380:
472:
834:
position of leadership in the city. He hand-selected those individuals who were given access to this laboratory of learning, and, through this social dynamic, he actively shaped the politics of the
Republic." He also commissioned Michelozzo to design a library for his grandson, Lorenzo de' Medici. His first library, however, was designed by Michelozzo while the two were in Venice, where Cosimo had been temporarily exiled. In 1433, in gratitude for the hospitality of that city, he left it as a gift, his only such work outside Florence. His libraries were noted for their Renaissance style of architecture and distinguished artwork.
281:
633:
440:
2534:
707:
51:
523:, taking his bank along with him and finding friends and sympathizers wherever he went for his willingness to accept exile rather than resume the bloody conflicts that had chronically afflicted the streets of Florence. Venice sent an envoy to Florence on his behalf and requested that they rescind the order of banishment. When they refused, Cosimo settled down in Venice, his brother Lorenzo accompanying him. However, prompted by his influence and his money, others followed him, such as the architect
726:, Cosimo stated: "All those things have given me the greatest satisfaction and contentment because they are not only for the honour of God but are likewise for my own remembrance. For fifty years, I have done nothing else but earn money and spend money; and it became clear that spending money gives me greater pleasure than earning it." Additionally, his patronage of the arts both recognized and proclaimed the humanistic responsibility of the civic duty that came with wealth.
799:"Cosimo de' Medici... a citizen of rare wisdom and inestimable riches, and therefore most celebrated all over Europe, especially because he had spent over 400,000 ducats in building churches, monasteries and other sumptuous edifices not only in his own country but in many other parts of the world, doing all this with admirable magnificence and truly regal spirit, since he had been more concerned with immortalizing his name than providing for his descendants."
781:
341:. The far-flung branches of the Medici rendered it the best bank for the business of the papacy, since it enabled bishoprics in many parts of Europe to pay their fees into the nearest branch, whose manager would then issue a papal license, and the popes could more easily order a variety of wares – such as spices, textiles, and relics – through the bankers' wholesale trade. In fifteen years, Giovanni would make a profit of 290,791 florins.
356:, which he repaid by making the Medici Bank head of all papal finances once he claimed the papacy. This gave the Medici family tremendous power, allowing them, for instance, to threaten defaulting debtors with excommunication. But misfortune hit the Medici Bank in 1415, when the Council of Constance unseated John XXIII, thus taking away the near monopoly they had held on the finances of the
403:, who had operated one of the richest banks in Europe until its spectacular collapse in 1345; they nevertheless remained highly influential in the financial sphere. Only part of the Bardi family were involved in this marriage alliance, for some of the branches considered themselves the opponents of the Medici clan. The couple had two sons:
645:" the father of a line of princes, whose name and age are almost synonymous with the restoration of learning; his credit was ennobled into fame; his riches were dedicated to the service of mankind; he corresponded at once with Cairo and London; and a cargo of Indian spices and Greek books were often imported in the same vessel."
841:
who had asked for his help in preserving books, he grew to love the movement and gladly sponsored the effort to renew Greek and Roman civilization through literature, for which book collecting was a central activity. "Heartened by the romantic wanderlust of a true bibliophile, the austere banker even
577:
in Italy. However, despite the benefits to
Florence from keeping Venice at bay, the intervention in Milan was unpopular among Cosimo's fellow citizens, primarily because they were called upon to finance the Sforza succession. The Milanese made a brief attempt at democracy before Sforza was finally
426:
Giovanni withdrew from the Medici Bank in 1420, leaving its leadership to both of his surviving sons. He left them 179,221 florins upon his death in 1429. Two-thirds of this came from the business in Rome, while only a tenth came from
Florence; even Venice offered better returns than Florence. The
360:; thereafter, the Medici Bank had to compete with other banks. However, after the Spini Bank of Florence went insolvent in 1420, they again secured priority. John XXIII, facing the enmity of a church council at which he was accused of a large variety of offenses against the Church, was confined by
833:
and was also a good friend and patron to Cosimo. Cosimo contributed the funds necessary to repair the library and provide it with a book collection, which people were allowed to use at no charge. "That Cosimo de'Medici was able to finance the construction of such a site placed him in a privileged
292:
Cosimo inherited both his wealth and his expertise in banking from his father
Giovanni, who had gone from being a moneylender to join the bank of his relative Vieri di Cambio de' Medici. Giovanni had been running Vieri's branch in Rome independently since the dissolution of the latter's bank into
264:
on 27 September 1389. At the time, it was customary to indicate the name of one's father in one's name for the purpose of distinguishing the identities of two like-named individuals; thus, Giovanni was the son of Bicci, and Cosimo's name was properly rendered Cosimo di
Giovanni de' Medici. He was
568:
who had stolen land from the papacy and proclaimed himself its lord. He had yearned to establish himself at Milan as well, an ambition that was aided by the fact that the current
Visconti head lacked legitimate children save for a daughter, Bianca, whom Sforza ultimately married in November 1441
527:, whom Cosimo commissioned to design a library as a gift to the Venetian people. Within a year, the flight of capital from Florence was so great that the decree of exile had to be lifted. Cosimo returned a year later, in 1434, to influence the government of Florence (especially through the
538:
Cosimo's time in exile instilled in him the need to quash the factionalism that resulted in his exile in the first place. In order to do this, he instigated a series of constitutional changes with the help of favourable priors in the
Signoria to secure his power through influence.
238:
Despite his influence, his power was not absolute; he was viewed by fellow
Florentine politicians as first among equals rather than an autocrat. Florence's legislative councils resisted his proposals throughout his political career, even sending him into exile from 1433 to 1434.
842:
embarked on several journeys in the hunt for books, while guaranteeing just about any undertaking that involved books. He financed trips to nearly every
European town as well as to Syria, Egypt, and Greece organized by
854:
after his death in exchange for control over his collection of some 800 manuscripts valued at around 6,000 florins. These manuscripts that Cosimo acquired from
Niccoli would later be the cornerstone of the
2472:
1567:
427:
brothers would earn two-thirds of the profits from the bank, with the other third going to a partner. Besides the bank, the family owned much land in the area surrounding Florence, including
2403:
2462:
698:
Cosimo de' Medici used his personal fortune to control the Florentine political system and to sponsor orators, poets and philosophers, as well as a series of artistic accomplishments.
2593:
2826:
220:. His power derived from his wealth as a banker and intermarriage with other rich and powerful families. He was a patron of arts, learning, and architecture. He spent over 600,000
2638:
2588:
718:
Cosimo was also noted for his patronage of culture and the arts during the Renaissance and spent the family fortune liberally to enrich the civic life of Florence. According to
2698:
2623:
2769:
2643:
2628:
2744:
2633:
2603:
2764:
2688:
2673:
2658:
3227:
2678:
837:
Cosimo had grown up with only three books, but by the time he was thirty, his collection had grown to 70 volumes. After being introduced to humanism by a group of
1066:
745:, completed in 1461 with portraits of members of the Medici family parading through Tuscany in the guise of the Three Wise Men. He was a patron and confidante of
2693:
2648:
655:
2477:
2613:
932:, focus on Cosimo's political struggles and on his patronage of the arts and sciences in Florence. Cosimo is portrayed by Italian actor Marcello Di Falco.
