Plastic surgery - Knowledge

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such as back ache or neck ache. Cosmetic surgeries are also undertaken following breast cancer and mastectomy to recreate the natural breast shape which has been lost during the process of removing the cancer. In 2014, nearly 16 million cosmetic procedures were performed in the United States alone. The number of cosmetic procedures performed in the United States has almost doubled since the start of the century. 92% of cosmetic procedures were performed on women in 2014, up from 88% in 2001. 15.6 million cosmetic procedures were performed in 2020, with the five most common surgeries being Nose Reshaping, Eyelid surgery, Facelift, Liposuction, and breast augmentation. Breast augmentation continues to be one of the top 5 cosmetic surgical procedures and has been since 2006. Silicone implants were used in 84% and saline implants in 16% of all breast augmentations in 2020. The American Society for Aesthetic Plastic Surgery looks at the statistics for 34 different cosmetic procedures. Nineteen of the procedures are surgical, such as rhinoplasty or facelift. The nonsurgical procedures include

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caused by the weapons during the war Gillies experimented with this technique so he knew that he had to start by moving back healthy tissue to its normal position and then he will be able to fill with tissue from another place on the body of the soldier. One of the most successful techniques in skin grafting had the aim of not completely severing the connection to the body. It was possible by releasing and lifting a flap of skin from the wound. The flap of skin, still connected to the donor site would then be swung over the site of the wound, this technique allows the maintenance of physical connection and ensures that blood is supplied to the skin and increases the chances of the skin graft being accepted by the body. At this time, we assisted also to improving in treating infections also meant that important injuries had become survivable mostly thanks to the new technique of Gillies. Some soldiers arrived at the hospital of Gillies without noses, chins, cheekbones, or even eyes. But for them, the most important trauma was psychological.

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compared to approx. 14,000 in 1996. In 2018, more than 226,994 patients between the ages of 13 and 19 underwent plastic surgery compared to just over 218,900 patients in the same age group in 2010. Concerns about young people undergoing plastic surgery include the financial burden of additional surgical procedures needed to correct problems after the initial cosmetic surgery, long-term health complications from plastic surgery, and unaddressed mental health issues that may have led to surgery. The increased use of cosmetic procedures crosses racial and ethnic lines in the U.S., with increases seen among African-Americans, Asian Americans and Hispanic Americans as well as Caucasian Americans. In Asia, cosmetic surgery has become more popular, and countries such as China and India have become Asia's biggest cosmetic surgery markets. South Korea is also rising in popularity due to their expertise in facial bone surgeries (see

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States, 15% of patients seeing a dermatologist and cosmetic surgeons have the disorder. Half of the patients with the disorder who have cosmetic surgery performed are not pleased with the aesthetic outcome. BDD can lead to suicide in some people with the condition. While many with BDD seek cosmetic surgery, the procedures do not treat BDD, and can ultimately worsen the problem. The psychological root of the problem is usually unidentified; therefore causing the treatment to be even more difficult. Some say that the fixation or obsession with correction of the area could be a sub-disorder such as anorexia or muscle dysmorphia. The increased use of body and facial reshaping applications such as

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to react quickly and intelligently to treat the greatest number. Facial injuries were hard to treat on the front line because of the sanitary conditions many infections could occur. Sometimes, some stitches were made on a jagged wound without thinking about the amount of flesh that had been lost, so scars after were hideous and disfigured soldiers. Some injured had important injuries and the stitches were not sufficient so some became blind, or were left with gaping holes instead of their nose.

47: 251: 895: 6144: 5084: 5114: 5124: 1932: 1384: 1112: 842: 743: 452: 5104: 5094: 1063: 1837:: is the creation of permanent makeup using natural pigments to places such as the eyes to create the effect of eye shadow, lips creating lipstick and cheek bones to create a blush like look. The pigment is inserted beneath the skin using a machine which injects a small needle at a very fast rate carrying pigment into the skin, creating a lasting colouration of the desired area. 1882:, including rupture. In a study of his 4761 augmentation mammaplasty patients, Eisenberg reported that overfilling saline breast implants 10–13% significantly reduced the rupture-deflation rate to 1.83% at 8-years post-implantation. In 2011 FDA stated that one in five patients who received implants for breast augmentation will need them removed within 10 years of implantation. 1203:

surgery deals mostly with reconstructive surgeries after trauma or cancer and revision surgeries along with orthognathic surgery and facial feminization surgery. Craniofacial surgery is an important part of all plastic surgery training programs. Further training and subspecialisation is obtained via a craniofacial fellowship. Craniofacial surgery is also practiced by

994:, which became the principal army plastic surgery unit; Tommy Kilner (who had worked with Gillies during the First World War, and who now has a surgical instrument named after him, the kilner cheek retractor) went to Queen Mary's Hospital, Roehampton; and Mowlem went to St Albans. McIndoe, consultant to the RAF, moved to the recently rebuilt 1842:

Rhinoplasty (Nose reshaping) accounting for 15.2% of all cosmetic surgical procedures that year, followed by Blepharoplasty (Eyelid surgery), which accounted for 14% of all procedures. The third most populous procedure was Rhytidectomy (Facelift) (10% of all procedures), then Liposuction (9.1% of all procedures).

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of the casualties and particularly of social reintegration back into normal life. He disposed of the "convalescent uniforms" and let the patients use their service uniforms instead. With the help of two friends, Neville and Elaine Blond, he also convinced the locals to support the patients and invite

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focuses solely on improving the physical appearance of the body. A comprehensive definition of plastic surgery has never been established, because it has no distinct anatomical object and thus overlaps with practically all other surgical specialties. An essential feature of plastic surgery is that it

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created trench warfare, which led to a rapid increase in the number of mutilations to the faces and the heads of soldiers because the trenches mainly offered protection to the body. The surgeons, who were not prepared for these injuries, were even less prepared for a large number of injuries and had

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Plastic surgery is increasing slowly, rising 115% from 2000 to 2015. "According to the annual plastic surgery procedural statistics, there were 15.9 million surgical and minimally-invasive cosmetic procedures performed in the United States in 2015, a 2 percent increase over 2014." A study from 2021

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is concerned with acute injuries and chronic diseases of the hand and wrist, correction of congenital malformations of the upper extremities, and peripheral nerve problems (such as brachial plexus injuries or carpal tunnel syndrome). Hand surgery is an important part of training in plastic surgery,

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In 1949, 15,000 Americans underwent cosmetic surgery procedures and by 1969 this number rose to almost half a million people. The American Society of Plastic Surgeons (ASPS) estimates that more than 333,000 cosmetic procedures were performed on patients 18 years of age or younger in the US in 2005

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Cosmetic surgery is a voluntary or elective surgery that is performed on normal parts of the body with the only purpose of improving a person's appearance or removing signs of aging. Some cosmetic surgeries such as breast reduction are also functional and can help to relieve symptoms of discomfort

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is generally concerned with the reconstruction of missing tissues by transferring a piece of tissue to the reconstruction site and reconnecting blood vessels. Popular subspecialty areas are breast reconstruction, head and neck reconstruction, hand surgery/replantation, and brachial plexus surgery.

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is divided into pediatric and adult craniofacial surgery. Pediatric craniofacial surgery mostly revolves around the treatment of congenital anomalies of the craniofacial skeleton and soft tissues, such as cleft lip and palate, microtia, craniosynostosis, and pediatric fractures. Adult craniofacial

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identified the need to advance the specialty of maxillofacial surgery which would be directly dedicated to the management of war wounds at this time. He has developed a new technique using rotational and transposition flaps but also bone grafts from the ribs and tibia to reconstruct facial defects

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BDD is a disorder resulting in the individual becoming "preoccupied with what they regard as defects in their bodies or faces". Alternatively, where there is a slight physical anomaly, then the person's concern is markedly excessive. While 2% of people have body dysmorphic disorder in the United

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Augmentation mastopexy ("breast lift with breast implants"): Lifting breasts to make them less saggy, repositioning the nipple to a higher location, and increasing breast size with saline or silicone gel implants. Recent studies of a newer technique for simultaneous augmentation mastopexy (SAM)

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also detailed the description and classification of ambiguous genitalia. In mid-15th-century Europe, Heinrich von Pfolspeundt described a process "to make a new nose for one who lacks it entirely, and the dogs have devoured it" by removing skin from the back of the arm and suturing it in place.

