Corporation - Knowledge

793: 2856:, but it is also the exact name under which Harvard was legally incorporated. Nowadays, corporations in most jurisdictions have a distinct name that does not need to make reference to the members of their boards. In Canada, this possibility is taken to its logical extreme: many smaller Canadian corporations have no names at all, merely numbers based on a registration number (for example, "12345678 Ontario Limited"), which is assigned by the provincial or territorial government where the corporation incorporates. 5446: 4830: 2433: 1972: 4028:

status, but decided against it because of the huge number of corporations that would have had to change their names, and the lack of any evidence that anyone had been harmed in California by entities whose corporate status was not immediately apparent from their names. However, the 1977 drafters were able to impose the current disclosure requirement for close corporations. See Harold Marsh, Jr., R. Roy Finkle, Larry W. Sonsini, and Ann Yvonne Walker,

1752: 1764: 5498: 108: 2500:, empowered to register companies by a two-stage process. The first, provisional, stage cost £5 and did not confer corporate status, which arose after completing the second stage for another £5. For the first time in history, it was possible for ordinary people through a simple registration procedure to incorporate. The advantage of establishing a company as a 2334:, which (possibly with the motive of protecting the South Sea Company from competition) prohibited the establishment of any companies without a royal charter. The share price rose so rapidly that people began buying shares merely in order to sell them at a higher price, which in turn led to higher share prices. This was the first 2079:, political groups, and guilds of craftsmen or traders. Such bodies commonly had the right to own property and make contracts, to receive gifts and legacies, to sue and be sued, and, in general, to perform legal acts through representatives. Private associations were granted designated privileges and liberties by the emperor. 2343: 2552:

to write in 1855 that "never, perhaps, was a change so vehemently and generally demanded, of which the importance was so much overrated." The major error of this judgment was recognised by the same magazine more than 70 years later, when it claimed that, "he economic historian of the future... may be

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under an artificial form, and vested, by the policy of the law, with the capacity of acting, in several respects, as an individual, particularly of taking and granting property, of contracting obligations, and of suing and being sued, of enjoying privileges and immunities in common, and of exercising

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laws to prevent anti-competitive practices and corporations were granted more legal rights and protections. The 20th century saw a proliferation of laws allowing for the creation of corporations by registration across the world, which helped to drive economic booms in many countries before and after

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Labeled by both contemporaries and historians as "the grandest society of merchants in the universe", the English East India Company would come to symbolize the dazzlingly rich potential of the corporation, as well as new methods of business that could be both brutal and exploitative. On 31 December

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had to be carried out in the joint names of all the members and was almost impossibly cumbersome. Though Parliament would sometimes grant a private act to allow an individual to represent the whole in legal proceedings, this was a narrow and necessarily costly expedient, allowed only to established

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In most countries, corporate names include a term or an abbreviation that denotes the corporate status of the entity (for example, "Incorporated" or "Inc." in the United States) or the limited liability of its members (for example, "Limited", "Ltd.", or "LLC"). These terms vary by jurisdiction and

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Historically, corporations were created by a charter granted by the government. Today, corporations are usually registered with the state, province, or national government and regulated by the laws enacted by that government. Registration is the main prerequisite to the corporation's assumption of

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The day-to-day activities of a corporation are typically controlled by individuals appointed by the members. In some cases, this will be a single individual but more commonly corporations are controlled by a committee or by committees. Broadly speaking, there are two kinds of committee structure.

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the members are known as shareholders, and each of their shares in the ownership, control, and profits of the corporation is determined by the portion of shares in the company that they own. Thus, a person who owns a quarter of the shares of a joint-stock company owns a quarter of the company, is

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The legislation shortly gave way to a railway boom, and from then, the numbers of companies formed soared. In the later nineteenth century, depression took hold, and just as company numbers had boomed, many began to implode and fall into insolvency. Much strong academic, legislative and judicial

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California does not require corporations to indicate corporate status in their names, except for close corporations. The drafters of the 1977 revision of the California General Corporation Law considered the possibility of forcing all California corporations to have a name indicating corporate

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was the first state to adopt an "enabling" corporate law, with the goal of attracting more business to the state, in 1896. In 1899, Delaware followed New Jersey's lead with the enactment of an enabling corporate statute, but Delaware only became the leading corporate state after the enabling

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may result in a form of corporate failure, when creditors force the liquidation and dissolution of the corporation under court order, but it most often results in a restructuring of corporate holdings. Corporations can even be convicted of special criminal offenses in the UK, such as

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remains fundamentally unaddressed.... Bureaucratic overreach and environmental catastrophe are precisely the kinds of slow-moving existential challenges that democracies deal with very badly.... Finally, there is the threat du jour: corporations and the technologies they promote."

2461:) under primitive companies legislation were often scams. Without cohesive regulation, proverbial operations like the "Anglo-Bengalee Disinterested Loan and Life Assurance Company" were undercapitalized ventures promising no hope of success except for richly paid promoters. 2338:

the country had seen, but by the end of 1720, the bubble had "burst", and the share price sank from £1,000 to under £100. As bankruptcies and recriminations ricocheted through government and high society, the mood against corporations and errant directors was bitter.

