Cotton - Knowledge

1900:; depending on circumstances it may still be desirable to use insecticides against these. A 2006 study done by Cornell researchers, the Center for Chinese Agricultural Policy and the Chinese Academy of Science on Bt cotton farming in China found that after seven years these secondary pests that were normally controlled by pesticide had increased, necessitating the use of pesticides at similar levels to non-Bt cotton and causing less profit for farmers because of the extra expense of GM seeds. However, a 2009 study by the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Stanford University and Rutgers University refuted this. They concluded that the GM cotton effectively controlled bollworm. The secondary pests were mostly miridae (plant bugs) whose increase was related to local temperature and rainfall and only continued to increase in half the villages studied. Moreover, the increase in insecticide use for the control of these secondary insects was far smaller than the reduction in total insecticide use due to Bt cotton adoption. A 2012 Chinese study concluded that Bt cotton halved the use of pesticides and doubled the level of ladybirds, lacewings and spiders. The 4328:

metal beads were only found in one other Neolithic burial at Mehrgarh, he must have been an extraordinarily wealthy and important person. Microscopic analysis showed that each bead had been made by beating and heating copper ore into a thin sheet which had then been rolled around a narrow rod. Substantial corrosion prevented a detailed technological study of the beads; yet this turned out to be a blessing as the corrosion had led to the preservation of something quite remarkable inside one of the beads – a piece of cotton. ... After further microscopic study, the fibres were unquestionably identified as cotton; it was, in fact, a bundle of both unripe and ripe fibres that had been wound together to make a thread, these being differentiated by the thickness of their cell walls. As such, this copper bead contained the earliest known use of cotton in the world by at least a thousand years. The next earliest was also found at Mehrgarh: a collection of cotton seeds discovered amidst charred wheat and barley grains outside one of its mud-brick rooms."

2472: 1581: 2295: 1328: 1701: 395: 3244: 1158: 1729: 2650: 1561: 1537: 1679: 1671: 2136:. Boll weevils are beetles who ate cotton in the 1950s, that slowed the production of the cotton industry drastically. "This bone pile of short budgets, loss of market share, failing prices, abandoned farms, and the new immunity of boll weevils generated a feeling of helplessness" Boll Weevils first appeared in Beeville, Texas wiping out field after field of cotton in south Texas. This swarm of Boll Weevils swept through east Texas and spread to the eastern seaboard, leaving ruin and devastation in its path, causing many cotton farmers to go out of business. 766:

to these arid conditions, cotton, a plant that usually thrives moderate rainfall and richer soils, requires extra irrigation and labor in Sudanese climate conditions. Therefore, a great deal of resources would have been required, likely restricting its cultivation to the elite. In the first to third centuries CE, recovered cotton fragments all began to mirror the same style and production method, as seen from the direction of spun cotton and technique of weaving. Cotton textiles also appear in places of high regard, such as on funerary stelae and statues.

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GM cotton proved to be a success in Australia – the yields were equivalent to the non-transgenic varieties and the crop used much less pesticide to produce (85% reduction). The subsequent introduction of a second variety of GM cotton led to increases in GM cotton production until 95% of the Australian cotton crop was GM in 2009 making Australia the country with the fifth largest GM cotton crop in the world. Other GM cotton growing countries in 2011 were Argentina, Myanmar, Burkina Faso, Brazil, Mexico, Colombia, South Africa and Costa Rica.

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uneconomical in the United States, even with the use of humans as slave labor. The gin that Whitney manufactured (the Holmes design) reduced the hours down to just a dozen or so per bale. Although Whitney patented his own design for a cotton gin, he manufactured a prior design from Henry Odgen Holmes, for which Holmes filed a patent in 1796. Improving technology and increasing control of world markets allowed British traders to develop a commercial chain in which raw cotton fibers were (at first) purchased from

1342: 3786: 1197:. Seeing the East India Company and their textile importation as a threat to domestic textile businesses, Parliament passed the 1700 Calico Act, blocking the importation of cotton cloth. As there was no punishment for continuing to sell cotton cloth, smuggling of the popular material became commonplace. In 1721, dissatisfied with the results of the first act, Parliament passed a stricter addition, this time prohibiting the sale of most cottons, imported and domestic (exempting only thread 2543: 2190: 1988: 542: 2202: 2848: 2794: 2000: 944: 8714: 2992: 2974: 2902: 2722: 2812: 3892:(GORGE). After both diploid genomes are assembled, they would be used as models for sequencing the genomes of tetraploid cultivated species. Without knowing the diploid genomes, the euchromatic DNA sequences of AD genomes would co-assemble, and their repetitive elements would assemble independently into A and D sequences respectively. There would be no way to untangle the mess of AD sequences without comparing them to their diploid counterparts. 4365:

scanning electron microscope, and identified as cotton (Gossypium sp.). The Mehrgarh fibres constitute the earliest known example of cotton in the Old World and put the date of the first use of this textile plant back by more than a millennium. Even though it is not possible to ascertain that the fibres came from an already domesticated species, the evidence suggests an early origin, possibly in the Kachi Plain, of one of the Old World cottons.

3229: 2956: 2938: 2776: 1189:, by expanding its factories in Asia and producing and importing cloth in bulk, creating competition for domestic woollen and linen textile producers. The impacted weavers, spinners, dyers, shepherds and farmers objected and the calico question became one of the major issues of National politics between the 1680s and the 1730s. Parliament began to see a decline in domestic textile sales, and an increase in imported textiles from places like 51: 3010: 3424: 830: 2564:

sales of $ 4.9 billion, and Africa, with sales of $ 2.1 billion. The total international trade is estimated to be $ 12 billion. Africa's share of the cotton trade has doubled since 1980. Neither area has a significant domestic textile industry, textile manufacturing having moved to developing nations in Eastern and South Asia such as India and China. In Africa, cotton is grown by numerous small holders. Dunavant Enterprises, based in

2758: 2830: 1663: 3214: 2866: 1717: 2884: 1741: 2704: 2668: 8724: 2116: 2556: 3826: 1975:(NOP). This institution determines the allowed practices for pest control, growing, fertilizing, and handling of organic crops. As of 2007, 265,517 bales of organic cotton were produced in 24 countries, and worldwide production was growing at a rate of more than 50% per year. Organic cotton products are now available for purchase at limited locations. These are popular for baby clothes and 2450:, that is, to induce a miscarriage. Gossypol was one of the many substances found in all parts of the cotton plant and it was described by the scientists as 'poisonous pigment'. It also appears to inhibit the development of sperm or even restrict the mobility of the sperm. Also, it is thought to interfere with the menstrual cycle by restricting the release of certain hormones. 3657: 2511:(ELS cotton) has longer fibre length still and of even higher quality. The name "Egyptian cotton" is broadly associated high quality cottons and is often an LS or (less often) an ELS cotton. Nowadays the name "Egyptian cotton" refers more to the way cotton is treated and threads produced rather than the location where it is grown. The American cotton variety 1773:

of the crop for a given year usually starts soon after harvesting the preceding autumn. Cotton is naturally a perennial but is grown as an annual to help control pests. Planting time in spring in the Northern hemisphere varies from the beginning of February to the beginning of June. The area of the United States known as the

1210:, which slowly expanded until by the beginning of the 1770s seven thousand bales of cotton were imported annually, and pressure was put on Parliament, by the new mill owners, to remove the prohibition on the production and sale of pure cotton cloth, as they could easily compete with anything the EIC could import. 7810:

Haigler, Candace H.; Percy, Richard; Saha, Sukumar; Wilkins, Thea; Wright, Robert J.; Van Deynze, Allen; Zhu, Yuxian; Yu, Shuxun; Abdurakhmonov, Ibrokhim; Katageri, Ishwarappa; Kumar, P. Ananda; Zafar, Yusuf; Yu, John Z.; Kohel, Russell J.; Wendel, Jonathan F.; Paterson, Andrew H.; Paterson, AH (December 2007).

2286:, are seen as more sustainable options because of higher yields per acre with less water and pesticide use than cotton. Cellulose fiber alternatives have similar characteristics but are not perfect substitutes for cotton textiles with differences in properties like tensile strength and thermal regulation. 3746:

The lumen is the hollow canal that runs the length of the fiber. It is filled with living protoplasm during the growth period. After the fiber matures and the boll opens, the protoplast dries up, and the lumen naturally collapses, leaving a central void, or pore space, in each fiber. It separates the

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GM cotton acreage in India grew at a rapid rate, increasing from 50,000 hectares in 2002 to 10.6 million hectares in 2011. The total cotton area in India was 12.1 million hectares in 2011, so GM cotton was grown on 88% of the cotton area. This made India the country with the largest area of GM cotton

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does not need to be exceptional. In general, these conditions are met within the seasonally dry tropics and subtropics in the Northern and Southern hemispheres, but a large proportion of the cotton grown today is cultivated in areas with less rainfall that obtain the water from irrigation. Production

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The cotton is turned into cloth in Lancashire. You pay shilling wages instead of Indian pennies to your workers. The English worker not only has the advantage of better wages, but the steel companies of England get the profit of building the factories and machines. Wages; profits; all these are spent

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handle in the cotton gin, first appeared in India some time during the late Delhi Sultanate or the early Mughal Empire. The production of cotton, which may have largely been spun in the villages and then taken to towns in the form of yarn to be woven into cloth textiles, was advanced by the diffusion

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Chen, Z. Jeffrey; Scheffler, Brian E.; Dennis, Elizabeth; Triplett, Barbara A.; Zhang, Tianzhen; Guo, Wangzhen; Chen, Xiaoya; Stelly, David M.; Rabinowicz, Pablo D.; Town, Christopher D.; Arioli, Tony; Brubaker, Curt; Cantrell, Roy G.; Lacape, Jean-Marc; Ulloa, Mauricio; Chee, Peng; Gingle, Alan R.;

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Quote: "One of the funerary chambers, dating to around 5500 BC, had contained an adult male lying on his side with legs flexed backward and a young child, approximately one or two years old, at his feet. Next to the adult's left wrist were eight copper beads which had once formed a bracelet. As such

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in 1861 in order to protect the supply of cotton it needed for its very large textile industry. Russell Griffin of California was a farmer who farmed one of the biggest cotton operations. He produced over sixty thousand bales. Cotton remained a key crop in the Southern economy after slavery ended in

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It was reported that, with an Indian cotton gin, which is half machine and half tool, one man and one woman could clean 28 pounds of cotton per day. With a modified Forbes version, one man and a boy could produce 250 pounds per day. If oxen were used to power 16 of these machines, and a few people's

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In the Meroitic Period (beginning 3rd century BCE), many cotton textiles have been recovered, preserved due to favorable arid conditions. Most of these fabric fragments come from Lower Nubia, and the cotton textiles account for 85% of the archaeological textiles from Classic/Late Meroitic sites. Due

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Hybrid varieties are also cultivated. The two New World cotton species account for the vast majority of modern cotton production, but the two Old World species were widely used before the 1900s. While cotton fibers occur naturally in colors of white, brown, pink and green, fears of contaminating the

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Li, Fuguang; Fan, Guangyi; Wang, Kunbo; Sun, Fengming; Yuan, Youlu; Song, Guoli; Li, Qin; Ma, Zhiying; Lu, Cairui; Zou, Changsong; Chen, Wenbin; Liang, Xinming; Shang, Haihong; Liu, Weiqing; Shi, Chengcheng; Xiao, Guanghui; Gou, Caiyun; Ye, Wuwei; Xu, Xun; Zhang, Xueyan; Wei, Hengling; Li, Zhifang;

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There is a public effort to sequence the genome of cotton. It was started in 2007 by a consortium of public researchers. Their aim is to sequence the genome of cultivated, tetraploid cotton. "Tetraploid" means that its nucleus has two separate genomes, called A and D. The consortium agreed to first

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cotton is often compared to Egyptian cotton, as both are used in high quality bed sheets and other cotton products. While Pima cotton is often grown in the American southwest, the Pima name is now used by cotton-producing nations such as Peru, Australia and Israel. Not all products bearing the Pima

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in France in the 1890s. Rayon is derived from a natural cellulose and cannot be considered synthetic, but requires extensive processing in a manufacturing process, and led the less expensive replacement of more naturally derived materials. A succession of new synthetic fibers were introduced by the

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farmers. The U.S. GM cotton crop was 4.0 million hectares in 2011 the second largest area in the world, the Chinese GM cotton crop was third largest by area with 3.9 million hectares and Pakistan had the fourth largest GM cotton crop area of 2.6 million hectares in 2011. The initial introduction of

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reached a high level. The export of textiles was one of the sources of wealth for Meroë. Ancient Nubia had a "culture of cotton" of sorts, evidenced by physical evidence of cotton processing tools and the presence of cattle in certain areas. Some researchers propose that cotton was important to the

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The public sector effort continues with the goal to create a high-quality, draft genome sequence from reads generated by all sources. The effort has generated Sanger reads of BACs, fosmids, and plasmids, as well as 454 reads. These later types of reads will be instrumental in assembling an initial

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Cotton is an enormously important commodity throughout the world. It provides livelihoods for up to 1 billion people, including 100 million smallholder farmers who cultivate cotton. However, many farmers in developing countries receive a low price for their produce, or find it difficult to compete

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The largest producers of cotton, as of 2017, are India and China, with annual production of about 18.53 million tonnes and 17.14 million tonnes, respectively; most of this production is consumed by their respective textile industries. The largest exporters of raw cotton are the United States, with

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across India shortly before the Mughal era, lowering the costs of yarn and helping to increase demand for cotton. The diffusion of the spinning wheel, and the incorporation of the worm gear and crank handle into the roller cotton gin, led to greatly expanded Indian cotton textile production during

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which is dated 1290 but most of its contents were taken from a variety of earlier sources, including 9th- and 10th-century sources. Often Ibn Manzur names his source then quotes from it. Therefore, if the reader recognizes the name of Ibn Manzur's source, a date considerably earlier than 1290 can

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at the rate of $ 2 billion per year although China now provides the highest overall level of cotton sector support. The future of these subsidies is uncertain and has led to anticipatory expansion of cotton brokers' operations in Africa. Dunavant expanded in Africa by buying out local operations.

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By the 1840s, India was no longer capable of supplying the vast quantities of cotton fibers needed by mechanized British factories, while shipping bulky, low-price cotton from India to Britain was time-consuming and expensive. This, coupled with the emergence of American cotton as a superior type

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in 1793. Before the development of cotton gins, the cotton fibers had to be pulled from the seeds tediously by hand. By the late 1700s, a number of crude ginning machines had been developed. However, to produce a bale of cotton required over 600 hours of human labor, making large-scale production

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India's cotton-processing sector changed during EIC expansion in India in the late 18th and early 19th centuries. From focusing on supplying the British market to supplying East Asia with raw cotton. As the Artisan produced textiles were no longer competitive with those produced Industrially, and

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Quote: "The metallurgical analysis of a copper bead from a Neolithic burial (6th millennium bc) at Mehrgarh, Pakistan, allowed the recovery of several threads, preserved by mineralization. They were characterized according to new procedure, combining the use of a reflected-light microscope and a

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of cotton fibers is substantially larger than for most other plant fibers. Cotton is also known as a thirsty crop; on average, globally, cotton requires 8,000–10,000 liters of water for one kilogram of cotton, and in dry areas, it may require even more such as in some areas of India, it may need

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By the time of the American Civil war annual exports had reached $ 16 million (120,000 bales), which rose to $ 56 million by 1864, primarily due to the loss of the Confederate supply on the world market. Exports continued to grow even after the reintroduction of US cotton, produced now by a paid

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about 50x. They announced that they would donate their raw reads to the public. This public relations effort gave them some recognition for sequencing the cotton genome. Once the D genome is assembled from all of this raw material, it will undoubtedly assist in the assembly of the AD genomes of

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The secondary wall consists of concentric layers of cellulose it is also called the S2 layer, that constitute the main portion of the cotton fiber. After the fiber has attained its maximum diameter, new layers of cellulose are added to form the secondary wall. The fibrils are deposited at 70 to

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On 27 September 2002, Brazil requested consultations with the US regarding prohibited and actionable subsidies provided to US producers, users and/or exporters of upland cotton, as well as legislation, regulations, statutory instruments and amendments thereto providing such subsidies (including

1250:, while raw cotton was imported from India without tariffs to British factories which manufactured textiles from Indian cotton, giving Britain a monopoly over India's large market and cotton resources. India served as both a significant supplier of raw goods to British manufacturers and a large 805:

had been used in India since the 6th century, and was then introduced to other countries from there. Between the 12th and 14th centuries, dual-roller gins appeared in India and China. The Indian version of the dual-roller gin was prevalent throughout the Mediterranean cotton trade by the 16th

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While Brazil was fighting the US through the WTO's Dispute Settlement Mechanism against a heavily subsidized cotton industry, a group of four least-developed African countries – Benin, Burkina Faso, Chad, and Mali – also known as "Cotton-4" have been the leading protagonist for the

2217:, a machine that removes the cotton from the boll without damaging the cotton plant, or by a cotton stripper, which strips the entire boll off the plant. Cotton strippers are used in regions where it is too windy to grow picker varieties of cotton, and usually after application of a chemical 1599:

In the United States, growing Southern cotton generated significant wealth and capital for the antebellum South, as well as raw material for Northern textile industries. Before 1865 the cotton was largely produced through the labor of enslaved African Americans. It enriched both the Southern

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cloth on the restoration of the monarchy in the 1660s. Initially imported as a novelty side line, from its spice trading posts in Asia, the cheap colourful cloth proved popular and overtook the EIC's spice trade by value in the late 17th century. The EIC embraced the demand, particularly for

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The winding layer is the first layer of secondary thickening it is also called the S1 layer. It is different in structure from both the primary wall and the remainder of the secondary wall. It consists of fibrils aligned at 40 to 70-degree angles to the fiber axis in an open netting type of

1485:, especially Australia and India, greatly increased to replace the lost production of the American South. Through tariffs and other restrictions, the British government discouraged the production of cotton cloth in India; rather, the raw fiber was sent to England for processing. The Indian 602:

in Mexico between around 3400 and 2300 BC. During this time, people between the Río Santiago and the Río Balsas grew, spun, wove, dyed, and sewed cotton. What they did not use themselves, they sent to their Aztec rulers as tribute, on the scale of ~116 million pounds annually.

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On 8 September 2004, the Panel Report recommended that the United States "withdraw" export credit guarantees and payments to domestic users and exporters, and "take appropriate steps to remove the adverse effects or withdraw" the mandatory price-contingent subsidy measures.

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a broad-spectrum herbicide discovered by Monsanto which also sells some of the Bt cotton seeds to farmers. There are also a number of other cotton seed companies selling GM cotton around the world. About 62% of the GM cotton grown from 1996 to 2011 was insect resistant, 24%

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native to tropical and subtropical regions around the world, including the Americas, Africa, Egypt and India. The greatest diversity of wild cotton species is found in Mexico, followed by Australia and Africa. Cotton was independently domesticated in the Old and New Worlds.

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During the middle 20th century, employment in cotton farming fell, as machines began to replace laborers and the South's rural labor force dwindled during the World Wars. Cotton remains a major export of the United States, with large farms in California, Arizona and the

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A temperature range of 25 to 35 °C (77 to 95 °F) is the optimal range for mold development. At temperatures below 0 °C (32 °F), rotting of wet cotton stops. Damaged cotton is sometimes stored at these temperatures to prevent further deterioration.

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This cotton is shipped on British ships, a three-week journey across the Indian Ocean, down the Red Sea, across the Mediterranean, through Gibraltar, across the Bay of Biscay and the Atlantic Ocean to London. One hundred per cent profit on this freight is regarded as

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Cotton has been spun, woven, and dyed since prehistoric times. It clothed the people of ancient India, Egypt, and China. Hundreds of years before the Christian era, cotton textiles were woven in India with matchless skill, and their use spread to the Mediterranean

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were developed, cotton farmers needed additional labor to hand-pick cotton. Picking cotton was a source of income for families across the South. Rural and small town school systems had split vacations so children could work in the fields during "cotton-picking."

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contains much of the main contents of the medieval Arabic dictionaries in English translation. At AlWaraq.net, in addition to searchable copies of medieval Arabic dictionaries, there are searchable copies of a large number of medieval Arabic texts on various

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inch (3.2 mm) long. The term also may apply to the longer textile fiber staple lint as well as the shorter fuzzy fibers from some upland species. Linters are traditionally used in the manufacture of paper and as a raw material in the manufacture of

2363:. Fabric also can be made from recycled or recovered cotton that otherwise would be thrown away during the spinning, weaving, or cutting process. While many fabrics are made completely of cotton, some materials blend cotton with other fibers, including 635:. Cotton was grown upriver, made into nets, and traded with fishing villages along the coast for large supplies of fish. The Spanish who came to Mexico and Peru in the early 16th century found the people growing cotton and wearing clothing made of it. 2269:

into the fiber marketplace in the early 1950s that the market for cotton came under threat. The rapid uptake of polyester garments in the 1960s caused economic hardship in cotton-exporting economies, especially in Central American countries, such as

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Wakelyn, Phillip J.; Bertoniere, Noelie R.; French, Alfred D.; Thibodeaux, Devron P.; Triplett, Barbara A.; Rousselle, Marie-Alice; Goynes, Wilton R.; Edwards, J. Vincent; Hunter, Lawrance; McAlister, David D.; Gamble, Gary R. (15 December 2006).