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Though media and advertising do play a large role in influencing many people's lives, such as by making people believe plastic surgery to be an acceptable course to change our identities to our liking, researchers believe that plastic surgery obsession is linked to psychological disorders like

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In 2015, the most popular surgeries were Botox, liposuction, eyelid surgery, breast implants, nose jobs, and facelifts. According to the 2020 Plastic Surgery Statistics Report, which is published by the American Society of Plastic Surgeons, the most surgical procedure performed in the U.S. was

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in 1917. There Gillies and his colleagues developed many techniques of plastic surgery; more than 11,000 operations were performed on more than 5,000 men (mostly soldiers with facial injuries, usually from gunshot wounds). After the war, Gillies developed a private practice with

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Reconstructive plastic surgery is performed to correct functional impairments caused by burns; traumatic injuries, such as facial bone fractures and breaks; congenital abnormalities, such as cleft palates or cleft lips; developmental abnormalities; infection and disease; and

1250:. Scar tissue formation after surgery can be problematic on the delicate hand, causing loss of dexterity and digit function if severe enough. There have been cases of surgery on women's hands in order to correct perceived flaws to create the perfect engagement ring photo. 1911:' has appeared to describe people who request surgery to resemble the edited version of themselves as they appear through Snapchat Filters. As a protest to the detrimental trend, Instagram banned all augmented reality (AR) filters that depict or promote cosmetic surgery. 1819:: Dermal fillers are injected below the skin to give a more fuller, youthful appearance of a feature or section of the face. One type of dermal filler is Hyaluronic acid. Hyaluronic acid is naturally found throughout the human body. It plays a vital role in moving 1444: 1518:. In 2010, their survey revealed that there were 9,336,814 total procedures in the United States. Of those, 1,622,290 procedures were surgical (p. 5). They also found that a large majority, 81%, of the procedures were done on Caucasian people (p. 12). 1176:

Aesthetic surgery is a central component of plastic surgery and includes facial and body aesthetic surgery. Plastic surgeons use cosmetic surgical principles in all reconstructive surgical procedures as well as isolated operations to improve overall appearance.

812:, scared by the number of new facial injuries and the lack of good surgical techniques decided to dedicate an entire hospital to the reconstruction of facial injuries as fully as possible. He took into account the psychological dimension. Gillies introduced 694:

John Roe presented an example of his work: a young woman on whom he reduced a dorsal nasal hump for cosmetic indications. In 1892, Robert Weir experimented unsuccessfully with xenografts (duck sternum) in the reconstruction of sunken noses. In 1896,

232:. This meaning in English is seen as early as 1598. In the surgical context, the word "plastic" first appeared in 1816 and was established in 1838 by Eduard Zeis, preceding the modern technical usage of the word as "engineering material made from 1608:

indicate that it is a safe surgical procedure with minimal medical complications. The SAM technique involves invaginating and tacking the tissues first, in order to previsualize the result, before making any surgical incisions to the breast.

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of skin, muscle, bone, fat, or a combination may be removed from the body, moved to another site on the body, and reconnected to a blood supply by suturing arteries and veins as small as 1 to 2 millimeters in diameter.

1721:: surgery to the chin. This can involve either enhancing or reducing the size of the chin. Enhancements are achieved with the use of facial implants. Reduction of the chin involved reducing the size of the chin bone. 1795:: the removal of this excess skin and fat from numerous areas of the body, restoring the appearance of skin elasticity of the remaining skin. The surgery is prominent in those who have undergone significant 1472:, the number of reconstructive breast reductions for women decreased in 2018 by 4 percent from the year before. Breast reduction in men decreased in 2018 by 8 percent. In 2018, there were 57,535 performed. 3214: 1604:("breast lift"): Lifting or reshaping of breasts to make them less saggy, often after weight loss (after a pregnancy, for example). It involves removal of breast skin as opposed to glandular tissue 1006:, and founded a Centre for Plastic and Jaw Surgery. There, he treated very deep burns, and serious facial disfigurement, such as loss of eyelids, typical of those caused to aircrew by burning fuel. 1831:

casing. Development within this field has occurred over time with synthetic forms of hyaluronic acid is being created, playing roles in other forms of cosmetic surgery such as facial augmentation.

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Usually, good results would be expected from plastic surgery that emphasize careful planning of incisions so that they fall within the line of natural skin folds or lines, appropriate choice of

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Eisenberg T (April 2012). "Simultaneous augmentation mastopexy: a technique for maximum en bloc skin resection using the inverted-T pattern regardless of implant size, asymmetry, or ptosis".

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With the growing popularity of plastic surgery, has also come a widespread increase in minimally invasive alternatives involving intradermal and intramusclular injectables, including various

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Burn surgery generally takes place in two phases. Acute burn surgery is the treatment immediately after a burn. Reconstructive burn surgery takes place after the burn wounds have healed.

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discovery drawn from observation of differential healing rates in pilots who had come down on land and in the sea. His radical, experimental treatments led to the formation of the

3389: 3320: 1628:: refers to a medical device used to destroy fat cells. Its principle relies on controlled cooling for non-invasive local reduction of fat deposits to reshape body contours. 674:, and introduced the concept of reoperation to improve the cosmetic appearance of the reconstructed nose. Dieffenbach has been called the "father of plastic surgery". 723:, and perfume and cosmetics manufacturer, founded a unique plastic surgery department in his Moscow Institute of Medical Cosmetics. In 1928, Jacques Joseph published 1895:. There exists a correlation between those with BDD and the predilection toward cosmetic plastic surgery in order to correct a perceived defect in their appearance. 1803:(a condition called elastosis) once it has been stretched past capacity and is unable to recoil back to its standard position against the body and also with age. 1656:: alter the appearance of the lips by increasing their fullness through surgical enlargement with lip implants or nonsurgical enhancement with injectable fillers 3221: 1009:

McIndoe is often recognized for not only developing new techniques for treating badly burned faces and hands but also for recognising the importance of the

1562:("penile surgery"): construction (or reconstruction) of a penis or, sometimes, artificial modification of the penis by surgery, often for cosmetic purposes 2907:

Chambers JA, Ray PD (November 2009). "Achieving growth and excellence in medicine: the case history of armed conflict and modern reconstructive surgery".

3155: 823:, dental surgeons, technicians, and specialized nurses, which has made it possible to develop techniques leading to the reconstruction of injured faces. 3968:

Ribeiro RV (August 2017). "Prevalence of Body Dysmorphic Disorder in Plastic Surgery and Dermatology Patients: A Systematic Review with Meta-Analysis".

1294:, Syndactyly (webbing of the fingers and toes), Polydactyly (excess fingers and toes at birth), cleft lip and palate, and congenital hand deformities. 3856:"Does Overfilling Smooth Inflatable Saline-Filled Breast Implants Decrease the Deflation Rate? Experience with 4761 Augmentation Mammaplasty Patients" 1530:

found that requests for cosmetic procedures had increased significantly since the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic, possibly due to the increase in

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working in London, he developed many of the techniques of modern facial surgery in caring for soldiers with disfiguring facial injuries during the

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is a surgical specialty involving the restoration, reconstruction, or alteration of the human body. It can be divided into two main categories:

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rate, a practice instituted in the early 20th century that lasted until the mid-1990s. Separate from surgery performed for medical need.