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In another kind of corporation, the legal document which established the corporation or which contains its current rules will determine the requirements for membership in the corporation. What these requirements are depends on the kind of corporation involved. In a

2797:, where the company essentially buys back stock from its shareholders, which reduces its outstanding shares. This essentially becomes the equivalent of unissued capital, where it is not classified as an asset on the balance sheet (passive capital). 2909:

against real individuals and the state, and they can themselves be responsible for human rights violations. Corporations can be "dissolved" either by statutory operation, the order of the court, or voluntary action on the part of shareholders.

1893:, was limited liability. Limited liability separates control of a company from ownership and means that a passive shareholder in a corporation will not be personally liable either for contractually agreed obligations of the corporation, or for 2800:

The law of the jurisdiction in which a corporation operates will regulate most of its internal activities, as well as its finances. If a corporation operates outside its home state, it is often required to register with other governments as a

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with the government, laying out the general nature of the corporation, the amount of stock it is authorized to issue, and the names and addresses of directors. Once the articles are approved, the corporation's directors meet to create

2655:). State governments began to adopt more permissive corporate laws from the early 19th century, although these were all restrictive in design, often with the intention of preventing corporations from gaining too much wealth and power. 2938:

on the public or on other third-parties. Such critics note that the legal mandate of the corporation to focus exclusively on corporate profits and self-interest often victimizes employees, customers, the public at large, and/or the

2955:, and to break down the sharp conceptual dichotomy between the state and the people or the individual, a distinction that, on his account, is "increasingly unable to meet the demands placed on the state in the modern world". 2379:

a variety of political rights, more or less extensive, according to the design of its institution, or the powers conferred upon it, either at the time of its creation or at any subsequent period of its existence.

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of almost 150 per cent. Subsequent stock offerings demonstrated just how lucrative the company had become. Its first stock offering in 1713–1716 raised £418,000, its second in 1717–1722 raised £1.6 million.

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to trade in the region for thirty years. In fact, the Spanish remained hostile and let only one ship a year enter. Unaware of the problems, investors in Britain, enticed by extravagant promises of profit from

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Phillip I. Blumberg, The Multinational Challenge to Corporation Law: The Search for a New Corporate Personality, (1993) discusses the controversial nature of additional rights being granted to corporations.

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had gathered pace, pressing for legal change to facilitate business activity. The repeal was the beginning of a gradual lifting on restrictions, though business ventures (such as those chronicled by

2568:. This was subsequently consolidated with a number of other statutes in the Companies Act 1862, which remained in force for the rest of the century, up to and including the time of the decision in 2539:

were excluded from the act, though it was standard practice for insurance contracts to exclude action against individual members. Limited liability for insurance companies was allowed by the

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countries. Under this model, the board of directors is composed of both executive and non-executive directors, the latter being meant to supervise the former's management of the company.

2143:. The point was that the incorporation would survive longer than the lives of any particular member, existing in perpetuity. The alleged oldest commercial corporation in the world, the 2706:

entitled to a quarter of the profit (or at least a quarter of the profit given to shareholders as dividends) and has a quarter of the votes capable of being cast at general meetings.

2212:, were created to lead the colonial ventures of European nations in the 17th century. Acting under a charter sanctioned by the Dutch government, the Dutch East India Company defeated 2512:

However, there was still no limited liability and company members could still be held responsible for unlimited losses by the company. The next, crucial development, then, was the

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where the House of Lords confirmed the separate legal personality of the company, and that the liabilities of the company were separate and distinct from those of its owners.

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that mass corporate activity could not match private entrepreneurship, because people in charge of others' money would not exercise as much care as they would with their own.

1926:; i.e. those who are considered the owners of a non-stock corporation are persons (or other entities) who have obtained membership in the corporation and are referred to as a 2832:

theory. Instead, the two elements of a corporation that define its legislative identity and are therefore nonarbitrary delimitations to its formation and existence are which

2303:, was established in 1711 to trade in the Spanish South American colonies, but met with less success. The South Sea Company's monopoly rights were supposedly backed by the 2473: 1852:. Corporations come in many different types but are usually divided by the law of the jurisdiction where they are chartered based on two aspects: whether they can issue 2623:

and limited liability even if all the shares of the company were held by only one person. This inspired other countries to introduce corporations of this kind.

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and was limited, owing to Parliament's jealous protection of the privileges and advantages thereby granted. As a result, many businesses came to be operated as

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Aside from the infeasibility of the ableness of one corporation to supply an entire market demand, there are a number of national as well as international

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Corporations generally have a distinct name. Historically, some corporations were named after the members of their boards of directors: for example, the "

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to their investment. One of the attractive early advantages business corporations offered to their investors, compared to earlier business entities like

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Cohen-Vrignaud, Gerard; Metz, Stephanie; Dunville, Jody; Heath, Shannon; McLeod, Julia P.; Powell, Kat; Robida, Brent; Stromski, John; Haynes, Brandon.