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fabric. When cotton fibers are analyzed and assessed through a microscope, dead fibers appear differently. Dead cotton fibers have thin cell walls. In contrast, mature fibers have more cellulose and a greater degree of cell wall thickening

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was used to invest in British industries such as textile manufacturing and greatly increase British wealth. British colonization also forced open the large Indian market to British goods, which could be sold in India without tariffs or

869:, writing in 1350, stated as fact that "There grew there a wonderful tree which bore tiny lambs on the endes of its branches. These branches were so pliable that they bent down to allow the lambs to feed when they are hungry." (See 3159:

reduction of US cotton subsidies through negotiations. The four introduced a "Sectoral Initiative in Favour of Cotton", presented by Burkina Faso's President Blaise Compaoré during the Trade Negotiations Committee on 10 June 2003.

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Liu, Xia; Zhao, Bo; Zheng, Hua-Jun; Hu, Yan; Lu, Gang; Yang, Chang-Qing; Chen, Jie-Dan; Chen, Jun-Jian; Chen, Dian-Yang; Zhang, Liang; Zhou, Yan; Wang, Ling-Jian; Guo, Wang-Zhen; Bai, Yu-Lin; Ruan, Ju-Xin (30 September 2015).

851:, Book III, 106, that in India trees grew in the wild producing wool, it was assumed that the plant was a tree, rather than a shrub. This aspect is retained in the name for cotton in several Germanic languages, such as German 1504:

The finished product is sent back to India at European shipping rates, once again on British ships. The captains, officers, sailors of these ships, whose wages must be paid, are English. The only Indians who profit are a few

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The acts were repealed in 1774, triggering a wave of investment in mill-based cotton spinning and production, doubling the demand for raw cotton within a couple of years, and doubling it again every decade, into the 1840s.

4211: 1288:, England, patented the roller spinning machine, as well as the flyer-and-bobbin system for drawing cotton to a more even thickness using two sets of rollers that traveled at different speeds. Later, the invention of the 7070: 6782:

Novaković, Milada; Popović, Dušan M.; Mladenović, Nenad; Poparić, Goran B.; Stanković, Snežana B. (September 2020). "Development of comfortable and eco-friendly cellulose based textiles with improved sustainability".

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This is only possible in former British colonies and Mozambique; former French colonies continue to maintain tight monopolies, inherited from their former colonialist masters, on cotton purchases at low fixed prices.

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for the domestic market, though more importantly triggering the development of a series of mechanised spinning and weaving technologies, to process the material. This mechanised production was concentrated in new

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are made from cotton. Bed sheets often are made from cotton. It is a preferred material for sheets as it is hypoallergenic, easy to maintain and non-irritant to the skin. Cotton also is used to make yarn used in

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larvae, which are killed by the Bt protein in the transgenic cotton they eat. This eliminates the need to use large amounts of broad-spectrum insecticides to kill lepidopteran pests (some of which have developed

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A less technical use of the term "cotton wool", in the UK and Ireland, is for the refined product known as "absorbent cotton" (or, often, just "cotton") in U.S. usage: fluffy cotton in sheets or balls used for

6357: 2274:, where cotton production had boomed tenfold between 1950 and 1965 with the advent of cheap chemical pesticides. Cotton production recovered in the 1970s, but crashed to pre-1960 levels in the early 1990s. 6697:, BBC Newshour, Dec. 15, 2020: "A little further along the same road and workers are still in the fields, twisting and plucking the bolls of white fibre. It is hot, grueling, backbreaking work." See also 2375:. It can either be used in knitted or woven fabrics, as it can be blended with elastine to make a stretchier thread for knitted fabrics, and apparel such as stretch jeans. Cotton can be blended also with 2379:

producing fabrics with the benefits of both materials. Linen-cotton blends are wrinkle resistant and retain heat more effectively than only linen, and are thinner, stronger and lighter than only cotton.

3880:, a Central American species) because it is small and has few repetitive elements. It has nearly one-third of the bases of tetraploid cotton, and each chromosome occurs only once. Then, the A genome of 1045:

era of the 13th–14th centuries, came into use in the Mughal Empire some time around the 16th century, and is still used in India through to the present day. Another innovation, the incorporation of the

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get tighter around the world, economies that rely on it face difficulties and conflict, as well as potential environmental problems. For example, improper cropping and irrigation practices have led to

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In addition to concerns over subsidies, the cotton industries of some countries are criticized for employing child labor and damaging workers' health by exposure to pesticides used in production. The

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Hellmich, Richard L.; Siegfried, Blair D.; Sears, Mark K.; Stanley-Horn, Diane E.; Daniels, Michael J.; Mattila, Heather R.; Spencer, Terrence; Bidne, Keith G.; Lewis, Leslie C. (9 October 2001).

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and raw cotton). The exemption of raw cotton from the prohibition initially saw 2 thousand bales of cotton imported annually, to become the basis of a new indigenous industry, initially producing

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in the eleventh century. The earliest unambiguous reference to a spinning wheel in India is dated to 1350, suggesting that the spinning wheel was likely introduced from Iran to India during the

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evolved, in which landless farmers worked land owned by others in return for a share of the profits. Some farmers rented the land and bore the production costs themselves. Until mechanical

3177:" cotton clothing and footwear, joining a rapidly growing market for organic clothing, fair fashion or "ethical fashion". The fair trade system was initiated in 2005 with producers from 4338:

Moulherat, C.; Tengberg, M.; Haquet, J. R. M. F.; Mille, B. ̂T. (2002). "First Evidence of Cotton at Neolithic Mehrgarh, Pakistan: Analysis of Mineralized Fibres from a Copper Bead".

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in Uganda, Mozambique, and Zambia. In Zambia, it often offers loans for seed and expenses to the 180,000 small farmers who grow cotton for it, as well as advice on farming methods.

1221:, continued to maintain a competitive advantage up until the 19th century. In order to compete with India, Britain invested in labour-saving technical progress, while implementing 7864: 1512:

The cloth is finally sold back to the kings and landlords of India who got the money to buy this expensive cloth out of the poor peasants of India who worked at seven cents a day.

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During the late medieval period, cotton became known as an imported fiber in northern Europe, without any knowledge of how it was derived, other than that it was a plant. Because

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Günaydin, Gizem Karakan; Avinc, Ozan; Palamutcu, Sema; Yavas, Arzu; Soydan, Ali Serkan (2019). "Naturally Colored Organic Cotton and Naturally Colored Cotton Fiber Production".

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Bowen, H. V. (2013). "British Exports of Raw Cotton from India to China during the Late Eighteenth and Early Nineteenth Centuries". In Riello, Giorgio; Roy, Tirthankar (eds.).

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near the Middle Nile Basin region, where cotton cloth was being produced. Around the 4th century BC, the cultivation of cotton and the knowledge of its spinning and weaving in

7183: 5758:"The water footprint of cotton consumption: An assessment of the impact of worldwide consumption of cotton products on the water resources in the cotton producing countries" 2282:

High water and pesticide use in cotton cultivation has prompted sustainability concerns and created a market for natural fiber alternatives. Other cellulose fibers, such as

7056: 6421:"Federal Register: Texas A&M AgriLife Research; Determination of Nonregulated Status of Cotton Genetically Engineered for Ultra-low Gossypol Levels in the Cottonseed" 2471: 2221:

or the natural defoliation that occurs after a freeze. Cotton is a perennial crop in the tropics, and without defoliation or freezing, the plant will continue to grow.

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Wang, Z.; Lin, H.; Huang, J.; Hu, R.; Rozelle, S.; Pray, C. (2009). "Bt Cotton in China: Are Secondary Insect Infestations Offsetting the Benefits in Farmer Fields?".

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A number of large dictionaries were written in Arabic during medieval times. Searchable copies of nearly all of the main medieval Arabic dictionaries are online at

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from the early 16th century to the early 18th century, Indian cotton production increased, in terms of both raw cotton and cotton textiles. The Mughals introduced

2614: 1006:

was responsible for a large part of the empire's international trade. India had a 25% share of the global textile trade in the early 18th century. Indian cotton

6263: 1543: 10430: 6952: 5757: 1936:, a toxin that makes it inedible. However, scientists have silenced the gene that produces the toxin, making it a potential food crop. On 17 October 2018, the 6621: 6395: 1580: 4241: 1971:. Its production also promotes and enhances biodiversity and biological cycles. In the United States, organic cotton plantations are required to enforce the 6199:

Lu y, W. K.; Wu, K.; Jiang, Y.; Guo, Y.; Desneux, N. (July 2012). "Widespread adoption of Bt cotton and insecticide decrease promotes biocontrol services".

4407:

Gossypium arboreum is a diploid species cultivated in the Old World. It was first domesticated near the Indus Valley before 6000 BC (Moulherat et al. 2002).

6722: 4608: 3747:

secondary wall from the lumen and appears to be more resistant to certain reagents than the secondary wall layers. The lumen wall also called the S3 layer.

3259:

Cotton is bought and sold by investors and price speculators as a tradable commodity on two different commodity exchanges in the United States of America.

1904:(ISAAA) said that, worldwide, GM cotton was planted on an area of 25 million hectares in 2011. This was 69% of the worldwide total area planted in cotton. 1267: 1152: 7403: 5717: 360:. The use of cotton for fabric is known to date to prehistoric times; fragments of cotton fabric dated to the fifth millennium BC have been found in the 3957: 2294: 1458:

took out substantial loans from European bankers and stock exchanges. After the American Civil War ended in 1865, British and French traders abandoned

2147:(BWEP), this pest has been eliminated from cotton in most of the United States. This program, along with the introduction of genetically engineered 7507: 3844: 5962: 6138: 5667: 3716:

cotton fiber is a single, elongated complete dried multilayer cell that develops in the surface layer of cottonseed. It has the following parts.

1069: 7282:

Winkler, Martín; Cereijo, Antonela; Muchut, Robertino; Dileo, Pablo; Scarpin, Gonzalo; Lorenzini, Fernando; Roeschlin, Roxana; Paytas, Marcelo.

6342: 1126:, which were also the principal energy sources in Western Europe up until around 1870. It was under Muhammad Ali in the early 19th century that 5512:

Hughs, S. E.; Valco, T. D.; Williford, J. R. (2008). "100 Years of Cotton Production, Harvesting, and Ginning Systems Engineering: 1907-2007".

4245: 4542: 2453:

Cotton linters are fine, silky fibers which adhere to the seeds of the cotton plant after ginning. These curly fibers typically are less than

2442:

animals. Cottonseed hulls can be added to dairy cattle rations for roughage. During the American slavery period, cotton root bark was used in

7475: 4566: 1327: 7159: 7602: 6912: 1254:

for British manufactured goods. Britain eventually surpassed India as the world's leading cotton textile manufacturer in the 19th century.

865:

means "wool"). Noting its similarities to wool, people in the region could only imagine that cotton must be produced by plant-borne sheep.

7537: 5437: 3114:(13.75%) and also Madhya Pradesh are the leading cotton producing states, these states have a predominantly tropical wet and dry climate. 5683: 5283: 4978: 4952: 3391:

Egypt has a unique climatic temperature that the soil and the temperature provide an exceptional environment for cotton to grow rapidly.

1443: 1100:, for the French market. Mohamed Ali Pasha accepted the proposition and granted himself the monopoly on the sale and export of cotton in 8145: 7872: 6427: 5048: 4586: 693:

era (5th century BC); however, there are few sources about the planting of cotton in pre-Islamic Iran. Cotton cultivation was common in

10423: 7895:

Zhang, Guiyin; Wang, Junyi; Liu, Kun; Kohel, Russell J; Percy, Richard G; Yu, John Z; Zhu, Yu-Xian; Wang, Jun; Yu, Shuxun (June 2014).

7359: 2539:

in the United States discourage using cotton as an ornamental, due to concerns about these plants harboring pests injurious to crops.

2257:, the first fiber synthesized entirely from petrochemicals, was introduced as a sewing thread by DuPont in 1936, followed by DuPont's 7492: 6454: 7180: 6830: 4162: 4066: 8668: 7458: 279: 4894: 7047: 4091:"Gossypium barbadense genome sequence provides insight into the evolution of extra-long staple fiber and specialized metabolites" 3967: 3142: 1885:

resistance). This spares natural insect predators in the farm ecology and further contributes to noninsecticide pest management.

1312:

in 1775 enabled British spinners to produce cotton yarn at much higher rates. From the late 18th century on, the British city of

596:, Mexico, have been dated to as early as 5500 BC, but this date has been challenged. More securely dated is the domestication of 3800: 1331:

Slaves using an early cotton gin (prior to Whitney's developed version) to help harvest and process the cotton. Illustration in

6521: 6471: 4210:

often be assigned to what is said. A list giving the year of death of a number of individuals who Ibn Manzur quotes from is in

4017: 2602:

trade aspects, around multilateral negotiations aiming to address distorting subsidies and trade barriers affecting cotton; and

1650:. On 15 January 2019, China announced that a cotton seed sprouted, the first "truly otherworldly plant in history". Inside the 1522: 462: 7553: 10416: 8060: 8032: 8014: 7999: 7963: 7751: 7708: 7673: 7645: 7433: 7283: 6682: 6655: 6550: 6179: 5912: 5833: 5740: 5625: 5584: 5421: 5386: 5348: 5318: 5201: 5167: 5027: 4850: 4822: 4777: 4699: 4689: 4525: 4488:

Beckert, S. (2014). Chapter one: The Rise of a Global Community. In Empire of Cotton: A global history. essay, Vintage Books.

4430: 4321: 4267: 4828: 1820:

Cotton can also be cultivated to have colors other than the yellowish off-white typical of modern commercial cotton fibers.

4375:

Jia, Yinhua; Pan, Zhaoe; He, Shoupu; Gong, Wenfang; Geng, Xiaoli; Pang, Baoyin; Wang, Liru; Du, Xiongming (December 2018).

4190: 2172: 1872:, and harmless to other forms of life. The gene coding for Bt toxin has been inserted into cotton, causing cotton, called 1324:

due to the cotton industry's omnipresence within the city, and Manchester's role as the heart of the global cotton trade.

6844: 6581: 1793:. Since cotton is somewhat salt and drought tolerant, this makes it an attractive crop for arid and semiarid regions. As 1600:

landowners and the new textile industries of the Northeastern United States and northwestern Europe. In 1860 the slogan "

1493:

English people buy Indian cotton in the field, picked by Indian labor at seven cents a day, through an optional monopoly.

7734:

Wang, Hua; Siddiqui, Muhammad Qasim; Memon, Hafeezullah (2020). "Physical Structure, Properties and Quality of Cotton".

6744: 1785:(non-irrigated) cotton is successfully grown in this region, consistent yields are only produced with heavy reliance on 1700: 7598:

Transportation Information Service of Germany, Gesamtverband der Deutschen Versicherungswirtschaft e.V. (GDV), Berlin,

7100:"India gets its first ever Brand & Logo for its Cotton on 2nd World Cotton Day – A Historic Day for Indian Cotton!" 7021: 3650:

Burns readily with yellow flame, smells like burning paper. The residual ash is light and fluffy and greyish in color.

1467: 2535:, once an important source of fiber in Egypt, started as an ornamental. However, agricultural authorities such as the 2298:

Workers sort through cotton to remove contaminants. The workers wear masks to reduce the number of fibers they inhale.

10331: 8760: 7977: 7524: 7134: 6769: 6622:"King_Cotton_in_Modern_America_A_Cultural_Political..._----_(11._"The_Fabric_of_Our_Lives").pdf: ART 2100-01 (95293)" 6260: 4582: 3862: 3463: 2531:

Cottons have been grown as ornamentals or novelties due to their showy flowers and snowball-like fruit. For example,

1394: 914:

were important ports for cotton trade, and the sale and transportation of cotton fabrics had become very profitable.

895: 6949: 5796: 10862: 10357: 8204: 3972: 3163: 1526: 1276:

in Britain provided a great boost to cotton manufacture, as textiles emerged as Britain's leading export. In 1738,

391:. India is the world's largest producer of cotton. The United States has been the largest exporter for many years. 5189:

Between Development and Underdevelopment: The Precocious Attempts at Industrialization of the Periphery, 1800-1870

5155:

Between Development and Underdevelopment: The Precocious Attempts at Industrialization of the Periphery, 1800-1870

1760:-free period, plenty of sunshine, and a moderate rainfall, usually from 50 to 100 cm (19.5 to 39.5 in). 762:

boasted in his inscription that he destroyed large cotton plantations in Meroë during his conquest of the region.

7776: 6505: 4623: 3962: 3190: 2536: 2144: 2132:

Historically, in North America, one of the most economically destructive pests in cotton production has been the

1258:

Europe preferring the cheaper slave produced, long staple American, and Egyptian cottons, for its own materials.

17: 1110:

in the early 19th century had the fifth most productive cotton industry in the world, in terms of the number of

453:

genetics of white cotton have led many cotton-growing locations to ban the growing of colored cotton varieties.

10210: 8129: 7392: 6542: 5705: 5056: 3445: 1876:, to produce this natural insecticide in its tissues. In many regions, the main pests in commercial cotton are 1651: 1462:

and returned to cheap American exports, sending Egypt into a deficit spiral that led to the country declaring

1114:

per capita. The industry was initially driven by machinery that relied on traditional energy sources, such as

6572: 3150:

export credits), grants, and any other assistance to the US producers, users and exporters of upland cotton.

1609: 1435: 1428: 5642: 2052: 7540:, Info Comm: Market Information in the Commodities Area, archived 23 November 2013, accessed 23 August 2021 6135:"Seven-year glitch: Cornell warns that Chinese GM cotton farmers are losing money due to 'secondary' pests" 5229:"Cotton Textiles and the Great Divergence: Lancashire, India and Shifting Competitive Advantage, 1600-1850" 4694:. Unesco. International Scientific Committee for the Drafting of a General History of Africa. p. 310. 4194: 3661: 3275: 3248: 2140: 2051:

cotton has allowed a substantial reduction in the use of synthetic insecticides, although in the long term

1860:(Bt) naturally produces a chemical harmful only to a small fraction of insects, most notably the larvae of 1410: 888: 511:

until imports from the Arabic-speaking lands in the later medieval era at transformatively lowered prices.

272: 7600:

Transport Information Service (TIS) – Cargo, Packaging, Containers, Loss prevention, Marine insurance

7338:"Seed cotton, unginned production in 2022, Crops/Regions/World list/Production Quantity/Year (pick lists)" 4182: 394: 10872: 10171: 4925: 644: 432: – known as extra-long staple cotton, native to tropical South America (over 5% of world production) 7982: 7504: 6675:

Murder in Samarkand – A British Ambassador's Controversial Defiance of Tyranny in the War on Terror

5852:

Waltham, Tony; Sholji, Ihsan (November 2001). "The demise of the Aral Sea - an environmental disaster".

1908:

in the world. A long-term study on the economic impacts of Bt cotton in India, published in the Journal

50: 10240: 6870:

Perrin, Liese M. (2001). "Resisting Reproduction: Reconsidering Slave Contraception in the Old South".

4960: 4730: 3252: 2496:, protective packaging, and many other practical purposes. The first medical use of cotton wool was by 2152: 1421: 1173: 6134: 4422:

Ancient Pakistan - an Archaeological History: Volume III: Harappan Civilization - the Material Culture

3193:

playing a lead role in the establishment of this segment of the fair trade system in conjunction with

1454:

cotton. British and French traders invested heavily in cotton plantations. The Egyptian government of

1438:

government to cut exports, hoping to force Britain to recognize the Confederacy or enter the war. The

10877: 8161: 6935: 5461: 2233: 938: 891: 881: 870: 581: 361: 159: 6566:

Gutierrez, Andrew Paul; Ponti, Luigi; Herren, Hans R; Baumgärtner, Johann; Kenmore, Peter E (2015).

3263:

Cotton No. 2 futures contracts are traded on the ICE Futures US Softs (NYI) under the ticker symbol

3243: 10285: 8106: 7259: 7071:"Kasturi, the first national brand of Indian cotton can fetch at least a 5% price premium: Experts" 3377: 2595: 2525: 2091: 2075: 1972: 1821: 1439: 1107: 624: 372:

that lowered the cost of production that led to its widespread use, and it is the most widely used

8053:

Big Cotton: How a Humble Fiber Created Fortunes, Wrecked Civilizations, and Put America on the Map

7472: 2532: 2507:

Long staple (LS cotton) is cotton of a longer fibre length and therefore of higher quality, while

1409:

economy. In the United States, cultivating and harvesting cotton became the leading occupation of

1157: 655:

of "there being trees on which wool grows" in "Indica." This may be a reference to "tree cotton",

10543: 8727: 7151: 5466: 5378: 5291: 3441: 3434: 3194: 3166:

has campaigned against the prevalent use of forced child and adult labor in cotton production in

2109: 2064: 1349:

Production capacity in Britain and the United States was improved by the invention of the modern

508: 265: 31: 7599: 5548:

Owsley, Frank Lawrence (1929). "The Confederacy and King Cotton: A Study in Economic Coercion".

4769: 10780: 10084: 9423: 6930: 4731:"Clothing the Elite? Patterns of Textile Production and Consumption in Ancient Sudan and Nubia" 4220: 3221: 2148: 2031: 1992: 1856: 952: 932: 902:, introduced to Europe circa 1350, improved the speed of cotton spinning. By the 15th century, 7421: 6420: 5680: 5277: 5255: 5187: 5042: 4972: 4946: 4498: 4450: 4420: 4311: 2213:

Most cotton in the United States, Europe and Australia is harvested mechanically, either by a

10882: 10311: 8848: 8753: 8102: 7724: 6261:

ISAAA Brief 43-2011: Executive Summary Global Status of Commercialized Biotech/GM Crops: 2011

5824:

Mainguet, Monique; Létolle, René (1998). "Human-made Desertification in the Aral Sea Basin".

