894:. On 4 July 1415 the Bull of Gregory XII which appointed Dominici and Malatesta as his proxies at the council was formally read before the assembled Bishops. The cardinal then read a decree of Gregory XII which convoked the council and authorized its succeeding acts. Thereupon, the Bishops voted to accept the summons. Prince Malatesta immediately informed the council that he was empowered by a commission from Pope Gregory XII to resign the Papal Throne on the Pontiff's behalf. He asked the council whether they would prefer to receive the abdication at that point or at a later date. The Bishops voted to receive the Papal abdication immediately. Thereupon the commission by Gregory XII authorizing his proxy to resign the Papacy on his behalf was read and Malatesta, acting in the name of Gregory XII, pronounced the resignation of the papacy by Gregory XII and handed a written copy of the resignation to the assembly.
726:
was in great measure the initiative of the
English, German, and French members. The legality of this measure, in imitation of the "nations" of the universities, was more than questionable, but during February 1415 it carried and thenceforth was accepted in practice, though never authorized by any formal decree of the council. The four "nations" consisted of England, France, Italy, and Germany, with Poles, Hungarians, Danes, and Scandinavians counted with the Germans. While the Italian representatives made up half of those in attendance, they were equal in influence to the English, who sent twenty deputies and three bishops. The Spanish deputies (from Portugal, Castile, Navarre and Aragon), initially absent, joined the council at the twenty-first session, constituting upon arrival the fifth nation.
792:
illicit assembly of bishops, gathered under the authority of an antipope. This historiography is of much later provenance than the council itself, however: the Pisan line represented by John XXIII had been considered legitimate not just by most of the Latin church at the time of the council, but also subsequently by Pope Martin V, who referred to John as "our predecessor" in contrast to the other two claimants, who were merely "popes so-called in their obediences". The specific argument distinguishing two parts in the council was seemingly first made by the 17th-century
Sorbonne theologian André Duval, and remained a fringe view for some time before its vindication within the Catholic Church under the influence of 19th-century
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952:, was found guilty of heresy by the council and turned over to the secular court. "This holy synod of Constance, seeing that God's church has nothing more that it can do, relinquishes Jan Hus to the judgment of the secular authority and decrees that he is to be relinquished to the secular court." (Council of Constance Session 15 – 6 July 1415). The secular court sentenced him to be
863:
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Legitimately assembled in the holy Spirit, constituting a general council and representing the
Catholic church militant, it has power immediately from Christ; and everyone of whatever state or dignity, even papal, is bound to obey it in those matters which pertain to the faith, the eradication of the
901:
by the council, with rank immediately below the Pope (which made him the highest-ranking person in the church, since, due to his abdication, the See of Peter in Rome was vacant). Gregory XII's cardinals were accepted as true cardinals by the council, but the members of the council delayed electing a
725:
Sigismund arrived on
Christmas Eve 1414 and exercised a profound and continuous influence on the course of the council in his capacity of imperial protector of the church. An innovation at the council was that instead of voting as individuals, the bishops voted in national blocs. The vote by nations
746:
Although the
Italian bishops who had accompanied John XXIII in large numbers supported his legitimacy, he grew increasingly more suspicious of the council. Partly in response to a fierce anonymous attack on his character from an Italian source, on 2 March 1415 he promised to resign. However, on 20
791:
is today generally considered invalid by the
Catholic Church, on the basis that Gregory XII was the legitimate pope at the time and the decree was passed by the council in a session before his confirmation. On this reading, the first sessions of the Council of Constance represented an invalid and
742:
Many members of the new assembly (comparatively few bishops, but many doctors of theology and of canon and civil law, procurators of bishops, deputies of universities, cathedral chapters, provosts, etc., agents and representatives of princes, etc.) strongly favored the voluntary abdication of all
879:, enthroned before the high altar of the cathedral of Constance, the Council of Constance recommended that all three papal claimants abdicate, and that another be chosen. In part because of the constant presence of the King, other rulers demanded that they have a say in who would be pope.
1046:
the
Emperor has the right to slay even peaceful infidels simply because they are pagans. ... The Poles deserve death for defending infidels, and should be exterminated even more than the infidels; they should be deprived of their sovereignty and reduced to slavery.
882:
Gregory XII then sent representatives to
Constance, whom he granted full powers to summon, open, and preside over an Ecumenical Council; he also empowered them to present his resignation of the papacy. This would pave the way for the end of the Western Schism.
665:
seeking to resolve the situation by deposing the two claimant popes and electing a new one. The council claimed that in such a situation, a council of bishops had greater authority than just one bishop, even if he were the bishop of Rome. Though the elected
625:, at least, continued to be accepted as binding by much of the church up to the 19th century, present-day Catholic theologians generally regard these decrees as either invalid or as practical responses to a particular situation without wider implications.
1169:, though the reading is controversial. Either way, while Rome itself came to reject the provisions made by the council, significant parts of the Church, notably in France, continued to uphold the validity of its decisions long after the event:
909:, was elected, two years had passed since Gregory XII's abdication, and Gregory was already dead. The council took great care to protect the legitimacy of the succession, ratified all his acts, and a new pontiff was chosen. The new pope,
3554:
1023:. He argued that a forced conversion was incompatible with free will, which was an essential component of a genuine conversion. Therefore, the Knights could only wage a defensive war if pagans violated
1196:
Despite the apparently definitive rejection of conciliarism at the First
Vatican Council, the debate over the status of Constance was renewed in the 20th century. In the 1960s, in the context of the
1792:
962:, a supporter of Hus, came to Constance to offer assistance but was similarly arrested, judged, found guilty of heresy and turned over to the same secular court, with the same outcome as Hus.