2267:. Some corporations at this time would act on the government's behalf, bringing in revenue from its exploits abroad. Subsequently, the company became 4589: 3744: 1930:

of the corporation. Corporations chartered in regions where they are distinguished by whether they are allowed to be for-profit are referred to as

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inclined to assign to the nameless inventor of the principle of limited liability, as applied to trade corporations, a place of honour with

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regulating antitrust behaviour that are intended to restrict this type of activity by instead favouring the differentiation of markets.

2228:. Investors in the VOC were issued paper certificates as proof of share ownership, and were able to trade their shares on the original 3273: 1953:

employ the practice of workers of an enterprise having the right to vote for representatives on the board of directors in a company.

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was mainly administrative, as a unified entity under which the rights and duties of all investors and managers could be channeled.

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bought thousands of shares. By 1717, the South Sea Company was so wealthy (still having done no real business) that it assumed the

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language. In some jurisdictions, they are mandatory, and in others, such as California, they are not. Their use puts everybody on

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The British Bubble Act 1720s prohibition on establishing companies remained in force until its repeal in 1825. By this point, the

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affiliated entities to being public and private economic entities free of governmental directions. Smith wrote in his 1776 work

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These two features – a simple registration procedure and limited liability – were subsequently codified into the landmark 1856

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do. For example, a corporation can own property, and can sue or be sued for as long as it exists. Corporations can exercise

5218: 4005: 462: 406: 365: 1897:(involuntary harms) committed by the corporation against a third party (acts done by the controllers of the corporation). 4882: 2578:

opinion was opposed to the notion that businessmen could escape accountability for their role in the failing businesses.

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with English and later British military and colonial policy, just as most corporations were essentially dependent on the

344: 4525:, vol. LXVI, no. 10 (6 June 2019), pp. 52–53, 56–57. "Democracy has no clear answer for the mindless operation of 2868:

is limited: one can only collect from whatever assets the entity still controls when one obtains a judgment against it.

2639:, forming a corporation usually required an act of legislation until the late 19th century. Many private firms, such as 1949:

capacity. In most circumstances, a shareholder may also serve as a director or officer of a corporation. Countries with

4467: 132: 5470: 5163: 4846: 4740: 4665: 3449: 1289: 411: 3780: 5455: 4575: 3389: 2693:(reducing the regulation of corporate activity) often accompanied privatization as part of a laissez-faire policy. 2590: 1787: 488: 389: 4132: 2951:, and believes the idea of the corporation as legal persons can help to clarify the role of citizens as political 2879:" may refer to a partnership or some other form of collective ownership (in the United States it can be used by a 5465: 4968: 4841: 4750: 3821: 3676: 3653: 3219: 2628: 2595: 2570: 5543: 4875: 4851: 2770:

limited liability. The law sometimes requires the corporation to designate its principal address, as well as a

2565: 2493: 2441: 2774:(a person or company designated to receive legal service of process). It may also be required to designate an 5113: 5078: 4386: 2308: 1553: 1211: 314: 248: 4441:

Underdevelopment and the Development of Law: Corporations and Corporation Law in Nineteenth-century Colombia

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Mahoney, PG, "Contract or Concession? An Essay on the History of Corporate Law" (2000) 34 Ga. Law Review 873

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The last significant development in the history of companies was the 1897 decision of the House of Lords in

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to act as a single entity (a legal entity recognized by private and public law as "born out of statute"; a

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in ancient India. In medieval Europe, churches became incorporated, as did local governments, such as the

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that govern the internal functions of the corporation, such as meeting procedures and officer positions.

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recognized by local authorities and their shares are owned by shareholders whose liability is generally

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an Audio from a talk about the history of corporations and the English Law by Barrister Daniel Bennett

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Shareholders do not typically actively manage a corporation; shareholders instead elect or appoint a

1912:; one type of investment in the corporation is through stock, and owners of stock are referred to as 1849: 1382: 1069: 730: 665: 454: 324: 152: 38: 3575: 5460: 5338: 5308: 5118: 4836: 4765: 4655: 4279: 3177: 3127: 2746: 2670: 2465: 2312: 2229: 2205: 1966: 1962: 1656: 1352: 1199: 1038: 1012: 934: 879: 625: 492: 167: 127: 4978: 4424: 4295: 2947:

notes that corporate personhood forms a fundamental part of the modern history of the idea of the

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of the British government. This accelerated the inflation of the share price further, as did the

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The 1855 Act allowed limited liability to companies of more than 25 members (shareholders).