5474: 5372: 5338: 5304: 5241: 5115: 5093: 5071: 3237: 2520:

cotton. "Kasturi" cotton is a brand-building initiative for Indian long staple cotton by the

2097: 2085: 1778: 1281: 1273: 1237:, opening up a new market for British goods, while the capital amassed from Bengal after its 1230: 1087: 987: 847: 667: 503:

in the mid-12th century, and English a century later. Cotton fabric was known to the ancient

8123: 7311: 7254: 5641:

Bartels, Meghan; January 15, Space com Senior Writer |; ET, 2019 11:47am (15 January 2019).

3743:

80-degree angles to the fiber axis, reversing angle at points along the length of the fiber.

1728: 1086:

In the early 19th century, a Frenchman named M. Jumel proposed to the great ruler of Egypt,

10825: 10775: 10321: 10099: 10037: 8555: 8517: 8197: 8103:"Celebrating World Cotton Day: an opportunity to recognize the global importance of cotton" 7366: 7255:"Celebrating World Cotton Day: an opportunity to recognize the global importance of cotton" 6297: 6208: 6048: 5861: 5772: 4388: 4347: 4102: 4038: 2521: 2508: 2161: 2004: 1647: 1389: 1092: 778:(207 BC - 220 AD), cotton was grown by Chinese peoples in the southern Chinese province of 612: 428: 126: 88: 6451: 4155: 3803:. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. 2613:

An agreement on trade in cotton formed part of the ministerial declaration concluding the

2568:, is the leading cotton broker in Africa, with hundreds of purchasing agents. It operates 1765: 1560: 1536: 1060:

labour was used to feed them, they could produce as much work as 750 people did formerly.

8: 10690: 10316: 10255: 9830: 9148: 9108: 8530: 8413: 7099: 6826: 5604: 4074: 2027: 1941: 1851: 1486: 1370: 1234: 964: 894:. The knowledge of cotton weaving was spread to northern Italy in the 12th century, when 448: – Levant cotton, native to southern Africa and the Arabian Peninsula (less than 2%) 444: 345: 140: 9578: 8155: 7450: 6301: 6212: 6052: 5865: 5776: 5455: 4392: 4377:"Genetic diversity and population structure of Gossypium arboreum L. collected in China" 4351: 4106: 2261:

in 1944. Some garments were created from fabrics based on these fibers, such as women's

593: 10867: 10685: 10629: 10377: 10275: 9870: 9840: 9739: 9616: 9063: 8908: 7987: 7926: 7840: 7811: 7757: 7216: 6895: 6887: 6808: 6603: 6320: 6281: 6232: 6115: 6095: 6017: 5988:

Mendelsohn, Mike; Kough, John; Vaituzis, Zigfridais; Matthews, Keith (1 January 2003).

5918: 5877: 5788: 5557: 5432: 5427: 5403: 4902: 4762: 4670: 4653:"Cotton in ancient Sudan and Nubia: Archaeological sources and historical implications" 4471: 4131: 4090: 3901: 2565: 2516:

name are made with the finest cotton: American-grown ELS Pima cotton is trademarked as

2225: 1926: 1417: 1383: 1333: 1111: 1011: 657: 652: 598: 436: 416: 333:. Under natural conditions, the cotton bolls will increase the dispersal of the seeds. 133: 119: 8983: 8139: 7340:. UN Food and Agriculture Organization, Corporate Statistical Database (FAOSTAT). 2024 6165: 5601:

Human factors in cotton culture; a study in the social geography of the American South

1912:

in 2012, showed that Bt cotton has increased yields, profits, and living standards of

1748: 979:, providing state incentives to grow cash crops, in addition to rising market demand. 10471: 10456: 10326: 10270: 10137: 9764: 9721: 9413: 9243: 9078: 8863: 8525: 8494: 8315: 8056: 8042: 8028: 8010: 7995: 7973: 7959: 7918: 7845: 7761: 7747: 7704: 7669: 7641: 7429: 7130: 6995:"Ginners expected to produce 8-10 lakh bales of 'branded' Kasturi cotton this season" 6899: 6812: 6800: 6765: 6678: 6651: 6648:

King Cotton in Modern America: A Cultural, Political, and Economic History since 1945

6595: 6556: 6546: 6325: 6224: 6076: 6071: 6036: 6009: 5922: 5908: 5881: 5873: 5829: 5792: 5736: 5661: 5621: 5618:

King Cotton in Modern America: A Cultural, Political, and Economic History since 1945

5580: 5577:

King Cotton in Modern America: A Cultural, Political, and Economic History since 1945

5417: 5382: 5344: 5314: 5237: 5197: 5193: 5163: 5159: 5122: 5100: 5078: 5023: 4846: 4843:

The Science of Empire: Scientific Knowledge, Civilization, and Colonial Rule in India

4818: 4773: 4695: 4674: 4602: 4521: 4426: 4317: 4263: 4136: 4118: 3997: 3992: 3947: 2326:, popularly used in the manufacture of blue work shirts (from which we get the term " 2250: 1893: 1684: 1631: 1381:(due to the longer, stronger fibers of the two domesticated native American species, 1297: 1238: 1047: 520: 500: 495:

in chapter 2 in his book, describes a province he calls Khotan in Turkestan, today's

184: 58: 7930: 7793: 7620: 6478: 6119: 6037:"Monarch larvae sensitivity to Bacillus thuringiensis- purified proteins and pollen" 6021: 1854:(GM) cotton was developed to reduce the heavy reliance on pesticides. The bacterium 1678: 1670: 411:

There are four commercially grown species of cotton, all domesticated in antiquity:

10763: 10695: 10558: 10387: 10186: 10074: 10041: 9845: 9805: 9644: 9353: 8938: 8928: 8913: 8746: 7908: 7835: 7827: 7739: 7290: 6879: 6792: 6694: 6607: 6585: 6315: 6305: 6236: 6216: 6161: 6107: 6066: 6056: 6001: 5900: 5869: 5784: 5780: 5643:"Cotton Seed Sprouts on the Moon's Far Side in Historic First by China's Chang'e 4" 5521: 5409: 5273: 4942: 4742: 4660: 4513: 4396: 4355: 4126: 4110: 3952: 3271: 2588: 2384: 2167: 2112:. Maintaining good yield requires strategies to slow these adversaries' evolution. 1956: 1790: 1455: 1406: 1289: 1243: 1186: 1177: 1003: 755: 718: 488: 179: 93: 9158: 8808: 6796: 5936: 4882:(First MIT Press paperback ed.). Cambridge MA: The MIT Press. pp. 23–24. 4462:

Huckell, Lisa W. (1993). "Plant Remains from the Pinaleño Cotton Cache, Arizona".

702: 10857: 10700: 10568: 10538: 10513: 10488: 10461: 10362: 9815: 9729: 9654: 9603: 9533: 9333: 9328: 8717: 8540: 8502: 8295: 8190: 7606: 7511: 7479: 7211: 7187: 6956: 6748: 6509: 6458: 6374: 6361: 6267: 6186: 5687: 5490: 5287: 5257:

Finance and Society in 21st Century China: Chinese Culture Versus Western Markets

5153: 5052: 4982: 4956: 4812: 4186: 3977: 3764: 3713: 2427: 2368: 2023: 1833: 1798: 1794: 1782: 1477:

Espanya Industrial" cotton factory, in Sants, Barcelona in the late 19th century.

1473: 1459: 1305: 1042: 968: 866: 834: 818: 730: 421: 8448: 7743: 7284:"Día mundial de algodón: seminario de innovaciones tecnológicas y organizativas" 5904: 4517: 3840: 1090:, that he could earn a substantial income by growing an extra-long staple Maho ( 10768: 10548: 10503: 10493: 10408: 10382: 10306: 10157: 10152: 10142: 9626: 9520: 9448: 9348: 9248: 9193: 9183: 9168: 9083: 9018: 8868: 8588: 8393: 8248: 6041:

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

4997: 4665: 4652: 4288: 3111: 3043: 2497: 2419: 2400: 2105: 1979:; natural cotton products are known to be both sustainable and hypoallergenic. 1952: 1733: 1692: 1482: 1359: 1301: 1293: 1251: 1052: 899: 810: 706: 399: 204: 194: 189: 10164: 7795:

On the cotton fibre and on the manner in which it unites with colouring matter

6883: 6590: 6567: 6560: 5413: 4401: 4376: 2605:

development assistance provided within the cotton production industry and its

853: 10851: 10807: 10792: 10483: 10235: 10200: 10176: 10147: 9916: 9896: 9820: 9707: 9697: 9682: 9669: 9443: 9363: 9003: 8958: 8606: 8578: 8565: 8463: 8378: 8221: 6804: 6741: 6707: 6700: 6599: 5368: 4122: 3667:

Depending upon the origin, the chemical composition of cotton is as follows:

3080: 3065: 2691: 2447: 2443: 2423: 2392: 2258: 2214: 2156: 1618: 1614: 1309: 1222: 983: 960: 928: 876: 632: 628: 566: 373: 199: 174: 8598: 8169: 8039:

The cotton plant: its history, botany, chemistry, culture, enemies, and uses

6310: 6111: 5020:

Why Europe Grew Rich and Asia Did Not: Global Economic Divergence, 1600–1850

4746: 4512:. Sustainable Development and Biodiversity. Vol. 10. pp. 105–161. 10738: 10598: 10466: 10372: 10205: 9971: 9901: 9810: 9568: 9458: 9303: 9298: 9288: 9103: 8828: 8792: 8784: 8663: 8653: 8583: 8358: 8350: 8048: 7922: 7849: 7729: 6727: 6723:"Xinjiang: more than half a million forced to pick cotton, report suggests" 6670: 6329: 6228: 6096:"Effects of Bt corn pollen on honey bees: emphasis on protocol development" 6080: 6061: 6013: 5334: 4503: 4359: 4140: 3927: 3648:

Decomposes after prolonged exposure to temperatures of 150 °C or over.

3282:. They are delivered every year in March, May, July, October, and December. 3267:. They are delivered every year in March, May, July, October, and December. 2853: 2799: 2418:

The cottonseed which remains after the cotton is ginned is used to produce

2404: 2015: 1960: 1913: 1806: 1774: 1643: 1319: 1218: 1127: 1115: 1023: 814: 806:

century. This mechanical device was, in some areas, driven by water power.

726: 574: 504: 296: 83: 7831: 7577: 5756:

Chapagain, A. K.; Hoekstra, A. Y.; Savenije, H. H. G.; Gautam, R. (2006).

3735:, it is made up of a network of fine fibrils (small strands of cellulose). 2201: 2189: 1987: 1634:

designated cotton the official "State Fiber and Fabric of Texas" in 1997.

1630:. To acknowledge cotton's place in the history and heritage of Texas, the 1134:

workforce, and Egyptian exports reached 1.2 million bales a year by 1903.

1104:; and later dictated cotton should be grown in preference to other crops. 1074: 623:, and was the backbone of the development of coastal cultures such as the 541: 10668: 10109: 10021: 9911: 9906: 9835: 9789: 9634: 9153: 9143: 9123: 8973: 8943: 8933: 8573: 8438: 8423: 8363: 8320: 8253: 7337: 6762:

Land, Power, and Poverty: Agrarian Transformation and Political Conflict.

6005: 5138: 5111: 5089: 5067: 3982: 3958:

Diplomacy of the American Civil War § Cotton and the British economy

3942: 3922: 3756: 3233: 3103: 2925: 2606: 2476: 2439: 2408: 2388: 2327: 2133: 2120: 2026:

model of production. Under most definitions, organic products do not use

2011: 1964: 1877: 1861: 1601: 1402: 1374: 1362: 1354: 1207: 1161: 1148: 1119: 1097: 991: 775: 725:(13th century) refers to the major products of Persia, including cotton. 648: 570: 536: 388: 384: 303:, or protective case, around the seeds of the cotton plants of the genus 232: 209: 169: 98: 6891: 6220: 5561: 5525: 4624:"Ancient Egyptian cotton unveils secrets of domesticated crop evolution" 4475: 3731:

The primary wall is the original thin cell wall. Primary wall is mainly

1999: 943: 798:

grew and spun cotton in the first seven centuries of the Christian era.

553:, dated to 5500 BC and preserved in copper beads, has been found at the 10758: 10265: 10260: 10193: 10181: 10089: 9966: 9850: 9825: 9749: 9573: 9408: 9338: 9263: 9188: 9173: 9163: 9138: 9133: 8918: 8873: 8853: 8838: 8643: 8638: 8507: 8373: 8340: 8305: 8230: 7865:"Monsanto and Illumina Reach Key Milestone in Cotton Genome Sequencing" 7798:. Getty Research Institute. Glasgow : Bell & Bain. p. 11. 6502: 5364: 5228: 4543:"The Most Bonkers Scientific Theories (Almost) Nobody Believes Anymore" 4202: 3987: 3937: 3683: 3448: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 3371: 3174: 3167: 3126: 3122: 2997: 2979: 2907: 2727: 2569: 2542: 2501: 2480: 2335: 2303: 1968: 1921: 1882: 1865: 1814: 1802: 1786: 1627: 1463: 1366: 1350: 1313: 1285: 1277: 1229:

to restrict Indian imports. At the same time, the East India Company's

1038: 1014:

in world trade in the 18th century, consumed across the world from the

972: 971:

such as a new revenue system that was biased in favour of higher value

802: 722: 690: 578: 562: 492: 369: 353: 252: 247: 164: 8545: 8485: 8154: 4508:

Manickam, S.; Prakash, A. H. (2016). "Genetic Improvement of Cotton".

4283: 4114: 3720:

The cuticle is the outer most layer. It is a waxy layer that contains

1902:

International Service for the Acquisition of Agri-biotech Applications

1341: 754:

Nubian economy for its use in contact with the neighboring Egyptians.

424:, Mexico, the Caribbean and southern Florida (90% of world production) 10743: 10715: 10710: 10644: 10634: 10563: 10250: 9981: 9931: 9855: 9649: 9588: 9543: 9358: 9283: 9278: 9178: 9098: 9088: 9068: 9048: 8923: 8843: 8833: 8818: 8658: 8453: 8388: 6537:

Al-Khayri, Jameel M.; Jain, S. Mohan; Johnson, Dennis Victor (2019).

5310: 5262: 5133: 4986: 3732: 3671: 3383:

Autoignition temperature (for oily cotton): 120 °C (248 °F)

3228: 3198: 2817: 2745: 2493: 2465: 2412: 2372: 2347: 2271: 2266: 2218: 2080: 2019: 1889: 1888:

However, Bt cotton is ineffective against many cotton pests, such as

1873: 1846: 1398: 1034: 842: 698: 554: 550: 314: 310: 305: 78: 73: 10094: 10079: 8953: 7913: 7896: 7129:. Charleston, South Carolina: Wyrick & Company. pp. 82–83. 5989: 3912:

As of 2014, at least one assembled cotton genome had been reported.

3423: 1369:, and then exported on British ships to captive colonial markets in 829: 300: 10820: 10815: 10730: 10720: 10705: 10680: 10367: 10245: 10130: 10114: 10060: 10050: 10001: 9976: 9860: 9784: 9779: 9769: 9759: 9677: 9593: 9558: 9538: 9453: 9253: 9238: 9208: 9198: 9028: 8988: 8968: 8903: 8878: 8813: 8803: 8626: 8471: 8403: 8122: 8087: 7956:

King Cotton: A Cultural, Political, and Economic History since 1945

4179: 3897: 3178: 3092: 2961: 2943: 2781: 2435: 2431: 2360: 2331: 2302:

Cotton is used to make a number of textile products. These include

2229: 2070: 2044: 2036: 1959:

and that is certified to be grown without the use of any synthetic

1933: 1813:

was tapped for agricultural irrigation, largely of cotton, and now

1810: 1769: 1662: 1605: 1424: 1123: 1015: 714: 710: 558: 496: 368:. Although cultivated since antiquity, it was the invention of the 237: 10217: 9890: 8238: 6034: 4930:

The Facts on File Encyclopedia of Science, Technology, and Society

4867:(First MIT Press paperback ed.). Cambridge MA: The MIT Press. 4235: 4201:

which is dated around and shortly after year 1000. The biggest is

2422:, which, after refining, can be consumed by humans like any other 1716: 750: 10830: 10672: 10654: 10578: 10518: 10451: 10392: 10104: 10067: 10016: 9774: 9744: 9734: 9639: 9553: 9548: 9501: 9481: 9463: 9428: 9418: 9383: 9368: 9293: 9258: 9233: 9228: 9223: 9213: 9128: 9093: 9073: 9043: 9038: 9033: 9023: 8963: 8898: 8888: 8858: 8823: 8769: 8685: 8680: 8675: 8535: 8243: 7697: 7229: 6781: 3932: 3759:

is a term that refers to unripe cotton fibers that do not absorb

3725: 3687: 3362:

Favorable travel temperature range: below 25 °C (77 °F)

3213: 3186: 3107: 3039: 3015: 2580: 2573: 2489: 2356: 2351: 2323: 2262: 2151:

cotton, has improved the management of a number of pests such as

2040: 1976: 1869: 1740: 1721: 1705: 1202: 1198: 1007: 911: 907: 643:

The Greeks and the Arabs were not familiar with cotton until the

357: 227: 9986: 8310: 7992:

Hanging by a Thread: Cotton, Globalization and Poverty in Africa

4814:

Inventing the Cotton Gin: Machine and Myth in Antebellum America

3888:. Part of the difference in size is due to the amplification of 3232:

A display from a British cotton manufacturer of items used in a

440: – tree cotton, native to India and Pakistan (less than 2%) 10797: 10785: 10753: 10748: 10553: 10533: 10528: 10347: 10280: 10121: 9956: 9946: 9865: 9754: 9659: 9583: 9496: 9491: 9486: 9438: 9393: 9378: 9343: 9313: 9308: 9273: 9268: 9203: 9118: 9113: 9013: 9008: 8998: 8978: 8948: 8893: 8883: 8798: 8690: 8621: 8616: 8611: 8433: 8418: 8408: 8383: 8368: 8330: 7448: 6565: 5987: 5963:"World Water Day: the cost of cotton in water-challenged India" 5755: 4817:. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 1–6. 4764:

Textiles of Southeast Asia: tradition, trade and transformation

4260:

The Italian Cotton Industry in the Later Middle Ages, 1100-1600

3768: 3721: 3088: 3072: 2835: 2763: 2709: 2022:, although a very small number of farmers are moving toward an 1506: 1447: 1226: 1181: 1165: 1079: 1002:, available unbleached and in a variety of colours. The cotton 999: 995: 976: 903: 779: 686: 466: 326: 7666:

Chemical Technology in the Pre-Treatment Processes of Textiles

5221: 5219: 5217: 5215: 5213: 3904:

completed enough Illumina sequencing to cover the D genome of

2555: 2115: 2069:

Significant global pests of cotton include various species of

10649: 10639: 10603: 10523: 10498: 10352: 10290: 10055: 10011: 9996: 9991: 9961: 9951: 9882: 9702: 9563: 9528: 9508: 9433: 9403: 9398: 9388: 9318: 9218: 9058: 9053: 8993: 8695: 8648: 8631: 8550: 8335: 8325: 8300: 8278: 8268: 8213: 8138: 7897:"Genome sequence of the cultivated cotton Gossypium arboreum" 6568:"Deconstructing Indian cotton: weather, yields, and suicides" 5706:"Natural drought or human-made water scarcity in Uzbekistan?" 3712:

Cotton has a more complex structure among the other crops. A

3700: 3693: 3677: 3173:

The international production and trade situation has led to "

3118: 3099: 3084: 3076: 3061: 3057: 3053: 2871: 2673: 2655: 2638: 2376: 2364: 2339: 2319: 2315: 2307: 2254: 2245: 2244:

The era of manufactured fibers began with the development of

2206: 2194: 2193:

Offloading freshly harvested cotton into a module builder in

1897: 1757: 1604:" characterized the attitude of Southern leaders toward this 1451: 1194: 1190: 1101: 1027: 1019: 948: 795: 759: 746: 380: 337: 330: 242: 7022:"Cotton research centres to be set up at Adilabad, Warangal" 6708:"UK business 'must wake up' to China's Uighur cotton slaves" 6701:"Xinjiang cotton sparks concern over 'forced labour' claims" 6541:. Advances in Plant Breeding Strategies. Vol. 6. Cham: 4646: 4644: 4337: 3767:

that has poor dye affinity and appears as white specks on a

499:, where cotton was grown in abundance. The word entered the 379:

Current estimates for world production are about 25 million

10613: 10608: 10478: 10397: 10026: 10006: 9941: 9936: 9921: 9692: 9687: 9611: 9373: 9323: 8443: 8428: 8398: 8290: 8285: 8273: 8258: 7808: 7738:. Textile Science and Clothing Technology. pp. 79–97. 6355:

Genetically modified plants: Global Cultivation Area Cotton

5899:. Textile Science and Clothing Technology. pp. 81–99. 5894: 5210: 5005: 3182: 2889: 2579:

The 25,000 cotton growers in the United States are heavily

2396: 2343: 2311: 2283: 1937: 1909: 1761: 1709: 1431: 694: 607: 573:

Pakistan. Fragments of cotton textiles have been found at

365: 349: 8081: 7781:. National Association of Wool Manufacturers. p. 325. 7703:. CRC Press. pp. 24, 26, 30, 31, 56, 57, 58, 60, 63. 5226:

Broadberry, Stephen N.; Gupta, Bishnupriya (August 2005).