1231:
to be an emergency measure with no binding validity beyond its immediate context, while Joseph Gill rejected the validity of the session that passed the decree altogether. The debate over
2535:
3141:
661:, resulted in the defection of a number of cardinals and the election of a rival pope based at Avignon in 1378. After thirty years of schism, the rival courts convened the
617:(1417), which provided for councils to be held automatically every ten years. The status of these decrees proved controversial in the centuries after the council, and
1718:
Tierney, Brian (2008). "Afterword: Reflections on a Half
Century of Conciliar Studies". In Christianson, Gerald; Izbicki, Thomas M.; Bellitto, Christopher M. (eds.).
4344:
1219:, suggesting that its terms could be reconciled with the definition of papal supremacy at Vatican I. Küng's argument received support from prelates such as Cardinal
886:
The legates were received by King Sigismund and by the assembled Bishops, and the King yielded the presidency of the proceedings to the papal legates, Cardinal
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518:
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1561:
The Rights of Nations: Reflections on the Address of Pope John Paul II to the 50th Session of the United Nations General Assembly, New York, 5 October 1995
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and facilitated his execution; and it ruled on issues of national sovereignty and the rights of pagans and just war in response to a conflict between the
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Even though the Council was moved to Ferrara in 1438 and later to Florence, some bishops refused to move and remained in a parallel Council at Basel.
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had the authority to violate them. Lithuanians also brought a group of Samogitian representatives to testify to atrocities committed by the Knights.
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1205:
1070:. They argued that the Knights were perfectly justified in their crusade as it was a sacred duty of Christians to spread the true faith. Cardinal
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3004:
678:), gained widespread support, especially at the cost of the Avignon antipope, the schism remained, now involving not two but three claimants:
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3421:
3389:
3373:
3357:
3341:
4329:
4135:
3469:
3453:
3405:
898:
779:; they were printed in 1500. The creation of a book on how to die was ordered by the council, and thus written in 1415 under the title
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of the Christians. Vladimiri further stipulated that infidels had rights which had to be respected, and neither the Pope nor the
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1059:, calling him a "mad dog" unworthy to be king. Falkenberg was condemned and imprisoned for such libel. Other opponents included
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March he secretly fled the city and took refuge at Schaffhausen in territory of his friend Frederick, Duke of Austria-Tyrol.
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Frenken, Ansgar (2014). "Vom Schisma zur 'verfluchten Dreiheit'" [From the Schism to the 'Accursed Trinity'].
75:
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693:(and later Holy Roman Emperor), pressed for another council to resolve the issue. That council was called by
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611:(1415), which asserted the superiority of ecumenical councils over popes in at least certain situations, and
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657:'s return to Rome in 1377, followed by his death (in 1378) and the controversial election of his successor,
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The council's main purpose was to end the Papal schism which had resulted from the confusion following the
605:. Constance issued two particularly significant decrees regarding the constitution of the Catholic Church:
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published an independent opinion that attempted to somewhat balance both Polish and Teutonic positions.
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new pope for fear that a new pope would restrict further discussion of pressing issues in the church.
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The Battle for Christendom: The Council of Constance, 1415, and the Struggle to Unite Against Islam
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in summer 1414. It was concluded that the disputes would be mediated by the Council of Constance.
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proctor Peter Wormditt, Dominic of San Gimignano, John Urbach, Ardecino de Porta of Novara, and
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1000:. However, the peace was not stable and further conflicts arose regarding demarcation of the
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473:
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756:, which gave primacy to the authority of the council and thus became a source for ecclesial
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1953:
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by deposing or accepting the resignation of the remaining papal claimants and by electing
8:
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1269:
For good, brief discussions of the politics of conciliarism at and after Constance, see
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and the other Polish representatives to the Council of Constance publicly defended Hus.
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in recognition of their Catholicism. After another round of futile negotiations, the
1071:
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161:
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734:
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3812:
1933:
1915:
1689:
Stober, Karin (2014). "Sigismunds Meisterstück" [Sigismund's Masterpiece].
1134:
1012:
989:
959:
953:
913:, elected November 1417, soon asserted the absolute authority of the papal office.
867:
776:
679:
638:
591:
457:
204:
176:
944:, mentioned in the opening session and condemned in the eighth on 4 May 1415, and
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said schism, and the general reform of the said church of God in head and members.
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2563:
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2320:
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1722:. Washington, D.C.: The Catholic University of America Press. pp. 313–28.
1644:
The Conciliarist Tradition: Constitutionalism in the Catholic Church, 1300–1870
1639:
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attended the council and related the unfairness of the process against Jerome.
793:
650:
564:
536:
222:
1772:
1684:. London: Harris Brothers for Longman, Rees, Orme, Brown, Green & Longman.
1220:
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The acts of the council were not made public until 1442, at the behest of the
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255:
1768:
1549:
Black, Anthony (1998). "Popes and Councils". In Allmand, Christopher (ed.).