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became the chairman of a Parliamentary Committee on Joint Stock Companies, which led to the

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a collection of many individuals united into one body, under a special denomination, having

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Early entities which carried on business and were the subjects of legal rights included the

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in the 11th–14th centuries. Particularly important in this respect were the Italian jurists

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The Multinational Challenge to Corporation Law: The Search for a New Corporate Personality

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because it is required to elevate its own interests above those of others even when this

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1600, Queen Elizabeth I granted the company a 15-year monopoly on trade to and from the

5518: 5333: 5323: 5318: 5288: 5248: 5198: 5188: 4988: 4938: 4780: 4755: 4735: 4730: 4715: 4695: 4650: 4172: 3381: 2983: 2923:. However, corporations are not considered living entities in the way that humans are. 2853: 2828:

arbitrary to its formation. Often the market defines these boundaries according to the

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Starting in the 1980s, many countries with large state-owned corporations moved toward

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Constitution and Finance of English, Scottish and Irish Joint-Stock Companies to 1720

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creating larger corporations with dispersed shareholders. Countries began enacting

2440:(1858) satirizing the 'monster' joint-stock economy that came into being after the 2039: 1950: 1866: 1558: 1533: 1485: 1465: 1410: 1387: 1337: 1216: 1119: 1109: 1099: 1064: 954: 904: 894: 889: 748: 735: 680: 580: 78: 4329:

American Business Corporations Until 1860, with Special Reference to Massachusetts

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over a specified territory. The best-known example, established in 1600, was the

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A corporation is, at least in theory, owned and controlled by its members. In a

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World War I. Another major post World War I shift was toward the development of

2350:'s stock prices. The rapid inflation of the stock value in the 1710s led to the 1870:(a legal entity consisting of a single incorporated office occupied by a single 4710: 4350:

Joint-stock Enterprise in France: From Privileged Company to Modern Corporation

4152: 3961: 3194: 2968: 2948: 2944: 2902: 2829: 2794: 2217: 2183: 2115: 2099: 2076: 2030: 2026: 1871: 1820: 1721: 1706: 1676: 1598: 1094: 939: 929: 859: 844: 839: 2930:, have observed that a business corporation created as a "legal person" has a 2263:

granted it the exclusive right to trade with all countries to the east of the

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Reading the above, makes it possible to forget that the shareholders are the

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Equity Finance: Venture Capital, Buyouts, Restructurings and Reorganizations

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The Age of Giant Corporations: A Microeconomic History of American Business

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See, for example, the Business Corporations Act (B.C.) chapter 57, Part 10

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The Human Rights of Companies: Exploring the Structure of ECHR Protection

3913:"Company & Commercial – Netherlands: In a nutshell – one-tier boards" 3840:

Corporations and Other Business Organizations: Cases, Materials, Problems

3204: 3137: 3092: 3042: 2935: 2931: 2825: 2521: 2517: 2516:, passed at the behest of the then Vice President of the Board of Trade, 2496:, regarded as the first modern piece of company law. The Act created the 2414:

and other economists, corporations transitioned from being government or

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act granted by a monarch or passed by a parliament or legislature). Most

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The Harvard Law School Program on Corporate Governance Discussion Paper

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provisions of the 1896 New Jersey corporate law were repealed in 1913.

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Legal entity incorporated through a legislative or registration process

2110:, the latter of whom connected the corporation to the metaphor of the 5233: 5008: 4973: 4899: 4635: 4478:

The Corporation Under Russian Law: A Study in Tsarist Economic Policy

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A Comparative Bibliography: Regulatory Competition on Corporate Law

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In theory, a corporation cannot own its own stock. An exception is

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The New Corporation: How "Good" Corporations Are Bad for Democracy

4034:, 4th ed., vol. 1 (New York: Aspen Publishers, 2004), 5–15 — 5–16. 3557:

The Honorable Company: A History of the English East India Company

2718:, the members are people who have accounts with the credit union. 2071:), municipalities, and such private associations as sponsors of a 5379: 5178: 2876: 2818: 2758: 2608: 2481: 2317: 2287:. By 1711, shareholders in the East India Company were earning a 2156: 2064: 1835: 1816: 1751: 864: 203: 4402:

Business Organization and Finance: Legal and Economic Principles

3362:"D. 47,22, 1, pr.-1 and the Formation of Semi-Public "Collegia"" 5409: 4133:"The Corporation: The Pathological Pursuit of Profit and Power" 2787: 2284: 2256: 2221: 2152: 1840: 1763: 3688:

Report of the Parliamentary Committee on Joint Stock Companies

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An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations

2761:), workers elect a fixed fraction of the corporation's board. 2593:

was the leading expert on partnerships and company law in the

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A Treatise on the Law of Corporations, Stewart Kyd (1793–1794)

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Charitable incorporated organisation (England and Wales)

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Despite not being human beings, corporations have been ruled

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The Economic History of the Corporate Form in Ancient India.

2714:, the members are people who work for the cooperative. In a 2354:, which restricted the establishment of companies without a 3569: 1894: 3494:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 145–46. 3444:, Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1983, pp. 215–216. 799:

is one of the most recognizable corporations in the world.