447:
Cosimo's power over Florence stemmed from his wealth, which he used to control the votes of office holders in the municipal councils, most importantly the
3123:
2811:
1563:
569:
after a failed attempt at winning her hand from her father. The resultant balance of power with Milan and Florence on the one side and Venice and the
2785:
2749:
2608:
2583:
2378:
903:. Cosimo certainly had an influence on Renaissance intellectual life, but it was Lorenzo who would later be deemed to have been the greatest patron.
3242:
1674:
467:
Political questions are settled in house. The man he chooses holds office... He is who decides peace and war... He is king in all but name.
3267:
1696:
Terry-Fritsch, Allie (2012). "Florentine Convent as Practiced Place; Cosimo de'Medici, Fra Angelico, and the Public Library of San Marco".
317:
who managed Church finances in return for a commission. Cosimo would later expand the bank throughout western Europe and opened offices in
2005:
Meehan, William F. III (2007). "The Importance of Cosimo de Medici in Library History." Indiana libraries, 26(3), 15–17. Retrieved from:
2519:
2230:
2212:
1458:
Gilbert, Kelly Ann, "Medici Power and Patronage under Cosimo the Elder and Lorenzo the Magnificent" (2005). Senior Honors Theses. 103.
399:, and Camilla Pannocchieschi). The wedding was arranged by his father as an effort to reaffirm relations with the long-standing noble
3247:
1088:
3257:
2191:
1540:
1445:
1008:
804:
Francesco Guicciardini. The History of Italy. Translated by Sidney Alexander. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press. p. 60
3252:
581:
In terms of foreign policy, Cosimo worked to create peace in northern Italy through the creation of a balance of power between
408:
288:(Banco Medici), used for the authentication of documents. Florence, Biblioteca Nazionale Centrale, Ms. Panciatichi 71, fol. 1r.
2196:
1042:
31:
2759:
455:", he pretended to have little political ambition and did not often hold public office. Enea Silvio Piccolomini, Bishop of
368:
until the Medici paid his ransom and granted him asylum. In the same year as John's dethronement (1415), Cosimo was named "
3197:
2446:
412:
3066:
1767:
1058:
687:
269:, whose feast day was then celebrated on 27 September; Cosimo would later celebrate his own birthday on that day, his "
64:
1254:. New York: Weidenfeld & in the same year he was named "Priore of the Republic ". Later he acted frequently as an
2861:
2373:
2065:
1876:
1833:
762:
741:. The building still includes, as its only 15th-century interior that is largely intact, the Magi Chapel frescoed by
637:
3207:
2663:
2136:
352:. In 1410, Giovanni lent John XXIII, then simply known as Baldassare Cossa, the money to buy himself the office of
170:
17:
1912:
1757:
487:
In 1433, Cosimo's power over Florence began to look like a menace to the anti-Medici party led by figures such as
2683:
945:
257:
187:
471:
2467:
2383:
379:
2999:
2398:
2171:
887:(the first ever complete translation) and collected a vast library that he shared with intellectuals such as
404:
361:
174:
82:
3262:
2925:
2836:
2719:
2563:
2273:
896:
2019:
Padgett, John F.; Ansell, Christopher K. (1993). "Robust Action and the Rise of the Medici, 1400–1434".
511:, demanded his execution, a fate that may have been almost certain without the intervention of the monk
2653:
2498:
2283:
2263:
989:
984:
3237:
3212:
2568:
2493:
2258:
1975:
1742:
758:
228:
888:
851:
3232:
3202:
2831:
2573:
2278:
266:
265:
born along with a twin brother Damiano, who survived only a short time. The twins were named after
2109:
1666:
3174:
3036:
2724:
2578:
2388:
2299:
2268:
665:
392:
384:
156:
133:
1609:
3071:
2952:
2393:
2362:
2253:
2245:
2235:
2207:
847:
719:
543:
512:
353:
2983:
507:, but he managed to turn the jail term into one of exile. Some prominent Florentines, such as
2871:
2729:
2503:
2181:
2176:
1892:
1258:
for Florence and demonstrated a prudence for which he became renowned. Nicolson. p. 110.
963:
916:
860:
770:
730:
669:
624:, for this event further inspired the growing interest in ancient Greek arts and literature.
621:
496:
273:", rather than on the actual date of his birth. Cosimo also had a brother Lorenzo, known as "
208:(27 September 1389 – 1 August 1464) was an Italian banker and politician who established the
280:
3222:
3217:
2957:
2932:
2915:
2905:
2754:
2129:
818:
766:
673:
617:
597:
between 1423 and 1454 and the discouragement of outside powers (notably the French and the
448:
349:
253:
116:
899:
in Florence in 1445. He provided his grandson Lorenzo de' Medici with an education in the
632:
8:
3164:
3118:
2304:
979:
814:
439:
345:
217:
573:
on the other created nearly half a century of peace that enabled the development of the
313:; the majority of profits was derived from Rome. The branch manager in Rome was a papal
3169:
2790:
2411:
2092:
2082:
2044:
1648:
1640:
958:
940:
911:
900:
856:
843:
609:
606:
601:) from interfering in Italian affairs. In 1439, he was instrumental in convincing Pope
555:
551:
277:", who was some six years younger and participated in the family's banking enterprise.
2533:
2431:
2110:
BIVIO: Biblioteca Virtuale On-Line: Biography in "Le vite" from Vespasiano da Bisticci
1603:
1532:
2937:
2910:
2598:
2426:
2416:
2061:
2036:
1872:
1763:
1652:
1163:
Dante and Lumen Christi: A Proposal for the Meaning of the Tomb of Cosimo de' Medici.
1038:
810:
750:
598:
570:
565:
508:
504:
365:
274:
2048:
1718:
Meehan, William F. (2007). "The Importance of Cosimo de Medici in Library History".
1698:
Medieval Encounters: Jewish, Christian and Muslim Culture in Confluence and Dialogue
1273:. The Story of Civilization. Vol. 5. New York: Simon and Schuster. p. 366.
1009:"An Introduction to the Course – Introduction, Empirical Background and Definitions"
765:
were Medici commissions. His patronage enabled the eccentric and bankrupt architect
706:
3159:
3149:
3108:
2618:
2441:
2356:
2325:
2222:
2201:
2028:
1937:
1807:. The Story of Civilization. Vol. 5. New York: Simon and Schuster. p. 80.
1632:
1490:. The Story of Civilization. Vol. 5. New York: Simon and Schuster. p. 76.
1356:
Generationen in spätmittelalterlichen und frühneuzeitlichen Städten (ca. 1250–1750)
826:
594:
3020:
3004:
2436:
2145:
2122:
876:
872:
742:
500:
476:
209:
166:
2087:
554:
to establish himself in Milan to prevent an impending military advance from the
3144:
3139:
2962:
2857:
2816:
2668:
2421:
2098:
1192:, Cambridge (Massachusetts)/London 1963, p. 46 f., 198, 203; Volker Reinhardt:
967:
953:
949:
935:
892:
738:
547:
532:
428:
261:
197:
50:
3191:
2734:
2555:
2040:
1404:; the Pontormo portrait was commissioned by Goro Gheri, Lorenzo's secretary.
880:
678:
650:
488:
30:
This article is about the founder of the Medici dynasty. For other uses, see
3103:
2920:
2878:
2866:
2739:
2703:
838:
746:
460:
400:
221:
2006:
1841:
1429:. The Story of Civilization. Vol. 5. New York: New York. p. 193.