5136:(1867). Chapter 16: "Machinery and Large-Scale Industry." 3876:

sequence the D-genome wild relative of cultivated cotton (

545:

Mehrgarh shown in a physical map of the surrounding region

10508: 8738: 8182: 6394:. United States Department of Agriculture. Archived from 6094:

Rose, Robyn; Dively, Galen P.; Pettis, Jeff (July 2007).

4880:

Technology in World Civilization: A Thousand-Year History

4865:

Technology in World Civilization: A Thousand-Year History

4797:. Cambridge, England: Woodhead Publishing Ltd. p. 5. 4641: 3760: 2587:

To encourage trade and organize discussion about cotton,

2010:

The cotton industry relies heavily on chemicals, such as

1654:, the capsule and seeds sit inside the Chang'e 4 lander. 1509:

who do the dirty work on the boats for a few cents a day.

1345:

World map of cotton cultivation and export routes in 1907

1247: 1022:. The most important center of cotton production was the 322: 318: 6973: 3884:

would be sequenced. Its genome is roughly twice that of

2500:

at the Queen's Hospital (later the General Hospital) in

2197:; previously built modules can be seen in the background 1666:

Cotton field at Singalandapuram, Rasipuram, India (2017)

745:

Linnaeus) may have been domesticated 5000 BC in eastern

733:, spoke approvingly of the vast cotton farms of Persia. 584:, and cotton may have been an important export from it. 8076: 7994:(Ohio University Press and Nordic Africa Press, 2008). 6392:"USDA Announces Deregulation of GE Low-Gossypol Cotton" 5374:

Hobson-Jobson: The Definitive Glossary of British India

4464:

Kiva, the Journal of Southwest Anthropology and History

3909:

cultivated varieties of cotton, but much work remains.

3656: 3403:

1 skein or rap = 80 threads (120 yd or 110 m)

3121:

led in total production as of 2004, while the state of

2615:

World Trade Organization Ministerial Conference of 2005

2468:. In the UK, linters are referred to as "cotton wool". 1920:

Cotton has been genetically modified for resistance to

1586:

Adams & Bazemore Cotton Warehouse, Macon, Georgia,

887:

Cotton manufacture was introduced to Europe during the

10215: 10191: 10162: 10128: 10119: 10065: 9506: 8149:. Vol. 7 (11th ed.). 1911. pp. 256–281. 6343:

Facts & Figures/Natural Resource Management Issues

5453: 3409:

1 spindle = 18 hanks (15,120 yd or 13.83 km)

1393:), encouraged British traders to purchase cotton from 1246:, compared to local Indian producers who were heavily 364:, as well as fabric remnants dated back to 4200 BC in 7525:"Environmental Justice Foundation: Reports on Cotton" 7281: 7275: 6698: 5823: 4845:. Albany: State University of New York Press. p. 57. 4313:

After the Ice: A Global Human History, 20,000-5000 BC

4242:

Centre national de ressources textuelles et lexicales

3052:

In 2022, world production of cotton was 69.7 million

2265:

from nylon, but it was not until the introduction of

1824:

can come in red, green, and several shades of brown.

1805:, where cotton is a major export. In the days of the 7775:

Manufacturers, National Association of Wool (1893).

7578:

NYMEX Cotton Futures Contract Overview via Wikinvest

7514:. World Trade Organization. Retrieved 3 August 2012. 7393:"Cotton Production and Support in the United States" 7094: 7092: 6536: 6364:

GMO Compass, 29 March 2010. Retrieved 7 August 2010.

5044:

The Rise of Islam and the Bengal Frontier, 1204-1760

4651:

Yvanez, Elsa; Wozniak, Magdalena M. (30 June 2019).

4447:

Historical Geography of Crop Plants: A Select Roster

2598:(WTO) activities within two "complementary tracks": 2239: 2236:. Xinjiang produces over 20% of the world's cotton. 1268:

Textile manufacture during the Industrial Revolution

1153:

Textile manufacture during the Industrial Revolution

729:, a French traveler of the 17th century who visited 8025:

Cotton: origin, history, technology, and production

7360:"Three largest producing states of important crops" 7152:"Cotton growers must comply with state regulations" 5640: 5511: 3835:

may be too technical for most readers to understand

3365:

Optimum travel temperature: 21 °C (70 °F)