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2458:
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had lost its force; Lateran V is sometimes seen as having itself abrogated
949:
948:, along with their followers. Hus, summoned to Constance under a letter of
781:
757:
598:
230:
1777:
1201:
286:
3514:
1720:
The Church, the Councils, and Reform: The Legacy of the Fifteenth Century
1565:
1363:
1130:
607:
597:
The council is also important for its role in the debates over ecclesial
260:
4269:
4241:
1117:. Polish-Lithuanian-Teutonic wars continued for another hundred years.
1110:
1097:, who were respectively King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania, as
1005:
834: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
714:
3598:
936:
A second goal of the council was to continue the reforms begun at the
921:
130:
4145:
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did not directly challenge the decrees of the council, his successor
1001:
226:
1564:, Center for Global Education, St. John's University, archived from
809:
24:
2497:
2122:
2098:
1094:
698:
613:
489:
266:
4091:* Ecumenical status disputed within the Eastern Orthodox Church.
1090:
1082:
1056:
945:
926:
862:
579:
575:
571:. It was the last papal election to take place outside of Italy.
251:
3555:
De aliquis mutationibus in normis de electione Romani Pontificis
772:
marks the high-water mark of the Conciliar movement of reform.
1769:
Council of Constance: Heretics, Schism and the Teutonic Knights
1617:
1553:. Vol. VII c. 1415 – c. 1500. Cambridge: University Press.
1419:
1417:
1415:
1413:
1411:
1409:
905:
By the time the anti-popes were all deposed and the new Pope,
1102:
1089:
as the first bishop. Pope Martin V appointed the Lithuanians
706:
2067:
1406:
1626:
McNally, Robert E. (1970). "Conciliarism and the Papacy".
738:
Bishops debating with the pope at the Council of Constance
16:
1414–18 ecumenical council that settled the Western Schism
563:(Konstanz) in present-day Germany. The council ended the
3799:(Basel/Lausanne: 1431–1449; Ferrara/Florence: 1438–1445)
1525:
1038:
proved to be the fiercest opponent of the Poles. In his
1308:
1085:
and subordinated to Lithuanian dioceses, and appointed
697:
and was held from 16 November 1414 to 22 April 1418 in
1621:(in German). Vol. 46, no. 2. pp. 16–21.
1501:
1489:
1394:
1382:
1370:
975:
760:, was promulgated in the fifth session, 6 April 1415:
1513:
1477:
1465:
1223:. Other Catholic historians adopted different views:
1453:
1441:
1338:
1336:
1334:
1235:
subsided in the 1970s, however, without resolution.
1701:
The Reforms of the Council of Constance (1414–1418)
49:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1574:
1429:
940:(1409). The reforms were largely directed against
701:, Germany. The council was attended by roughly 29
2543:
1673:. Vol. 4. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
1598:Upon this Rock: The Popes and Their Changing Role
1331:
897:Former Pope Gregory XII was then created titular
705:, 100 "learned doctors of law and divinity", 134
4345:1410s disestablishments in the Holy Roman Empire
4321:
1145:a matter of faith. His 1439 bull on the matter,
1628:Proceedings of the Catholic Theological Society
1215:argued in defense of the dogmatic character of
1011:The Polish-Lithuanian position was defended by
729:
4335:1410s establishments in the Holy Roman Empire
4129:
3614:
2529:
2083:
1793:
1004:borders. The tensions erupted into the brief
512:
321:Renaissance depiction of the Council of Trent
1572:
1423:
871:, erected in 1993 to commemorate the Council
799:
691:Sigismund, King of the Romans and of Hungary
1807:
1693:. Vol. 46, no. 2. pp. 24–31.
4136:
4122:
3621:
3607:
2536:
2522:
2090:
2076:
1800:
1786:
1133:repudiated an attempt by a faction at the
1019:, who challenged legality of the Teutonic
916:
899:Cardinal Bishop of Porto and Santa Ruffina
674:(not to be confused with the 20th-century
519:
505:
315:
1600:. Melbourne: Melbourne University Press.
1181:of 1869–70 the French-American bishop of
850:Learn how and when to remove this message
275:Chronological list of ecumenical councils
109:Learn how and when to remove this message
4380:Catholic Church councils held in Germany
3995:Ancient church councils (pre-ecumenical)
1737:Watts, John (2009). "Europe 1300–1500".
1677:
1400:
920:
861:
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628:
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3628:
1717:
1625:
1614:
1595:
1519:
1507:
1495:
1314:
1301:Jacobi Laínez Disputationes Tridentinae
559:that was held from 1414 to 1418 in the
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1688:
1660:
1638:
1557:
1531:
1483:
1471:
1459:
1447:
1435:
1388:
1376:
1342:
1297:
4375:15th-century Catholic Church councils
4259:Mediation by Bartolommeo Capra (1419)
4117:
3602:
2566:(1274–1276, 1294–present)
2517:
2071:
1781:
1736:
1698:
1548:
1274:
1270:
1113:broke out in 1422. It ended with the
1055:, he attacked Polish-Lithuanian King
1304:. F. Rauch – via Google Books.
1200:, the reformist Catholic theologian
832:adding citations to reliable sources
803:
743:three popes, as did King Sigismund.
637:Emperor Sigismund, his second wife,
621:was never put into practice. Though
47:adding citations to reliable sources
18:
4330:Catholic Church ecumenical councils
1348:
976:Polish–Lithuanian–Teutonic conflict
929:before the Council of Constance by
13:
1843:election begins the Western Schism
1551:The New Cambridge Medieval History
1193:into the record of deliberations.