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plastic surgeons specialize in treating these conditions in children. Conditions commonly treated by pediatric plastic surgeons include

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The most common reconstructive procedures are tumor removal, laceration repair, maxillofacial surgery, scar revision, hand surgery and

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Plastic surgery is a broad field, and may be subdivided further. In the United States, plastic surgeons are board certified by

355: 319:, using simple techniques, such as repairing damaged ears, from around the 1st century BC. For religious reasons, they did not 2321: 2214:"The New York Academy of Medicine: News & Publications: Academy Papyrus to be Exhibited at the Metropolitan Museum of Art" 516: 4269: 4239: 4216: 4194: 3710: 3663: 2249: 3448: 1735:: altering the upper and lower jaw bones (through osteotomy) to correct jaw alignment issues and correct the teeth alignment 622:. Von Graefe modified the Italian method using a free skin graft from the arm instead of the original delayed pedicle flap. 597:

However, because of the dangers associated with surgery in any form, especially that involving the head or face, it was not

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as well as microsurgery, which is necessary to replant an amputated extremity. The hand surgery field is also practiced by

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spent 20 years in India studying local plastic surgery methods. Carpue was able to perform the first major surgery in the

5160: 1591:("breast reduction"): removal of skin and glandular tissue, which is done to reduce back and shoulder pain in women with 3834: 1014:

them to their homes. McIndoe kept referring to them as "his boys" and the staff called him "The Boss" or "The Maestro".

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Zuckerman D, Abraham A (October 2008). "Teenagers and cosmetic surgery: focus on breast augmentation and liposuction".

3130: 1771:("suction lipectomy"): removal of fat deposits by traditional suction technique or ultrasonic energy to aid fat removal 495: 1694:: tightening of lax tissues in the neck. This procedure is often combined with a facelift for lower face rejuvenation. 2597: 2539: 2428: 2390: 2211:"Academy Papyrus to be Exhibited at the Metropolitan Museum of Art". The New York Academy of Medicine. 27 July 2005. 1979: 1622:

using silicone implants or fat grafting ("Brazilian butt lift") where fat is transferred from other areas of the body

1431: 1165: 1151: 881: 782: 535: 2269: 1961: 1413: 2084: 1953: 1405: 1129: 963: 859: 760: 469: 17: 905:, is assumed to have received plastic surgery in 1917. The photograph shows him immediately following (right) the 2778:

Stathopoulos P (March 2018). "Maxillofacial surgery: the impact of the Great War on both sides of the trenches".

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Plastic surgeons use microsurgery to transfer tissue for coverage of a defect when no local tissue is available.

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are taken from the recipient. If absent or deficient of natural tissue, alternatives can be cultured sheets of

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Several ancient Sanskrit medical treatise mentions some types of plastic surgery in India such as the works of

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by means of fat grafting, saline, or silicone gel prosthetics, which was initially performed for women with

484: 6186: 6150: 4959: 3740: 2731:"Predictors of Oral Function and Facial Aesthetics Post Maxillofacial Reconstruction with Free Fibula Flap" 2109: 1356:, American Plastic Surgeon, is credited for completing the first successful kidney transplantation in 1954. 651: 640: 255: 3776: 2943: 971:, including many famous patients, and travelled extensively to promote his advanced techniques worldwide. 409:

Illustration of an 18th-century nose reconstruction method from Poona performed by an Indian potter, from

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with an individual's bones or with the use of an implant, usually silicone, by suture of the soft tissue

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surgeon from Germany, and in 1889 George Monks of the United States each described the successful use of

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is plastic surgery performed to change ethnic attributes, often considered used as a way of "passing".

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to the treatments of soldiers, so they would be less horrified by looking at themselves in the mirror.

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either human beings or animals, thus, their knowledge was based in its entirety on the texts of their

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are taken from a donor of the same species. Kidney transplants are an example of allograft transfer.

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promoted healing as well as improving survival rates for patients with extensive burns—this was a

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Children often face medical issues very different from the experiences of an adult patient. Many

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Society for Aesthetic Plastic Surgery (2010). "Cosmetic Surgery National Data Bank Statistics".

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In some cases, people whose physicians refuse to perform any further surgeries, have turned to "

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broke out, plastic surgery provision was largely divided between the different services of the

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have been identified as a potential triggers of BDD. Recently, a phenomenon referred to as '

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It is the multidisciplinary approach to the treatment of facial lesions, bringing together

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free-bone grafting to reconstruct saddle nose defects. In 1898, Jacques Joseph, the German

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involves the treatment of conditions that require or may require tissue relocation skills.

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Atkinson M (2008). "Exploring Male Femininity in the 'Crisis': Men and Cosmetic Surgery".

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Creating Beauty to Cure the Soul: Race and Psychology in the Shaping of Aesthetic Surgery

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Elliott A (2011). "'I Want to Look Like That!': Cosmetic Surgery and Celebrity Culture".

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is in reference to the concept of "reshaping" and comes from the Greek πλαστική (τέχνη),

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resulting in excess sagging skin being present around areas of the body. The skin loses

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Calf Augmentation: done by silicone implants or fat transfer to add bulk to calf muscles

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to the cells of the skin from the blood. It is also commonly used in patients with

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Plastic surgery performed on an incarcerated population in order to affect their

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recorded surgical techniques, including plastic surgery, in the first century AD.

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Mukherjee, Nayana Sharma; Majudar, Susmita Basu; Majumdar, Susmita Basu (2011).

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being performed by Indian methods. Reports on Indian rhinoplasty performed by a

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Stevens WG, Macias LH, Spring M, Stoker DA, Chacón CO, Eberlin SA (July 2014).

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The father of modern plastic surgery is generally considered to have been Sir

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Treatments for the plastic repair of a broken nose are first mentioned in the

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Center for Devices and Radiological Health U.S. Food and Drug Administration

1634:: Treatment of superficial and subcutaneous tissue structures using gaseous 439:. He gives detailed descriptions of other basic surgical techniques such as 6000: 5985: 5925: 5835: 5797: 5496: 5391: 5037: 5022: 4848: 4573: 4423: 4408: 4354: 4076: 4049: 3989: 3905: 3891: 3703:

Fast Living Slow Ageing: How to age less, look great, live longer, get more

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In 1814, Joseph Carpue successfully performed an operative procedure on a

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All surgery has risks. Common complications of cosmetic surgery includes

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survivors, and creating a new outer ear when one is congenitally absent.

1042: 1026: 991: 936: 813: 804: 796: 670:. In 1845, Dieffenbach wrote a comprehensive text on rhinoplasty, titled 659: 618: 585: 552: 299: 250: 2848:"Innovative Cosmetic Surgery Restored WWI Vets' Ravaged Faces—And Lives" 894: 6045: 6040: 5960: 5910: 5905: 5840: 5697: 5527: 5468: 5355: 5208: 4984: 4869: 4836: 4608: 4558: 4543: 4538: 4531: 4516: 4506: 2556: 2137: 1993: 1697: 1669: 1480: 1321: 1309: 1136: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 898: 866: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 767: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 720: 424: 332: 320: 5850: 2669:(1). The National Research Institute of Public Health, Moskow: 76–79. 2318:

History of Medicine: Sushruta – the Clinician – Teacher par Excellence

986:, and Gillies and his team were split up. Gillies himself was sent to 254:

Plates vi & vii of the Edwin Smith Papyrus at the Rare Book Room,

6060: 6005: 5737: 5350: 5314: 5309: 5304: 5203: 5169: 5057: 4799: 4794: 4658: 4636: 4511: 4475: 3797: 3290: 3185: 2217: 1859: 1824: 1675: 1601: 1495: 1448:

Navy doctors perform reconstructive surgery on a 21-year-old patient.