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in a few countries, and have many of the same rights as

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recognized a range of corporate entities under the names

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The Rise of the Business Corporation in India, 1851–1900

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Global Reach: The Power of the Multinational Corporation

4000:(2nd ed.). New York: Aspen Publishers. p. 54. 2239:

In England, the government created corporations under a

2033:(49–44 BC), and their reaffirmation during the reign of 4395:

The Development of the Business Corporation in England

3842:(Seventh ed.), LexisNexis, pp. 228–231, 241, 4297:

Essays in the Earlier History of American Corporations

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Corporate Manslaughter and Corporate Homicide Act 2007

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Worker representation on corporate boards of directors

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Some jurisdictions do not allow the use of the word "

2561:, and other pioneers of the Industrial Revolution. " 1991:

word for body, or a "body of people". By the time of

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distinguishes corporations by their ability to issue

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The Company: A Short History of a Revolutionary Idea

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The Corporation in New Jersey: Business and Politics

3807:, December 18, 1926, at 1053, as quoted in Mahoney, 3731:

Re Sea Fire and Life Assurance Co., Greenwood's Case

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European Commercial Enterprise in Pre-Colonial India

2875:" alone to denote corporate status, since the word " 2852:" is the name of one of the two governing boards of 2651:, avoided the corporate model for this reason (as a 2389: 2778:or other legal representatives of the corporation. 2480:with possibly thousands of members. Any consequent 2204:Dutch and English chartered companies, such as the 1908:, corporations allowed to do so are referred to as 1848:now allow the creation of new corporations through 4195: 3966:"Governing Harvard: A Harvard Magazine Roundtable" 3838:Smiddy, Linda O.; Cunningham, Lawrence A. (2010), 3703: 2082:The concept of the corporation was revived in the 4460:Silent Coup: How Corporations Overthrew Democracy 4336:The English Business Company after the Bubble Act 3491:Ideas of Power in the Late Middle Ages, 1296–1417 3464:A History of Medieval Political Thought: 300–1450 2665:The end of the 19th century saw the emergence of 5510: 4541:. Likewise, after decades of dire warning, the 4275:(6th ed., Sweet and Maxwell, 1997), chapters 2–4 3945: 3837: 3295:"Types Of Corporations | Incorporate A Business" 2208:(also known by its Dutch initials: VOC) and the 2086:with the recovery and annotation of Justinian's 1834:Early incorporated entities were established by 77:"Corp." redirects here. Not to be confused with 70:"Corporate" redirects here. For other uses, see 4376:Corporate Personality: A Study in Jurisprudence 4266:Corporation, Trust and Company: A Legal History 3987: 3349:(2nd ed.). Bloomsbury Professional. 4.001. 2883:but this is not generally the case elsewhere). 2824:A corporation's spatio-temporal positioning is 2436:"Jack and the Giant Joint-Stock", a cartoon in 2307:, signed in 1713 as a settlement following the 4453: 4229:The Multinational Challenge to Corporation Law 3442:: The Formation of the Western Legal Tradition 1827:in a legal context) and recognized as such in 374:Scottish charitable incorporated organisation 4883: 4583: 3939:International and comparative competition law 3880: 3767: 1788: 773: 4193: 3768:Acheson, Graeme G.; Turner, John D. (2006). 2989:History of company law in the United Kingdom 2612: 2394:Due to the late 18th century abandonment of 2232:. Shareholders were also explicitly granted 4597: 4446:Micklethwait, John and Wooldridge, Adrian. 4357:A History of Corporate Governance 1602–2002 4194:Barnet, Richard; Muller, Ronald E. (1974). 3353: 2864:that they are dealing with an entity whose 2528:, but just for the unpaid portion of their 2087: 23: 4890: 4876: 4590: 4576: 3887:(4th ed.). Cengage Learning. p. 1795: 1781: 780: 766: 24: 4897: 4343:The Historical Foundations of Company Law 4043: 3742: 3409: 4151: 3993: 3544:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 3344: 2850:President and Fellows of Harvard College 2840:or areas it performs activities within. 2737:A two-tiered committee structure with a 2696: 2585: 2431: 2341: 1970: 791: 32:This is an accepted version of this page 4155:(2000). "Is the State a Corporation?". 