:
1308:
1305:
1304:
1302:
1298:
1292:
1289:
1287:
1284:
1282:
1279:
1277:
1274:
1273:
1271:
1269:
1265:
1259:
1256:
1254:
1251:
1249:
1246:
1244:
1241:
1240:
1238:
1236:
1232:
1228:
1225:
1221:
1217:
1210:
1207:
1204:
1201:
1198:
1195:
1194:
1191:
1187:
1173:
1170:
1168:
1165:
1163:
1160:
1158:
1155:
1153:
1152:Gaspee affair
1150:
1148:
1145:
1143:
1140:
1138:
1135:
1133:
1130:
1129:
1127:
1123:
1117:
1114:
1112:
1108:
1105:
1103:
1100:
1098:
1095:
1093:
1090:
1088:
1085:
1083:
1080:
1078:
1075:
1073:
1070:
1068:
1065:
1063:
1060:
1058:
1055:
1053:
1050:
1048:
1045:
1043:
1040:
1038:
1035:
1033:
1030:
1028:
1027:
1023:
1021:
1018:
1016:
1013:
1011:
1008:
1006:
1003:
1001:
998:
996:
993:
991:
988:
986:
983:
981:
978:
976:
973:
972:
970:
966:
960:
957:
955:
952:
950:
947:
945:
942:
940:
937:
935:
932:
930:
927:
925:
922:
920:
917:
914:
911:
909:
906:
904:
901:
899:
896:
894:
891:
889:
886:
884:
881:
879:
876:
875:
873:
865:
859:
856:
854:
851:
849:
846:
844:
841:
839:
836:
834:
831:
829:
826:
824:
821:
819:
816:
814:
811:
809:
808:Bute ministry
806:
804:
801:
800:
798:
794:
788:
785:
783:
780:
777:
773:
770:
766:
763:
759:
757:
756:Spirit of '76
754:
752:
751:
747:
745:
742:
740:
737:
735:
732:
730:
729:Republicanism
727:
725:
722:
720:
717:
715:
712:
710:
707:
706:
704:
700:
696:
692:
686:
682:
678:
671:
666:
664:
659:
657:
652:
651:
648:
644:
641:
640:
633:
632:public domain
618:
617:
612:
611:Dawson, Henry
608:
607:
594:
588:
584:
571:
565:
558:
552:
550:
548:
546:
544:
535:
529:
521:
517:
513:
507:
502:
501:
492:
484:
478:
470:
466:
462:
456:
452:
445:
438:
432:
430:
428:
420:
415:
407:
406:
401:
388:
380:
379:
374:
361:
359:
351:
347:
342:
340:
338:
336:
334:
332:
330:
328:
323:
316:
314:
310:
305:
301:
298:
296:
292:
288:
284:
280:
276:
272:
268:
264:
259:
257:
253:
249:
244:
238:
236:
229:
227:
223:
214:
212:
208:
204:
194:
192:
188:
187:Kathleen Burk
184:
183:collect taxes
178:
176:
172:
168:
164:
154:
150:
147:
143:
139:
135:
130:
128:
120:
116:
112:
107:
97:
95:
87:
82:
80:
76:
72:
68:
64:
60:
56:
52:
45:
41:
37:
32:
19:
2991:John Hancock
2990:
2981:
2973:John Hancock
2972:
2963:
2954:
2945:
2937:
2929:
2919:1969 musical
2912:
2766:confiscation
2763:
2707:John Hancock
2620:Bicentennial
2503:Other topics
2489:Liberty Tree
2461:
2401:Constitution
2393:
2298:Beaumarchais
2186:Samuel Adams
1937:William Howe
1932:Richard Howe
1832:West Florida
1817:East Florida
1791:Rhode Island
1786:Pennsylvania
1719:Involvement
1663:Gordon Riots
1648:Valley Forge
1643:Conway Cabal
1621:Other events
1383:Philadelphia
1281:British Army
1172:Powder Alarm
1102:Model Treaty
1024:
1019:
782:Expansionism
750:Common Sense
748:
637:
624:
615:
603:Bibliography
587:
569:
564:
556:
499:
491:
450:
444:
436:
414:
403:
387:
376:
349:
306:
302:
299:
260:
252:Philadelphia
240:
231:
226:independence
220:
203:adjournments
200:
179:
167:Philadelphia
160:
151:
134:Faneuil Hall
131:
124:
115:Faneuil Hall
83:
66:
62:
58:
54:
48:
2266:Witherspoon
2150:von Steuben
2105:Charles Lee
1822:Nova Scotia
1741:Connecticut
1612:The Saintes
1567:Springfield
1532:Stony Point
1462:Long Island
1447:Bunker Hill
1368:Nova Scotia
959:Prohibitory
949:Restraining