689:Therefore, many voices, including
14:
4421:
1757:
1298:Laínez, Diego (January 6, 1886).
4350:1418 disestablishments in Europe
4023:State church of the Roman Empire
3582:
3581:
2496:
2486:
2485:
1667:. In Herbermann, Charles (ed.).
808:
488:
448:Basel–Ferrara–Florence (1431–42)
285:
129:
23:
3854:First seven ecumenical councils
3718:First seven ecumenical councils
3638:First seven ecumenical councils
1581:(2nd ed.). Penguin Books.
1120:
819:needs additional citations for
720:
34:needs additional citations for
4400:1410s in the Holy Roman Empire
4211:Polish–Lithuanian–Teutonic War
1741:. Cambridge: University Press.
1681:The Life of Poggio Bracciolini
1356:"Council of Constance 1414-18"
1320:
1291:
1263:
986:Polish–Lithuanian–Teutonic War
1:
4410:Sigismund, Holy Roman Emperor
4340:1414 establishments in Europe
2545:Papal elections and conclaves
2451:Conclavist/post-Sedevacantist
2097:
1251:
1177:of 1682, and even during the
1137:to declare the provisions of
645:, at the Council of Constance
592:Order of the Teutonic Knights
238:Documents and statements
4390:History of Baden-Württemberg
1664:"Council of Constance"
1284:
1077:The council established the
730:Decrees and doctrinal status
686:at Avignon, and John XXIII.
371:Constantinople III (680–681)
7:
4182:Treaty of Königsberg (1390)
4171:Treaty of Königsberg (1384)
2557:Papal selection before 1059
1646:. Oxford University Press.
1573:Christiansen, Eric (1997).
1238:
888:Giovanni Dominici of Ragusa
574:The council also condemned
381:Constantinople IV (869–870)
10:
4426:
4205:Second Samogitian uprising
1678:Shepherd, William (1837).
1541:
1247:, historian of the Council
1149:, was underwritten by the
4193:First Samogitian uprising
4160:
4144:Timeline of dispute over
4089:
4071:Conference of Addis Ababa
3986:
3939:
3884:
3839:
3705:
3636:
3576:
3535:Romano Pontifici eligendo
3481:
2574:
2551:
2481:
2449:
2428:Apostles of Infinite Love
2426:
2395:
2388:
2352:
2319:
2308:
2192:
2151:
2105:
1978:
1813:
1773:Medieval Archives Podcast
1034:The Dominican theologian
1021:crusade against Lithuania
800:Ending the Western Schism
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210:
192:
167:
155:
145:
137:
128:
123:
4370:15th-century Catholicism
4150:Grand Duchy of Lithuania
3888:Oriental Orthodox Church
3545:Universi Dominici gregis
2309:Late Middle Ages /
1256:
1161:further pronounced that
1065:Bishop of Ciudad Rodrigo
1042:, Falkenberg argued that
998:Grand Duchy of Lithuania
584:Grand Duchy of Lithuania
4063:Synod of Constantinople
3844:Eastern Orthodox Church
1870:ends the Western Schism
1808:Western Schism timeline
1699:Stump, Phillip (1994).
1661:Shahan, Thomas (1908).
1017:Jagiellonian University
917:Condemnation of Jan Hus
643:Elizabeth of Luxembourg
541:Concilium Constantiense
366:Constantinople II (553)
197:Sigismund von Luxemburg
4355:15th-century elections
3525:Ingravescentem aetatem
2503:Catholicism portal
1739:The Making of Polities
1703:. Leiden: E.J. Brill.
1596:Collins, Paul (2000).
1198:Second Vatican Council
1183:St. Augustine, Florida
1173:was reaffirmed in the
1049:
933:
872:
767:
739:
646:
641:, and their daughter,
561:Bishopric of Constance
548:
540:
495:Catholicism portal
340:Constantinople I (381)
58:"Council of Constance"
4217:Peace of Thorn (1411)
3505:Aeterni Patris Filius
3114:October–December 1590
2280:Victor IV (1159–1164)
1670:Catholic Encyclopedia
1577:The Northern Crusades
1558:Cassar, John (1997),
1273:, pp. 67–76 and
1179:First Vatican Council
1155:Fifth Lateran Council
1044:
924:
865:
762:
737:
636:
629:Origin and background
4306:47.66333°N 9.17694°E
4248:Council of Constance
4236:Baptism of Samogitia
4079:Pan-Orthodox Council
1868:Council of Constance
1764:Council of Constance
1189:, attempted to read
1079:Diocese of Samogitia
982:First Peace of Thorn
875:With the support of
828:improve this article
668:Antipope Alexander V
533:Council of Constance
479:Vatican II (1962–65)
124:Council of Constance
43:improve this article
4395:Konstanz (district)
4302: /
3976:Synod of Beth Lapat
3630:Ecumenical councils
1277:, pp. 291–301
1153:. In convening the
1151:Council of Florence
1081:, with its seat in
770:Haec sancta synodus
753:Haec sancta synodus
672:Antipope John XXIII
670:and his successor,
549:Konzil von Konstanz
474:Vatican I (1869–70)
466:19th–20th centuries
453:Lateran V (1512–17)
443:Constance (1414–18)
435:15th–16th centuries
389:12th–14th centuries
304:Ecumenical councils
201:Antipope John XXIII
4254:Samogitian Diocese
4055:Synod of Jerusalem
3968:Seleucia-Ctesiphon
3943:Church of the East
3687:Constantinople III
1752:. Constable, 2008.