3881:Besley, Scott; Brigham, Eugene (2008). 3539: 3487: 3460: 3413:A History of the Roman Equestrian Order 3359: 2581: 2406:economic theory due to a revolution in 2067:. These included the state itself (the 1856:, or whether they are formed to make a 14: 5511: 4053:. Oxford University Press. p. 1. 3710:. Oxford University Press. p. 1. 3322: 2599:case. The landmark case confirmed the 2370:in English, defined a corporation as: 2366:, the author of the first treatise on 475:Limited liability limited partnership 390:Industrial and provident society 4871: 4571: 4415:A Treatise on the Law of Corporations 3263: 3103:Decentralized autonomous organization 2615:Gesellschaft mit beschränkter Haftung 2546:This prompted the English periodical 2216:forces and established itself in the 572:Gesellschaft mit beschränkter Haftung 4310:Dignam, Alan and John Lowry (2020), 3743:Acheson, Graeme G.; Turner, John D. 3554: 3467:. Abingdon: Routledge. p. 172. 2936:inflicts major risks and grave harms 2507: 2275:'s ability to control trade routes. 2170:, traders would do business through 1983:The word "corporation" derives from 4519:, "Democracy and Its Discontents", 4368:The Legal Nature of the Corporation 4215:Commentaries on the Laws of England 3941:. Cambridge University Press. 2010. 2926:Legal scholars and others, such as 56: 4187: 4031:Marsh's California Corporation Law 3327:. Pearson Education. p. 151. 2498:Registrar of Joint Stock Companies 57: 5555: 4550: 4450:. New York: Modern Library. 2003. 4236:Crane and Bromberg on Partnership 4202:. New York: Simon & Schuster. 3862:The Law of Business Organizations 3410:Davenport, Caillan (2018-12-31). 2390:Development of modern company law 1864:(the subject of this article) or 5496: 5445: 5444: 4829: 4828: 4273:Principles of Modern Company Law 4142:(New York: The Free Press, 2004) 3822:Salomon v A Salomon & Co Ltd 3266:"The Case for Investor Ordering" 2571:Salomon v A Salomon & Co Ltd 2398:economic theory and the rise of 2236:in the company's royal charter. 2186:were also often involved in the 1945:to control the corporation in a 1815:—usually a group of people or a 1762: 1750: 617:Société à responsabilité limitée 106: 4426:Corporate Life in Ancient India 4407:Kocaoglu, Kagan (Cahn Kojaolu) 4145: 4125: 4113: 4104: 4095: 4082: 4037: 4021: 3976:from the original on 2021-04-16 3931: 3905: 3874: 3855: 3814: 3798: 3736: 3724: 3697: 3681: 3659: 3654:Bubble Companies, etc. Act 1825 3646: 3643:(1776), Book V, ch 1, para 107. 3631: 3620:from the original on 2010-07-31 3602: 3590: 3563: 3548: 3533: 3514:Vikramaditya S. Khanna (2005). 3508: 3392:from the original on 2020-11-12 3276:from the original on 2021-01-17 3233: 3220:Unlimited liability corporation 2781:Generally, a corporation files 2427: 2193: 2011:. Following the passage of the 4244:The History of the Corporation 3481: 3454: 3430: 3416:. Cambridge University Press. 3403: 3338: 3316: 3287: 3257: 2730:is the method favored in most 2726:A single committee known as a 2524:were still liable directly to 2494:Joint Stock Companies Act 1844 2442:Joint Stock Companies Act 1844 13: 1: 4387:In Defense of the Corporation 3250: 2886: 2309:War of the Spanish Succession 2055:required the approval of the 1877:Registered corporations have 1554:Critique of political economy 1212:Critique of political economy 4522:The New York Review of Books 3994:Bartlett, Joseph W. (1995). 3692:British Parliamentary Papers 3572:"British East India Company" 3347:The Law of Private Companies 3345:Courtney, Thomas B. (2002). 3118:Government-owned corporation 2764: 2629:Salomon v. Salomon & Co. 2596:Salomon v. Salomon & Co. 2468:was possible only through a 2220:in order to profit from the 1938:corporations, respectively. 1604:Periodizations of capitalism 499:Massachusetts business trust 65:Corporation (disambiguation) 7: 4969:Counterproductive behaviour 4345:(Sweet and Maxwell 1923) 21 4271:Davies, PL, and LCB Gower, 4259:Corporations in Perspective 3707:Introduction to Company Law 3704:Paul Lyndon Davies (2010). 3264:Hirst, Scott (2018-07-01). 3210:United States antitrust law 2974:United States corporate law 2958: 2601:distinct corporate identity 2478:unincorporated associations 1300:Simple commodity production 686:Piercing the corporate veil 382:Community interest company 357:UK / Ireland / Commonwealth 345:Economic interest grouping 10: 5560: 4423:Majumdar, Ramesh Chandra. 4092:Sect.8, especially Art.(4) 4090:South African Constitution 4044:Emberland, Marius (2006). 