7046: 6845:"What is the difference between cotton and linen?" 6461:. Vineyardteam.org. Retrieved on 27 November 2011. 5454: 5227: 4761: 4193:. One of the most esteemed of the dictionaries is 3060:with 26% of the total. Other major producers were 2277: 2043:that is toxic to a number of pests especially the 1955:is generally understood as cotton from plants not 1026:province, particularly around its capital city of 549:The earliest evidence of the use of cotton in the 7733: 7659: 7657: 7491:United States – Subsidies on Upland Cotton, 7471:United States – Subsidies on Upland Cotton, 7089: 4759: 3394: 1756:Successful cultivation of cotton requires a long 1566:Slaves with the cotton they had picked. Georgia, 1542:Slaves picking cotton while being observed by an 1130:were introduced to the Egyptian cotton industry. 10849: 10438: 7958:(University Press of Mississippi, 2011) 440 pp. 7693: 7691: 7689: 7687: 7685: 7230:"World Cotton Day – Welcome to World Cotton Day" 6869: 6426:. National Archives and Records Administration. 6172: 6093: 5340:Economics and World History: Myths and Paradoxes 5279:The Islamic World: Past and Present 3-Volume Set 4607:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown ( 3633:Mildew and rot-producing bacteria damage fibers. 3255:in East Carroll Parish in northeastern Louisiana 1217:Indian cotton textiles, particularly those from 7625:(2nd ed.). New York; Toronto: McGraw-Hill. 7554:"Historical Cotton Intraday Futures Data (CTA)" 7247: 6290:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 5225: 4768:(revised ed.). Tuttle Publishing. p. 4507: 1070:History of Egypt under the Muhammad Ali dynasty 1041:, which was invented in India during the early 610:, cultivation of the indigenous cotton species 7654: 7589:Handbook of Fiber Chemistry Third Edition p594 7548: 7546: 7390: 6950:"5.2-Market segments-Extra long staple cotton" 6751:. Teonline.com. Retrieved on 27 November 2011. 6512:. Ams.usda.gov. Retrieved on 27 November 2011. 6345:, Biotechnology, 2010. cottonaustralia.com.au. 6198: 6151: 4316:, Harvard University Press, pp. 411–412, 4246:French National Centre for Scientific Research 4087: 3896:draft of the D genome. In 2010, the companies 3514:typical length is 2.2 cm to 3.3 cm ( 3141:This has led to an international dispute (see 2127: 1365:, processed into cotton cloth in the mills of 898:, and consequently to the rest of Europe. The 10424: 8754: 8198: 8174: 8007:Cotton: The Fabric that Made the Modern World 7774: 7682: 7048:"Indian cotton gets 'Kasturi' branding, logo" 6282:"Economic impacts and impact dynamics of Bt ( 5851: 5117:Economic History of Medieval India, 1200-1500 5095:Economic History of Medieval India, 1200-1500 5073:Economic History of Medieval India, 1200-1500 5017: 5011: 4792: 4786: 4724: 4722: 4720: 4718: 4650: 4061: 4059: 3406:1 hank = 7 skeins (840 yd or 770 m) 3170:, the world's third largest cotton exporter. 2249:chemicals industry in the following decades. 1724:in the 1930s. No cotton is grown there today. 1434:, and because of a strategic decision by the 717:, there are references to cotton ("panbe" in 387:annually, accounting for 2.5% of the world's 273: 7968:Ensminger, Audrey H. and Konlande, James E. 7893: 7449:Voora, V.; Larrea, C.; Bermudez, S. (2020). 7181:"Executive Brief Update 2013: Cotton sector" 5730: 5302: 4892: 4589:. Archived from the original on 30 June 2009 4374: 2576:also purchases cotton in Africa for export. 2528:issued a press release announcing the same. 2171:. A significant cotton disease is caused by 2159:. Sucking pests include the cotton stainer, 2104:Cotton yield is threatened by the evolution 1608:in that Europe would support an independent 1481:During this time, cotton cultivation in the 662:which is native to the Indian subcontinent. 482: 476: 470: 8041:(U.S. Office of Experiment Stations, 1896) 7638:A Text Book of Fibre Science and Technology 7543: 7419: 7222: 7124: 6532: 6530: 6279: 6132: 5666:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( 5363: 5343:. University of Chicago Press. p. 89. 5181: 5179: 4923: 3492:length varies from 1 cm to 6 cm ( 3490:Fairly uniform in width, 12–20 micrometers; 3368:Glow temperature: 205 °C (401 °F) 1420:, American cotton exports slumped due to a 1337:, 1869 depicting late 18th-century America. 689:), the history of cotton dates back to the 10431: 10417: 8761: 8747: 8205: 8191: 7785: 6699:Ana Nicolaci da Costa (13 November 2019). 6348: 6180:GM crops good for environment, study finds 5488:Lowe, J (1854). "A Manchester warehouse". 5185: 5151: 4974:An Atlas and Survey of South Asian History 4715: 4687: 4368: 4303: 4056: 1781:cotton-growing region in the world. While 1377:, and China (via Shanghai and Hong Kong). 280: 266: 7912: 7862: 7839: 7125:Porcher, Richard D.; Fick, Sarah (2005). 6934: 6589: 6319: 6309: 6070: 6060: 5731:Pearce, Fred (2004). "9 "A Salty Hell"". 5431: 5022:, Cambridge University Press, p. 2, 4806: 4804: 4664: 4400: 4172: 4130: 4071:2009 International Year of Natural Fibres 3863:Learn how and when to remove this message 3847:, without removing the technical details. 3464:Learn how and when to remove this message 2224:Cotton continues to be picked by hand in 2095:. Defoliators include the fall armyworm, 986:industry in the Mughal Empire was cotton 616:has been dated, from a find in Ancon, to 507:as an import, but cotton was rare in the 487:). This was the usual word for cotton in 7736:Cotton Science and Processing Technology 7663: 7330: 6925:McGowan, Joseph Clarence (1960). "XII". 6720: 6527: 6256: 6254: 6252: 6250: 6248: 6246: 5703: 5267: 5236:. CEPR Press Discussion Paper No. 5183. 5176: 4936: 4510:Gene Pool Diversity and Crop Improvement 4257: 3799:Relevant discussion may be found on the 3655: 3356: 3242: 3227: 3212: 3203:Développement des Agro-Industries du Sud 2554: 2541: 2470: 2293: 2200: 2188: 2114: 1998: 1986: 1752:Round cotton modules in Australia (2014) 1747: 1739: 1727: 1715: 1699: 1691: 1677: 1669: 1661: 1472: 1468:occupation by the British Empire in 1882 1442:prompted the main purchasers of cotton, 1340: 1326: 1261: 1156: 1073: 942: 889:Muslim conquest of the Iberian Peninsula 875: 828: 809:The earliest clear illustrations of the 540: 393: 7409:from the original on 27 September 2013. 7149: 6924: 5333: 5327: 5002:Monitoring the World Economy, 1820-1992 4965: 4461: 3968:International Cotton Advisory Committee 2058: 1991:Hoeing a cotton field to remove weeds, 1840: 833:Cotton plants as imagined and drawn by 592:Cotton bolls discovered in a cave near 317:, and can contain minor percentages of 14: 10850: 8004: 7635: 7618: 7523:The Environmental Justice Foundation, 6373:Bourzac, Katherine (21 November 2006) 5547: 5296: 4886: 4835: 4801: 4728: 4309: 4228: 2550: 1523:Cotton production in the United States 1176:(EIC) introduced the British to cheap 917: 10412: 8742: 8186: 8173: 8023:Smith, C. Wayne and Joe Tom Cothren. 7701:Cotton Fiber Chemistry and Technology 7640:. New Age International. p. 78. 7461:from the original on 27 January 2021. 7203:Zachary, G. Pascal (14 January 2007) 7162:from the original on 12 December 2015 7019: 6645: 6243: 6141:from the original on 12 October 2012. 5847: 5845: 5819: 5817: 5720:from the original on 27 October 2012. 5615: 5574: 5507: 5505: 5443:from the original on 20 January 2024. 5401: 5035: 4917: 4877: 4862: 4540: 4418: 3845:make it understandable to non-experts 2253:in fiber form was developed in 1924. 2039:gene that codes for a plant-produced 1947: 1929:product and 14% herbicide resistant. 1466:in 1876, a key factor behind Egypt's 1142: 8723: 8047: 7791: 7300:from the original on 9 October 2022. 6927:History of extra-long staple cottons 6851:from the original on 17 October 2016 6721:Davidson, Helen (15 December 2020). 6189:The Guardian, Retrieved 16 June 2012 5550:The North Carolina Historical Review 5487: 5475:participating institution membership 5248: 4168:from the original on 9 October 2022. 3819: 3779: 3446:adding citations to reliable sources 3417: 3400:1 thread = 55 in or 140 cm 2483:for applying and removing cosmetics. 1646:spacecraft took cotton seeds to the 108: 27:Plant fiber from the genus Gossypium 7949:Empire of Cotton: A Global History. 7455:State of Sustainability Initiatives 6929:(M.A.). The University of Arizona. 6913:Chapter 5. Extra long staple cotton 6582:Springer Science and Business Media 6515: 6433:from the original on 9 October 2022 5306:The Process of Economic Development 5234:Centre for Economic Policy Research 4856: 3413: 3380:: 360–425 °C (680–797 °F) 3247:A bale of cotton on display at the 3143:Brazil–United States cotton dispute 3117:In the United States, the state of 990:, which included the production of 896:Sicily was conquered by the Normans 857:, which translates as "tree wool" ( 471: 352:or thread and used to make a soft, 24: 8082:National Cotton Council of America 7941: 7059:from the original on 30 July 2023. 7020:Today, Telangana (6 August 2021). 6178:Carrington, Damien (13 June 2012) 5842: 5814: 5735:. Island Press. pp. 109–122. 5603:(U of North Carolina Press, 1929) 5502: 4735:Fasciculi Archaeologiae Historicae 4560: 4258:Mazzaoui, Maureen Fennell (1981). 3631:Prolonged exposure weakens fibers. 2438:remaining in the meal is toxic to 1982: 1827: 1744:Cotton modules in Australia (2007) 1696:A cotton field, late in the season 736: 25: 10894: 8070: 7428:. ANR Publications. p. 366. 7150:Glasgow, Tom (27 November 2015). 6833:from the original on 13 May 2021. 5018:Parthasarathi, Prasannan (2011), 4831:from the original on 29 May 2016. 4583:Encyclopaedia Islamica Foundation 4340:Journal of Archaeological Science 4153: 2430:that is left generally is fed to 2240:Competition from synthetic fibers 1405:" had become the backbone of the 420: – upland cotton, native to 8722: 8713: 8712: 8077:International Cotton Association 7970:Foods and Nutrition Encyclopedia 7887: 7856: 7802: 7768: 7717: 7629: 7612: 7592: 7583: 7571: 7538:Market: Fair Trade Cotton Market 7530: 7517: 7498: 7485: 7465: 7442: 7413: 7384: 7352: 7317: 7304: 7205:"Out of Africa: Cotton and Cash" 7197: 7174: 7143: 7118: 7063: 7039: 7013: 6987: 6966: 6943: 6918: 5874:10.1046/j.0266-6979.2001.00319.x 4613:, Retrieved on 28 February 2009. 3973:International Cotton Association 3824: 3784: 3422: 3278:(NYMEX) under the ticker symbol 3164:Environmental Justice Foundation 3008: 2990: 2972: 2954: 2936: 2918: 2900: 2882: 2864: 2846: 2828: 2810: 2792: 2774: 2756: 2738: 2720: 2702: 2684: 2666: 2648: 1579: 1559: 1535: 1527:Black Belt in the American South 1516: 1395:plantations in the United States 790: 525: 49: 7323:Tsang, J., "A Modest Triumph", 6906: 6863: 6837: 6819: 6775: 6754: 6735: 6714: 6688: 6664: 6639: 6614: 6496: 6464: 6445: 6413: 6384: 6367: 6336: 6273: 6192: 6145: 6126: 6087: 6028: 5981: 5955: 5929: 5888: 5749: 5724: 5697: 5674: 5634: 5609: 5593: 5568: 5541: 5532: 5481: 5447: 5395: 5357: 5145: 5127: 5105: 5083: 5061: 4991: 4895:"Technology in the Middle Ages" 4871: 4753: 4691:Ancient civilizations of Africa 4681: 4616: 4576: 4534: 4491: 4482: 4455: 4439: 4412: 4331: 3963:Environmental impact of fashion 3433:needs additional citations for 3191:Association Max Havelaar France 2591:is celebrated every October 7. 2537:Boll Weevil Eradication Program 2278:Competition from natural fibers 2205:Cotton being picked by hand in 2145:Boll Weevil Eradication Program 922: 8130:New International Encyclopedia 8009:. Cambridge University Press. 7668:. Elsevier. pp. 3, 4, 5. 7619:Potter, Maurice David (1954). 7451:"Global Market Report: Cotton" 7260:World Trade Organization (WTO) 7127:The story of Sea Island cotton 6650:. Univ. Press of Mississippi. 6543:Springer Nature Switzerland AG 6280:Kathage, J.; Qaim, M. (2012). 6270:. Retrieved 24 September 2012. 6154:Agricultural Sciences in China 5828:. Springer. pp. 129–145. 5785:10.1016/j.ecolecon.2005.11.027 5620:. Univ. Press of Mississippi. 5579:. Univ. Press of Mississippi. 5057:University of California Press 5041:Richard Maxwell Eaton (1996), 4795:The International Cotton Trade 4276: 4262:. Cambridge University Press. 4251: 4156:"Cotton Varieties and Hybrids" 4147: 4081: 4031: 4011: 3751: 3395:British standard yarn measures 2399:, explosives manufacture (see 1657: 785: 13: 1: 7972:, (2nd ed. CRC Press, 1993). 6797:10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.122154 6785:Journal of Cleaner Production 6573:Environmental Sciences Europe 6166:10.1016/S1671-2927(09)60012-2 5710:Central Asia and the Caucasus 4711:– via Books.google.com. 4688:G. Mokhtar (1 January 1981). 4541:Simon, Matt (8 August 2013). 4244:(CNRTL) is a division of the 4004: 3707: 3660:Cotton fibers viewed under a 3627:resistant; no harmful effects 3249:Louisiana State Cotton Museum 3132: 2620: 2184: 1610:Confederate States of America 1587: 1567: 1547: 617: 530: 10439:Clothing materials and parts 6827:"Why choose cotton bedding?" 6760:Brockett, Charles D. (1998) 6524:. Organic Trade Association. 6133:Lang, Susan (25 July 2006). 4810: 4195:Ismail ibn Hammad al-Jawhari 3662:scanning electron microscope 3276:New York Mercantile Exchange 3197:and the French organisation 2141:US Department of Agriculture 1401:. By the mid-19th century, " 456: 398:Cotton ready for harvest in 7: 10216: 10192: 10163: 10129: 10120: 10066: 9507: 7812:"Toward Sequencing Cotton ( 7744:10.1007/978-981-15-9169-3_5 7495:. Retrieved 2 October 2006. 7482:. Retrieved 2 October 2006. 6872:Journal of American Studies 5905:10.1007/978-981-10-8782-0_4 5408:. Brill. pp. 115–137. 5405:How India Clothed the World 4518:10.1007/978-3-319-27096-8_4 3915: 3374:: 210 °C (410 °F) 2559:Worldwide cotton production 2475:Cotton is made into balls, 2165:and the tarnish plant bug, 2128:North American insect pests 1732:Cotton ready for shipment, 1637: 645:Wars of Alexander the Great 587: 483: 477: 313:. The fiber is almost pure 10: 10899: 8768: 8212: 8162:Collier's New Encyclopedia 7527:retrieved 22 February 2010 7310:World Trade Organization, 6646:Brown, D. Clayton (2011). 6626:calstatela.instructure.com 5616:Brown, D. Clayton (2011). 5575:Brown, D. Clayton (2011). 4961:Cambridge University Press 4760:Maxwell, Robyn J. (2003). 4666:10.4000/ethnoecologie.4429 4381:Journal of Cotton Research 4284:"The definition of cotton" 3635:Silverfish damage fibers. 3219: 3208: 3138:with developed countries. 3075:of cotton in 2019 are (1) 2594:Cotton is included within 2415:were once made of cotton. 2306:for highly absorbent bath 2106:of new biotypes of insects 2062: 1844: 1764:usually need to be fairly 1520: 1265: 1225:policies such as bans and 1174:English East India Company 1146: 1137: 1067: 936: 926: 534: 518: 514: 29: 10806: 10729: 10667: 10622: 10586: 10577: 10444: 10340: 10299: 10228: 10035: 9881: 9798: 9720: 9668: 9625: 9602: 9519: 9472: 8783: 8776: 8708: 8597: 8564: 8516: 8493: 8484: 8462: 8349: 8229: 8220: 8180: 8175:Links to related articles 6884:10.1017/S0021875801006612 6747:17 September 2008 at the 6591:10.1186/s12302-015-0043-8 6539:Industrial and Food Crops 5514:Transactions of the ASABE 5462:Oxford English Dictionary 5414:10.1163/9789047429975_006 4573:, Sixth Edition. 2001–07. 4571:The Columbia Encyclopedia 4402:10.1186/s42397-018-0011-0 4039:"The Evolution of Cotton" 3793:This section needs to be 3775: 3478: 3036: 2633: 2630: 2626:Cotton production – 2022 939:Economic history of India 882:Vegetable Lamb of Tartary 871:Vegetable Lamb of Tartary 824: 638: 582:Indus Valley civilization 376:cloth in clothing today. 362:Indus Valley civilization 160:Cotton-spinning machinery 10383:Swatches and strike-offs 10286:Vitale Barberis Canonico 8107:World Trade Organization 8005:Riello, Giorgio (2013). 7983:USDA – Cotton Trade 7725:Cotton Fiber Composition 7664:Karmakar, S. R. (1999). 7510:2 September 2012 at the 7505:The Cotton Sub-Committee 7493:World Trade Organization 7473:World Trade Organization 7426:Cotton production manual 7186:24 February 2014 at the 7104:Press Information Bureau 6710:. BBC. 16 December 2020. 6695:China's 'tainted' cotton 6266:10 February 2012 at the 5686:27 February 2015 at the 5538:(Fisher 1932 pp 154–156) 5286:20 December 2017 at the 4981:20 December 2017 at the 4971:Karl J. Schmidt (2015), 4955:20 December 2017 at the 4811:Lakwete, Angela (2003). 4067:"Natural fibres: Cotton" 3696:, fatty substances 0.40% 3378:Autoignition temperature 3287:Contract specifications 3217:Cotton prices 2009–2022 2596:World Trade Organization 2509:Extra-long staple cotton 2092:Oxycarenus hyalinipennis 2079:. Sucking pests include 2076:Pectinophora gossypiella 2055:may become problematic. 2035:cotton which contains a 1973:National Organic Program 1822:Naturally colored cotton 1768:, although the level of 1613:1865. Across the South, 1440:Lancashire Cotton Famine 1108:Egypt under Muhammad Ali 1063: 1010:were the most important 769: 406: 344:The fiber is most often 10863:Biodegradable materials 8146:Encyclopædia Britannica 7400:CRS Report for Congress 7391:Womach, Jasper (2004). 7325:Hong Kong Industrialist 7314:, accessed 11 June 2024 6955:21 January 2015 at the 6764:Westview Press. p. 46. 6311:10.1073/pnas.1203647109 5681:"Planting Cotton Seeds" 5467:Oxford University Press 5433:10.1163/j.ctv2gjwskd.12 5379:Oxford University Press 5292:Oxford University Press 4878:Pacey, Arnold (1991) . 4863:Pacey, Arnold (1991) . 4747:10.23858/FAH31.2018.006 4425:. Amazon. p. 249. 4419:Ahmed, Mukhtar (2014). 4310:Mithen, Steven (2006), 3629:high resistance to most 3584:mercerized: conditioned 3195:Fairtrade International 2289: 2089:; the cotton seed bug, 2065:List of cotton diseases 1489:described the process: 680: 577:and other sites of the 32:Cotton (disambiguation) 9424:Vinyl coated polyester 8037:True, Alfred Charles. 7951:New York: Knopf, 2014. 7636:Mishra, S. P. (2000). 6284:Bacillus thuringiensis 6185:5 October 2013 at the 6137:. Cornell University. 6062:10.1073/pnas.211297698 5254:Junie T. Tong (2016), 4841:Baber, Zaheer (1996). 4793:Roche, Julian (1994). 4360:10.1006/jasc.2001.0779 4221:Arabic-English Lexicon 4214:Arabic-English Lexicon 3664: 3601:Dimensional stability 3256: 3240: 3225: 3222:2020s commodities boom 3156: 2560: 2547: 2484: 2299: 2232:, China, allegedly by 2210: 2198: 2124: 2047:. For most producers, 2007: 1996: 1993:Greene County, Georgia 1961:agricultural chemicals 1857:Bacillus thuringiensis 1753: 1745: 1737: 1736:(postcard, circa 1911) 1725: 1713: 1697: 1689: 1675: 1667: 1478: 1346: 1338: 1316:acquired the nickname 1169: 1083: 1082:picking cotton by hand 956: 933:Muslin trade in Bengal 884: 838: 678: 647:, as his contemporary 546: 509:Romance-speaking lands 461:The word "cotton" has 403: 10300:Manufacturingindustry 7990:and L.C. Gray (eds). 