1534:, pp. 257–60.
1204:and the historian
1087:Matthias of Trakai
1036:John of Falkenberg
1029:Holy Roman Emperor
964:Poggio Bracciolini
934:
873:
750:The famous decree
740:
647:
553:ecumenical council
407:Lateran III (1179)
250:, condemnation of
4311:47.66333; 9.17694
4285:
4284:
4266:in Wroclaw (1420)
4187:Treaty of Salynas
4111:
4110:
4039:Quinisext Council
3940:Recognized by the
3885:Recognized by the
3862:Constantinople IV
3840:Recognized by the
3725:Constantinople IV
3707:Recognized by the
3679:Constantinople II
3596:
3595:
2511:
2510:
2477:
2476:
2375:
2374:
2152:Early Middle Ages
2065:
2064:
1828:move back to Rome
1424:Christiansen 1997
1391:, pp. 24–31.
1379:, pp. 86–87.
1317:, pp. 16–21.
1175:Gallican Articles
1040:Liber de doctrina
994:Kingdom of Poland
860:
859:
852:
588:Kingdom of Poland
529:
528:
412:Lateran IV (1215)
402:Lateran II (1139)
358:6th–9th centuries
327:4th–5th centuries
280:
279:
119:
118:
111:
93:
4417:
4317:
4316:
4314:
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4307:
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4298:
4295:
4165:Treaty of Dubysa
4138:
4131:
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4115:
4114:
4102:
4099:
4082:
4074:
4066:
4058:
4050:
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4034:
4018:
4006:
3979:
3971:
3963:
3960:Constantinople I
3955:
3932:
3924:
3916:
3908:
3905:Constantinople I
3900:
3877:
3873:Constantinople V
3867:
3856:
3846:
3832:
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3808:
3800:
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3784:
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3655:Constantinople I
3650:
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3589:
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3565:Normas nonnullas
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3135:March–April 1605
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2193:High Middle Ages
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1367:
1362:. Archived from
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1329:
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1318:
1312:
1306:
1305:
1295:
1278:
1267:
1214:
1135:Council of Basel
1015:, rector of the
1013:Paulus Vladimiri
990:Teutonic Knights
960:Jerome of Prague
855:
848:
844:
841:
835:
812:
804:
777:Council of Basel
639:Barbara of Celje
521:
514:
507:
493:
492:
427:Vienne (1311–12)
397:Lateran I (1123)
319:
289:
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205:Pope Gregory XII
193:Convoked by
157:Previous council
146:Accepted by
133:
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114:
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92:
51:
27:
19:
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4405:Papal elections
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4310:
4308:
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4301:
4296:
4293:
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4276:Treaty of Melno
4230:Benedict Makrai
4199:Peace of Raciąż
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3709:Catholic Church
3708:
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2019:
2014:
2013:
2008:
2007:
2002:
2001:
1996:
1995:
1990:
1989:
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1983:
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1976:
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1855:Council of Pisa
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1831:
1824:
1823:
1820:
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1730:
1711:
1654:
1640:Oakley, Francis
1608:
1589:
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1539:
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1530:
1526:
1518:
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1430:
1422:
1407:
1403:, pp. 81-.
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1241:
1208:
1123:
1115:Treaty of Melno
1107:Veliky Novgorod
988:, in which the
978:
970:Paweł Włodkowic
954:burned to death
938:Council of Pisa
919:
892:Carlo Malatesta
856:
845:
839:
836:
825:
813:
802:
732:
723:
676:Pope John XXIII
663:Council of Pisa
655:Pope Gregory XI
631:
603:papal supremacy
557:Catholic Church
525:
487:
458:Trent (1545–63)
376:Nicaea II (787)
350:Chalcedon (451)
322:
309:Catholic Church
306:
239:
203:, confirmed by
188:
170:
158:
150:Catholic Church
115:
104:
98:
95:
52:
50:
40:
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
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4413:
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4407:
4402:
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4392:
4387:
4385:Western Schism
4382:
4377:
4372:
4367:
4362:
4357:
4352:
4347:
4342:
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4332:
4283:
4282:
4280:
4279:
4273:
4267:
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4257:
4251:
4245:
4239:
4233:
4226:
4225:in Buda (1412)
4219:
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4202:
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4190:
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4176:Treaty of Lyck
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4154:Teutonic Order
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4047:Synod of Jassy
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3990:
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3809:
3801:
3797:Basel-Florence
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3107:September 1590
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2998:September 1503
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2802:September 1276
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2568:
2564:Papal conclave
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2312:Western Schism
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2205:Anastasius III
2202:
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2186:
2181:
2179:Constantine II
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2106:Late Antiquity
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1759:
1758:External links
1756:
1754:
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1729:978-0813215273
1728:
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1510:, p. 319.
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1488:
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1476:
1474:, p. 214.
1464:
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1187:Augustin Vérot
1159:Pope Julius II
1147:Moyses vir Dei
1122:
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1099:vicars general
1072:Pierre d'Ailly
1068:Andrew Escobar
1061:Grand Master's
1025:natural rights
977:
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956:at the stake.