3610:"Adam Smith Laissez-Faire" 3123:History of competition law 3038:Community interest company 2994:United Kingdom company law 2890: 2514:Limited Liability Act 1855 2362:In the late 18th century, 2289:return on their investment 2197: 2141:City of London Corporation 2065:authorized as legal bodies 1960: 1956: 1609:Perspectives on capitalism 455:Limited liability company 72:Corporate (disambiguation) 61: 5443: 5362: 4906: 4824: 4606: 4390:. Hoover Institute. 1979. 4157:Government and Opposition 3148:Multinational corporation 3133:Limited liability company 2943:. The political theorist 2843: 2783:articles of incorporation 2566:Joint Stock Companies Act 2188:regulation of competition 2098:and their successors the 1979:mine, dated June 16, 1288 666:Internal affairs doctrine 661:and estoppel corporations 5471:Aspects of organizations 5119:Hostile work environment 4847:Aspects of organizations 3733:(1854) 3 De GM&G 459 3488:Canning, Joseph (2011). 3461:Canning, Joseph (1996). 3226: 3178:Professional corporation 3128:Incorporation (business) 2932:psychopathic personality 2230:Amsterdam Stock Exchange 2206:Dutch East India Company 1967:List of oldest companies 1963:Collegium (ancient Rome) 880:Economic interventionism 90:This article is part of 39:latest accepted revision 5456:Aspects of corporations 5244:Quality of working life 4934:Artificial intelligence 4741:Social entrepreneurship 4535:artificial intelligence 4462:. Bloomsbury Academic. 4439:Means, Robert Charles. 4359:(Brussels et al., 2003) 4316:Oxford University Press 4169:10.1111/1477-7053.00014 3777:Economic History Review 3006:Anti-corporate activism 2269:increasingly integrated 2104:Bartolus de Saxoferrato 1549:Criticism of capitalism 336:Societas unius personae 198:General corporate forms 5466:Aspects of occupations 4842:Aspects of occupations 4250:Cadman, John William. 4220:Blumberg, Phillip I., 3559:. New York: MacMillan. 3528:University of Michigan 3436:Harold Joseph Berman, 3323:Pettet, B. G. (2005). 3184:Public limited company 3163:Organizational culture 2979:European corporate law 2921:corporate manslaughter 2613: 2604: 2444: 2387: 2359: 2088: 1980: 1924:non-stock corporations 1579:Exploitation of labour 1290:Primitive accumulation 800: 797:McDonald's Corporation 648:Business judgment rule 5544:Types of organization 5204:Performance appraisal 4954:Computer surveillance 4852:Aspects of workplaces 4751:Social responsibility 4543:environmental problem 4483:Rungta, Radhe Shyam. 4327:Dodd, Edwin Merrick. 3884:Principles of Finance 3614:political-economy.com 3158:Nonprofit corporation 2697:Ownership and control 2643:'s steel company and 2589: 2502:separate legal person 2449:Industrial Revolution 2435: 2421:The Wealth of Nations 2372: 2345: 1974: 1831:for certain purposes. 1757:Capitalism portal 1569:Culture of capitalism 1524:Capitalist propaganda 1280:Industrial Revolution 1270:Commercial Revolution 795: 592:Naamloze vennootschap 582:Kabushiki gaisha 399:Limited company 5349:Workplace harassment 5339:Work–family conflict 5054:Employee recognition 3540:Prakash, Om (1998). 3360:de Ligt, L. (2001). 3073:Corporate propaganda 3058:Corporate governance 2893:Corporate personhood 2582:Further developments 2400:classical liberalism 2376:perpetual succession 2247:with the grant of a 2210:Hudson's Bay Company 2174:constructs, such as 2147:mining community in 2090:Corpus Juris Civilis 2017:during the reign of 1887:sole proprietorships 1732:Right-libertarianism 1662:Classical liberalism 1629:Venture philanthropy 1265:Capitalism and Islam 1260:Age of Enlightenment 855:Capital accumulation 716:Beneficial ownership 653:Corporate governance 489:Delaware corporation 316:Societas cooperativa 63:For other uses, see 5219:Positive psychology 5114:Health surveillance 5044:Employee monitoring 5039:Employee experience 5034:Employee engagement 5029:Employee assistance 5014:Effects of overtime 4919:Abusive supervision 4531:technological power 4404:. Foundation. 2002. 4374:Hallis, Frederick. 4371:(1897), MCMaster.ca 4348:Freedman, Charles. 3952:Chait, Richard P.; 3578:on 20 December 2016 3555:Keay, John (1991). 3016:Blocker corporation 2881:sole proprietorship 2862:constructive notice 2803:foreign corporation 2703:joint-stock company 2537:Insurance companies 1995:(reigned 527–565), 1819:—authorized by the 1769:Business portal 885:Economic liberalism 875:Competitive markets 731:Corporate registers 691:Rochdale Principles 445:Benefit corporation 271:Sole proprietorship 29:Page version status 5249:Queen bee syndrome 4833:See also templates 4499:2011-07-06 at the 4432:2011-07-06 at the 4400:Klein and Coffee. 4303:2011-06-10 at the 4287:2011-06-11 at the 4257:Conard, Alfred F. 4234:Bromberg, Alan R. 4163:(1): 90, 103–104. 