7832:10.1104/pp.107.107672 7792:Crum, Walter (1863). 6974:"Supima Cotton - FAQ" 6379:MIT Technology Review 6112:10.1051/apido:2007022 5733:Keepers of the Spring 5704:Wegerich, K. (2002). 5303:James Cypher (2014). 4899:History of Technology 4729:Yvanez, Elsa (2018). 4657:Revue d'ethnoécologie 4185:15 April 2017 at the 3659: 3625:Damage, weaken fibers 3357:Critical temperatures 3246: 3238:Industrial Revolution 3231: 3216: 3147: 2558: 2545: 2474: 2297: 2204: 2192: 2143:'s highly successful 2118: 2098:Spodoptera frugiperda 2086:Scirtothrips dorsalis 2002: 1990: 1944:low-gossypol cotton. 1862:moths and butterflies 1789:water drawn from the 1751: 1743: 1731: 1719: 1703: 1695: 1681: 1673: 1665: 1476: 1344: 1330: 1274:Industrial Revolution 1262:Industrial Revolution 1160: 1077: 988:textile manufacturing 963:, which ruled in the 946: 937:Further information: 879: 832: 673: 668:Columbia Encyclopedia 561:, at the foot of the 544: 535:Further information: 397: 309:in the mallow family 10256:Holland & Sherry 7605:4 March 2009 at the 7478:3 April 2013 at the 7420:Siebert, JB (1996). 7210:25 June 2017 at the 7156:New Bern Sun Journal 6522:Organic Cotton Facts 6508:6 April 2012 at the 6457:23 June 2009 at the 6360:29 July 2010 at the 6006:10.1038/nbt0903-1003 5994:Nature Biotechnology 5990:"Are Bt crops safe?" 5765:Ecological Economics 5196:. pp. 193–196. 5051:27 June 2014 at the 4924:Volti, Rudi (1999). 4449:, Routledge (2017), 4240:in French language. 4218:(year 1863). Lane's 4216:, volume 1, page xxx 4077:on 3 September 2011. 4024:Gossypium barbadense 3442:improve this article 2387:, cotton is used in 2226:developing countries 2162:Dysdercus suturellus 2083:, the chili thrips, 2059:Global pest problems 2005:cotton harlequin bug 1957:genetically modified 1852:Genetically modified 1841:Genetic modification 1390:Gossypium barbadense 1093:Gossypium barbadense 1078:A group of Egyptian 613:Gossypium barbadense 429:Gossypium barbadense 127:Gossypium barbadense 30:For other uses, see 10358:History of textiles 7954:Brown, D. Clayton. 6472:"VineYardTeam Econ" 6302:2012PNAS..10911652K 6221:10.1038/nature11153 6213:2012Natur.487..362L 6053:2001PNAS...9811925H 6047:(21): 11925–11930. 5866:2001GeolT..17..218W 5777:2006EcoEc..60..186C 5526:10.13031/2013.25234 5465:(Online ed.). 5186:Jean Batou (1991). 5152:Jean Batou (1991). 4445:Jonathan D. Sauer, 4393:2018JCotR...1...11J 4352:2002JArSc..29.1393M 4237:CNRTL.fr Etymologie 4107:2015NatSR...514139L 3978:Java cotton (kapok) 3578:Moisture absorption 3547:Tenacity (strength) 3288: 2627: 2551:International trade 2383:In addition to the 1235:deindustrialization 1233:contributed to its 975:such as cotton and 965:Indian subcontinent 918:Early modern period 845:had written in his 837:in the 14th century 743:Gossypium herbaceum 465:, derived from the 445:Gossypium herbaceum 141:Gossypium herbaceum 10873:Domesticated crops 10630:Artificial leather 10445:Garment structures 10211:Woodblock printing 9740:Conductive textile 8909:Cedar bark textile 8088:"World Cotton Day" 7875:on 1 February 2016 7217:The New York Times 7158:. North Carolina. 7075:The Economic Times 7055:. 9 October 2020. 6999:The Indian Express 6401:on 22 October 2018 6286:) cotton in India" 5937:"World Water Week" 5692:cottonspinning.com 4893:Backer, Patricia. 4628:www2.warwick.ac.uk 4095:Scientific Reports 4020:Gossypium hirsutum 3665: 3286: 3274:are traded on the 3257: 3241: 3226: 2625: 2566:Memphis, Tennessee 2561: 2548: 2485: 2300: 2211: 2199: 2125: 2008: 1997: 1948:Organic production 1754: 1746: 1738: 1726: 1720:Picking cotton in 1714: 1698: 1690: 1682:Cotton plant with 1676: 1668: 1479: 1418:American Civil War 1384:Gossypium hirsutum 1347: 1339: 1272:The advent of the 1170: 1143:East India Company 1084: 1012:manufactured goods 957: 885: 839: 709:poems, especially 658:Gossypium arboreum 653:Seleucus I Nicator 599:Gossypium hirsutum 547: 437:Gossypium arboreum 417:Gossypium hirsutum 404: 295:is a soft, fluffy 134:Gossypium arboreum 120:Gossypium hirsutum 10845: 10844: 10839: 10838: 10663: 10662: 10472:Detachable collar 10406: 10405: 9765:Lenticular fabric 9716: 9715: 9414:Vegetable flannel 8736: 8735: 8704: 8703: 8480: 8479: 8062:978-0-670-03367-6 8033:978-0-471-18045-6 8027:(1999) 850 pages 8016:978-1-107-00022-3 8000:978-0-89680-260-5 7964:978-1-60473-798-1 7753:978-981-15-9168-6 7710:978-1-4200-4588-8 7675:978-0-08-053947-8 7647:978-81-224-1250-5 7435:978-1-879906-09-9 7327:, 2006/Jan, p. 43 7077:. 11 October 2020 6915:. cottonguide.org 6829:. 10 March 2021. 6683:978-1-84596-194-7 6657:978-1-62846-932-5 6552:978-3-030-23265-8 6207:(7407): 362–365. 5914:978-981-10-8781-3 5835:978-0-7923-4227-4 5826:The Arid Frontier 5742:978-1-55963-681-0 5627:978-1-62846-932-5 5599:Rupert B. Vance, 5586:978-1-62846-932-5 5473:(Subscription or 5423:978-90-474-2997-5 5388:978-1-317-25293-1 5350:978-0-226-03463-8 5320:978-1-136-16828-4 5203:978-2-600-04293-2 5169:978-2-600-04293-2 5123:Pearson Education 5101:Pearson Education 5079:Pearson Education 5029:978-1-139-49889-0 4948:The Mughal Empire 4851:978-0-7914-2919-8 4824:978-0-8018-7394-2 4779:978-0-7946-0104-1 4701:978-0-435-94805-4 4527:978-3-319-27094-4 4432:978-1-4959-6643-9 4346:(12): 1393–1401. 4323:978-0-674-01999-7 4269:978-0-521-23095-7 4115:10.1038/srep14139 3998:Sea island cotton 3993:Mercerized cotton 3948:The Cotton Museum 3873: 3872: 3865: 3818: 3817: 3763:. Dead cotton is 3654: 3653: 3640:Thermal reactions 3474: 3473: 3466: 3354: 3353: 3272:futures contracts 3071:The five leading 3050: 3049: 3046: 2642: 2522:Indian government 2174:Xanthomonas citri 2003:Female and nymph 1685:Ipomoea quamoclit 1652:Von Kármán Crater 1632:Texas Legislature 1407:southern American 1298:Richard Arkwright 1088:Mohamed Ali Pasha 665:According to the 521:History of cotton 501:Romance languages 290: 289: 185:Mercerised cotton 16:(Redirected from 10890: 10878:Vegetable fibers 10584: 10583: 10433: 10426: 10419: 10410: 10409: 10388:Synthetic fabric 10221: 10197: 10187:Textile printing 10168: 10134: 10125: 10071: 9645:Machine knitting 9579:Velours du Kasaï 9512: 8781: 8780: 8763: 8756: 8749: 8740: 8739: 8726: 8725: 8716: 8715: 8491: 8490: 8227: 8226: 8207: 8200: 8193: 8184: 8183: 8171: 8170: 8166: 8158: 8150: 8142: 8134: 8126: 8118: 8116: 8114: 8109:. 7 October 2021 8098: 8096: 8094: 8066: 8049:Yafa, Stephen H. 8020: 7935: 7934: 7916: 7891: 7885: 7884: 7882: 7880: 7871:. Archived from 7869:www.monsanto.com 7860: 7854: 7853: 7843: 7826:(4): 1303–1310. 7820:Plant Physiology 7806: 7800: 7799: 7789: 7783: 7782: 7772: 7766: 7765: 7721: 7715: 7714: 7695: 7680: 7679: 7661: 7652: 7651: 7633: 7627: 7626: 7616: 7610: 7596: 7590: 7587: 7581: 7575: 7569: 7568: 7566: 7564: 7550: 7541: 7534: 7528: 7521: 7515: 7502: 7496: 7489: 7483: 7469: 7463: 7462: 7446: 7440: 7439: 7417: 7411: 7410: 7408: 7397: 7388: 7382: 7381: 7379: 7377: 7371: 7365:. Archived from 7364: 7356: 7350: 7349: 7347: 7345: 7334: 7328: 7321: 7315: 7308: 7302: 7301: 7299: 7291:SENASA Argentina 7288: 7279: 7273: 7272: 7270: 7268: 7263:. 7 October 2021 7251: 7245: 7244: 7242: 7240: 7234:World Cotton Day 7226: 7220: 7201: 7195: 7178: 7172: 7171: 7169: 7167: 7147: 7141: 7140: 7122: 7116: 7115: 7113: 7111: 7106:. 7 October 2020 7096: 7087: 7086: 7084: 7082: 7067: 7061: 7060: 7050: 7043: 7037: 7036: 7034: 7032: 7017: 7011: 7010: 7008: 7006: 7001:. 7 October 2020 6991: 6985: 6984: 6982: 6980: 6970: 6964: 6947: 6941: 6940: 6938: 6936:10.1.1.1003.1154 6922: 6916: 6910: 6904: 6903: 6867: 6861: 6860: 6858: 6856: 6841: 6835: 6834: 6823: 6817: 6816: 6779: 6773: 6758: 6752: 6739: 6733: 6732: 6718: 6712: 6711: 6704: 6692: 6686: 6668: 6662: 6661: 6643: 6637: 6636: 6634: 6632: 6618: 6612: 6611: 6593: 6564: 6534: 6525: 6519: 6513: 6500: 6494: 6493: 6491: 6489: 6483: 6477:. Archived from 6476: 6468: 6462: 6452:CCVT Sustainable 6449: 6443: 6442: 6440: 6438: 6432: 6425: 6417: 6411: 6410: 6408: 6406: 6400: 6388: 6382: 6371: 6365: 6352: 6346: 6340: 6334: 6333: 6323: 6313: 6277: 6271: 6258: 6241: 6240: 6196: 6190: 6176: 6170: 6169: 6149: 6143: 6142: 6130: 6124: 6123: 6091: 6085: 6084: 6074: 6064: 6032: 6026: 6025: 5985: 5979: 5978: 5976: 5974: 5959: 5953: 5952: 5950: 5948: 5933: 5927: 5926: 5892: 5886: 5885: 5849: 5840: 5839: 5821: 5812: 5811: 5809: 5807: 5801: 5795:. Archived from 5762: 5753: 5747: 5746: 5728: 5722: 5721: 5701: 5695: 5678: 5672: 5671: 5665: 5657: 5655: 5653: 5638: 5632: 5631: 5613: 5607: 5597: 5591: 5590: 5572: 5566: 5565: 5545: 5539: 5536: 5530: 5529: 5520:(4): 1187–1198. 5509: 5500: 5499: 5485: 5479: 5478: 5470: 5458: 5451: 5445: 5444: 5442: 5435: 5399: 5393: 5392: 5361: 5355: 5354: 5331: 5325: 5324: 5300: 5294: 5274:John L. Esposito 5271: 5265: 5252: 5246: 5245: 5231: 5223: 5208: 5207: 5183: 5174: 5173: 5149: 5143: 5131: 5125: 5109: 5103: 5087: 5081: 5065: 5059: 5039: 5033: 5032: 5015: 5009: 4995: 4989: 4969: 4963: 4943:John F. Richards 4940: 4934: 4933: 4921: 4915: 4914: 4912: 4910: 4901:. Archived from 4890: 4884: 4883: 4875: 4869: 4868: 4860: 4854: 4839: 4833: 4832: 4808: 4799: 4798: 4790: 4784: 4783: 4767: 4757: 4751: 4750: 4726: 4713: 4712: 4710: 4708: 4685: 4679: 4678: 4668: 4648: 4639: 4638: 4636: 4634: 4620: 4614: 4612: 4606: 4598: 4596: 4594: 4580: 4574: 4564: 4558: 4557: 4555: 4553: 4538: 4532: 4531: 4499:New World Cotton 4495: 4489: 4486: 4480: 4479: 4459: 4453: 4443: 4437: 4436: 4416: 4410: 4409: 4404: 4372: 4366: 4363: 4335: 4329: 4326: 4307: 4301: 4300: 4298: 4296: 4280: 4274: 4273: 4255: 4249: 4234:More details at 4232: 4226: 4176: 4170: 4169: 4167: 4160: 4154:Singh, Phundan. 4151: 4145: 4144: 4134: 4085: 4079: 4078: 4073:. Archived from 4063: 4054: 4053: 4051: 4049: 4035: 4029: 4015: 3953:Cotton recycling 3890:retrotransposons 3868: 3861: 3857: 3854: 3848: 3828: 3827: 3820: 3813: 3810: 3804: 3788: 3787: 3780: 3615:organic solvents 3580:raw: conditioned 3533: 3532: 3528: 3523: 3522: 3518: 3511: 3510: 3506: 3501: 3500: 3496: 3476: 3475: 3469: 3462: 3458: 3455: 3449: 3426: 3418: 3414:Fiber properties 3289: 3285: 3125:had the highest 3102:, the states of 3037: 3014: 3012: 3011: 2996: 2994: 2993: 2978: 2976: 2975: 2960: 2958: 2957: 2942: 2940: 2939: 2924: 2922: 2921: 2906: 2904: 2903: 2888: 2886: 2885: 2870: 2868: 2867: 2852: 2850: 2849: 2834: 2832: 2831: 2816: 2814: 2813: 2798: 2796: 2795: 2780: 2778: 2777: 2762: 2760: 2759: 2744: 2742: 2741: 2726: 2724: 2723: 2708: 2706: 2705: 2690: 2688: 2687: 2672: 2670: 2669: 2654: 2652: 2651: 2636: 2628: 2624: 2589:World Cotton Day 2546:Cotton in a tree 2462: 2461: 2457: 2385:textile industry 2369:synthetic fibers 2168:Lygus lineolaris 2123:on a cotton boll 2110:of new pathogens 1791:Ogallala Aquifer 1592: 1589: 1583: 1572: 1569: 1563: 1552: 1549: 1539: 1353:by the American 1290:James Hargreaves 1056:the Mughal era. 1004:textile industry 969:agrarian reforms 801:Handheld roller 622: 619: 486: 480: 474: 473: 299:that grows in a 282: 275: 268: 180:Cotton recycling 94:Cotton diplomacy 53: 39: 38: 21: 10898: 10897: 10893: 10892: 10891: 10889: 10888: 10887: 10848: 10847: 10846: 10841: 10840: 10835: 10802: 10725: 10659: 10618: 10573: 10462:Clerical collar 10440: 10437: 10407: 10402: 10363:History of silk 10336: 10295: 10224: 10172:Roller printing 10044: 10031: 9877: 9866:Tartan or plaid 9794: 9730:Ballistic nylon 9712: 9664: 9621: 9598: 9515: 9474: 9468: 9334:Seerhand muslin 8772: 8767: 8737: 8732: 8700: 8593: 8560: 8512: 8503:Artificial silk 8476: 8458: 8345: 8216: 8211: 8176: 8153: 8137: 8121: 8112: 8110: 8101: 8092: 8090: 8086: 8073: 8063: 8017: 7947:Beckert, Sven. 7944: 7942:Further reading 7939: 7938: 7914:10.1038/ng.2987 7901:Nature Genetics 7892: 7888: 7878: 7876: 7863:APPDMZ\gyoung. 7861: 7857: 7807: 7803: 7790: 7786: 7773: 7769: 7754: 7722: 7718: 7711: 7696: 7683: 7676: 7662: 7655: 7648: 7634: 7630: 7622:Fiber to Fabric 7617: 7613: 7607:Wayback Machine 7597: 7593: 7588: 7584: 7576: 7572: 7562: 7560: 7552: 7551: 7544: 7535: 7531: 7522: 7518: 7512:Wayback Machine 7503: 7499: 7490: 7486: 7480:Wayback Machine 7470: 7466: 7447: 7443: 7436: 7418: 7414: 7406: 7395: 7389: 7385: 7375: 7373: 7372:on 9 April 2008 7369: 7362: 7358: 7357: 7353: 7343: 7341: 7336: 7335: 7331: 7322: 7318: 7309: 7305: 7297: 7286: 7280: 7276: 7266: 7264: 7253: 7252: 7248: 7238: 7236: 7228: 7227: 7223: 7212:Wayback Machine 7202: 7198: 7188:Wayback Machine 7179: 7175: 7165: 7163: 7148: 7144: 7137: 7123: 7119: 7109: 7107: 7098: 7097: 7090: 7080: 7078: 7069: 7068: 7064: 7045: 7044: 7040: 7030: 7028: 7026:Telangana Today 7018: 7014: 7004: 7002: 6993: 6992: 6988: 6978: 6976: 6972: 6971: 6967: 6961:cottonguide.org 6957:Wayback Machine 6948: 6944: 6923: 6919: 6911: 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5537: 5533: 5510: 5503: 5491:Household Words 5486: 5482: 5472: 5452: 5448: 5440: 5424: 5400: 5396: 5389: 5362: 5358: 5351: 5332: 5328: 5321: 5301: 5297: 5288:Wayback Machine 5272: 5268: 5253: 5249: 5224: 5211: 5204: 5184: 5177: 5170: 5162:. p. 181. 5150: 5146: 5132: 5128: 5110: 5106: 5088: 5084: 5066: 5062: 5053:Wayback Machine 5040: 5036: 5030: 5016: 5012: 4996: 4992: 4983:Wayback Machine 4970: 4966: 4957:Wayback Machine 4941: 4937: 4922: 4918: 4908: 4906: 4891: 4887: 4876: 4872: 4861: 4857: 4840: 4836: 4825: 4809: 4802: 4791: 4787: 4780: 4758: 4754: 4727: 4716: 4706: 4704: 4702: 4686: 4682: 4649: 4642: 4632: 4630: 4622: 4621: 4617: 4600: 4599: 4592: 4590: 4585: 4581: 4577: 4565: 4561: 4551: 4549: 4539: 4535: 4528: 4496: 4492: 4487: 4483: 4460: 4456: 4444: 4440: 4433: 4417: 4413: 4373: 4369: 4336: 4332: 4324: 4308: 4304: 4294: 4292: 4282: 4281: 4277: 4270: 4256: 4252: 4233: 4229: 4207:"Lisan Al-Arab" 4187:Wayback Machine 4177: 4173: 4165: 4158: 4152: 4148: 4086: 4082: 4065: 4064: 4057: 4047: 4045: 4037: 4036: 4032: 4018:The Biology of 4016: 4012: 4007: 4002: 3918: 3869: 3858: 3852: 3849: 3841:help improve it 3838: 3829: 3825: 3814: 3808: 3805: 3798: 3789: 3785: 3778: 3765:immature cotton 3754: 3710: 3649: 3647: 3643: 3641: 3634: 3632: 3630: 3628: 3626: 3624: 3620: 3618: 3616: 3614: 3612: 3610: 3595: 3593: 3591: 3589: 3585: 3583: 3581: 3579: 3573:1.54–1.56 g/cm 3556: 3554: 3550: 3548: 3530: 3526: 3525: 3520: 3516: 3515: 3513: 3508: 3504: 3503: 3498: 3494: 3493: 3491: 3470: 3459: 3453: 3450: 3439: 3427: 3416: 3397: 3359: 3347:Decimal place: 3253:Lake Providence 3224: 3218: 3211: 3135: 3068:(12%) (table). 3009: 3007: 2991: 2989: 2973: 2971: 2955: 2953: 2937: 2935: 2919: 2917: 2901: 2899: 2883: 2881: 2865: 2863: 2847: 2845: 2829: 2827: 2811: 2809: 2793: 2791: 2775: 2773: 2757: 2755: 2739: 2737: 2721: 2719: 2703: 2701: 2685: 2683: 2667: 2665: 2649: 2647: 2635: 2623: 2553: 2459: 2455: 2454: 2434:livestock; the 2428:cottonseed meal 2292: 2280: 2242: 2187: 2153:cotton bollworm 2130: 2081:cotton stainers 2067: 2061: 1985: 1983:Pests and weeds 1950: 1849: 1843: 1837:22,500 liters. 1834:water footprint 1830: 1828:Water footprint 1817:is widespread. 1799:desertification 1795:water resources 1777:is the largest 1660: 1648:Moon's far side 1640: 1597: 1596: 1595: 1594: 1593: 1590: 1584: 1575: 1574: 1573: 1570: 1564: 1555: 1554: 1553: 1550: 1540: 1529: 1521:Main articles: 1519: 1460:Egyptian cotton 1456:Viceroy Isma'il 1334:Harper's Weekly 1306:Samuel Crompton 1270: 1264: 1164:at the port in 1155: 1147:Main articles: 1145: 1140: 1072: 1066: 1043:Delhi Sultanate 941: 935: 927:Main articles: 925: 920: 867:John Mandeville 835:John Mandeville 827: 819:Delhi Sultanate 793: 788: 772: 739: 737:Kingdom of Kush 683: 641: 620: 590: 539: 533: 528: 523: 517: 489:medieval Arabic 459: 422:Central America 409: 383:or 110 million 336:The plant is a 286: 257: 214: 146: 103: 35: 28: 23: 22: 18:Cotton industry 15: 12: 11: 5: 10896: 10886: 10885: 10880: 10875: 10870: 10865: 10860: 10843: 10842: 10837: 10836: 10834: 10833: 10828: 10823: 10818: 10812: 10810: 10804: 10803: 10801: 10800: 10795: 10790: 10789: 10788: 10778: 10773: 10772: 10771: 10766: 10761: 10751: 10746: 10741: 10735: 10733: 10727: 10726: 10724: 10723: 10718: 10713: 10708: 10703: 10698: 10693: 10688: 10683: 10677: 10675: 10665: 10664: 10661: 10660: 10658: 10657: 10652: 10647: 10642: 10637: 10632: 10626: 10624: 10620: 10619: 10617: 10616: 10611: 10606: 10601: 10596: 10590: 10588: 10581: 10575: 10574: 10572: 10571: 10566: 10561: 10556: 10551: 10546: 10541: 10536: 10531: 10526: 10521: 10516: 10511: 10506: 10501: 10496: 10491: 10486: 10481: 10476: 10475: 10474: 10469: 10464: 10454: 10448: 10446: 10442: 10441: 10436: 10435: 10428: 10421: 10413: 10404: 10403: 10401: 10400: 10395: 10390: 10385: 10380: 10375: 10370: 10365: 10360: 10355: 10350: 10344: 10342: 10338: 10337: 10335: 10334: 10329: 10324: 10319: 10314: 10309: 10303: 10301: 10297: 10296: 10294: 10293: 10288: 10283: 10278: 10273: 10268: 10263: 10258: 10253: 10248: 10243: 10238: 10232: 10230: 10226: 10225: 10223: 10222: 10213: 10208: 10203: 10198: 10189: 10184: 10179: 10174: 10169: 10160: 10158:Rogan printing 10155: 10153:Parchmentising 10150: 10145: 10140: 10135: 10126: 10117: 10112: 10107: 10102: 10097: 10092: 10087: 10082: 10077: 10072: 10063: 10058: 10053: 10047: 10045: 10036: 10033: 10032: 10030: 10029: 10024: 10019: 10014: 10009: 10004: 9999: 9994: 9989: 9984: 9979: 9974: 9969: 9964: 9959: 9954: 9949: 9944: 9939: 9934: 9929: 9924: 9919: 9914: 9909: 9904: 9899: 9894: 9887: 9885: 9883:Textile fibers 9879: 9878: 9876: 9875: 9874: 9873: 9863: 9858: 9853: 9848: 9843: 9838: 9833: 9828: 9823: 9818: 9813: 9808: 9802: 9800: 9796: 9795: 9793: 9792: 9787: 9782: 9777: 9772: 9767: 9762: 9757: 9752: 9747: 9742: 9737: 9732: 9726: 9724: 9718: 9717: 9714: 9713: 9711: 9710: 9705: 9700: 9695: 9690: 9685: 9680: 9674: 9672: 9666: 9665: 9663: 9662: 9657: 9652: 9647: 9642: 9637: 9631: 9629: 9623: 9622: 9620: 9619: 9614: 9608: 9606: 9600: 9599: 9597: 9596: 9591: 9586: 9581: 9576: 9571: 9566: 9561: 9556: 9551: 9546: 9541: 9536: 9531: 9525: 9523: 9517: 9516: 9514: 9513: 9504: 9499: 9494: 9489: 9484: 9478: 9476: 9470: 9469: 9467: 9466: 9461: 9456: 9451: 9446: 9441: 9436: 9431: 9426: 9421: 9416: 9411: 9406: 9401: 9396: 9391: 9386: 9381: 9376: 9371: 9366: 9361: 9356: 9351: 9346: 9341: 9336: 9331: 9326: 9321: 9316: 9311: 9306: 9301: 9296: 9291: 9286: 9281: 9276: 9271: 9266: 9261: 9256: 9251: 9246: 9241: 9236: 9231: 9226: 9221: 9216: 9211: 9206: 9201: 9196: 9191: 9186: 9181: 9176: 9171: 9169:Linsey-woolsey 9166: 9161: 9156: 9151: 9149:Kijōka-bashōfu 9146: 9141: 9136: 9131: 9126: 9121: 9116: 9111: 9106: 9101: 9096: 9091: 9086: 9084:Grenfell Cloth 9081: 9076: 9071: 9066: 9061: 9056: 9051: 9046: 9041: 9036: 9031: 9026: 9021: 9016: 9011: 9006: 9001: 8996: 8991: 8986: 8981: 8976: 8971: 8966: 8961: 8956: 8951: 8946: 8941: 8936: 8931: 8926: 8921: 8916: 8911: 8906: 8901: 8896: 8891: 8886: 8881: 8876: 8871: 8866: 8861: 8856: 8851: 8846: 8841: 8836: 8831: 8826: 8821: 8816: 8811: 8806: 8801: 8796: 8789: 8787: 8778: 8774: 8773: 8766: 8765: 8758: 8751: 8743: 8734: 8733: 8731: 8730: 8720: 8709: 8706: 8705: 8702: 8701: 8699: 8698: 8693: 8688: 8683: 8678: 8673: 8672: 8671: 8661: 8656: 8651: 8646: 8641: 8636: 8635: 8634: 8629: 8624: 8619: 8609: 8603: 8601: 8595: 8594: 8592: 8591: 8586: 8581: 8576: 8570: 8568: 8562: 8561: 8559: 8558: 8553: 8548: 8543: 8538: 8533: 8528: 8522: 8520: 8518:Semi-synthetic 8514: 8513: 8511: 8510: 8505: 8499: 8497: 8488: 8482: 8481: 8478: 8477: 8475: 8474: 8468: 8466: 8460: 8459: 8457: 8456: 8451: 8446: 8441: 8436: 8431: 8426: 8421: 8416: 8411: 8406: 8401: 8396: 8391: 8386: 8381: 8376: 8371: 8366: 8361: 8355: 8353: 8347: 8346: 8344: 8343: 8338: 8333: 8328: 8323: 8318: 8313: 8308: 8303: 8298: 8293: 8288: 8283: 8282: 8281: 8271: 8266: 8261: 8256: 8251: 8246: 8241: 8235: 8233: 8224: 8218: 8217: 8210: 8209: 8202: 8195: 8187: 8181: 8178: 8177: 8168: 8167: 8156:"Cotton" 8151: 8140:"Cotton" 8135: 8124:"Cotton" 8119: 8099: 8084: 8079: 8072: 8071:External links 8069: 8068: 8067: 8061: 8045: 8043:online edition 8035: 8021: 8015: 8002: 7985: 7980: 7966: 7952: 7943: 7940: 7937: 7936: 7907:(6): 567–572. 