104:
held in 787, and its ruling that "worship" was due to God only, and the "relative veneration" that could be given to images. This notion of "veneration" was perceived to be ultimately directed to the "prototypes", or the holy person the image was supposed to depict, not the materials out of which the
87:
in 1084. Alexios took advantage of his claims that seemed to attribute more than orthodox importance to these objects. In 1086 another synod was convened and Leo's opinions were condemned as heretical. The synod indicted and deposed him before being banished to
116:
The
Council repudiated this view, and Leo ultimately accepted the council's view that since "worship" was not addressed to the material image, the urgent requirements of the empire could be met at the cost of giving up the treasures of the church.
63:
of Greek ecclesiastics who authorised him to employ the wealth gathered as offerings in the churches for public service. This act was violently opposed by many of the clergy, with Leo, Bishop of
Chalcedon being among the most prominent.
71:
in melting down sacred objects which were entitled to the adoration of
Christians. Leo's opposition forced the emperor to back down temporarily in 1082. The resumption of confiscations soon after and the lack of resistance by
105:
images were fashioned. Leo, however, insisted that a secular use of the material was identical to blasphemous disrespect for the image and, ultimately, the prototype. His technical argument was that the
198:
100:
Finally in 1094, a local church council was convened to settle the dispute once and for all. The technical discussions centered on the
193:
203:
188:
138:
129:
76:
208:
73:
101:
213:
155:
80:
48:
8:
24:
134:
89:
32:
21:
167:
47:
Alexios I was in a desperate situation upon ascending the throne in 1081. With the
36:
52:
28:
182:
171:
84:
68:
51:
draining what little money remained in the imperial treasury, and
56:
113:. Therefore, this 'form' was integrated in the divine person.
156:"Le synode des Blachernes (fin 1094). Étude prosopographique"
106:
60:
148:
History of the
Byzantine and Greek Empires from 1057 - 1453
110:
109:
had assumed a human "form" as depicted materially on the
180:
79:and the other leading bishops led Leo to break
67:Leo declared that the government had committed
150:, Volume 2, William Blackwood & Sons, 1854
133:, Oxford University Press, pp. 1214–15,
92:where the locals regarded him as a saint.
95:
153:
126:
181:
59:, Alexios was forced to assemble a
13:
14:
225:
199:Church councils in Constantinople
20:was convened in late 1094 by the
194:Eastern Orthodox Church councils
127:Kazhdan, Alexander, ed. (1991),
35:in order to resolve the case of
130:Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium
1:
204:1090s in the Byzantine Empire
42:
189:11th-century church councils
7:
160:Revue des études byzantines
10:
230:
120:
102:Second Council of Nicaea
172:10.3406/rebyz.1971.1445
154:Gautier, Paul (1971).
96:Council deliberations
49:Byzantine-Norman Wars
18:Council of Blachernae
55:marching across the
209:Alexios I Komnenos
25:Alexios I Komnenos
140:978-0-19-504652-6
33:Blachernae Palace
22:Byzantine emperor
221:
175:
143:
37:Leo of Chalcedon
229:
228:
224:
223:
222:
220:
219:
218:
179:
178:
146:George Finlay,
141:
123:
98:
53:Robert Guiscard
45:
12:
11:
5:
227:
217:
216:
214:1094 in Europe
211:
206:
201:
196:
191:
177:
176:
151:
144:
139:
122:
119:
97:
94:
44:
41:
29:Constantinople
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
226:
215:
212:
210:
207:
205:
202:
200:
197:
195:
192:
190:
187:
186:
184:
173:
169:
165:
162:(in French).
161:
157:
152:
149:
145:
142:
136:
132:
131:
125:
124:
118:
114:
112:
108:
103:
93:
91:
86:
82:
78:
75:
70:
65:
62:
58:
54:
50:
40:
38:
34:
30:
26:
23:
19:
163:
159:
147:
128:
115:
99:
85:patriarchate
77:Nicholas III
66:
46:
27:and held in
17:
15:
166:: 213–284.
183:Categories
43:Background
90:Sozopolis
83:with the
81:communion
74:Patriarch
69:sacrilege
121:Sources
57:Balkans
137:
107:Logos
61:synod
135:ISBN
111:icon
16:The
168:doi
31:at
185::
164:29
158:.
39:.
174:.
170::
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.