944:(2016) depicts the rise of the powerful banking family after the death of
920:(1973) has Cosimo as its central character (the original Italian title is
883:. Cosimo commissioned Ficino's Latin translation of the complete works of
3113:
3087:
3041:
2852:
2367:
2330:
2013:
Medici Money: Banking, Metaphysics, and Art in Fifteenth-Century Florence
1968:
1820:
Medici Money: Banking, Metaphysics, and Art in Fifteenth-Century Florence
1605:
The taste of angels, a history of art collecting from Rameses to Napoleon
574:
560:
416:
357:
298:
285:
224:(approx. $ 500 million inflation adjusted) on art and culture, including
2821:
1904:
2947:
2350:
2320:
2186:
1644:
1406:
Shearman, John (November 1962). "Pontormo and Andrea Del Sarto, 1513".
1255:
822:
780:
528:
524:
376:
for Florence and demonstrated a prudence for which he became renowned.
373:
232:
2806:
1791:
Cosimo de' Medici and the Florentine Renaissance: The patron's oeuvre.
1459:
301:. Over the next two decades, the Medici Bank opened branches in Rome,
3061:
2978:
2942:
1993:
Cosimo De' Medici and the Florentine Renaissance: The patron's oeuvre
1868:
1623:
Jurdjevic, Mark (1999). "Civic Humanism and the Rise of the Medici".
1147:
846:, his chief book scout." He engaged 45 copyists under the bookseller
830:
754:
613:
602:
452:
225:
1636:
338:
2032:
1520:. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. pp. chpt. 3.
1505:. Vol. 2. New York: Harper & Row, Publishers. p. 361.
1475:. Vol. 2. New York: Harper & Row, Publishers. p. 360.
582:
270:
213:
141:
112:
56:
2114:
1396:
After the return of the Medici in 1512, Lorenzo di Piero formed a
871:
In the realm of philosophy, Cosimo, influenced by the lectures of
3154:
1518:
Making East and West: Renaissance Humanists and the Ottoman Turks
734:
492:
420:
326:
293:
three separate and independent entities until 1397, when he left
1186:
Florentine Studies. Politics and Society in Renaissance Florence
821:
movement in Florence during the Renaissance. It was designed by
683:
586:
520:
396:
369:
330:
318:
310:
306:
302:
146:
1366:, Cambridge (Massachusetts)/London 1963, S. 52; John R. Hale:
1362:, 4., revised edition, Munich 2007, p. 21; Raymond de Roover:
1564:"Universal Pronouncing Dictionary of Biography and Mythology"
956:) takes over as head of the family. The sixteen-part sequel,
884:
774:
590:
516:
456:
334:
1745:. Vol. 5. New York: Simon and Schuster. pp. 76–77.
733:
to create what is today perhaps the prototypical Florentine
1358:, Konstanz 2011, pp. 43–71, here: 48 f.; Volker Reinhardt:
1161:, Vol. 73, Rome 2009, pg. 36–43, here: 36; Susan McKillop:
924:, meaning "The Age of Cosimo de' Medici"). The first part,
322:
294:
2058:
The Medici Women: Gender and Power in Renaissance Florence
1448:. Vol. 9. New York: The Outlook Company. p. 352.
499:. In September of that year, Cosimo was imprisoned in the
1196:, 4., revised edition, Munich 2007, S. 21; John R. Hale:
1089:"How the Medici family's influences are still felt today"
535:
families) for the last 30 years of his life of 75 years.
387:, Cosimo's wife, attributed to Cristofano dell'Altissimo.
682:, "Father of the Fatherland", an honour once awarded to
1893:
The Age of the Medici (1973) | The Criterion Collection
1118:
The Social World of the Florentine Humanists, 1390–1460
656:
The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire
27:
First ruler of the Medici political dynasty (1389–1464)
962:(2019–2020), follows the career of Cosimo's grandson,
859:, a library in Florence founded by Cosimo's grandson,
1667:"Medici: Godfathers of the Renaissance. Brunelleschi"
395:(the daughter of Alessandro di Sozzo Bardi, count of
850:
to transcribe manuscripts and paid off the debts of
1963:
The Rise and Decline of the Medici Bank, 1397–1494.
1954:Cook, Jon (2003). "Why Renaissance? Why Florence?"
1277:
1239:. New York: Weidenfeld & Nicolson. p. 111.
668:, Cosimo was succeeded by his son Piero, father of
431:, the place from which the family originally came.
372:of the Republic ". Later he acted frequently as an
1590:The Rise and Decline of the Medici Bank, 1397–1494
1317:
3228:15th-century people from the Republic of Florence
1364:The Rise and Decline of the Medici Bank 1397–1494
1190:The Rise and Decline of the Medici Bank 1397–1494
297:to return to Florence to found his own bank, the
247:
3189:
1200:, Stuttgart 1979, p. 13; Alison Williams Lewin:
411:(b. 1421). Cosimo also had an illegitimate son,
2088:PBS.org: Medici – Godfathers of the Renaissance
1982:Guerrieri, Francesco; Fabbri, Patrizia (1996).
1981:
1188:, London 1968, pp. 357–380; Raymond de Roover:
659:. Philadelphia: Nottingham Society. pp. 456–457
550:from 1412 until his death in 1447, Cosimo sent
2093:Internet Archive.org: Cosimo de' Medici (1899)
1965:Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1963.
1949:Society and Individual in Renaissance Florence
1865:Lorenzo De' Medici and the Art of Magnificence
1822:. New York: W.W. Norton & Co. p. 288.
2130:
2027:(6). University of Chicago Press: 1259–1319.
2018:
1695:
1340:. The New American Library, inc. p. 900.
578:acclaimed duke by the city in February 1450.
1942:The Civilization of the Renaissance in Italy
1338:The Civilization of the Renaissance in Italy
1299:, 4., revised edition, Munich 2007, p. 20 f.
1169:, Oxford 1992, pg. 245–301, here: 245–248.
636:The floor tomb of Cosimo de' Medici in the
2520:Genealogical tables of the House of Medici
2137:
2123:
1335:
1221:. National Geographic Society. p. 46.
1059:"Medici Patronage Notes < Brunelleschi"
344:In 1415, Cosimo allegedly accompanied the
49:
1995:. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2000.
1622:
1182:How the Medici became the Pope’s Bankers.
1167:Cosimo 'il Vecchio' de' Medici, 1389–1464
1035:The Medici: Godfathers of the Renaissance
1032:
817:, which was of central importance to the
686:, and had it carved upon his tomb in the
612:to Florence. The arrival of many notable
503:for his part in a failure to conquer the
1500:
1470:
1439:
1405:
1381:The Rise and Fall of the House of Medici
779:
705:
631:
470:
443:Cosimo goes into exile, Palazzo Vecchio.
438:
378:
279:
3243:Ambassadors of the Republic of Florence
1533:"Cosimo the Elder, Pontormo (c1516-20)"
906:
809:In 1444, Cosimo de' Medici founded the
14:
3190:
1802:
1755:
1736:
1717:
1677:from the original on 27 September 2017
1601:
1561:
1515:
1485:
1424:
1268:
1249:
1234:
1216:
1131:The House Of Medici: Its Rise and Fall
434:
2118:
2055:
1978:. New York: Simon and Schuster. 1953.