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2711:December 1187
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2575:Elections and
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2414:Gregory XVIII
2412:
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2400:
2398:
2394:
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2337:
2335:
2334:Benedict XIII
2332:
2330:
2327:
2326:
2324:
2322:
2318:
2315:
2313:
2307:
2301:
2298:
2296:
2293:
2291:
2290:Callixtus III
2288:
2286:
2283:
2281:
2278:
2276:
2273:
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2268:
2266:
2263:
2261:
2258:
2256:
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2203:
2201:
2198:
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2191:
2185:
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2177:
2175:
2172:
2170:
2167:
2165:
2162:
2160:
2157:
2156:
2154:
2150:
2144:
2141:
2139:
2136:
2134:
2131:
2129:
2126:
2124:
2121:
2119:
2116:
2114:
2111:
2110:
2108:
2104:
2100:
2093:
2088:
2086:
2081:
2079:
2074:
2073:
2070:
2053:
2047:
2045:
2038:
2037:
1971:
1955:
1944:
1935:
1926:
1917:
1908:
1893:
1892:Benedict XIII
1884:
1869:
1856:
1842:
1841:Clement VII's
1827:
1812:
1803:
1798:
1796:
1791:
1789:
1784:
1783:
1780:
1774:
1770:
1767:
1765:
1762:
1761:
1751:
1747:
1744:
1740:
1735:
1731:
1725:
1721:
1716:
1712:
1710:90-04-09930-1
1706:
1702:
1697:
1692:
1687:
1683:
1682:
1676:
1672:
1671:
1665:
1659:
1655:
1649:
1645:
1641:
1637:
1633:
1629:
1624:
1620:
1619:
1613:
1609:
1603:
1599:
1594:
1590:
1588:0-14-026653-4
1584:
1579:
1578:
1571:
1568:on 2006-08-22
1567:
1563:
1562:
1556:
1552:
1547:
1546:
1533:
1528:
1522:, p. 29.
1521:
1516:
1509:
1504:
1497:
1492:
1485:
1480:
1473:
1468:
1462:, p. 56.
1461:
1456:
1450:, p. 49.
1449:
1444:
1437:
1432:
1425:
1420:
1418:
1416:
1414:
1412:
1410:
1402:
1401:Shepherd 1837
1397:
1390:
1385:
1378:
1373:
1365:
1361:
1357:
1351:
1344:
1339:
1337:
1335:
1328:
1327:Joseph McCabe
1323:
1316:
1311:
1303:
1302:
1294:
1290:
1276:
1272:
1266:
1262:
1246:
1243:
1242:
1236:
1234:
1230:
1226:
1222:
1218:
1212:
1207:
1203:
1199:
1194:
1192:
1188:
1184:
1180:
1176:
1172:
1168:
1164:
1160:
1156:
1152:
1148:
1144:
1140:
1136:
1132:
1128:
1127:Pope Martin V
1118:
1116:
1112:
1108:
1104:
1100:
1096:
1092:
1088:
1084:
1080:
1075:
1073:
1069:
1066:
1062:
1058:
1054:
1048:
1043:
1041:
1037:
1032:
1030:
1026:
1022:
1018:
1014:
1009:
1007:
1003:
999:
995:
991:
987:
983:
980:In 1411, the
973:
971:
967:
965:
961:
957:
955:
951:
947:
943:
942:John Wycliffe
939:
932:
931:Václav Brožík
928:
923:
914:
912:
908:
903:
900:
895:
893:
889:
884:
880:
878:
870:
869:
864:
854:
851:
843:
833:
829:
823:
822:
817:This section
815:
811:
806:
805:
797:
795:
790:
786:
784:
783:
778:
773:
771:
766:
761:
759:
755:
754:
748:
744:
736:
727:
718:
716:
712:
708:
704:
700:
696:
692:
687:
685:
684:Benedict XIII
681:
677:
673:
669:
664:
660:
659:Pope Urban VI
656:
652:
644:
640:
635:
626:
624:
620:
616:
615:
610:
609:
604:
600:
595:
593:
589:
585:
581:
577:
572:
570:
569:Pope Martin V
566:
562:
558:
554:
550:
546:
542:
538:
534:
522:
517:
515:
510:
508:
503:
502:
500:
499:
496:
491:
486:
485:
480:
477:
475:
472:
471:
470:
469:
465:
464:
459:
456:
454:
451:
449:
446:
444:
441:
440:
439:
438:
434:
433:
428:
425:
423:
420:
418:
417:Lyon I (1245)
415:
413:
410:
408:
405:
403:
400:
398:
395:
394:
393:
392:
388:
387:
382:
379:
377:
374:
372:
369:
367:
364:
363:
362:
361:
357:
356:
351:
348:
346:
345:Ephesus (431)
343:
341:
338:
336:
333:
332:
331:
330:
326:
325:
318:
314:
313:
310:
305:
302:
301:
297:
293:
292:
288:
284:
283:
276:
272:
269:
268:
263:
262:
257:
253:
249:
248:Benedict XIII
245:
241:
235:
232:
228:
224:
221:
217:
213:
209:
206:
202:
198:
195:
191:
184:
181:
178:
175:
174:
172:
166:
163:
160:
154:
151:
148:
144:
140:
136:
132:
127:
122:
113:
110:
102:
91:
88:
84:
81:
77:
74:
70:
67:
63:
60: –
59:
55:
54:Find sources:
48:
44:
38:
37:
32:This article
30:
26:
21:
20:
4365:Hussite Wars