1359: 1349: 1328: 1287: 959: 677:

Another case of plastic surgery for nose reconstruction from 1884 at

359: 336: 289: 233: 226: 1931: 1688:("face lift"): removal of wrinkles and signs of aging from the face 1383: 1111: 978:, joined the practice and became committed to plastic surgery. When 841: 742: 451: 6120: 6105: 6035: 5990: 5900: 5810: 5757: 5742: 5722: 5682: 5652: 5647: 5511: 5501: 5473: 5453: 5299: 5294: 5218: 5213: 5198: 5188: 4563: 4340: 4291: 1904: 1900: 1851: 1820: 1739: 1682:, most often done by pinning the protruding ear closer to the head. 1672:

sometimes used to correct breathing impaired by structural defects.

1339: 428: 367: 351: 340: 293: 285: 153: 101: 3053:"War surgeon Sir Archibald McIndoe and his 'Guinea Pigs' honoured" 6030: 5855: 5805: 5717: 5443: 5438: 5421: 5365: 5042: 4502: 4470: 4363: 3906:"FDA Update on the Safety of Silicone Gel-Filled Breast Implants" 2872:

Zola M (May 2004). "World War I maxillofacial fracture splints".

1619: 1545: 1286:

or syndromes present at birth are best treated in childhood, and

1073:

Cosmetic_surgery_in_Australia#Types of cosmetic surgery available

715:, published his first account of reduction rhinoplasty. In 1910, 712: 700: 548: 440: 399: 382:

Caliphate in 750 AD. The Arabic translations made their way into

371: 273: 105: 6025: 6015: 5965: 5940: 5920: 5792: 5532: 5463: 5431: 5223: 1827:

as it acts like a cushion to the bones which have depleted the

1579: 1553:("eyelid surgery"): reshaping of upper/lower eyelids including 1454: 1003: 560: 556: 391: 383: 157: 4287:

Countries with the largest total number of cosmetic procedures

4228: 2970:"Albert Ross Tilley: The legacy of a Canadian plastic surgeon" 6115: 6065: 6055: 5970: 5747: 5662: 5632: 5627: 3800:"2020 Plastic Surgery Statistics | Cosmetic Procedure Trends" 3462:"New Statistics Reflect the Changing Face of Plastic Surgery" 3131:"Reconstructive Burn Surgery | University of Michigan Health" 1758: 1511: 1475:

Some other common reconstructive surgical procedures include

1458: 387: 335:

descriptions, some of which—for instance, his studies on the

281: 5138: 4063:

Miller MC (July 2005). "What is body dysmorphic disorder?".

1813:' (Telangiectasia), which appear on the surface of the skin. 1037:, Sussex. Among the better-known members of his "club" were 584:

In 1465, Sabuncu's book, description, and classification of

5727: 4309: 1863: 1712: 1483:

for the treatment of cancer, cleft lip and palate surgery,

1338:

or synthetic compounds, such as integra, which consists of

420: 193: 2000:, Dysport, Xeomin, and Jeuveau, amongst others, alongside 588:

were more informative and up to date. Localization of the

431:. He describes what is thought to be the first attempt at 3564: 3088:. American Board of Plastic Surgery. 2013. Archived from 2728: 2444:

Maniglia AJ (August 1989). "Reconstructive rhinoplasty".

1743: 1679: 1017:

His other important work included the development of the

962:, later upgraded to a new hospital for facial repairs at 910: 2554: 1537:

The most popular aesthetic/cosmetic procedures include:

1921: 950:

on skin grafts, he persuaded the army's chief surgeon,

427:

talks of the use of silk thread suture to achieve good

55:"(On the Surgery of Mutilation by Grafting)" (1597) by 3533:"Covid-19 is fuelling a Zoom-boom in cosmetic surgery" 3156:"Hand Rejuvenation for Better Engagement Ring Selfies" 1845: 633:

operation with instruments that he designed himself.

608:

officer who had lost his nose to the toxic effects of

2822:"The birth of plastic surgery | National Army Museum" 2729:

Alotaibi A, Aljabab A, Althubaiti G (November 2018).

1703:

Midface lift ("cheek lift"): tightening of the cheeks

2690:"Jacques Joseph: Father of modern aesthetic surgery" 732: 2309: 831: 476:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 402:) became familiar with the techniques of Sushruta. 292:who made contributions to the field of plastic and 4227: 3656:Facial bone contouring surgery: a practical guide 2330:National Informatics Centre (Government of India) 1320:In plastic surgery, the transfer of skin tissue ( 1168:. Subdisciplines of plastic surgery may include: 6173: 3413: 2315:Dwivedi, Girish & Dwivedi, Shridhar (2007). 1678:("ear surgery"/"ear pinning"): reshaping of the 3817:"Plastic surgery – Complications – NHS Choices" 2735:Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. Global Open 2650:. Munn & Company. 7 June 1884. p. 354. 577:in the year 1815. Instruments described in the 3847: 3798:The American Board of Plastic Surgery (2021). 1746:, and other tissue filler injections, such as 1504: 1362:are taken from a donor of a different species. 666:surgery established many modern techniques of 180:covers a wide range of specialties, including 5154: 4325: 4259: 3482: 1544:("tummy tuck"): reshaping and firming of the 343:—are of special interest to plastic surgery. 3449:India, China Among Plastic Surgery Hot Spots 3198:"Reconstructive Plastic Surgery of the Face" 2777: 2687: 2590:The Oxford Illustrated Companion to Medicine 2532:The Oxford Illustrated Companion to Medicine 2421:The Oxford Illustrated Companion to Medicine 1315: 1271: 724: 581:were further modified in the Western world. 4117:"Instagram bans 'cosmetic surgery' filters" 3700: 2906: 2382:Brief History of Vision and Ocular Medicine 1960:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 1412:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 954:, to establish a facial injury ward at the 5161: 5147: 4614:Reproductive endocrinology and infertility 4332: 4318: 2584: 2582: 2561:Proceedings of the Indian History Congress 2526: 2524: 2522: 2379:Wolfgang H. Vogel, Andreas Berke (2009). " 1885: 1647:: surgical reduction and reshaping of the 45: 5617: 4955:Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery 4230:Venus Envy: A History of Cosmetic Surgery 4136:"Woman's DIY Plastic Surgery 'Nightmare'" 4039: 4009: 4007: 3936: 3881: 3871: 3853: 3605: 3582: 3508: 2993: 2874:Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery 2754: 2705: 1980:Learn how and when to remove this message 1432:Learn how and when to remove this message 1373: 1297: 1210: 1152:Learn how and when to remove this message 943:. After working with the renowned French 939:, he worked as a medical minder with the 882:Learn how and when to remove this message 783:Learn how and when to remove this message 726:Nasenplastik und Sonstige Gesichtsplastik 536:Learn how and when to remove this message 137:Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery 4155: 3379:"2010 Cosmetic Surgery Age Distribution" 3310:"2018 Cosmetic Surgery Age Distribution" 3268:"2020 Plastic Surgery Statistics Report" 2941: 2489:"Sh08Al-Zahrawi – the Father of Surgery" 2443: 2415: 2413: 2411: 2239: 1729:("cheek implant"): implants to the cheek 1443: 893: 635: 419:A pioneer in all fields of surgery, the 404: 345: 298: 249: 4133: 3967: 3922: 3757:. American Society of Plastic Surgeons. 3743:. American Society of Plastic Surgeons. 3729:. American Society of Plastic Surgeons. 3690:. American Society of Plastic Surgeons. 3050: 3016: 2974:The Canadian Journal of Plastic Surgery 2967: 2660: 2579: 2519: 2267: 2110:"Plastic Surgery Specialty Description" 1188: 1070:It has been suggested that portions of 658:and early plastic surgery. His work in 625:The first American plastic surgeon was 374:. These works were translated into the 14: 6174: 4225: 4203: 4184: 4097:(Press release). Boston Medical Center 4062: 4004: 3835:"Cosmetic surgery Risks – Mayo Clinic" 3769:"The Most Popular Cosmetic Procedures" 2233: 1578:" or "boob job"): augmentation of the 1021:, and the discovery that immersion in 643:established many modern techniques of 356:Royal Australasian College of Surgeons 276:textbook was named after the American 5616: 5142: 4313: 4248: 4013: 3649: 3647: 3645: 3304: 3302: 2845: 2486: 2408: 1618:("butt implant"): enhancement of the 551:physicians travelled to India to see 197: 5093: 4854:Physical medicine and rehabilitation 4187:Cosmetic surgery, gender and culture 3653: 3386:American Society of Plastic Surgeons 3317:American Society of Plastic Surgeons 3280:from the original on 9 October 2022. 2871: 2263: 2261: 2242:Cosmetic Surgery: Art and Techniques 2174: 1958:adding citations to reliable sources 1925: 1922:Minimally invasive cosmetic medicine 1662:: surgical reconstruction of the lip 1470:American Society of Plastic Surgeons 1410:adding citations to reliable sources 1377: 1171: 1134:adding citations to reliable sources 1105: 1056: 864:adding citations to reliable sources 835: 765:adding citations to reliable sources 736: 629:, who, in 1827, performed the first 612:treatments. In 1818, German surgeon 474:adding citations to reliable sources 445: 53:De Curtorum Chirurgia per Insitionem 5103: 3483:Padley RH, Di Pace B (April 2021). 3395:from the original on 9 October 2022 3326:from the original on 9 October 2022 3215:"Plastic Surgery Statistics Report" 1846:Complications, risks, and reversals 795:The development of weapons such as 24: 4990:Medical Scientist Training Program 4234:. Johns Hopkins University Press. 4149: 3642: 3599: 3299: 3247:"2001 Cosmetic Surgery Statistics" 2942:Roxburgh, Tracey (11 April 2017). 2505:10.1111/j.1445-2197.2007.04130_8.x 2287: 2177:Handbuch der plastischen Chirurgie 2050:Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery 1052: 616:published his major work entitled 25: 6213: 4279: 3701:Marie K, Thomas MC (2013). "33". 3112:American Board of Plastic Surgery 2694:Indian Journal of Plastic Surgery 2258: 1166:American Board of Plastic Surgery 733:Nascency of maxillofacial surgery 601:that such surgery became common. 599:until the 19th and 20th centuries 268:Egyptian medical text called the 6143: 6142: 5122: 5112: 5102: 5092: 5083: 5082: 4065:The Harvard Mental Health Letter 3428:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2008.04.018 3416:The Journal of Adolescent Health 2944:"Pupil speeches honour soldiers" 2458:10.1288/00005537-198908000-00017 2419:Lock, Stephen etc. (200ĞďéĠĊ1). 1930: 1382: 1342:and bovine tendon collagen with 1110: 1061: 840: 832:Development of modern techniques 741: 450: 423:physician, surgeon, and chemist 315:also performed plastic cosmetic 296:surgery in the 6th century BC. 5123: 4127: 4109: 4083: 4056: 3961: 3916: 3898: 3827: 3809: 3791: 3761: 3747: 3733: 3719: 3694: 3680: 3558: 3525: 3476: 3454: 3442: 3407: 3371: 3338: 3284: 3260: 3239: 3207: 3190: 3173: 3148: 3123: 3110:Description of Plastic Surgery 3104: 3078: 3044: 3017:Furness, Hannah (21 May 2017). 