1915:from the original on 29 December 2016
1817:
1713:
1711:
1530:
1323:
1283:
1230:
1228:
483:) was a symbol used also by his heirs
1862:
1793:New Haven: Yale UP, 2000, pp. 34–38.
1446:The Historians' History of the World
1308:
1219:The Renaissance: Maker of Modern Man
1212:
1210:
1176:
1174:
1159:Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani
1120:. University of Toronto Press. p. 8.
1112:
1110:
1037:. London: Pimlico. pp. 45–126.
914:'s three-part television miniseries
3268:15th-century Italian businesspeople
2144:
1762:. Skyhorse Publishing. p. 63.
1759:The Library: An Illustrated History
1531:Jones, Jonathan (18 October 2003).
1460:http://commons.emich.edu/honors/103
1354:. In: Mark Häberlein et al. (Ed.):
515:on his behalf. Cosimo travelled to
419:slave, who would go on to become a
24:
3067:Crown of the Grand Duke of Tuscany
2899:Painters, sculptors and architects
1930:
1708:
1608:. Boston: Little, Brown. pp.
1570:from the original on 29 April 2018
1543:from the original on 29 April 2018
1352:Zwischen Geschäft, Kunst und Macht
1225:
32:Cosimo de' Medici (disambiguation)
25:
3279:
2076:
1503:Medieval and Renaissance Florence
1473:Medieval and Renaissance Florence
1400:for carnival 1513, and called it
1217:Setton, Kenneth M. (Ed.) (1970).
1207:
1171:
1107:
638:Basilica of San Lorenzo, Florence
235:male sculpture since antiquity.
3248:Burials at San Lorenzo, Florence
2972:Poets and other literary figures
2532:
1562:Thomas, Joseph (29 April 1896).
1069:from the original on 20 May 2021
938:'s eight-part television series
811:first public library in Florence
451:. As Florence was proud of its "
2083:The Medici Family.com: Cosimo I
2015:. New York: W. W. Norton, 2005.
2007:http://hdl.handle.net/1805/1579
1897:
1885:
1856:
1834:"Fact about Lorenzo de' Medici"
1826:
1811:
1796:
1783:
1749:
1730:
1689:
1659:
1616:
1595:
1582:
1555:
1524:
1509:
1494:
1479:
1464:
1452:
1433:
1418:
1390:
1373:
1344:
1329:
1302:
1289:
1262:
1250:Hallam, Elizabeth, ed. (1988).
1243:
3258:Book and manuscript collectors
1440:Williams, Henry Smith (1905).
1184:In: Nicolai Rubinstein (Ed.):
1165:In: Francis Ames-Lewis (Ed.):
1136:
1123:
1081:
1051:
1026:
1001:
737:, the austere and magnificent
284:The late medieval mark of the
252:Cosimo de' Medici was born in
248:Early life and family business
74:6 October 1434 – 1 August 1464
13:
1:
3253:15th-century Italian nobility
3150:Stories set to music: "opera"
2021:American Journal of Sociology
1905:"Medici: Masters of Florence"
1592:(Cambridge, MA, 1963), p. 28.
995:
879:and his attempts at reviving
866:
362:Sigismund, Holy Roman Emperor
206:Cosimo di Giovanni de' Medici
100:Cosimo di Giovanni de' Medici
43:Cosimo di Giovanni de' Medici
1501:Schevill, Ferdinand (1963).
1471:Schevill, Ferdinand (1963).
829:who later collaborated with
792:
693:
672:. After Cosimo's death, the
258:Giovanni di Bicci de' Medici
242:
188:Giovanni di Bicci de' Medici
7:
2926:Michelangelo and the Medici
2770:Palazzo Medici di Ottaviano
2720:Casino Mediceo di San Marco
1838:100 Leader in world history
973:
941:Medici: Masters of Florence
788:, Uffizi Gallery, Florence.
391:About 1415, Cosimo married
383:A 16th-century portrait of
10:
3284:
3198:Heads of state of Florence
2993:Humanists and philosophers
2745:Palazzo Medici Tornaquinci
2056:Tomas, Natalie R. (2003).
1891:The Criterion Collection,
1383:, 1974 in Martin Longman,
1336:Burckhardt, Jakob (1960).
1235:Hallam, Elizabeth (1988).
1133:, (Will Morrow, 2012), 37.
990:Florentine Renaissance art
985:Villa Medici at Cafaggiolo
922:L'etĂ di Cosimo de' Medici
175:Carlo di Cosimo de' Medici
29:
3132:
3096:
3080:
3054:
3029:
3013:
2992:
2971:
2898:
2891:
2845:
2799:
2778:
2712:
2554:
2547:
2530:
2512:
2494:Giovanni delle Bande Nere
2486:
2455:
2339:
2313:
2292:
2244:
2221:
2177:Lorenzo "The Magnificent"
2159:
2152:
1976:The Story of Civilization
1743:The Story of Civilization
1578:– via Google Books.
1313:. Oxford. pp. 49–61.
1204:, Madison 2003, p. 210 f.
763:Judith Slaying Holofernes
558:. Francesco Sforza was a
231:, the first freestanding
193:
183:
162:
152:
140:
123:
105:
95:
88:
78:
70:
63:
48:
41:
2099:K. Dorothea Ewart Vernon
1370:, Stuttgart 1979, p. 14.
1116:Martines, Lauro (2011).
1033:Strathern, Paul (2005).
895:. He also established a
769:to complete the dome of
664:On his death in 1464 at
627:
267:Saints Cosmas and Damian
3208:Italian Roman Catholics
2725:Palazzo Medici Riccardi
2456:Bishops and archbishops
1988:for the Palazzo Medici.
1909:Internet Movie Database
1756:Murray, Stuart (2009).
1408:The Burlington Magazine
1379:Quoted by C.Hibbert in
964:Lorenzo the Magnificent
928:, and the second part,
729:Cosimo hired the young
701:
670:Lorenzo the Magnificent
542:Following the death of
212:as effective rulers of
55:Posthumous portrait by
3072:Order of Saint Stephen
2953:Antonio del Pollaiuolo
2246:Grand Dukes of Tuscany
2060:. Aldershot: Ashgate.
1840:. 2008. Archived from
1516:Bisaha, Nancy (2004).
1368:Die Medici und Florenz
1311:The Rise of the Medici
1198:Die Medici und Florenz
952:), as his son Cosimo (
848:Vespasiano da Bisticci
801:
789:
715:
714:, a Medici commission.
676:awarded him the title
647:
640:
544:Filippo Maria Visconti
484:
469:
444:
388:
289:
136:, Republic of Florence
2872:Cappella dei Principi
2779:Fountains and gardens
2231:Alessandro "The Moor"
2213:Alessandro "The Moor"
1803:Durant, Will (1953).
1737:Durant, Will (1953).
1625:Renaissance Quarterly
1602:Taylor, F.H. (1948).
1486:Durant, Will (1953).
1425:Durant, Will (1953).
1269:Durant, Will (1953).