4287:
4247:
4148:between the
4097:
4011:Great Church
3876:(1341–1351)*
3871:
3861:
3788:
3563:
3553:
3543:
3533:
3523:
3513:
3503:
3493:
3431:October 1978
3014:October 1503
2934:
2788:January 1276
2704:October 1187
2441:Gregory XVII
2404:Gregory XVII
2344:Benedict XIV
2339:Clement VIII
2295:Innocent III
2270:Anacletus II
2265:Celestine II
2260:Gregory VIII
2255:Sylvester IV
2215:Boniface VII
1925:Innocent VII
1867:
1749:
1746:Welsh, Frank
1738:
1719:
1700:
1690:
1680:
1668:
1643:
1631:
1627:
1616:
1597:
1576:
1566:the original
1560:
1550:
1527:
1520:McNally 1970
1515:
1508:Tierney 2008
1503:
1496:Collins 2000
1491:
1479:
1467:
1455:
1443:
1431:
1396:
1384:
1372:
1364:the original
1359:
1350:
1322:
1315:Frenken 2014
1310:
1300:
1293:
1265:
1232:
1228:
1225:Hubert Jedin
1216:
1195:
1190:
1170:
1166:
1162:
1146:
1142:
1138:
1124:
1121:Later status
1076:
1052:
1050:
1045:
1039:
1033:
1010:
979:
968:
958:
950:safe conduct
935:
925:Painting of
904:
896:
885:
881:
874:
866:
846:
837:
826:Please help
821:verification
818:
788:
787:
782:Ars moriendi
780:
774:
769:
768:
763:
758:conciliarism
751:
749:
745:
741:
724:
721:Participants
688:
648:
622:
618:
612:
606:
599:conciliarism
596:
573:
532:
530:
442:
265:
259:
231:conciliarism
185:(ecumenical)
169:Next council
105:
99:October 2016
96:
86:
79:
72:
65:
53:
41:Please help
36:verification
33:
4309: /
3929:Ephesus III
3831:(1962–1965)
3823:(1869–1870)
3815:(1545–1563)
3807:(1512–1517)
3791:(1414–1418)
3783:(1311–1312)
3749:Lateran III
3515:Cum proxime
3415:August 1978
2362:Alexander V
2329:Clement VII
2285:Paschal III
2240:Clement III
2235:Honorius II
2210:Christopher
1954:Alexander V
1934:Gregory XII
1916:Boniface IX
1883:Clement VII
1532:Oakley 2003
1484:Oakley 2003
1472:Oakley 2003
1460:Oakley 2003
1448:Oakley 2003
1436:Cassar 1997
1389:Stober 2014
1377:Oakley 2003
1343:Shahan 1908
1233:Haec sancta
1229:Haec sancta
1227:considered
1221:Franz König
1217:Haec sancta
1209: [
1191:Haec sancta
1171:Haec sancta
1167:Haec sancta
1157:(1512–17),
1139:Haec sancta
1131:Eugenius IV
992:fought the
890:and Prince
789:Haec sancta
715:archbishops
680:Gregory XII
623:Haec sancta
608:Haec sancta
261:Haec sancta
4324:Categories
4294:47°39′48″N
4270:Gollub War
4242:Hunger War
3921:Ephesus II
3829:Vatican II
3757:Lateran IV
3741:Lateran II
3486:(selected)
3065:April 1555
2469:Michael II
2436:Clement XV
2389:Modern era
2367:John XXIII
2300:Nicholas V
2230:Benedict X
2225:Gregory VI
2159:Laurentius
2118:Hippolytus
1970:John XXIII
1826:Gregory XI
1275:Watts 2009
1271:Black 1998
1252:References
1111:Gollub War
1083:Medininkai
1006:Hunger War
1002:Samogitian
984:ended the
709:, and 183
695:John XXIII
244:John XXIII
211:Attendance
69:newspapers
4297:9°10′37″E
4264:Sigismund
4250:(1415–16)
4223:Sigismund
4213:(1409–11)
4146:Samogitia
3864:(879–880)
3821:Vatican I
3805:Lateran V
3789:Constance
3733:Lateran I
3727:(869–870)
3695:Nicaea II
3689:(680–681)
3671:Chalcedon
3484:documents
3482:Governing
3307:1830–1831
3286:1799–1800
3279:1774–1775
3202:1669–1670
3086:1565–1566
3058:1549–1550
3037:1521–1522
2865:1314–1316
2858:1304–1305
2837:1292–1294
2830:1287–1288
2816:1280–1281
2795:July 1276
2781:1268–1271
2774:1264–1265
2577:conclaves
2464:Pius XIII
2459:Michael I
2419:Peter III
2397:Palmarian
2245:Theodoric
2200:John VIII
2164:Dioscorus
2138:Ursicinus
2128:Heraclius
2099:Antipopes
1285:Citations
1202:Hans Küng
1125:Although
703:cardinals
699:Constance
682:at Rome,
551:) was an
227:Hussitism
141:1414–1418
3987:See also
3952:Nicaea I
3897:Nicaea I
3647:Nicaea I
3587:Category
3470:electors
3454:electors
3438:electors
3422:electors
3406:electors
3390:electors
3374:electors
3358:electors
3342:electors
3158:electors
3151:May 1605
3142:electors
3072:May 1555
3021:electors
3005:electors
2491:Category
2409:Peter II
2250:Adalbert
2220:John XVI
2169:Theodore
2143:Eulalius
2133:Felix II
2123:Novatian
2113:Natalius
1943:Martin V
1907:Urban VI
1642:(2003).