3010: 2961: 2935: 2900: 2865: 2839: 2814: 2771: 2722: 2688:Bhattacharya S (October 2008). 2681: 2654: 2638: 2620: 2606: 2592:. US: Oxford University Press. 2548: 2534:. US: Oxford University Press. 2480: 2437: 2423:. US: Oxford University Press. 2395: 2373: 2347:Journal of Craniofacial Surgery 2335: 2240:Shiffman M (5 September 2012). 2034:Dermatologic surgical procedure 1789:: extraction of the buccal pads 1668:("nose job"): reshaping of the 1524:cosmetic surgery in South Korea 1253: 1227: 1180: 1121:needs additional citations for 851:needs additional citations for 752:needs additional citations for 461:needs additional citations for 327:predecessors. Notwithstanding, 198:cosmetic (or aesthetic) surgery 4980:Doctor of Osteopathic Medicine 4414:Oral and maxillofacial surgery 3051:Kennedy, Maev (4 April 2013). 2780:Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery 2385:". Kugler Publications. p.97. 2268:Holland, Oscar (30 May 2021). 2205: 2183: 2168: 2142: 2124: 2112:. American Medical Association 2102: 2077: 945:oral and maxillofacial surgeon 131:Doctor of Osteopathic medicine 13: 1: 5168: 4304:American Cosmetic Association 2948:Otago Daily Times Online News 2071: 2044:List of plastic surgery flaps 2024:Cosmetic surgery in Australia 262: 225:), "the art of modelling" of 30:For the medical journal, see 4960:Bachelor of Medical Sciences 4727:Neurosurgical anesthesiology 4339: 4262:A History of Plastic Surgery 4252:Plastic and Cosmetic Surgery 4020:Postgraduate Medical Journal 2921:10.1097/SAP.0b013e3181bc327a 2747:10.1097/GOX.0000000000001787 2403:A History of Plastic Surgery 2359:10.1097/SCS.0000000000009176 2353:(3): 1144–1146. 4 May 2023. 2179:(in German). Berlin: Reimer. 652:Johann Friedrich Dieffenbach 641:Johann Friedrich Dieffenbach 256:New York Academy of Medicine 204: 7: 5387:Hair coloring and bleaching 4299:Cosmetic Surgery Statistics 2846:Klein C (26 October 2018). 2675:10.25742/NRIPH.2020.01.0013 2588:Lock, Stephen etc. (2001). 2530:Lock, Stephen etc. (2001). 2007: 1505:Cosmetic surgery procedures 956:Cambridge Military Hospital 916:, and after healing (left). 10: 6218: 4255:. D. Appleton and Company. 4134:Canning A (20 July 2009). 4016:"Body dysmorphic disorder" 3873:10.1007/s00266-021-02198-3 3854:Eisenberg T (March 2021). 3755:"What are dermal fillers?" 3727:"What is body contouring?" 3501:10.1007/s00266-021-02235-1 2986:10.1177/229255031302100202 2886:10.1016/j.joms.2004.02.005 2085:"What is Cosmetic Surgery" 1301: 1275: 1257: 1231: 1214: 1192: 974:In 1930, Gillies' cousin, 901:, a sailor injured at the 243: 239: 29: 27:Medical surgical specialty 6138: 5623: 5612: 5561: 5520: 5484: 5374: 5323: 5287: 5176: 5078: 5000: 4938: 4699: 4627: 4582: 4491: 4362: 4347: 4211:. Duke University Press. 4014:Veale D (February 2004). 3982:10.1007/s00266-017-0869-0 3970:Aesthetic Plastic Surgery 3860:Aesthetic Plastic Surgery 3620:10.1007/s00266-011-9796-7 3608:Aesthetic Plastic Surgery 3571:Aesthetic Surgery Journal 3489:Aesthetic Plastic Surgery 3293:Aesthetic Surgery Journal 2909:Annals of Plastic Surgery 2792:10.1007/s10006-017-0659-5 2302:22 September 2008 at the 2131:Oxford English Dictionary 2089:Royal College of Surgeons 1316:Techniques and procedures 1278:Pediatric plastic surgery 1272:Pediatric plastic surgery 614:Carl Ferdinand von Graefe 592:was described in detail. 571:Joseph Constantine Carpue 145: 116: 111: 95: 83: 68: 63: 44: 32:Plastic Surgery (journal) 4914:Transplantation medicine 4805:Clinical neurophysiology 4722:Obstetric anesthesiology 4642:Interventional radiology 4402:Digestive system surgery 4260:Santoni-Rugiu P (2007). 4170:10.1177/1357034X07087531 3947:10.1177/1749975510391583 3584:10.1177/1090820X14531434 2244:. Springer. p. 20. 1893:body dysmorphic disorder 1019:walking-stalk skin graft 941:Royal Army Medical Corps 412:The Gentleman's Magazine 5861:Laura Mercier Cosmetics 5643:Anastasia Beverly Hills 5569:Cosmetic electrotherapy 5194:Botulinum toxin (Botox) 4785:Intensive care medicine 4759:Mass gathering medicine 4604:Maternal–fetal medicine 4032:10.1136/pmj.2003.015289 3741:"Spider Vein Treatment" 3688:"What is chin surgery?" 3658:. Singapore: Springer. 3117:15 October 2010 at the 2324:10 October 2008 at the 2230:. Retrieved 2008-08-12. 1886:Psychological disorders 1775:Zygoma reduction plasty 1466:breast reduction plasty 1035:Queen Victoria Hospital 996:Queen Victoria Hospital 390:, the Branca family of 386:via intermediaries. In 192:, and the treatment of 5826:Jeffree Star Cosmetics 5753:Daigaku Honyaku Center 4377:Cardiothoracic surgery 2661:Stochik, A. A (2020). 2493:ANZ Journal of Surgery 2039:Ethnic plastic surgery 2004:based dermal fillers. 1711:: augmentation of the 1449: 1374:Reconstructive surgery 1304:Prison plastic surgery 1298:Prison plastic surgery 1292:craniofacial anomalies 1222:Ethnic plastic surgery 1217:Ethnic plastic surgery 1211:Ethnic plastic surgery 1205:maxillofacial surgeons 917: 725: 668:reconstructive surgery 648: 645:reconstructive surgery 563:were published in the 435:for the management of 416: 363: 329:Aulus Cornelius Celsus 308: 305:Aulus Cornelius Celsus 258: 178:Reconstructive surgery 170:reconstructive surgery 5768:Elizabeth Arden, Inc. 5673:Bath & Body Works 5618:Major cosmetic brands 5579:Cosmetics advertising 5028:Personalized medicine 4887:Reproductive medicine 4812:Occupational medicine 4766:Evolutionary medicine 3352:. 27 September 1971. 2175:Zeis, Eduard (1838). 1787:Buccal Fat Extraction 1761:Skin Rejuvenation or 1589:Reduction mammoplasty 1477:breast reconstruction 1447: 897: 692:otorhinolaryngologist 639: 443:and wound management. 433:reduction mammaplasty 408: 349: 302: 253: 6202:Surgical specialties 5956:Neal's Yard Remedies 5594:History of cosmetics 5574:Cosmetic ingredients 5048:Traditional medicine 5008:Alternative medicine 4875:Addiction psychiatry 4689:Transfusion medicine 4684:Medical microbiology 4599:Gynecologic oncology 4451:Reproductive surgery 3779:on 10 September 2015 2968:Mowbrey, K. (2013). 2293:MSN Encarta (2008). 