1252:The Wars of the Roses
1129:Christopher Hibbert,
917:The Age of the Medici
797:
783:
771:Santa Maria del Fiore
731:Michelozzo Michelozzi
709:
688:Church of San Lorenzo
643:
635:
622:John VIII Palaiologos
497:Rinaldo degli Albizzi
479:; the laurel branch (
474:
465:
442:
382:
309:, and temporarily in
283:
3037:Emilio de' Cavalieri
3000:Pico della Mirandola
2958:Jacopo della Quercia
2933:Bernardo Buontalenti
2916:Filippo Brunelleschi
2906:Bartolomeo Ammannati
2755:Palazzo delle Vedove
2187:Giovanni, Pope Leo X
1844:on 27 September 2014
1442:The History of Italy
1414:(716): 450, 478–483.
1237:The War of the Roses
1202:Negotiating Survival
907:Fictional depictions
620:, including Emperor
618:Eastern Roman Empire
546:, who had ruled the
449:Signoria of Florence
393:Contessina de' Bardi
385:Contessina de' Bardi
350:Council of Constance
315:depositario generale
157:Contessina de' Bardi
117:Republic of Florence
3263:Italian art patrons
3062:Medici coat of arms
2984:Niccolò Machiavelli
2447:Vincenzo II Gonzaga
2000:Italian Renaissance
1984:Palaces of Florence
1863:Kent, F.W. (2006).
1818:Parks, Tim (2008).
1385:Italian Renaissance
1309:Kent, Dale (1978).
980:History of Florence
930:The Power of Cosimo
926:The Exile of Cosimo
889:Niccolò de' Niccoli
852:Niccolò de' Niccoli
513:Ambrogio Traversari
435:Florentine politics
409:Giovanni de' Medici
346:Antipope John XXIII
218:Italian Renaissance
216:during much of the
171:Giovanni de' Medici
2791:Villa di Pratolino
2167:Cosimo "The Elder"
1947:Connell, William.
1295:Volker Reinhardt:
912:Roberto Rossellini
901:studia humanitatis
861:Lorenzo de' Medici
857:Laurentian Library
844:Poggio Bracciolini
790:
716:
641:
610:Council of Ferrara
556:Republic of Venice
552:Francesco I Sforza
495:family, headed by
485:
445:
389:
290:
3185:
3184:
3124:Arazzeria Medicea
3050:
3049:
2938:Leonardo da Vinci
2911:Sandro Botticelli
2887:
2886:
2827:San Piero a Sieve
2528:
2527:
2427:Bernardo Salviati
2417:Giovanni Salviati
2223:Dukes of Florence
2182:Piero "The Brief"
2172:Piero "The Gouty"
2160:Lords of Florence
1938:Burckhardt, Jacob
1720:Indiana Libraries
1155:Medici, Cosimo de
1063:bdml.stanford.edu
1044:978-1-84413-098-6
751:Fra Filippo Lippi
616:figures from the
599:Holy Roman Empire
571:Kingdom of Naples
566:mercenary soldier
509:Francesco Filelfo
505:Republic of Lucca
366:Heidelberg Castle
275:Lorenzo the Elder
203:
202:
179:
109:27 September 1389
16:(Redirected from
3275:
3238:Italian nobility
3213:Medieval bankers
3160:Pazzi conspiracy
3119:Venus de' Medici
3109:Medici porcelain
2979:Agnolo Poliziano
2896:
2895:
2654:Poggio Imperiale
2552:
2551:
2542:
2536:
2468:Bernardo Antonio
2442:Ferrante Gonzaga
2293:Queens of France
2157:
2156:
2139:
2132:
2125:
2116:
2115:
2107:
2071:
2052:
2002:. Longman, 1992.
1998:Martin Roberts,
1987:
1973:The Renaissance.
1925:
1924:
1922:
1920:
1901:
1895:
1889:
1883:
1882:
1860:
1854:
1853:
1851:
1849:
1830:
1824:
1823:
1815:
1809:
1808:
1800:
1794:
1787:
1781:
1780:
1778:
1776:
1753:
1747:
1746:
1734:
1728:
1727:
1715:
1706:
1705:
1693:
1687:
1686:
1684:
1682:
1663:
1657:
1656:
1620:
1614:
1613:
1599:
1593:
1586:
1580:
1579:
1577:
1575:
1559:
1553:
1552:
1550:
1548:
1528:
1522:
1521:
1513:
1507:
1506:
1498:
1492:
1491:
1483:
1477:
1476:
1468:
1462:
1456:
1450:
1449:
1437:
1431:
1430:
1422:
1416:
1415:
1394:
1388:
1387:(Longman, 1992).
1377:
1371:
1348:
1342:
1341:
1333:
1327:
1321:
1315:
1314:
1306:
1300:
1293:
1287:
1281:
1275:
1274:
1266:
1260:
1259:
1247:
1241:
1240:
1232:
1223:
1222:
1214:
1205:
1178:
1151:
1143:
1134:
1127:
1121:
1114:
1105:
1104:
1102:
1100:
1085:
1079:
1078:
1076:
1074:
1055:
1049:
1048:
1030:
1024:
1023:
1021:
1019:
1005:
897:Platonic Academy
873:Gemistus Plethon
827:Lorenzo Ghiberti
805:
660:
595:wars in Lombardy
177:
130:
119:
91:
65:Lord of Florence
53:
39:
38:
21:
18:Cosimo the Elder
3283:
3282:
3278:
3277:
3276:
3274:
3273:
3272:
3233:House of Medici
3203:Italian bankers
3188:
3187:
3186:
3181:
3128:
3092:
3076:
3046:
3025:
3021:Galileo Galilei
3009:
3005:Marsilio Ficino
2988:
2967:
2883:
2841:
2795:
2786:Medici fountain
2774:
2708:
2594:Poggio a Caiano
2543:
2538:
2537:
2524:
2508:
2482:
2451:
2437:Lorenzo Strozzi
2432:Niccolò Ridolfi
2412:Luigi de' Rossi
2406:
2399:Francesco Maria
2335:
2309:
2288:
2240:
2217:
2148:
2146:House of Medici
2143:
2105:
2079:
2074:
2068:
1933:
1931:Further reading
1928:
1918:
1916:
1903:
1902:
1898:
1890:
1886:
1879:
1871:. p. 248.
1861:
1857:
1847:
1845:
1832:
1831:
1827:
1816:
1812:
1805:The Renaissance
1801:
1797:
1788:
1784:
1774:
1772:
1770:
1754:
1750:
1739:The Renaissance
1735:
1731:
1716:
1709:
1694:
1690:
1680:
1678:
1665:
1664:
1660:
1637:10.2307/2901833
1631:(4): 994–1020.