7886: 7855: 7801: 7784: 7767: 7752: 7716: 7709: 7681: 7674: 7653: 7646: 7628: 7611: 7591: 7582: 7570: 7542: 7529: 7516: 7497: 7484: 7464: 7441: 7434: 7412: 7383: 7351: 7329: 7316: 7303: 7289:(in Spanish). 7274: 7246: 7221: 7196: 7173: 7142: 7135: 7117: 7088: 7062: 7038: 7012: 6986: 6965: 6942: 6917: 6905: 6878:(2): 255–274. 6862: 6836: 6818: 6774: 6753: 6734: 6713: 6687: 6663: 6656: 6638: 6613: 6551: 6526: 6514: 6495: 6484:on 5 July 2008 6463: 6444: 6412: 6383: 6366: 6347: 6335: 6272: 6242: 6191: 6171: 6144: 6125: 6106:(4): 368–377. 6086: 6027: 5980: 5954: 5928: 5913: 5897:Organic Cotton 5887: 5860:(6): 218–228. 5841: 5834: 5813: 5771:(1): 186–203. 5748: 5741: 5723: 5696: 5673: 5633: 5626: 5608: 5592: 5585: 5567: 5556:(4): 371–397. 5540: 5531: 5501: 5480: 5456:"Cottonopolis" 5446: 5422: 5394: 5387: 5381:. p. 20. 5369:Burnell, A. C. 5356: 5349: 5326: 5319: 5295: 5266: 5247: 5209: 5202: 5194:Librairie Droz 5175: 5168: 5160:Librairie Droz 5144: 5126: 5104: 5082: 5060: 5034: 5028: 5010: 4998:Angus Maddison 4990: 4964: 4935: 4916: 4885: 4870: 4855: 4834: 4823: 4800: 4785: 4778: 4752: 4714: 4700: 4680: 4640: 4615: 4575: 4559: 4533: 4526: 4490: 4481: 4470:(2): 147–203. 4454: 4438: 4431: 4411: 4367: 4330: 4322: 4302: 4289:Dictionary.com 4275: 4268: 4250: 4227: 4171: 4146: 4080: 4055: 4043:Learn.Genetics 4030: 4009: 4008: 4006: 4003: 4001: 4000: 3995: 3990: 3985: 3980: 3975: 3970: 3965: 3960: 3955: 3950: 3945: 3940: 3935: 3933:Cotton carding 3930: 3925: 3919: 3917: 3914: 3871: 3870: 3832: 3830: 3823: 3816: 3815: 3792: 3790: 3783: 3777: 3774: 3753: 3750: 3749: 3748: 3744: 3740: 3736: 3729: 3709: 3706: 3705: 3704: 3697: 3691: 3681: 3675: 3652: 3651: 3645: 3637: 3636: 3622: 3619:microorganisms 3606: 3605: 3602: 3598: 3597: 3587: 3575: 3574: 3571: 3567: 3566: 3563: 3559: 3558: 3552: 3544: 3543: 3540: 3536: 3535: 3488: 3484: 3483: 3480: 3472: 3471: 3430: 3428: 3421: 3415: 3412: 3411: 3410: 3407: 3404: 3401: 3396: 3393: 3385: 3384: 3381: 3375: 3369: 3366: 3363: 3358: 3355: 3352: 3351: 3348: 3344: 3343: 3340: 3339:Denomination: 3336: 3335: 3332: 3328: 3327: 3324: 3320: 3319: 3316: 3312: 3311: 3308: 3304: 3303: 3300: 3296: 3295: 3293: 3284: 3283: 3268: 3210: 3207: 3134: 3131: 3127:yield per acre 3112:Andhra Pradesh 3064:(22%) and the 3048: 3047: 3044:United Nations 3034: 3033: 3028: 3022: 3021: 3018: 3004: 3003: 3000: 2986: 2985: 2982: 2968: 2967: 2964: 2950: 2949: 2946: 2932: 2931: 2928: 2914: 2913: 2910: 2896: 2895: 2892: 2878: 2877: 2874: 2860: 2859: 2856: 2842: 2841: 2838: 2824: 2823: 2820: 2806: 2805: 2802: 2788: 2787: 2784: 2770: 2769: 2766: 2752: 2751: 2748: 2734: 2733: 2730: 2716: 2715: 2712: 2698: 2697: 2694: 2680: 2679: 2676: 2662: 2661: 2658: 2644: 2643: 2632: 2622: 2619: 2611: 2610: 2603: 2552: 2549: 2533:Jumel's cotton 2498:Sampson Gamgee 2420:cottonseed oil 2401:nitrocellulose 2393:coffee filters 2291: 2288: 2279: 2276: 2241: 2238: 2186: 2183: 2129: 2126: 2063:Main article: 2060: 2057: 1984: 1981: 1953:Organic cotton 1949: 1946: 1845:Main article: 1842: 1839: 1829: 1826: 1734:Houston, Texas 1659: 1656: 1639: 1636: 1619:cotton pickers 1602:Cotton is king 1585: 1578: 1577: 1576: 1565: 1558: 1557: 1556: 1546:on horseback, 1541: 1534: 1533: 1532: 1531: 1530: 1518: 1515: 1514: 1513: 1510: 1502: 1498: 1494: 1487:Mahatma Gandhi 1483:British Empire 1302:spinning frame 1294:spinning jenny 1266:Main article: 1263: 1260: 1252:captive market 1168:, India, 1860s 1144: 1141: 1139: 1136: 1068:Main article: 1065: 1062: 1053:spinning wheel 955:, 18th century 953:Bengali muslin 924: 921: 919: 916: 900:spinning wheel 861:means "tree"; 826: 823: 813:come from the 811:spinning wheel 792: 789: 787: 784: 771: 768: 738: 735: 731:Safavid Persia 682: 679: 640: 637: 621: 4200 BC 589: 586: 532: 529: 527: 524: 519:Main article: 516: 513: 463:Arabic origins 458: 455: 450: 449: 441: 433: 425: 408: 405: 400:Andhra Pradesh 356:, and durable 288: 287: 285: 284: 277: 270: 262: 259: 258: 256: 255: 250: 245: 240: 235: 230: 224: 221: 220: 216: 215: 213: 212: 207: 205:Spinning wheel 202: 197: 195:Spinning jenny 192: 190:Organic cotton 187: 182: 177: 172: 167: 162: 156: 153: 152: 148: 147: 145: 144: 137: 130: 123: 115: 112: 111: 105: 104: 102: 101: 96: 91: 86: 81: 76: 70: 67: 66: 62: 61: 55: 54: 46: 45: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 10895: 10884: 10881: 10879: 10876: 10874: 10871: 10869: 10866: 10864: 10861: 10859: 10856: 10855: 10853: 10832: 10829: 10827: 10824: 10822: 10819: 10817: 10814: 10813: 10811: 10809: 10805: 10799: 10796: 10794: 10791: 10787: 10784: 10783: 10782: 10781:Hook-and-loop 10779: 10777: 10774: 10770: 10767: 10765: 10762: 10760: 10757: 10756: 10755: 10752: 10750: 10747: 10745: 10742: 10740: 10737: 10736: 10734: 10732: 10728: 10722: 10719: 10717: 10714: 10712: 10709: 10707: 10704: 10702: 10699: 10697: 10694: 10692: 10689: 10687: 10684: 10682: 10679: 10678: 10676: 10674: 10670: 10666: 10656: 10653: 10651: 10648: 10646: 10643: 10641: 10638: 10636: 10633: 10631: 10628: 10627: 10625: 10621: 10615: 10612: 10610: 10607: 10605: 10602: 10600: 10597: 10595: 10592: 10591: 10589: 10585: 10582: 10580: 10576: 10570: 10567: 10565: 10562: 10560: 10557: 10555: 10552: 10550: 10547: 10545: 10542: 10540: 10537: 10535: 10532: 10530: 10527: 10525: 10522: 10520: 10517: 10515: 10512: 10510: 10507: 10505: 10502: 10500: 10497: 10495: 10492: 10490: 10487: 10485: 10482: 10480: 10477: 10473: 10470: 10468: 10465: 10463: 10460: 10459: 10458: 10455: 10453: 10450: 10449: 10447: 10443: 10434: 10429: 10427: 10422: 10420: 10415: 10414: 10411: 10399: 10396: 10394: 10391: 10389: 10386: 10384: 10381: 10379: 10376: 10374: 10371: 10369: 10366: 10364: 10361: 10359: 10356: 10354: 10351: 10349: 10346: 10345: 10343: 10339: 10333: 10330: 10328: 10325: 10323: 10320: 10318: 10315: 10313: 10312:Manufacturing 10310: 10308: 10305: 10304: 10302: 10298: 10292: 10289: 10287: 10284: 10282: 10279: 10277: 10274: 10272: 10269: 10267: 10264: 10262: 10259: 10257: 10254: 10252: 10249: 10247: 10244: 10242: 10239: 10237: 10236:Carlo Barbera 10234: 10233: 10231: 10227: 10220: 10219: 10214: 10212: 10209: 10207: 10204: 10202: 10201:Warp printing 10199: 10196: 10195: 10190: 10188: 10185: 10183: 10180: 10178: 10177:Sanforization 10175: 10173: 10170: 10167: 10166: 10161: 10159: 10156: 10154: 10151: 10149: 10146: 10144: 10141: 10139: 10138:Mercerization 10136: 10133: 10132: 10127: 10124: 10123: 10118: 10116: 10113: 10111: 10108: 10106: 10103: 10101: 10098: 10096: 10093: 10091: 10088: 10086: 10083: 10081: 10078: 10076: 10073: 10070: 10069: 10064: 10062: 10059: 10057: 10054: 10052: 10049: 10048: 10046: 10043: 10039: 10034: 10028: 10025: 10023: 10020: 10018: 10015: 10013: 10010: 10008: 10005: 10003: 10000: 9998: 9995: 9993: 9990: 9988: 9985: 9983: 9980: 9978: 9975: 9973: 9970: 9968: 9965: 9963: 9960: 9958: 9955: 9953: 9950: 9948: 9945: 9943: 9940: 9938: 9935: 9933: 9930: 9928: 9925: 9923: 9920: 9918: 9915: 9913: 9910: 9908: 9905: 9903: 9900: 9898: 9895: 9893:(Manila hemp) 9892: 9889: 9888: 9886: 9884: 9880: 9872: 9869: 9868: 9867: 9864: 9862: 9859: 9857: 9854: 9852: 9849: 9847: 9844: 9842: 9839: 9837: 9834: 9832: 9829: 9827: 9824: 9822: 9819: 9817: 9814: 9812: 9809: 9807: 9804: 9803: 9801: 9797: 9791: 9788: 9786: 9783: 9781: 9778: 9776: 9773: 9771: 9768: 9766: 9763: 9761: 9758: 9756: 9753: 9751: 9748: 9746: 9743: 9741: 9738: 9736: 9733: 9731: 9728: 9727: 9725: 9723: 9719: 9709: 9706: 9704: 9701: 9699: 9698:Needlerun net 9696: 9694: 9691: 9689: 9686: 9684: 9683:Carbon fibers 9681: 9679: 9676: 9675: 9673: 9671: 9667: 9661: 9658: 9656: 9653: 9651: 9648: 9646: 9643: 9641: 9638: 9636: 9633: 9632: 9630: 9628: 9624: 9618: 9615: 9613: 9610: 9609: 9607: 9605: 9601: 9595: 9592: 9590: 9587: 9585: 9582: 9580: 9577: 9575: 9572: 9570: 9567: 9565: 9562: 9560: 9557: 9555: 9552: 9550: 9547: 9545: 9542: 9540: 9537: 9535: 9532: 9530: 9527: 9526: 9524: 9522: 9518: 9511: 9510: 9505: 9503: 9500: 9498: 9495: 9493: 9490: 9488: 9485: 9483: 9480: 9479: 9477: 9471: 9465: 9462: 9460: 9457: 9455: 9452: 9450: 9447: 9445: 9442: 9440: 9437: 9435: 9432: 9430: 9427: 9425: 9422: 9420: 9417: 9415: 9412: 9410: 9407: 9405: 9402: 9400: 9397: 9395: 9392: 9390: 9387: 9385: 9382: 9380: 9377: 9375: 9372: 9370: 9367: 9365: 9362: 9360: 9357: 9355: 9352: 9350: 9347: 9345: 9342: 9340: 9337: 9335: 9332: 9330: 9327: 9325: 9322: 9320: 9317: 9315: 9312: 9310: 9307: 9305: 9302: 9300: 9297: 9295: 9292: 9290: 9287: 9285: 9282: 9280: 9277: 9275: 9272: 9270: 9267: 9265: 9262: 9260: 9257: 9255: 9252: 9250: 9247: 9245: 9242: 9240: 9237: 9235: 9232: 9230: 9227: 9225: 9222: 9220: 9217: 9215: 9212: 9210: 9207: 9205: 9202: 9200: 9197: 9195: 9192: 9190: 9187: 9185: 9182: 9180: 9177: 9175: 9172: 9170: 9167: 9165: 9162: 9160: 9157: 9155: 9152: 9150: 9147: 9145: 9142: 9140: 9137: 9135: 9132: 9130: 9127: 9125: 9122: 9120: 9117: 9115: 9112: 9110: 9107: 9105: 9102: 9100: 9097: 9095: 9092: 9090: 9087: 9085: 9082: 9080: 9077: 9075: 9072: 9070: 9067: 9065: 9062: 9060: 9057: 9055: 9052: 9050: 9047: 9045: 9042: 9040: 9037: 9035: 9032: 9030: 9027: 9025: 9022: 9020: 9017: 9015: 9012: 9010: 9007: 9005: 9004:Donegal tweed 9002: 9000: 8997: 8995: 8992: 8990: 8987: 8985: 8982: 8980: 8977: 8975: 8972: 8970: 8967: 8965: 8962: 8960: 8959:Cloth of gold 8957: 8955: 8952: 8950: 8947: 8945: 8942: 8940: 8937: 8935: 8932: 8930: 8927: 8925: 8922: 8920: 8917: 8915: 8912: 8910: 8907: 8905: 8902: 8900: 8897: 8895: 8892: 8890: 8887: 8885: 8882: 8880: 8877: 8875: 8872: 8870: 8867: 8865: 8862: 8860: 8857: 8855: 8852: 8850: 8847: 8845: 8842: 8840: 8837: 8835: 8832: 8830: 8827: 8825: 8822: 8820: 8817: 8815: 8812: 8810: 8809:Almerían silk 8807: 8805: 8802: 8800: 8797: 8794: 8791: 8790: 8788: 8786: 8782: 8779: 8775: 8771: 8764: 8759: 8757: 8752: 8750: 8745: 8744: 8741: 8729: 8721: 8719: 8711: 8710: 8707: 8697: 8694: 8692: 8689: 8687: 8684: 8682: 8679: 8677: 8674: 8670: 8667: 8666: 8665: 8662: 8660: 8657: 8655: 8652: 8650: 8647: 8645: 8642: 8640: 8637: 8633: 8630: 8628: 8625: 8623: 8620: 8618: 8615: 8614: 8613: 8610: 8608: 8605: 8604: 8602: 8600: 8596: 8590: 8587: 8585: 8582: 8580: 8577: 8575: 8572: 8571: 8569: 8567: 8563: 8557: 8554: 8552: 8549: 8547: 8544: 8542: 8539: 8537: 8534: 8532: 8529: 8527: 8524: 8523: 8521: 8519: 8515: 8509: 8506: 8504: 8501: 8500: 8498: 8496: 8492: 8489: 8487: 8483: 8473: 8470: 8469: 8467: 8465: 8461: 8455: 8452: 8450: 8447: 8445: 8442: 8440: 8437: 8435: 8432: 8430: 8427: 8425: 8422: 8420: 8417: 8415: 8412: 8410: 8407: 8405: 8402: 8400: 8397: 8395: 8392: 8390: 8387: 8385: 8382: 8380: 8377: 8375: 8372: 8370: 8367: 8365: 8362: 8360: 8357: 8356: 8354: 8352: 8348: 8342: 8339: 8337: 8334: 8332: 8329: 8327: 8324: 8322: 8319: 8317: 8314: 8312: 8309: 8307: 8304: 8302: 8299: 8297: 8294: 8292: 8289: 8287: 8284: 8280: 8277: 8276: 8275: 8272: 8270: 8267: 8265: 8262: 8260: 8257: 8255: 8252: 8250: 8247: 8245: 8242: 8240: 8237: 8236: 8234: 8232: 8228: 8225: 8223: 8219: 8215: 8208: 8203: 8201: 8196: 8194: 8189: 8188: 8185: 8179: 8172: 8164: 8163: 8157: 8152: 8148: 8147: 8141: 8136: 8132: 8131: 8125: 8120: 8108: 8104: 8100: 8089: 8085: 8083: 8080: 8078: 8075: 8074: 8064: 8058: 8054: 8050: 8046: 8044: 8040: 8036: 8034: 8030: 8026: 8022: 8018: 8012: 8008: 8003: 8001: 7997: 7993: 7989: 7988:Moseley, W.G. 7986: 7984: 7981: 7979: 7978:0-8493-8980-1 7975: 7971: 7967: 7965: 7961: 7957: 7953: 7950: 7946: 7945: 7932: 7928: 7924: 7920: 7915: 7910: 7906: 7902: 7898: 7890: 7874: 7870: 7866: 7859: 7851: 7847: 7842: 7837: 7833: 7829: 7825: 7821: 7817: 7815: 7805: 7797: 7796: 7788: 7780: 7779: 7771: 7763: 7759: 7755: 7749: 7745: 7741: 7737: 7731: 7727: 7726: 7720: 7712: 7706: 7702: 7694: 7692: 7690: 7688: 7686: 7677: 7671: 7667: 7660: 7658: 7649: 7643: 7639: 7632: 7624: 7623: 7615: 7608: 7604: 7601: 7595: 7586: 7579: 7574: 7559: 7555: 7549: 7547: 7539: 7533: 7526: 7520: 7513: 7509: 7506: 7501: 7494: 7488: 7481: 7477: 7474: 7468: 7460: 7456: 7452: 7445: 7437: 7431: 7427: 7423: 7416: 7405: 7401: 7394: 7387: 7368: 7361: 7355: 7339: 7333: 7326: 7320: 7313: 7307: 7296: 7292: 7285: 7278: 7262: 7261: 7256: 7250: 7235: 7231: 7225: 7219: 7218: 7213: 7209: 7206: 7200: 7193: 7189: 7185: 7182: 7177: 7161: 7157: 7153: 7146: 7138: 7136:0-941711-73-0 7132: 7128: 7121: 7105: 7101: 7095: 7093: 7076: 7072: 7066: 7058: 7054: 7049: 7042: 7027: 7023: 7016: 7000: 6996: 6990: 6975: 6969: 6962: 6958: 6954: 6951: 6946: 6937: 6932: 6928: 6921: 6914: 6909: 6901: 6897: 6893: 6889: 6885: 6881: 6877: 6873: 6866: 6850: 6846: 6840: 6832: 6828: 6822: 6814: 6810: 6806: 6802: 6798: 6794: 6790: 6786: 6778: 6771: 6770:0-8133-8695-0 6767: 6763: 6757: 6750: 6746: 6743: 6742:Fiber History 6738: 6730: 6729: 6724: 6717: 6709: 6702: 6696: 6691: 6684: 6680: 6676: 6672: 6671:Murray, Craig 6667: 6659: 6653: 6649: 6642: 6627: 6623: 6617: 6609: 6605: 6601: 6597: 6592: 6587: 6583: 6579: 6575: 6574: 6569: 6562: 6558: 6554: 6548: 6544: 6540: 6533: 6531: 6523: 6518: 6511: 6507: 6504: 6499: 6480: 6473: 6467: 6460: 6456: 6453: 6448: 6429: 6422: 6416: 6397: 6393: 6387: 6380: 6376: 6375:Edible Cotton 6370: 6363: 6359: 6356: 6351: 6344: 6339: 6331: 6327: 6322: 6317: 6312: 6307: 6303: 6299: 6295: 6291: 6287: 6285: 6276: 6269: 6265: 6262: 6257: 6255: 6253: 6251: 6249: 6247: 6238: 6234: 6230: 6226: 6222: 6218: 6214: 6210: 6206: 6202: 6195: 6188: 6184: 6181: 6175: 6167: 6163: 6159: 6155: 6148: 6140: 6136: 6129: 6121: 6117: 6113: 6109: 6105: 6101: 6097: 6090: 6082: 6078: 6073: 6068: 6063: 6058: 6054: 6050: 6046: 6042: 6038: 6031: 6023: 6019: 6015: 6011: 6007: 6003: 6000:(9): 1003–9. 5999: 5995: 5991: 5984: 5968: 5964: 5958: 5943:. 7 July 2017 5942: 5941:CottonConnect 5938: 5932: 5924: 5920: 5916: 5910: 5906: 5902: 5898: 5891: 5883: 5879: 5875: 5871: 5867: 5863: 5859: 5855: 5854:Geology Today 5848: 5846: 5837: 5831: 5827: 5820: 5818: 5798: 5794: 5790: 5786: 5782: 5778: 5774: 5770: 5766: 5759: 5752: 5744: 5738: 5734: 5727: 5719: 5715: 5711: 5707: 5700: 5693: 5689: 5685: 5682: 5677: 5669: 5663: 5648: 5644: 5637: 5629: 5623: 5619: 5612: 5606: 5602: 5596: 5588: 5582: 5578: 5571: 5563: 5559: 5555: 5551: 5544: 5535: 5527: 5523: 5519: 5515: 5508: 5506: 5497: 5493: 5492: 5484: 5476: 5468: 5464: 5463: 5457: 5450: 5439: 5434: 5429: 5425: 5419: 5415: 5411: 5407: 5406: 5398: 5390: 5384: 5380: 5376: 5375: 5370: 5366: 5360: 5352: 5346: 5342: 5341: 5336: 5335:Bairoch, Paul 5330: 5322: 5316: 5312: 5308: 5307: 5299: 5293: 5289: 5285: 5282: 5280: 5275: 5270: 5264: 5260: 5258: 5251: 5243: 5239: 5235: 5230: 5222: 5220: 5218: 5216: 5214: 5205: 5199: 5195: 5191: 5190: 5182: 5180: 5171: 5165: 5161: 5157: 5156: 5148: 5141: 5140: 5135: 5130: 5124: 5120: 5118: 5113: 5108: 5102: 5098: 5097:, pages 53-54 5096: 5091: 5086: 5080: 5076: 5074: 5069: 5064: 5058: 5054: 5050: 5047: 5045: 5038: 5031: 5025: 5021: 5014: 5007: 5003: 4999: 4994: 4988: 4984: 4980: 4977: 4975: 4968: 4962: 4958: 4954: 4951: 4949: 4944: 4939: 4931: 4927: 4920: 4905:on 8 May 2013 4904: 4900: 4896: 4889: 4881: 4874: 4866: 4859: 4852: 4848: 4844: 4838: 4830: 4826: 4820: 4816: 4815: 4807: 4805: 4796: 4789: 4781: 4775: 4771: 4766: 4765: 4756: 4748: 4744: 4740: 4736: 4732: 4725: 4723: 4721: 4719: 4703: 4697: 4693: 4692: 4684: 4676: 4672: 4667: 4662: 4658: 4654: 4647: 4645: 4629: 4625: 4619: 4610: 4604: 4588: 4584: 4579: 4572: 4568: 4563: 4548: 4544: 4537: 4529: 4523: 4519: 4515: 4511: 4505: 4502:, p. 117, at 4501: 4500: 4494: 4485: 4477: 4473: 4469: 4465: 4458: 4452: 4448: 4442: 4434: 4428: 4424: 4423: 4415: 4408: 4403: 4398: 4394: 4390: 4386: 4382: 4378: 4371: 4361: 4357: 4353: 4349: 4345: 4341: 4334: 4325: 4319: 4315: 4314: 4306: 4291: 4290: 4285: 4279: 4271: 4265: 4261: 4254: 4247: 4243: 4239: 4238: 4231: 4223: 4222: 4217: 4215: 4208: 4204: 4200: 4196: 4192: 4188: 4184: 4181: 4175: 4164: 4157: 4150: 4142: 4138: 4133: 4128: 4124: 4120: 4116: 4112: 4108: 4104: 4100: 4096: 4092: 4084: 4076: 4072: 4068: 4062: 4060: 4044: 4040: 4034: 4028:. ogtr.gov.au 4027: 4025: 4021: 4014: 4010: 3999: 3996: 3994: 3991: 3989: 3986: 3984: 3981: 3979: 3976: 3974: 3971: 3969: 3966: 3964: 3961: 3959: 3956: 3954: 3951: 3949: 3946: 3944: 3941: 3939: 3936: 3934: 3931: 3929: 3926: 3924: 3921: 3920: 3913: 3910: 3907: 3903: 3899: 3893: 3891: 3887: 3883: 3879: 3867: 3864: 3856: 3846: 3842: 3836: 3833:This article 3831: 3822: 3821: 3812: 3802: 3796: 3791: 3782: 3781: 3773: 3770: 3766: 3762: 3758: 3745: 3741: 3737: 3734: 3730: 3727: 3726:proteinaceous 3723: 3719: 3718: 3717: 3715: 3702: 3698: 3695: 3692: 3689: 3685: 3682: 3679: 3676: 3673: 3670: 3669: 3668: 3663: 3658: 3646: 3639: 3638: 3623: 3609:Resistance to 3608: 3607: 3603: 3600: 3599: 3588: 3577: 3576: 3572: 3569: 3568: 3564: 3561: 3560: 3553: 3546: 3545: 3541: 3538: 3537: 3489: 3486: 3485: 3481: 3477: 3468: 3465: 3457: 3454:December 2012 3447: 3443: 3437: 3436: 3431:This section 3429: 3425: 3420: 3419: 3408: 3405: 3402: 3399: 3398: 3392: 3389: 3382: 3379: 3376: 3373: 3370: 3367: 3364: 3361: 3360: 3349: 3346: 3345: 3341: 3338: 3337: 3333: 3330: 3329: 3325: 3322: 3321: 3317: 3314: 3313: 3309: 3306: 3305: 3301: 3298: 3297: 3294: 3292:Cotton (CTA) 3291: 3290: 3281: 3277: 3273: 3269: 3266: 3262: 3261: 3260: 3254: 3250: 3245: 3239: 3235: 3230: 3223: 3215: 3206: 3204: 3200: 3196: 3192: 3188: 3184: 3180: 3176: 3171: 3169: 3165: 3160: 3155: 