2056:Scalp reconstruction 1954:improve this section 1809:: removing visible ' 1738:Fillers injections: 1733:Orthognathic Surgery 1616:Buttock augmentation 1572:Breast augmentations 1555:Asian blepharoplasty 1406:improve this section 1200:Craniofacial surgery 1195:Craniofacial surgery 1189:Craniofacial surgery 1130:improve this article 1084:into this article. ( 860:improve this article 761:improve this article 656:skin transplantation 566:Gentleman's Magazine 470:improve this article 182:craniofacial surgery 6187:Medical specialties 5733:ColourPop Cosmetics 5336:Circle contact lens 5070:History of medicine 5053:Veterinary medicine 4860:Preventive medicine 4712:Adolescent medicine 4554:Infectious diseases 2647:Scientific American 2220:on 27 November 2010 1909:Snapchat dysmorphia 1829:articular cartilage 1632:Cryoneuromodulation 1468:. According to the 1244:orthopedic surgeons 717:Alexander Ostroumov 684:Scientific American 672:Operative Chirurgie 627:John Peter Mettauer 396:Gaspare Tagliacozzi 331:left some accurate 272:. The early trauma 270:Edwin Smith papyrus 139:(M.B.B.S. or MBChB) 57:Gaspare Tagliacozzi 41: 5584:Cosmetic packaging 5341:Eyelash extensions 5018:Molecular oncology 4975:Doctor of Medicine 4965:Master of Medicine 4882:Radiation oncology 4754:Emergency medicine 4707:Addiction medicine 4674:Clinical chemistry 4669:Clinical pathology 4461:Transplant surgery 4419:Orthopedic surgery 4397:Colorectal surgery 4158:Body & Society 4123:. 23 October 2019. 3925:Cultural Sociology 3823:. 23 October 2017. 3464:. 25 February 2015 3350:The New York Times 3135:www.uofmhealth.org 3092:on 2 February 2014 2487:Ahmad, Z. (2007). 2401:P. Santoni-Rugiu, 1727:Cheek augmentation 1516:laser hair removal 1450: 1344:glycosaminoglycans 948:Hippolyte Morestin 918: 690:In 1891, American 649: 417: 364: 309: 303:The Roman scholar 259: 246:History of surgery 125:Doctor of Medicine 118:Education required 39: 6197:Cosmetic industry 6169: 6168: 6134: 6133: 6111:Victoria's Secret 5821:Helena Rubinstein 5703:Bumble and bumble 5599:Cosmetic industry 5136: 5135: 4970:Master of Surgery 4934: 4933: 4919:Tropical medicine 4865:Prison healthcare 4780:Hospital medicine 4744:Disaster medicine 4734:Aviation medicine 4549:Hospital medicine 4456:Surgical oncology 4441:Pediatric surgery 4435: 4382:Endocrine surgery 4271:978-3-540-46240-8 4249:Kolle FS (1911). 4241:978-0-8018-5763-8 4226:Haiken E (1997). 4218:978-0-8223-2144-6 4196:978-1-4039-1299-2 4185:Fraser S (2003). 3712:978-0-9806339-2-4 3665:978-981-10-2726-0 3539:. 11 April 2021. 3346:"Plastic Surgery" 2614:"Plastic Surgery" 2452:(8 Pt 1): 865–7. 2251:978-3-642-21837-8 2150:"plastic surgery" 2019:Body modification 1990: 1989: 1982: 1835:Micropigmentation 1763:laser resurfacing 1595:and for men with 1532:videoconferencing 1442: 1441: 1434: 1172:Aesthetic surgery 1162: 1161: 1154: 1102: 1101: 976:Archibald McIndoe 903:Battle of Jutland 892: 891: 884: 793: 792: 785: 681:was described in 679:Bellevue Hospital 546: 545: 538: 520: 485:"Plastic surgery" 163: 162: 16:(Redirected from 6209: 6192:Cosmetic surgery 6146: 6145: 5931:Morphe Cosmetics 5896:Make Up For Ever 5713:Carol's Daughter 5614: 5613: 5492:Artificial nails 5449:Styling products 5254:Permanent makeup 5184:Anti-aging cream 5163: 5156: 5149: 5140: 5139: 5126: 5125: 5116: 5106: 5105: 5096: 5095: 5086: 5085: 4790:Medical genetics 4775:General practice 4652:Nuclear medicine 4527:Gastroenterology 4483:Vascular surgery 4433: 4360: 4359: 4334: 4327: 4320: 4311: 4310: 4275: 4256: 4245: 4233: 4222: 4200: 4181: 4144: 4143: 4131: 4125: 4124: 4113: 4107: 4106: 4104: 4102: 4087: 4081: 4080: 4060: 4054: 4053: 4043: 4011: 4002: 4001: 3965: 3959: 3958: 3940: 3938:10.1.1.1028.8768 3920: 3914: 3913: 3902: 3896: 3895: 3885: 3875: 3866:(5): 1991–1999. 3851: 3845: 3844: 3831: 3825: 3824: 3813: 3807: 3806: 3804: 3795: 3789: 3788: 3786: 3784: 3775:. 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A New Zealand 887: 880: 876: 873: 867: 844: 836: 821:plastic surgeons 801:explosive shells 788: 781: 777: 774: 768: 745: 737: 728: 606:British military 579:Sushruta Samhita 541: 534: 530: 527: 521: 519: 478: 454: 446: 267: 264: 174:cosmetic surgery 97:Activity sectors 49: 42: 38: 21: 18:Cosmetic surgeon 6217: 6216: 6212: 6211: 6210: 6208: 6207: 6206: 6182:Plastic surgery 6172: 6171: 6170: 6165: 6130: 6071:Tarte Cosmetics 5951:Nature Republic 5846:Kylie Cosmetics 5831:Kao Corporation 5619: 5608: 5557: 5553:Sunless tanning 5543:Plastic surgery 5516: 5480: 5370: 5319: 5283: 5279:Venetian ceruse 5244:Moist towelette 5172: 5167: 5137: 5132: 5074: 5063:Chief physician 4996: 4941: 4930: 4924:Travel medicine 4909:Sports medicine 4892:Sexual medicine 4832:Palliative care 4827:Pain management 4771:Family medicine 4749:Diving medicine 4695: 4623: 4585: 4578: 4494: 4487: 4446:Plastic surgery 4392:General surgery 4372:Cardiac surgery 4353: 4351: 4343: 4338: 4282: 4272: 4242: 4219: 4197: 4152: 4150:Further reading 4147: 4132: 4128: 4115: 4114: 4110: 4100: 4098: 4089: 4088: 4084: 4061: 4057: 4012: 4005: 3966: 3962: 3921: 3917: 3904: 3903: 3899: 3852: 3848: 3833: 3832: 3828: 3815: 3814: 3810: 3802: 3796: 3792: 3782: 3780: 3767: 3766: 3762: 3753: 3752: 3748: 3739: 3738: 3734: 3725: 3724: 3720: 3713: 3699: 3695: 3686: 3685: 3681: 3666: 3654:Park S (2017). 3652: 3643: 3604: 3600: 3563: 3559: 3549: 3547: 3531: 3530: 3526: 3481: 3477: 3467: 3465: 3460: 3459: 3455: 3447: 3443: 3412: 3408: 3398: 3396: 3392: 3381: 3377: 3376: 3372: 3362: 3360: 3344: 3343: 3339: 3329: 3327: 3323: 3312: 3308: 3307: 3300: 3289: 3285: 3277: 3270: 3266: 3265: 3261: 3251: 3249: 3245: 3244: 3240: 3230: 3228: 3227:on 2 April 2016 3224: 3217: 3213: 3212: 3208: 3200: 3196: 3195: 3191: 3178: 3174: 3164: 3162: 3154: 3153: 3149: 3139: 3137: 3129: 3128: 3124: 3119:Wayback Machine 3109: 3105: 3095: 3093: 3084: 3083: 3079: 3069: 3067: 3049: 3045: 3035: 3033: 3015: 3011: 2966: 2962: 2952: 2950: 2940: 2936: 2905: 2901: 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Hillary 1031:Guinea Pig Club 988:Rooksdown House 930:First World War 888: 877: 871: 868: 857: 845: 834: 789: 778: 772: 769: 758: 746: 735: 654:specialized in 590:urethral meatus 542: 531: 525: 522: 479: 477: 467: 455: 376:Arabic language 265: 248: 242: 236:" by 70 years. 215:plastic surgery 207: 166:Plastic surgery 150: 148: 119: 98: 86: 85:Occupation type 59: 51:Engraving from 40:Plastic surgeon 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 6215: 6205: 6204: 6199: 6194: 6189: 6184: 6167: 6166: 6164: 6163: 6158: 6153: 6148: 6139: 6136: 6135: 6132: 6131: 6129: 6128: 6123: 6118: 6113: 6108: 6103: 6098: 6093: 6088: 6083: 6078: 6073: 6068: 6063: 6058: 6053: 6048: 6043: 6038: 6033: 6028: 6023: 6021:Richard Hudnut 6018: 6013: 6008: 6003: 5998: 5993: 5988: 5983: 5978: 5973: 5968: 5963: 5958: 5953: 5948: 5946:Natural Wonder 5943: 5938: 5933: 5928: 5923: 5918: 5913: 5908: 5903: 5898: 5893: 5888: 5883: 5881:Love Cosmetics 5878: 5873: 5868: 5863: 5858: 5853: 5848: 5843: 5838: 5833: 5828: 5823: 5818: 5813: 5808: 5803: 5800: 5795: 5790: 5785: 5780: 5775: 5770: 5765: 5760: 5755: 5750: 5745: 5740: 5735: 5730: 5725: 5720: 5715: 5710: 5705: 5700: 5695: 5690: 5685: 5680: 5675: 5670: 5665: 5660: 5655: 5650: 5645: 5640: 5635: 5630: 5624: 5621: 5620: 5610: 5609: 5607: 5606: 5604:Male cosmetics 5601: 5596: 5591: 5586: 5581: 5576: 5571: 5565: 5563: 5559: 5558: 5556: 5555: 5550: 