1621:
1617:
1600:
1596:
1587:
1583:
1573:
1571:
1560:
1556:
1546:
1544:
1529:
1525:
1514:
1510:
1499:
1495:
1488:The Renaissance
1484:
1480:
1469:
1465:
1457:
1453:
1438:
1434:
1427:The Renaissance
1423:
1419:
1395:
1391:
1378:
1374:
1350:Heinrich Lang:
1349:
1345:
1334:
1330:
1322:
1318:
1307:
1303:
1294:
1290:
1282:
1278:
1271:The Renaissance
1267:
1263:
1248:
1244:
1233:
1226:
1215:
1208:
1180:George Holmes:
1179:
1172:
1146:
1137:
1128:
1124:
1115:
1108:
1098:
1096:
1095:. 19 April 2017
1087:
1086:
1082:
1072:
1070:
1057:
1056:
1052:
1045:
1031:
1027:
1017:
1015:
1007:
1006:
1002:
998:
976:
909:
877:Marsilio Ficino
869:
825:, a student of
807:
803:
795:
743:Benozzo Gozzoli
704:
696:
662:
649:
630:
501:Palazzo Vecchio
477:Jacopo Pontormo
463:, said of him:
437:
405:Piero the Gouty
250:
245:
173:
169:
167:Piero the Gouty
132:
128:
111:
110:
101:
89:
83:Piero the Gouty
59:
44:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3281:
3271:
3270:
3265:
3260:
3255:
3250:
3245:
3240:
3235:
3230:
3225:
3220:
3215:
3210:
3205:
3200:
3183:
3182:
3180:
3179:
3178:
3177:
3167:
3162:
3157:
3152:
3147:
3145:Galilean moons
3142:
3140:Medici giraffe
3136:
3134:
3130:
3129:
3127:
3126:
3121:
3116:
3111:
3106:
3100:
3098:
3094:
3093:
3091:
3090:
3084:
3082:
3078:
3077:
3075:
3074:
3069:
3064:
3058:
3056:
3052:
3051:
3048:
3047:
3045:
3044:
3039:
3033:
3031:
3027:
3026:
3024:
3023:
3017:
3015:
3011:
3010:
3008:
3007:
3002:
2996:
2994:
2990:
2989:
2987:
2986:
2981:
2975:
2973:
2969:
2968:
2966:
2965:
2963:Giorgio Vasari
2960:
2955:
2950:
2945:
2940:
2935:
2930:
2929:
2928:
2918:
2913:
2908:
2902:
2900:
2893:
2889:
2888:
2885:
2884:
2882:
2881:
2876:
2875:
2874:
2869:
2858:Medici Chapels
2855:
2849:
2847:
2843:
2842:
2840:
2839:
2834:
2829:
2824:
2819:
2814:
2809:
2803:
2801:
2797:
2796:
2794:
2793:
2788:
2782:
2780:
2776:
2775:
2773:
2772:
2767:
2762:
2757:
2752:
2747:
2742:
2737:
2732:
2730:Palazzo Madama
2727:
2722:
2716:
2714:
2710:
2709:
2707:
2706:
2701:
2696:
2691:
2686:
2684:Montevettolini
2681:
2676:
2671:
2666:
2661:
2656:
2651:
2646:
2641:
2636:
2631:
2626:
2621:
2616:
2611:
2606:
2601:
2596:
2591:
2586:
2581:
2576:
2571:
2566:
2560:
2558:
2549:
2545:
2544:
2531:
2529:
2526:
2525:
2523:
2522:
2516:
2514:
2510:
2509:
2507:
2506:
2501:
2496:
2490:
2488:
2484:
2483:
2481:
2480:
2475:
2470:
2465:
2459:
2457:
2453:
2452:
2450:
2449:
2444:
2439:
2434:
2429:
2424:
2422:Innocenzo Cybo
2419:
2414:
2401:
2396:
2391:
2386:
2381:
2376:
2371:
2365:
2360:
2354:
2343:
2341:
2337:
2336:
2334:
2333:
2328:
2323:
2317:
2315:
2311:
2310:
2308:
2307:
2302:
2296:
2294:
2290:
2289:
2287:
2286:
2281:
2276:
2271:
2266:
2261:
2256:
2250:
2248:
2242:
2241:
2239:
2238:
2233:
2227:
2225:
2219:
2218:
2216:
2215:
2210:
2205:
2199:
2194:
2189:
2184:
2179:
2174:
2169:
2163:
2161:
2154:
2150:
2149:
2142:
2141:
2134:
2127:
2119:
2113:
2112:
2103:
2090:
2085:
2078:
2077:External links
2075:
2073:
2072:
2066:
2053:
2033:10.1086/230190
2016:
2009:
2003:
1996:
1989:
1979:
1966:
1961:De Roover, R.
1959:
1956:History Review
1952:
1945:
1934:
1932:
1929:
1927:
1926:
1896:
1884:
1877:
1855:
1825:
1810:
1795:
1789:Kent, Dale V.
1782:
1769:978-1628733228
1768:
1748:
1729:
1707:
1688:
1658:
1615:
1594:
1588:R. de Roover,
1581:
1566:. Lippincott.
1554:
1523:
1508:
1493:
1478:
1463:
1451:
1432:
1417:
1389:
1372:
1343:
1328:
1316:
1301:
1288:
1276:
1261:
1242:
1224:
1206:
1170:
1135:
1122:
1106:
1080:
1050:
1043:
1025:
999:
997:
994:
993:
992:
987:
982:
975:
972:
968:Daniel Sharman
954:Richard Madden
950:Dustin Hoffman
936:Frank Spotnitz
908:
905:
893:Leonardo Bruni
868:
865:
796:
794:
791:
757:, whose famed
739:Palazzo Medici
703:
700:
695:
692:
642:
629:
626:
548:Duchy of Milan
436:
433:
407:(b. 1416) and
262:Piccarda Bueri
249:
246:
244:
241:
201:
200:
198:Piccarda Bueri
195:
191:
190:
185:
181:
180:
178:(illegitimate)
164:
160:
159:
154:
150:
149:
144:
138:
137:
131:(aged 74)
125:
121:
120:
107:
103:
102:
99:
97:
93:
92:
86:
85:
80:
76:
75:
72:
68:
67:
61:
60:
54:
46:
45:
42:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3280:
3269:
3266:
3264:
3261:
3259:
3256:
3254:
3251:
3249:
3246:
3244:
3241:
3239:
3236:
3234:
3231:
3229:
3226:
3224:
3221:
3219:
3216:
3214:
3211:
3209:
3206:
3204:
3201:
3199:
3196:
3195:
3193:
3176:
3173:
3172:
3171:
3168:
3166:
3163:
3161:
3158:
3156:
3153:
3151:
3148:
3146:
3143:
3141:
3138:
3137:
3135:
3131:
3125:
3122:
3120:
3117:
3115:
3112:
3110:
3107:
3105:
3102:
3101:
3099:
3095:
3089:
3086:
3085:
3083:
3079:
3073:
3070:
3068:
3065:
3063:
3060:
3059:
3057:
3053:
3043:
3040:
3038:
3035:
3034:
3032:
3028:
3022:
3019:
3018:
3016:
3012:
3006:
3003:
3001:
2998:
2997:
2995:
2991:
2985:
2982:
2980:
2977:
2976:
2974:
2970:
2964:
2961:
2959:
2956:
2954:
2951:
2949:
2946:
2944:
2941:
2939:
2936:
2934:
2931:
2927:
2924:
2923:
2922:
2919:
2917:
2914:
2912:
2909:
2907:
2904:
2903:
2901:
2897:
2894:
2890:
2880:
2877:
2873:
2870:
2868:
2865:
2864:
2863:
2859:
2856:
2854:
2851:
2850:
2848:
2844:
2838:
2835:
2833:
2830:
2828:
2825:
2823:
2820:
2818:
2815:
2813:
2810:
2808:
2805:
2804:
2802:
2798:
2792:
2789:
2787:
2784:
2783:
2781:
2777:
2771:
2768:
2766:
2763:
2761:
2758:
2756:
2753:
2751:
2748:
2746:
2743:
2741:
2738:
2736:
2735:Palazzo Pitti
2733:
2731:
2728:
2726:
2723:
2721:
2718:
2717:
2715:
2711:
2705:
2702:
2700:
2697:
2695:
2692:
2690:
2687:
2685:
2682:
2680:
2677:
2675:
2672:
2670:
2667:
2665:
2662:
2660:
2657:
2655:
2652:
2650:
2647:
2645:
2642:
2640:
2639:Cerreto Guidi
2637:
2635:
2632:
2630:
2627:
2625:
2622:
2620:
2617:
2615:
2612:
2610:
2607:
2605:
2602:
2600:
2597:
2595:
2592:
2590:
2589:Collesalvetti
2587:
2585:
2582:
2580:
2577:
2575:
2572:
2570:
2567:
2565:
2562:
2561:
2559:
2557:
2553:
2550:
2546:
2541:
2540:Festina Lente
2535:
2521:
2518:
2517:
2515:
2511:
2505:
2502:
2500:
2497:
2495:
2492:
2491:
2489:
2485:
2479:
2476:
2474:
2471:
2469:
2466:
2464:
2461:
2460:
2458:
2454:
2448:
2445:
2443:
2440:
2438:
2435:
2433:
2430:
2428:
2425:
2423:
2420:
2418:
2415:
2413:
2409:
2405:
2402:
2400:
2397:
2395:
2392:
2390:
2387:
2385:
2382:
2380:
2377:
2375:
2372:
2369:
2366:
2364:
2361:
2359:(Clement VII)
2358:
2355:
2352:
2348:
2345:
2344:
2342:
2338:
2332:
2329:
2327:
2324:
2322:
2319:
2318:
2316:
2312:
2306:
2303:
2301:
2298:
2297:
2295:
2291:
2285:
2282:
2280:
2277:
2275:
2274:Ferdinando II
2272:
2270:
2267:
2265:
2262:
2260:
2257:
2255:
2252:
2251:
2249:
2247:
2243:
2237:
2234:
2232:
2229:
2228:
2226:
2224:
2220:
2214:
2211:
2209:
2206:
2204:(Clement VII)
2203:
2200:
2198:
2195:
2193:
2190:
2188:
2185:
2183:
2180:
2178:
2175:
2173:
2170:
2168:
2165:
2164:
2162:
2158:
2155:
2151:
2147:
2140:
2135:
2133:
2128:
2126:
2121:
2120:
2117:
2111:
2104:
2101:
2100:
2097:biography by
2094:
2091:
2089:
2086:
2084:
2081:
2080:
2069:
2067:0-7546-0777-1
2063:
2059:
2054:
2050:
2046:
2042:
2038:
2034:
2030:
2026:
2022:
2017:
2014:
2010:
2008:
2004:
2001:
1997:
1994:
1990:
1985:
1980:
1977:
1974:
1970:
1967:
1964:
1960:
1957:
1953:
1950:
1946:
1943:
1939:
1936:
1935:
1914:
1910:
1906:
1900:
1894:
1888:
1880:
1878:0-8018-8627-9
1874:
1870:
1866:
1859:
1843:
1839:
1835:
1829:
1821:
1814:
1806:
1799:
1792:
1786:
1771:
1765:
1761:
1760:
1752:
1744:
1740:
1733:
1725:
1721:
1714:
1712:
1703:
1699:
1692:
1676:
1672:
1668:
1662:
1654:
1650:
1646:
1642:
1638:
1634:
1630:
1626:
1619:
1611:
1607:
1606:
1598:
1591:
1585:
1569:
1565:
1558:
1542:
1538:
1534:
1527:
1519:
1512:
1504:
1497:
1489:
1482:
1474:
1467:
1461:
1455:
1447:
1443:
1436:
1428:
1421:
1413:
1409:
1403:
1399:
1393:
1386:
1382:
1376:
1369:
1365:
1361:
1357:
1353:
1347:
1339:
1332:
1325:
1320:
1312:
1305:
1298:
1292:
1286:, p. 16.
1285:
1280:
1272:
1265:
1257:
1253:
1246:
1238:
1231:
1229:
1220:
1213:
1211:
1203:
1199:
1195:
1191:
1187:
1183:
1177:
1175:
1168:
1164:
1160:
1156:
1153:
1152:
1149:
1142:
1141:
1132:
1126:
1119:
1113:
1111:
1094:
1090:
1084:
1068:
1064:
1060:
1054:
1046:
1040:
1036:
1029:
1014:
1010:
1004:
1000:
991:
988:
986:
983:
981:
978:
977:
971:
969:
965:
961:
960:
955:
951:
947:
943:
942:
937:
933:
931:
927:
923:
919:
918:
913:
904:
902:
898:
894:
890:
886:
882:
881:Neo-Platonism
878:
874:
864:
862:
858:
853:
849:
845:
840:
835:
832:
828:
824:
820:
816:
812:
806:
800:
787:
786:Pater patriae
782:
778:
776:
772:
768:
764:
760:
756:
752:
748:
744:
740:
736:
732:
727:
725:
721:
713:
708:
699:
691:
689:
685:
681:
680:
679:Pater Patriae
675:
671:
667:
661:
658:
657:
652:
651:Edward Gibbon
646:
639:
634:
625:
623:
619:
615:
611:
608:
604:
600:
596:
592:
589:, Venice and
588:
584:
579:
576:
572:
567:
563:
562:
557:
553:
549:
545:
540:
536:
534:
530:
526:
522:
518:
514:
510:
506:
502:
498:
494:
490:
489:Palla Strozzi
482:
478:
473:
468:
464:
462:
458:
454:
450:
441:
432:
430:
424:
422:
418:
414:
410:
406:
402:
398:
394:
386:
381:
377:
375:
371:
367:
363:
359:
355:
351:
347:
342:
340:
336:
332:
328:
324:
320:
316:
312:
308:
304:
300:
296:
287:
282:
278:
276:
272:
268:
263:
260:and his wife
259:
255:
240:
236:
234:
230:
227:
223:
219:
215:
211:
210:Medici family
207:
199:
196:
192:
189:
186:
182:
176:
172:
168:
165:
161:
158:
155:
151:
148:
145:
143:
139:
135:
127:1 August 1464
126:
122:
118:
114:
108:
104:
98:
94:
87:
84:
81:
77:
73:
69:
66:
62:
58:
52:
47:
40:
37:
33:
19:
3104:Medici lions
3081:Institutions
2921:Michelangelo
2879:Old Sacristy
2867:New Sacristy
2740:Villa Medici
2664:L'Ambrogiana
2649:Arena Metato
2539:
2499:Don Giovanni
2407:
2389:Giovan Carlo
2379:Ferdinando I
2346:
2284:Gian Gastone
2264:Ferdinando I
2166:
2106:(in English)
2096:
2057:
2024:
2020:
2012:
2011:Parks, Tim.
1999:
1992:
1991:Kent, Dale.
1983:
1972:
1969:Durant, Will
1962:
1958:, 47, 44–46.
1955:
1948:
1944:(1860) 1878.