1634:: 13–30.
1239:See also
1163:Frequens
1143:Frequens
1095:Vytautas
911:Martin V
907:Martin V
840:May 2015
619:Frequens
614:Frequens
590:and the
296:a series
294:Part of
267:Frequens
256:Martin V
183:Florence
3913:Ephesus
3773:Lyon II
3663:Ephesus
2380:Felix V
2321:Avignon
2174:Paschal
2044:Avignon
1542:Sources
1360:piar.hu
1091:Jogaila
1057:Jogaila
946:Jan Hus
927:Jan Hus
868:Imperia
711:bishops
580:heretic
576:Jan Hus
555:of the
307:of the
252:Jan Hus
83:scholar
4278:(1422)
4272:(1422)
4256:(1417)
4244:(1414)
4238:(1413)
4232:(1413)
4207:(1409)
4201:(1404)
4195:(1401)
4189:(1398)
4178:(1390)
4167:(1382)
4081:(2016)
4073:(1965)
4065:(1872)
4057:(1672)
4049:(1642)
3781:Vienne
3775:(1274)
3767:(1245)
3765:Lyon I
3759:(1215)
3751:(1179)
3743:(1139)
3735:(1123)
3568:(2013)
3558:(2007)
3548:(1996)
3538:(1975)
3528:(1970)
3518:(1922)
3508:(1621)
3498:(1274)
2184:Philip
2057:= Pisa
2055:
2051:= Rome
2049:
2040:
1726:
1707:
1691:Damals
1650:
1618:Damals
1604:
1585:
1053:Satira
707:abbots
586:, the
545:German
298:on the
219:Topics
162:Vienne
85:
78:
71:
64:
56:
4041:(692)
4013:(180–
4001:/155–
3978:(484)
3970:(410)
3962:(381)
3954:(325)
3931:(475)
3923:(449)
3915:(431)
3907:(381)
3899:(325)
3813:Trent
3697:(787)
3681:(553)
3673:(451)
3665:(431)
3657:(381)
3649:(325)
1257:Notes
1213:]
1103:Pskov
578:as a
537:Latin
177:Siena
90:JSTOR
76:books
4360:1417
4152:and
3463:2013
3447:2005
3399:1963
3383:1958
3367:1939
3351:1922
3335:1914
3328:1903
3321:1878
3314:1846
3300:1829
3293:1823
3272:1769
3265:1758
3258:1740
3251:1730
3244:1724
3237:1721
3230:1700
3223:1691
3216:1689
3209:1676
3195:1667
3188:1655
3181:1644
3174:1623
3167:1621
3128:1592
3121:1591
3100:1585
3093:1572
3079:1559
3051:1534
3044:1523
3030:1513
2991:1492
2984:1484
2977:1471
2970:1464
2963:1458
2956:1455
2949:1447
2942:1431
2935:1417
2928:1406
2921:1404
2914:1389
2907:1378
2900:1370
2893:1362
2886:1352
2879:1342
2872:1334
2851:1303
2844:1294
2823:1285
2809:1277
2767:1261
2760:1254
2753:1243
2746:1241
2739:1227
2732:1216
2725:1198
2718:1191
2697:1185
2690:1181
2683:1159
2676:1154
2669:1153
2662:1145
2655:1144
2648:1143
2641:1130
2634:1124
2627:1119
2620:1118
2613:1099
2606:1088
2599:1086
2592:1073
2585:1061
2354:Pisa
2030:1416
2024:1411
2018:1406
2012:1401
2006:1396
2000:1391
1994:1386
1988:1381
1982:1376
1724:ISBN
1705:ISBN
1648:ISBN
1602:ISBN
1583:ISBN
1141:and
1105:and
1093:and
996:and
713:and
601:and
531:The
246:and
199:and
138:Date
62:news
4031:451
4027:380
4015:451
4003:314
1771:on
1101:in
1051:In
830:by
214:600
45:by
4326::
3999:50
2042:=
1748:.
1632:25
1630:.
1408:^
1358:.
1333:^
1211:cs
1185:,
796:.
785:.
717:.
653:.
594:.
547::
543:;
539::
264:,
258:,
229:,
225:,
4137:e
4130:t
4123:v
4033:)
4029:–
4025:(
4017:)
4005:)
3997:(
3866:*
3622:e
3615:t
3608:v
2537:e
2530:t
2523:v
2091:e
2084:t
2077:v
2028:│
2022:│
2016:│
2010:│
2004:│
1998:│
1992:│
1986:│
1980:│
1958:→
1863:↓
1851:↓
1836:↱
1821:↓
1801:e
1794:t
1787:v
1732:.
1713:.
1695:}
1656:.
1610:.
1591:.
1438:.
1345:.
853:)
847:(
842:)
838:(
824:.
535:(
520:e
513:t
506:v
112:)
106:(
101:)
97:(
87:·
80:·
73:·
66:·
39:.
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