5548:Skin whitening 5545: 5540: 5535: 5530: 5524: 5522: 5518: 5517: 5515: 5514: 5509: 5504: 5499: 5494: 5488: 5486: 5482: 5481: 5479: 5478: 5477: 5476: 5471: 5466: 5461: 5456: 5446: 5441: 5436: 5435: 5434: 5429: 5424: 5419: 5414: 5409: 5404: 5399: 5389: 5384: 5378: 5376: 5372: 5371: 5369: 5368: 5363: 5358: 5353: 5348: 5343: 5338: 5333: 5331:Blepharoplasty 5327: 5325: 5321: 5320: 5318: 5317: 5312: 5307: 5302: 5297: 5291: 5289: 5285: 5284: 5282: 5281: 5276: 5271: 5266: 5261: 5256: 5251: 5246: 5241: 5236: 5231: 5226: 5221: 5216: 5211: 5206: 5201: 5196: 5191: 5186: 5180: 5178: 5174: 5173: 5166: 5165: 5158: 5151: 5143: 5134: 5133: 5131: 5130: 5120: 5110: 5100: 5090: 5079: 5076: 5075: 5073: 5072: 5067: 5066: 5065: 5055: 5050: 5045: 5040: 5035: 5030: 5025: 5020: 5015: 5010: 5004: 5002: 5001:Related topics 4998: 4997: 4995: 4994: 4993: 4992: 4982: 4977: 4972: 4967: 4962: 4957: 4952: 4950:Medical school 4946: 4944: 4936: 4935: 4932: 4931: 4929: 4928: 4927: 4926: 4916: 4911: 4906: 4904:Sleep medicine 4901: 4900: 4899: 4889: 4884: 4879: 4878: 4877: 4867: 4862: 4857: 4851: 4846: 4845: 4844: 4834: 4829: 4824: 4819: 4814: 4809: 4808: 4807: 4797: 4792: 4787: 4782: 4777: 4768: 4763: 4762: 4761: 4751: 4746: 4741: 4736: 4731: 4730: 4729: 4724: 4717:Anesthesiology 4714: 4709: 4703: 4701: 4697: 4696: 4694: 4693: 4692: 4691: 4686: 4681: 4676: 4671: 4666: 4656: 4655: 4654: 4649: 4647:Neuroradiology 4644: 4633: 4631: 4625: 4624: 4622: 4621: 4616: 4611: 4606: 4601: 4596: 4590: 4588: 4584:Obstetrics and 4580: 4579: 4577: 4576: 4571: 4566: 4561: 4556: 4551: 4546: 4541: 4536: 4535: 4534: 4524: 4519: 4514: 4509: 4499: 4497: 4489: 4488: 4486: 4485: 4480: 4479: 4478: 4468: 4466:Trauma surgery 4463: 4458: 4453: 4448: 4443: 4438: 4437: 4436: 4429:Otolaryngology 4426: 4421: 4416: 4411: 4406: 4405: 4404: 4399: 4389: 4384: 4379: 4374: 4368: 4366: 4357: 4355:subspecialties 4345: 4344: 4337: 4336: 4329: 4322: 4314: 4308: 4307: 4295: 4281: 4280:External links 4278: 4277: 4276: 4270: 4257: 4246: 4240: 4223: 4217: 4201: 4195: 4182: 4151: 4148: 4146: 4145: 4126: 4108: 4082: 4055: 4026:(940): 67–71. 4003: 3976:(4): 964–970. 3960: 3931:(4): 463–477. 3915: 3897: 3846: 3826: 3808: 3790: 3760: 3746: 3732: 3718: 3711: 3693: 3679: 3664: 3641: 3598: 3577:(5): 723–732. 3557: 3524: 3475: 3453: 3441: 3406: 3370: 3337: 3298: 3283: 3259: 3238: 3206: 3189: 3172: 3147: 3122: 3103: 3086:"Introduction" 3077: 3043: 3009: 2980:(2): 102–106. 2960: 2934: 2899: 2864: 2838: 2813: 2770: 2721: 2680: 2653: 2637: 2619: 2605: 2578: 2547: 2518: 2479: 2436: 2407: 2394: 2372: 2334: 2308: 2286: 2257: 2250: 2232: 2204: 2182: 2167: 2141: 2123: 2101: 2075: 2073: 2070: 2069: 2068: 2063: 2058: 2053: 2046: 2041: 2036: 2031: 2026: 2021: 2016: 2009: 2006: 1988: 1987: 1938: 1936: 1929: 1923: 1920: 1916:do it yourself 1887: 1884: 1878:can have many 1847: 1844: 1839: 1838: 1832: 1817:Dermal fillers 1814: 1804: 1790: 1784: 1778: 1772: 1766: 1756: 1750: 1736: 1730: 1724: 1723: 1722: 1706: 1705: 1704: 1701: 1695: 1683: 1673: 1663: 1657: 1651: 1642: 1639: 1629: 1623: 1613: 1612: 1611: 1610: 1609: 1599: 1586: 1576:breast implant 1563: 1557: 1551:Blepharoplasty 1548: 1542:Abdominoplasty 1506: 1503: 1440: 1439: 1390: 1388: 1381: 1375: 1372: 1364: 1363: 1357: 1347: 1317: 1314: 1302:Main article: 1299: 1296: 1276:Main article: 1273: 1270: 1258:Main article: 1255: 1252: 1232:Main article: 1229: 1226: 1215:Main article: 1212: 1209: 1193:Main article: 1190: 1187: 1182: 1179: 1173: 1170: 1160: 1159: 1118: 1116: 1109: 1100: 1099: 1069: 1067: 1060: 1054: 1051: 1011:rehabilitation 1000:East Grinstead 952:Arbuthnot-Lane 922:Harold Gillies 914:Harold Gillies 890: 889: 848: 846: 839: 833: 830: 825:Harold Gillies 810:Harold Gillies 791: 790: 749: 747: 740: 734: 731: 719:, the Russian 544: 543: 458: 456: 449: 266: 1600 BC 241: 238: 206: 203: 161: 160: 151: 146: 143: 142: 141: 140: 134: 128: 120: 117: 114: 113: 109: 108: 99: 96: 93: 92: 87: 84: 81: 80: 79: 78: 75: 70: 66: 65: 61: 60: 50: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6214: 6203: 6200: 6198: 6195: 6193: 6190: 6188: 6185: 6183: 6180: 6179: 6177: 6162: 6159: 6157: 6154: 6152: 6149: 6141: 6140: 6137: 6127: 6124: 6122: 6119: 6117: 6114: 6112: 6109: 6107: 6104: 6102: 6099: 6097: 6094: 6092: 6089: 6087: 6084: 6082: 6081:The Face Shop 6079: 6077: 6076:The Body Shop 6074: 6072: 6069: 6067: 6064: 6062: 6059: 6057: 6054: 6052: 6051:Sinful Colors 6049: 6047: 6044: 6042: 6039: 6037: 6034: 6032: 6029: 6027: 6024: 6022: 6019: 6017: 6014: 6012: 6009: 6007: 6004: 6002: 5999: 5997: 5994: 5992: 5989: 5987: 5984: 5982: 5979: 5977: 5976:NYX Cosmetics 5974: 5972: 5969: 5967: 5964: 5962: 5959: 5957: 5954: 5952: 5949: 5947: 5944: 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5051: 5049: 5046: 5044: 5041: 5039: 5036: 5034: 5033:Public health 5031: 5029: 5026: 5024: 5021: 5019: 5016: 5014: 5013:Allied health 5011: 5009: 5006: 5005: 5003: 4999: 4991: 4988: 4987: 4986: 4983: 4981: 4978: 4976: 4973: 4971: 4968: 4966: 4963: 4961: 4958: 4956: 4953: 4951: 4948: 4947: 4945: 4943: 4937: 4925: 4922: 4921: 4920: 4917: 4915: 4912: 4910: 4907: 4905: 4902: 4898: 4895: 4894: 4893: 4890: 4888: 4885: 4883: 4880: 4876: 4873: 4872: 4871: 4868: 4866: 4863: 4861: 4858: 4855: 4852: 4850: 4847: 4843: 4840: 4839: 4838: 4835: 4833: 4830: 4828: 4825: 4823: 4822:Oral medicine 4820: 4818: 4817:Ophthalmology 4815: 4813: 4810: 4806: 4803: 4802: 4801: 4798: 4796: 4793: 4791: 4788: 4786: 4783: 4781: 4778: 4776: 4772: 4769: 4767: 4764: 4760: 4757: 4756: 4755: 4752: 4750: 4747: 4745: 4742: 4740: 4737: 4735: 4732: 4728: 4725: 4723: 4720: 4719: 4718: 4715: 4713: 4710: 4708: 4705: 4704: 4702: 4698: 4690: 4687: 4685: 4682: 4680: 4679:Cytopathology 4677: 4675: 4672: 4670: 4667: 4665: 4662: 4661: 4660: 4657: 4653: 4650: 4648: 4645: 4643: 4640: 4639: 4638: 4635: 4634: 4632: 4630: 4626: 4620: 4619:Urogynecology 4617: 4615: 4612: 4610: 4607: 4605: 4602: 4600: 4597: 4595: 4592: 4591: 4589: 4587: 4581: 4575: 4572: 4570: 4567: 4565: 4562: 4560: 4557: 4555: 4552: 4550: 4547: 4545: 4542: 4540: 4537: 4533: 4530: 4529: 4528: 4525: 4523: 4522:Endocrinology 4520: 4518: 4515: 4513: 4510: 4508: 4504: 4501: 4500: 4498: 4496: 4490: 4484: 4481: 4477: 4474: 4473: 4472: 4469: 4467: 4464: 4462: 4459: 4457: 4454: 4452: 4449: 4447: 4444: 4442: 4439: 4432: 4431: 4430: 4427: 4425: 4422: 4420: 4417: 4415: 4412: 4410: 4407: 4403: 4400: 4398: 4395: 4394: 4393: 4390: 4388: 4385: 4383: 4380: 4378: 4375: 4373: 4370: 4369: 4367: 4365: 4361: 4358: 4356: 4350: 4346: 4342: 4335: 4330: 4328: 4323: 4321: 4316: 4315: 4312: 4305: 4301: 4300: 4296: 4293: 4289: 4288: 4284: 4283: 4273: 4267: 4263: 4258: 4254: 4253: 4247: 4243: 4237: 4232: 4231: 4224: 4220: 4214: 4210: 4206: 4202: 4198: 4192: 4188: 4183: 4179: 4175: 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