1941:
1917:. Retrieved
1908:
1899:
1887:
1864:
1858:
1846:. Retrieved
1842:the original
1837:
1828:
1819:
1813:
1804:
1798:
1790:
1785:
1773:. Retrieved
1758:
1751:
1738:
1732:
1723:
1719:
1701:
1697:
1691:
1679:. Retrieved
1670:
1661:
1628:
1624:
1618:
1604:
1597:
1589:
1584:
1572:. Retrieved
1557:
1545:. Retrieved
1537:The Guardian
1536:
1526:
1517:
1511:
1502:
1496:
1487:
1481:
1472:
1466:
1454:
1441:
1435:
1426:
1420:
1411:
1407:
1401:
1397:
1392:
1384:
1380:
1375:
1367:
1363:
1359:
1355:
1351:
1346:
1337:
1331:
1326:, p. 7.
1319:
1310:
1304:
1296:
1291:
1279:
1270:
1264:
1251:
1245:
1236:
1218:
1201:
1197:
1193:
1189:
1185:
1181:
1166:
1162:
1158:
1154:
1145:
1144:
1140:
1139:
1130:
1125:
1117:
1097:. Retrieved
1092:
1083:
1071:. Retrieved
1062:
1053:
1034:
1028:
1018:30 September
1016:. Retrieved
1012:
1003:
957:
939:
934:
929:
925:
921:
915:
910:
875:, supported
870:
836:
808:
802:
798:
785:
777:") in 1436.
767:Brunelleschi
747:Fra Angelico
728:
723:
717:
711:
710:Donatello's
697:
677:
663:
654:
648:
644:
605:to move the
580:
559:
541:
537:
519:and then to
486:
480:
475:Portrait by
466:
461:Pope Pius II
446:
425:
401:Bardi family
390:
343:
314:
291:
251:
237:
222:gold florins
205:
204:
142:Noble family
129:(1464-08-01)
36:
3223:1464 deaths
3218:1389 births
3114:Medici Vase
3088:Medici Bank
3042:Jacopo Peri
2862:San Lorenzo
2853:Magi Chapel
2487:Condottieri
2408:female line
2326:Clement VII
2259:Francesco I
1919:24 December
1848:15 November
1775:19 February
1704:(2–3): 237.
1671:www.pbs.org
948:(played by
593:during the
575:Renaissance
561:condottiere
481:il Broncone
358:Roman Curia
299:Medici Bank
286:Medici Bank
226:Donatello's
3192:Categories
3165:Savonarola
3014:Scientists
2948:Michelozzo
2800:Fortresses
2644:Marignolle
2624:Camugliano
2619:La Petraia
2614:Spedaletto
2604:Mezzomonte
2564:Cafaggiolo
2368:Alessandro
2279:Cosimo III
2197:Lorenzo II
1986:. Rizzoli.
1360:Die Medici
1324:Tomas 2003
1297:Die Medici
1284:Tomas 2003
1256:ambassador
1194:Die Medici
996:References
867:Philosophy
823:Michelozzo
607:Ecumenical
525:Michelozzo
459:and later
417:Circassian
374:ambassador
3170:TV series
3030:Musicians
2943:Donatello
2892:Patronage
2699:Seravezza
2634:La Topaia
2584:La Quiete
2548:Buildings
2513:Genealogy
2404:Francesco
2347:male line
2340:Cardinals
2269:Cosimo II
2041:0002-9602
1869:JHU Press
1653:145451441
1398:compagnia
1148:Dale Kent
831:Donatello
815:San Marco
793:Libraries
755:Donatello
724:Zibaldone
694:Patronage
614:Byzantine
603:Eugene IV
453:democracy
243:Biography
153:Spouse(s)
96:Full name
79:Successor
3175:episodes
3055:Heraldry
2837:Volterra
2817:Piombino
2812:Grosseto
2765:Materdei
2689:Artimino
2669:La MĂ gia
2599:Castello
2473:Giuliano
2394:Leopoldo
2374:Giovanni
2370:(Leo XI)
2363:Ippolito
2351:Giovanni
2300:Caterina
2254:Cosimo I
2236:Cosimo I
2208:Ippolito
2192:Giuliano
2049:56166159
1971:(1953).
1913:Archived
1681:29 April
1675:Archived
1574:29 April
1568:Archived
1547:29 April
1541:Archived
1402:Broncone
1067:Archived
1013:Coursera
974:See also
946:Giovanni
839:literati
819:humanist
720:Salviati
674:Signoria
653:(1880).
583:Florence
533:Soderini
491:and the
354:cardinal
271:name day
254:Florence
214:Florence
113:Florence
57:Bronzino
3155:Albizzi
3133:Related
2846:Chapels
2822:Pistoia
2750:Livorno
2713:Palaces
2679:Coltano
2674:Liliano
2659:Lapeggi
2629:Stabbia
2579:Fiesole
2574:Careggi
2569:Trebbio
2504:Mattias
2463:Filippo
2353:(Leo X)
1951:, 2002.
1645:2901833
784:Cosimo
735:palazzo
666:Careggi
493:Albizzi
429:Mugello
421:prelate
415:, by a
348:at the
327:Avignon
134:Careggi
2807:Arezzo
2704:Madama
2609:Agnano
2556:Villas
2478:Zanobi
2357:Giulio
2331:Leo XI
2202:Giulio
2153:People
2064:
2047:
2039:
1875:
1867:. US:
1766:
1651:
1643:
1157:. In:
1099:20 May
1073:20 May
1041:
959:Medici
773:(the "
753:, and
684:Cicero
587:Naples
521:Venice
397:Vernio
370:Priore
339:LĂĽbeck
337:, and
331:Bruges
319:London
311:Naples
307:Venice
303:Geneva
194:Mother
184:Father
147:Medici
2832:Siena
2384:Carlo
2321:Leo X
2314:Popes
2305:Maria
2045:S2CID
1649:S2CID
1641:JSTOR
1093:Guide
885:Plato
813:, at
775:Duomo
759:David
712:David
628:Death
591:Milan
529:Pitti
517:Padua
457:Siena
413:Carlo
335:Milan
229:David
163:Issue
90:
71:Reign
2760:Pisa
2694:Buti
2062:ISBN
2037:ISSN
1921:2016
1873:ISBN
1850:2008
1777:2021
1764:ISBN
1726:(3).
1683:2018
1612:–66.
1576:2018
1549:2018
1101:2021
1075:2021
1039:ISBN
1020:2022
891:and
761:and
702:Arts
564:, a
531:and
323:Pisa
295:Rome
233:nude
124:Died
106:Born
3097:Art
2029:doi
1633:doi
1412:104
970:).
722:'s
364:to
256:to
3194::
2860:,
2410::
2349::
2108:–
2095:–
2043:.
2035:.
2025:98
2023:.
1940:,
1911:.
1907:.
1836:.
1741:.
1724:26
1722:.
1710:^
1702:18
1700:.
1673:.
1669:.
1647:.
1639:.
1629:52
1627:.
1610:65
1539:.
1535:.
1444:.
1410:.
1227:^
1209:^
1173:^
1150::
1109:^
1091:.
1065:.
1061:.
1011:.
863:.
749:,
690:.
585:,
423:.
333:,
329:,
325:,
321:,
305:,
115:,
2138:e
2131:t
2124:v
2102:.
2070:.
2051:.
2031::
1923:.
1881:.
1852:.
1779:.
1685:.
1655:.
1635::
1551:.
1138:'
1103:.
1077:.
1047:.
1022:.
966:(
34:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
.jpg)