939:Intolerable
919:Declaratory
419:Dawson 1886
346:T. H. Breen
293:etc with a
291:Blacksmiths
222:T. H. Breen
3059:Categories
2938:John Adams
2829:Early life
2610:Centennial
2565:television
2416:Jay Treaty
2313:de Guichen
2221:Huntington
2181:John Adams
2120:Montgomery
2025:Washington
1988:Rockingham
1973:Barrington
1942:Knyphausen
1912:Cornwallis
1771:New Jersey
1602:Chesapeake
1557:Charleston
1512:Germantown
1507:Brandywine
1497:Bennington
1286:Royal Navy
1276:Parliament
1223:Combatants
1196:Combatants
975:Loyal Nine
908:Quartering
878:Navigation
724:Liberalism
714:John Locke
702:Philosophy
319:References
287:shoemakers
283:carpenters
217:Importance
144:, and the
2923:1972 film
2731:President
2484:Diplomacy
2472:Political
2455:Prisoners
2359:Aftermath
2333:Vergennes
2308:de Grasse
2303:d'Estaing
2293:Louis XVI
2231:Jefferson
2196:Dickinson
2140:St. Clair
2125:Nicholson
2100:Lafayette
2060:Duportail
2030:Alexander
1998:Shelburne
1882:Arbuthnot
1721:(by
1587:Pensacola
1547:Gibraltar
1522:St. Lucia
1487:Princeton
1199:Campaigns
1052:Minutemen
968:Colonials
924:Townshend
853:Loyalists
796:Royalists
528:cite book
520:456171429
477:cite book
469:927245665
40:Lancaster
2885:patriots
2799:(signing
2448:Military
2201:Franklin
2174:Civilian
2155:Sullivan
2145:Schuyler
2075:Hamilton
2050:Claghorn
2018:Military
2011:Colonial
1993:Sandwich
1956:Civilian
1902:Carleton
1897:Campbell
1892:Burgoyne
1875:Military
1801:Virginia
1776:New York
1756:Maryland
1746:Delaware
1607:Yorktown
1542:Savannah
1517:Monmouth
1502:Saratoga
1408:Yorktown
1398:Southern
1388:Northern
1378:Saratoga
1350:theaters
1211:Colonies
1202:Theaters
1005:Patriots
915:up i.p.o
903:Currency
888:Molasses
613:(1886).
579:Footnote
279:Savannah
71:Patriots
2982:Hancock
2964:Hancock
2955:Hancock
2873:Related
2764:Liberty
2570:theater
2328:Suffren
2318:Luzerne
2236:Laurens
2206:Hancock
2191:Carroll
2110:Lincoln
2090:de Kalb
2080:Hopkins
1978:Germain
1968:Amherst
1907:Clinton
1868:British
1858:Leaders
1751:Georgia
1582:Cowpens
1527:Grenada
1477:Trenton
1424:battles
1403:Western
1258:Marines
1205:Battles
634::
256:Germans
248:artisan
146:Tea Act
127:Stuarts
84:In the
49:In the
3017:Family
2993:(1977)
2984:(1944)
2975:(1850)
2966:, 1776
2957:, 1775
2906:Legacy
2462:Turtle
2286:French
2256:Revere
2251:Morris
2246:McKean
2211:Hanson
2135:Rodney
2130:Putnam
2115:Mercer
2070:Greene
2040:Arnold
1947:Rodney
1927:Graves
1917:Fraser
1827:Quebec
1572:Camden
1452:Quebec
1437:Boston
1422:Major
1363:Quebec
1358:Boston
1307:France
1208:Events
1125:Events
934:Quebec
518:
508:
467:
457:
396:
369:
138:Boston
119:Boston
2216:Henry
2165:Wayne
2085:Jones
2065:Gates
2055:Clark
2045:Barry
2035:Allen
1983:North
1887:Brant
913:Stamp
898:Sugar
2989:USS
2980:USS
2971:USS
2962:USS
2953:USS
2914:1776
2822:Life
2762:HMS
2560:film
2460:The
2261:Rush
2160:Ward
2095:Knox
1922:Gage
1322:Navy
1317:Army
1253:Navy
1248:Army
1109:and
883:Iron
534:link
516:OCLC
506:ISBN
483:link
465:OCLC
455:ISBN
65:and
2226:Jay
929:Tea
295:Jew
193:."
165:in
136:in
117:in
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2921:,
2733:,
542:^
530:}}
526:{{
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