3151: 3146: 3144: 3139: 3130: 3128: 3124: 3120: 3115: 3113: 3110:(17.96%) and 3109: 3105: 3101: 3096: 3094: 3090: 3086: 3082: 3081:United States 3078: 3074: 3069: 3067: 3066:United States 3063: 3059: 3055: 3045: 3041: 3035: 3032: 3029: 3027: 3024: 3023: 3019: 3017: 3006: 3005: 3001: 2999: 2988: 2987: 2983: 2981: 2970: 2969: 2965: 2963: 2952: 2951: 2947: 2945: 2934: 2933: 2929: 2927: 2916: 2915: 2911: 2909: 2898: 2897: 2893: 2891: 2880: 2879: 2875: 2873: 2862: 2861: 2857: 2855: 2844: 2843: 2839: 2837: 2826: 2825: 2821: 2819: 2808: 2807: 2803: 2801: 2790: 2789: 2785: 2783: 2772: 2771: 2767: 2765: 2754: 2753: 2749: 2747: 2736: 2735: 2731: 2729: 2718: 2717: 2713: 2711: 2700: 2699: 2695: 2693: 2692:United States 2682: 2681: 2677: 2675: 2664: 2663: 2659: 2657: 2646: 2645: 2640: 2629: 2618: 2616: 2608: 2604: 2601: 2600: 2599: 2597: 2592: 2590: 2585: 2582: 2577: 2575: 2571: 2567: 2557: 2544: 2540: 2538: 2534: 2529: 2527: 2523: 2519: 2514: 2510: 2505: 2503: 2499: 2495: 2491: 2482: 2478: 2473: 2469: 2467: 2451: 2449: 2448:abortifacient 2445: 2444:folk remedies 2441: 2437: 2433: 2429: 2425: 2424:vegetable oil 2421: 2416: 2414: 2410: 2406: 2402: 2398: 2394: 2390: 2386: 2381: 2378: 2374: 2370: 2366: 2362: 2358: 2353: 2349: 2345: 2341: 2338:, and cotton 2337: 2333: 2329: 2325: 2321: 2317: 2313: 2309: 2305: 2296: 2287: 2285: 2275: 2273: 2268: 2264: 2260: 2256: 2252: 2247: 2237: 2235: 2231: 2227: 2222: 2220: 2216: 2215:cotton picker 2208: 2203: 2196: 2191: 2182: 2180: 2179: 2175: 2170: 2169: 2164: 2163: 2158: 2157:pink bollworm 2154: 2150: 2146: 2142: 2137: 2135: 2122: 2117: 2113: 2111: 2107: 2102: 2100: 2099: 2094: 2093: 2088: 2087: 2082: 2078: 2077: 2072: 2066: 2056: 2054: 2050: 2046: 2042: 2038: 2034: 2033: 2029: 2025: 2021: 2017: 2013: 2006: 2001: 1994: 1989: 1980: 1978: 1974: 1970: 1966: 1962: 1958: 1954: 1945: 1943: 1939: 1935: 1930: 1928: 1923: 1918: 1915: 1911: 1905: 1903: 1899: 1895: 1891: 1886: 1884: 1879: 1875: 1871: 1867: 1863: 1859: 1858: 1853: 1848: 1838: 1835: 1825: 1823: 1818: 1816: 1812: 1808: 1804: 1800: 1796: 1792: 1788: 1784: 1780: 1776: 1771: 1767: 1763: 1759: 1750: 1742: 1735: 1730: 1723: 1718: 1711: 1707: 1702: 1694: 1687: 1686: 1680: 1672: 1664: 1655: 1653: 1649: 1645: 1635: 1633: 1629: 1623: 1620: 1616: 1615:sharecropping 1611: 1607: 1603: 1582: 1562: 1545: 1538: 1528: 1524: 1517:United States 1511: 1508: 1503: 1499: 1495: 1492: 1491: 1490: 1488: 1484: 1475: 1471: 1469: 1465: 1461: 1457: 1453: 1450:, to turn to 1449: 1445: 1441: 1437: 1433: 1430: 1426: 1423: 1419: 1414: 1412: 1408: 1404: 1400: 1396: 1392: 1391: 1386: 1385: 1378: 1376: 1372: 1368: 1364: 1361: 1356: 1352: 1343: 1336: 1335: 1329: 1325: 1323: 1321: 1315: 1311: 1310:spinning mule 1307: 1303: 1299: 1295: 1291: 1287: 1283: 1279: 1275: 1269: 1259: 1255: 1253: 1249: 1245: 1240: 1239:1757 conquest 1236: 1232: 1231:rule in India 1228: 1224: 1223:protectionist 1220: 1215: 1211: 1209: 1204: 1200: 1196: 1192: 1188: 1183: 1179: 1175: 1167: 1163: 1159: 1154: 1150: 1135: 1131: 1129: 1128:steam engines 1125: 1121: 1117: 1113: 1109: 1105: 1103: 1099: 1096:) cotton, in 1095: 1094: 1089: 1081: 1076: 1071: 1061: 1057: 1054: 1049: 1044: 1040: 1036: 1031: 1029: 1025: 1021: 1017: 1013: 1009: 1005: 1001: 997: 993: 989: 985: 984:manufacturing 980: 978: 974: 970: 966: 962: 961:Mughal Empire 954: 951:clad in fine 950: 945: 940: 934: 930: 929:Mughal Empire 915: 913: 909: 905: 901: 897: 893: 890: 883: 878: 874: 872: 868: 864: 860: 856: 855: 850: 849: 844: 836: 831: 822: 820: 816: 815:Islamic world 812: 807: 804: 799: 797: 791:Eastern world 783: 781: 777: 767: 763: 761: 757: 752: 748: 744: 734: 732: 728: 724: 720: 716: 712: 708: 704: 700: 696: 692: 688: 677: 672: 670: 669: 663: 661: 659: 654: 650: 646: 636: 634: 630: 626: 615: 614: 609: 604: 601: 600: 595: 585: 583: 580: 576: 572: 568: 567:ancient India 564: 560: 556: 552: 543: 538: 526:Early history 522: 512: 510: 506: 502: 498: 494: 490: 485: 479: 468: 464: 454: 447: 446: 442: 439: 438: 434: 431: 430: 426: 423: 419: 418: 414: 413: 412: 401: 396: 392: 390: 386: 382: 377: 375: 374:natural fiber 371: 367: 363: 359: 355: 351: 347: 342: 339: 334: 332: 328: 324: 320: 316: 312: 308: 307: 302: 298: 294: 283: 278: 276: 271: 269: 264: 263: 261: 260: 254: 251: 249: 246: 244: 241: 239: 236: 234: 231: 229: 226: 225: 223: 222: 218: 217: 211: 208: 206: 203: 201: 200:Spinning mule 198: 196: 193: 191: 188: 186: 183: 181: 178: 176: 175:Cotton picker 173: 171: 168: 166: 163: 161: 158: 157: 155: 154: 150: 149: 143: 142: 138: 136: 135: 131: 129: 128: 124: 122: 121: 117: 116: 114: 113: 110: 107: 106: 100: 97: 95: 92: 90: 87: 85: 82: 80: 77: 75: 72: 71: 69: 68: 64: 63: 60: 57: 56: 52: 48: 47: 44: 41: 40: 37: 33: 19: 10883:Fiber plants 10776:Hook-and-eye 10739:Back closure 10669:Animal hides 10593: 10544:Shoulder pad 10467:Collar stays 10322:Preservation 10229:Fabric mills 10206:Waxed cotton 9926: 9811:Bizarre silk 9569:Polar fleece 9304:Saga Nishiki 9299:Russell cord 9104:Harris tweed 8849:Brilliantine 8829:Bedford cord 8795:(Medriñaque) 8664:Polyethylene 8263: 8160: 8144: 8128: 8111:. Retrieved 8091:. Retrieved 8052: 8038: 8024: 8006: 7991: 7969: 7955: 7948: 7904: 7900: 7889: 7877:. Retrieved 7873:the original 7868: 7858: 7823: 7819: 7813: 7804: 7794: 7787: 7777: 7770: 7735: 7730:Google Books 7728:, p. 83, at 7723: 7719: 7700: 7665: 7637: 7631: 7621: 7614: 7594: 7585: 7573: 7561:. Retrieved 7557: 7532: 7519: 7500: 7487: 7467: 7454: 7444: 7425: 7415: 7399: 7386: 7374:. Retrieved 7367:the original 7354: 7342:. Retrieved 7332: 7324: 7319: 7306: 7277: 7265:. Retrieved 7258: 7249: 7237:. Retrieved 7233: 7224: 7215: 7199: 7191: 7176: 7164:. Retrieved 7155: 7145: 7126: 7120: 7108:. Retrieved 7103: 7079:. Retrieved 7074: 7065: 7052: 7041: 7029:. Retrieved 7025: 7015: 7003:. Retrieved 6998: 6989: 6977:. Retrieved 6968: 6960: 6945: 6926: 6920: 6908: 6875: 6871: 6865: 6855:20 September 6853:. Retrieved 6839: 6821: 6788: 6784: 6777: 6761: 6756: 6737: 6728:The Guardian 6726: 6716: 6690: 6674: 6666: 6647: 6641: 6629:. Retrieved 6625: 6616: 6577: 6571: 6538: 6517: 6498: 6486:. 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Retrieved 4042: 4033: 4023: 4019: 4013: 3928:Cotton candy 3911: 3906:G. raimondii 3905: 3894: 3889: 3886:G. raimondii 3885: 3881: 3878:G. raimondii 3877: 3874: 3859: 3853:January 2011 3850: 3834: 3806: 3794: 3755: 3711: 3666: 3557:3.3–6.0 g/d 3460: 3451: 3440:Please help 3435:verification 3432: 3390: 3386: 3323:Tick value: 3279: 3264: 3258: 3202: 3172: 3161: 3157: 3152: 3148: 3140: 3136: 3116: 3097: 3070: 3051: 3030: 3025: 2854:Burkina Faso 2800:Turkmenistan 2612: 2593: 2586: 2578: 2562: 2530: 2517: 2512: 2506: 2486: 2452: 2417: 2405:cotton paper 2389:fishing nets 2382: 2301: 2281: 2243: 2234:forced labor 2223: 2212: 2177: 2173: 2166: 2160: 2138: 2131: 2103: 2096: 2090: 2084: 2074: 2068: 2048: 2030: 2016:insecticides 2009: 1951: 1940:deregulated 1931: 1919: 1906: 1887: 1878:lepidopteran 1855: 1850: 1831: 1819: 1807:Soviet Union 1801:in areas of 1775:South Plains 1755: 1683: 1674:Cotton field 1641: 1624: 1598: 1480: 1415: 1388: 1382: 1379: 1348: 1332: 1320:Cottonopolis 1317: 1304:in 1769 and 1271: 1256: 1216: 1212: 1208:cotton mills 1171: 1162:Cotton bales 1132: 1120:water wheels 1116:animal power 1106: 1091: 1085: 1058: 1032: 1024:Bengal Subah 982:The largest 981: 958: 923:Mughal India 886: 862: 858: 852: 846: 840: 808: 800: 794: 773: 764: 742: 740: 727:John Chardin 684: 674: 666: 664: 656: 642: 611: 605: 597: 591: 575:Mohenjo-daro 548: 460: 451: 443: 435: 427: 415: 410: 378: 343: 335: 304: 297:staple fiber 292: 291: 139: 132: 125: 118: 84:Cottonopolis 42: 36: 10332:Terminology 10317:Performance 10165:Rōketsuzome 10110:Heatsetting 10085:Calendering 10075:Bògòlanfini 10022:Spider silk 9836:Houndstooth 9831:Herringbone 9790:Windstopper 9635:Boiled wool 9154:Kente cloth 9144:Khaki drill 9124:Irish linen 9109:Herringbone 8974:Cotton duck 8934:Cheesecloth 8793:Abacá cloth 8495:Regenerated 8439:Spider silk 8093:26 December 7609:, 2002–2006 5716:: 154–162. 5605:online free 5365:Yule, Henry 5139:Das Kapital 5112:Irfan Habib 5090:Irfan Habib 5068:Irfan Habib 4633:21 November 4593:28 February 4191:AlWaraq.net 4180:Baheth.info 4026:L. (cotton) 3983:King Cotton 3943:Cotton mill 3923:Cotton Belt 3882:G. arboreum 3757:Dead cotton 3752:Dead cotton 3586:saturation 3562:Resiliency 3555:3.0–5.0 g/d 3482:Evaluation 3315:Tick size: 3236:during the 3234:cotton mill 3189:, with the 3104:Maharashtra 2926:Ivory Coast 2678:14,990,000 2660:18,121,818 2607:value chain 2570:cotton gins 2504:, England. 2440:monogastric 2409:bookbinding 2350:, and most 2328:blue-collar 2178:malvacearum 2139:Due to the 2134:boll weevil 2121:boll weevil 2012:fertilizers 1965:fertilizers 1932:Cotton has 1914:smallholder 1658:Cultivation 1591: 1877 1571: 1850 1551: 1850 1501:in England. 1436:Confederate 1416:During the 1403:King Cotton 1397:and in the 1371:West Africa 1363:plantations 1355:Eli Whitney 1149:Calico Acts 1098:Lower Egypt 992:piece goods 947:A woman in 803:cotton gins 786:Middle Ages 776:Han dynasty 774:During the 649:Megasthenes 625:Norte Chico 571:Balochistan 569:, today in 537:Tree cotton 389:arable land 210:Water frame 170:Cotton mill 99:King Cotton 89:Cotton Belt 65:Terminology 10852:Categories 10759:Buttonhole 10266:Loro Piana 10261:Larusmiani 10194:Tsutsugaki 10182:Tenterhook 10090:Decatising 9967:Microfiber 9871:Tattersall 9851:Pinstripes 9826:Glen plaid 9750:E-textiles 9617:Cedar bark 9574:Terrycloth 9521:Pile woven 9409:Ultrasuede 9339:Seersucker 9264:Perpetuana 9189:Madapollam 9134:Kerseymere 8919:Char cloth 8874:Byrd Cloth 8854:Broadcloth 8839:Beta cloth 8644:Modacrylic 8639:Microfiber 8556:Triacetate 8508:Milk fiber 8374:Camel hair 8306:Lotus silk 8055:. Viking. 7879:31 January 7816:) Genomes" 7558:PortaraCQG 6791:: 122154. 6631:19 October 6561:1124613891 6488:9 November 6437:21 October 6405:21 October 6100:Apidologie 5652:15 January 5477:required.) 5281:, page 190 5259:, page 151 5046:, page 202 4976:, page 100 4950:, page 190 4203:Ibn Manzur 4199:"Al-Sihah" 4005:References 3988:Madapollam 3938:Cotton gin 3809:April 2021 3728:materials. 3708:Morphology 3684:Protoplasm 3582:saturation 3372:Fire point 3299:Exchange: 3220:See also: 3175:fair trade 3168:Uzbekistan 3133:Fair trade 3123:California 3106:(26.63%), 3091:, and (5) 3079:, (2) the 3031:69,668,143 2998:Azerbaijan 2980:Kazakhstan 2908:Tajikistan 2822:1,115,510 2804:1,201,421 2786:2,409,642 2768:2,750,000 2750:2,800,000 2732:3,500,680 2728:Uzbekistan 2714:6,422,030 2696:8,468,691 2634:Production 2621:Production 2581:subsidized 2502:Birmingham 2413:Fire hoses 2336:seersucker 2320:blue jeans 2304:terrycloth 2185:Harvesting 2073:, such as 2053:resistance 2028:transgenic 2020:herbicides 1995:, US, 1941 1969:pesticides 1963:, such as 1922:glyphosate 1894:stink bugs 1890:plant bugs 1883:pyrethroid 1815:salination 1803:Uzbekistan 1787:irrigation 1779:contiguous 1628:Deep South 1464:bankruptcy 1367:Lancashire 1351:cotton gin 1314:Manchester 1286:Birmingham 1282:John Wyatt 1278:Lewis Paul 1039:cotton gin 973:cash crops 959:Under the 892:and Sicily 723:Marco Polo 691:Achaemenid 676:countries. 579:Bronze Age 563:Bolan Pass 531:South Asia 493:Marco Polo 370:cotton gin 354:breathable 253:Terrycloth 248:Seersucker 165:Cotton gin 151:Production 10868:Cellulose 10826:Waistline 10744:Belt hook 10731:Fasteners 10645:Polyester 10623:Synthetic 10564:Waistband 10378:Shrinkage 10327:Recycling 10251:E. Thomas 10100:Finishing 10038:Finishing 9982:Polyester 9932:Eisengarn 9856:Polka dot 9722:Technical 9650:Milliskin 9589:Velveteen 9544:Crimplene 9359:Shot silk 9284:Rayadillo 9279:Rakematiz 9179:Longcloth 9099:Haircloth 9089:Grosgrain 9079:Grenadine 9069:Ghalamkar 9064:Georgette 9049:Gabardine 8924:Charmeuse 8844:Bombazine 8834:Bengaline 8819:Barkcloth 8659:Polyester 8531:Diacetate 8486:Synthetic 8389:Chiengora 8113:8 October 7814:Gossypium 7762:229189581 7267:8 October 7239:8 October 7166:9 October 7110:12 August 7081:12 August 7053:The Hindu 7031:12 August 7005:12 August 6931:CiteSeerX 6900:145799076 6813:219477637 6805:0959-6526 6600:2190-4707 6399:(website) 6160:: 83–90. 5923:134541586 5882:129962159 5806:18 August 5793:154788067 5647:Space.com 5311:Routledge 5263:CRC Press 5134:Karl Marx 5119:, page 54 5075:, page 53 4987:Routledge 4741:: 81–92. 4675:198635772 4387:(1): 11. 4225:subjects. 4123:2045-2322 3801:talk page 3733:cellulose 3672:Cellulose 3644:to flame 3594:8.5–10.3% 3534:inches). 3479:Property 3073:exporters 3056:, led by 2818:Argentina 2746:Australia 2466:cellulose 2407:, and in 2373:polyester 2348:underwear 2272:Nicaragua 2267:polyester 2219:defoliant 2045:bollworms 2037:bacterial 1874:Bt cotton 1847:Bt cotton 1770:nutrients 1644:Chang'e 4 1399:Caribbean 1296:in 1764, 1124:windmills 1035:worm gear 854:Baumwolle 848:Histories 843:Herodotus 796:Egyptians 685:In Iran ( 555:Neolithic 551:Old World 457:Etymology 315:cellulose 311:Malvaceae 306:Gossypium 79:Commodity 74:Cash crop 10821:Bustline 10816:Neckline 10721:Stingray 10696:Kangaroo 10579:Textiles 10368:Knitting 10271:Piacenza 10246:Dormeuil 10131:Katazome 10115:Indienne 10061:Beetling 10051:Androsia 10042:printing 10002:Sea silk 9977:Pashmina 9917:Cashmere 9861:Shweshwe 9799:Patterns 9785:SympaTex 9780:Stub-tex 9770:Silnylon 9760:Gore-Tex 9678:Bobbinet 9604:Nonwoven 9594:Zibeline 9559:Moquette 9539:Corduroy 9534:Chenille 9473:Figured 9454:Whipcord 9254:Paduasoy 9239:Osnaburg 9209:Nainsook 9199:Moleskin 9184:Mackinaw 9029:Eolienne 8989:Cretonne 8969:Corduroy 8904:Capilene 8899:Chambray 8879:C change 8814:Barathea 8804:Armazine 8718:Category 8627:Technora 8589:Metallic 8472:Asbestos 8414:Pashmina 8379:Cashmere 8051:(2005). 7931:13477556 7923:24836287 7850:18056866 7778:Bulletin 7603:Archived 7563:26 April 7536:UNCTAD, 7508:Archived 7476:Archived 7459:Archived 7404:Archived 7295:Archived 7208:Archived 7184:Archived 7160:Archived 7057:Archived 6953:Archived 6892:27556967 6849:Archived 6831:Archived 6745:Archived 6673:(2006). 6506:Archived 6455:Archived 6428:Archived 6358:Archived 6330:22753493 6264:Archived 6229:22722864 6183:Archived 6139:Archived 6120:18256663 6081:11559841 6022:16392889 6014:12949561 5718:Archived 5684:Archived 5662:cite web 5562:23514836 5438:Archived 5371:(2013). 5337:(1995). 5284:Archived 5276:(2004), 5114:(2011), 5092:(2011), 5070:(2011), 5049:Archived 5000:(1995), 4979:Archived 4953:Archived 4945:(1995), 4926:"cotton" 4829:Archived 4603:cite web 4567:"cotton" 4476:30246122 4295:21 March 4183:Archived 4163:Archived 4141:26420475 4048:22 March 3916:See also 3902:Illumina 3898:Monsanto 3739:pattern. 3699:Mineral 3621:insects 3617:sunlight 3596:15–27%+ 3570:Density 3512:inches); 3307:Sector: 3179:Cameroon 3093:Pakistan 3038:Source: 3020:289,488 3002:322,471 2984:361,819 2966:373,018 2962:Tanzania 2948:404,800 2944:Cameroon 2930:448,573 2912:511,996 2894:526,000 2876:588,110 2858:668,633 2840:871,955 2782:Pakistan 2631:Country 2494:cosmetic 2436:gossypol 2432:ruminant 2371:such as 2361:knitting 2352:T-shirts 2332:corduroy 2330:"); and 2230:Xinjiang 2071:bollworm 1934:gossypol 1811:Aral Sea 1642:China's 1638:The Moon 1606:monocrop 1544:overseer 1452:Egyptian 1429:Southern 1425:blockade 1360:colonial 1112:spindles 1016:Americas 1008:textiles 756:Aksumite 741:Cotton ( 715:Shahname 711:Ferdowsi 594:Tehuacán 588:Americas 559:Mehrgarh 557:site of 497:Xinjiang 402:, India. 238:Corduroy 10831:Hemline 10701:Ostrich 10673:leather 10655:Spandex 10635:Elastic 10587:Natural 10519:Placket 10452:Armscye 10393:Weaving 10341:Related 10241:Cerruti 10105:Fulling 10080:Burnout 10068:Bingata 10017:Spandex 9897:Acrylic 9846:Paisley 9775:Spandex 9745:Darlexx 9735:Ban-Lon 9640:Coolmax 9627:Knitted 9554:Mockado 9549:Fustian 9502:Songket 9482:Brocade 9464:Zorbeez 9429:Viyella 9419:Ventile 9384:Ticking 9369:Taffeta 9329:Scarlet 9294:Ripstop 9259:Percale 9244:Ottoman 9234:Organza 9229:Organdy 9224:Oilskin 9214:Nankeen 9129:Jamdani 9094:Habutai 9074:Gingham 9044:Fustian 9039:Foulard 9034:Flannel 9024:Drugget 8964:Cordura 8939:Chiffon 8929:Charvet 8914:Challis 8889:Cambric 8864:Bunting 8859:Buckram 8824:Batiste 8728:Commons 8686:Vinylon 8681:Vectran 8676:Spandex 8607:Acrylic 8599:Polymer 8566:Mineral 8546:Piñatex 8536:Lyocell 8526:Acetate 8464:Mineral 8394:Guanaco 8244:Bagasse 8222:Natural 8165:. 1921. 8133:. 1905. 7841:2151711 7376:6 April 7192:cta.int 6979:13 July 6608:3935402 6321:3406847 6298:Bibcode 6237:4415298 6209:Bibcode 6049:Bibcode 5862:Bibcode 5773:Bibcode 5008:, p. 30 4909:12 June 4707:19 June 4552:12 June 4389:Bibcode 4348:Bibcode 4212:Lane's 4189:and/or 4132:4588572 4103:Bibcode 4022:L. and 3839:Please 3795:updated 3722:pectins 3714:matured 3688:pectins 3642:to heat 3539:Luster 3529:⁄ 3519:⁄ 3507:⁄ 3497:⁄ 3310:Energy 3270:Cotton 3209:Trading 3187:Senegal 3108:Gujarat 3042:of the 3040:FAOSTAT 3016:Myanmar 2574:Cargill 2490:medical 2458:⁄ 2357:crochet 2324:cambric 2263:hosiery 2259:acrylic 2251:Acetate 2228:and in 2176:subsp. 2041:protein 2024:organic 1977:diapers 1927:stacked 1866:beetles 1783:dryland 1722:Armenia 1706:plowing 1704:Cotton 1507:lascars 1444:Britain 1227:tariffs 1203:Fustian 1199:Fustian 1138:Britain 1080:fellahs 1051:of the 1037:roller 1000:muslins 996:calicos 912:Haarlem 908:Antwerp 719:Persian 707:Persian 515:History 358:textile 327:pectins 228:Cambric 59:History 10858:Cotton 10798:Zipper 10786:Velcro 10754:Button 10749:Buckle 10594:Cotton 10554:Sleeve 10539:Ruffle 10534:Revers 10529:Pocket 10514:Lining 10489:Facing 10457:Collar 10348:Dyeing 10307:Design 10281:Scabal 10122:Kasuri 10095:Devoré 9972:Olefin 9957:Mohair 9947:Kevlar 9927:Cotton 9907:Angora 9902:Alpaca 9841:Kelsch 9806:Argyle 9755:Gannex 9670:Netted 9660:Velour 9655:Jersey 9584:Velvet 9497:Lampas 9492:Damask 9487:Camlet 9459:Zephyr 9444:Waffle 9439:Wadmal 9394:Tucuyo 9379:Tartan 9344:Sendal 9314:Sateen 9309:Samite 9274:Poplin 9269:Pongee 9249:Oxford 9204:Muslin 9194:Madras 9119:Hodden 9114:Himroo 9014:Dowlas 9009:Dornix 8999:Dimity 8979:Coutil 8954:Cloqué 8949:Chintz 8894:Canvas 8884:Calico 8869:Burlap 8799:Aertex 8770:Fabric 8691:Vinyon 8669:UHMWPE 8654:Olefin 8622:Kevlar 8617:Twaron 8612:Aramid 8584:Basalt 8579:Carbon 8449:Vicuña 8434:Tendon 8424:Rabbit 8419:Qiviut 8409:Mohair 8384:Catgut 8369:Byssus 8364:Angora 8359:Alpaca 8351:Animal 8331:Rattan 8321:Raffia 8264:Cotton 8249:Bamboo 8214:Fibers 8059: 8031: 8013: 7998: 7976: 7962: 7929: 7921: 7848: 7838: 7760: 7750: 7707: 7672: 7644: 7432: 7344:31 May 7312:Cotton 7133: 6933: 6898: 6890: 6811: 6803: 6768: 6703:. 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