4138:2021-07-30 at the 3919:on 16 January 2014 3871:, Cengage Learning 3867:2023-01-05 at the 3523:2009-03-27 at the 3438:Law and Revolution 2984:German company law 2854:Harvard University 2753:In countries with 2728:board of directors 2712:worker cooperative 2605: 2541:Companies Act 1862 2445: 2360: 2336:speculative bubble 2253:East India Company 1981: 1943:board of directors 1910:stock corporations 1891:joint partnerships 1529:Capitalist realism 920:Goods and services 900:Fictitious capital 801: 532:Aktiengesellschaft 504:Nevada corporation 35: 5484: 5483: 5209:Personality clash 5154:Kiss up kick down 4865: 4864: 4546:(pp. 56–57.) 4454:Provost, Claire; 4323:978-0-19-928936-3 4294:Davis, Joseph S. 4060:978-0-19-928983-7 3964:(May–June 2006). 3954:Daniel, D. Ronald 3898:978-0-324-65588-9 3849:978-1-4224-7659-8 3717:978-0-19-960132-5 3672:Martin Chuzzlewit 3501:978-1-107-01141-0 3474:978-0-415-39415-4 3423:978-1-108-75017-2 3215:Unlimited company 3200:South Sea Company 3190:Shelf corporation 3083:Corporate welfare 3078:Corporate warfare 3053:Corporate finance 2941:natural resources 2739:supervisory board 2667:holding companies 2621:legal personality 2508:Limited liability 2490:William Gladstone 2458:Martin Chuzzlewit 2348:South Sea Company 2324:company promoters 2305:Treaty of Utrecht 2301:South Sea Company 2297:chartered company 2265:Cape of Good Hope 2261:Queen Elizabeth I 2245:Act of Parliament 2234:limited liability 2190:between traders. 2108:Baldus de Ubaldis 1975:1/8 share of the 1879:legal personality 1805: 1804: 1624:Spontaneous order 1594:History of theory 1237:New institutional 1207:Market monetarism 1142:Economic theories 975:Supply and demand 910:Free price system 790: 789: 671:Limited liability 633: 632: 542:Ansvarlig selskap 429:Unlimited company 266:Shelf corporation 261:Shell corporation 249:Limited liability 47:18 September 2024 26: 16:(Redirected from 5551: 5501: 5500: 5499: 5492: 5448: 5447: 5164:Machiavellianism 5109:Health promotion 5064:Employee surveys 5059:Employee silence 4892: 4885: 4878: 4869: 4868: 4857:Corporate titles 4832: 4831: 4666:Machiavellianism 4592: 4585: 4578: 4569: 4568: 4557:US Corporate Law 4473: 4203: 4201: 4181: 4180: 4149: 4143: 4129: 4123: 4117: 4111: 4108: 4102: 4099: 4093: 4086: 4080: 4079: 4077: 4075: 4069: 4063:. 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Archived from 3291: 3285: 3284: 3282: 3281: 3261: 3244: 3241:competition laws 3237: 3108:Evil corporation 3088:Corporation sole 3026:Co-determination 2821:, and the like. 2772:registered agent 2755:co-determination 2619:with a separate 2618: 2385: 2218:Moluccan Islands 2184:livery companies 2145:Stora Kopparberg 2114:to describe the 2093: 2040:Princeps senatus 1977:Stora Kopparberg 1951:co-determination 1797: 1790: 1783: 1767: 1766: 1755: 1754: 1559:Critique of work 1534:Capitalist state 1217:Critique of work 1100:Regulated market 1002:Economic systems 955:Private property 905:Financial market 895:Entrepreneurship 890:Economic surplus 803: 802: 782: 775: 768: 736:Registered agent 681:Drag-along right 621: 606: 596: 586: 576: 566: 556: 546: 536: 526: 495: 478: 458: 402: 393: 385: 377: 369: 358: 348: 340: 330: 326:Societas privata 320: 310: 291: 290: 110: 87: 86: 82: 75: 68: 21: 5559: 5558: 5554: 5553: 5552: 5550: 5549: 5548: 5509: 5508: 5507: 5497: 5495: 5487: 5485: 5480: 5461:Aspects of jobs 5439: 5400:Labour movement 5358: 5299:Toxic workplace 5269:Robotics safety 5199:Parkinson's law 5189:Office politics 5174:Micromanagement 5049:Employee morale 5019:Emotional labor 5004:Divide and rule 4979:Culture of fear 4902: 4896: 4866: 4861: 4837:Aspects of jobs 4820: 4602: 4596: 4553: 4501:Wayback Machine 4470: 4434:Wayback Machine 4305:Wayback Machine 4289:Wayback Machine 4278:Davis, John P. 4213:Blackstone, W. 4190: 4188:Further reading 4185: 4184: 4153:Runciman, David 4150: 4146: 4140:Wayback Machine 4130: 4126: 4118: 4114: 4109: 4105: 4100: 4096: 4087: 4083: 4073: 4071: 4070:on 17 June 2012 4067: 4061: 4050: 4042: 4038: 4026: 4022: 4012: 4010: 4008: 3992: 3988: 3979: 3977: 3962:Rosovsky, Henry 3950: 3946: 3937: 3936: 3932: 3922: 3920: 3911: 3910: 3906: 3899: 3879: 3875: 3869:Wayback Machine 3860: 3856: 3850: 3836: 3829: 3819: 3815: 3803: 3799: 3789: 3787: 3783: 3772: 3760: 3758: 3754: 3747: 3741: 3737: 3729: 3725: 3718: 3702: 3698: 3686: 3682: 3664: 3660: 3656:, 6 Geo 4, c 91 3651: 3647: 3636: 3632: 3623: 3621: 3608: 3607: 3603: 3595: 3591: 3581: 3579: 3568: 3564: 3553: 3549: 3538: 3534: 3525:Wayback Machine 3513: 3509: 3502: 3486: 3482: 3475: 3459: 3455: 3435: 3431: 3424: 3408: 3404: 3395: 3393: 3358: 3354: 3343: 3339: 3333:of the company. 3321: 3317: 3308: 3306: 3299:www.corpnet.com 3293: 3292: 3288: 3279: 3277: 3262: 3258: 3253: 3248: 3247: 3238: 3234: 3229: 3224: 3168:Preferred stock 3153:Nationalization 3143:Megacorporation 3098:Corporatization 3068:Corporate haven 3063:Corporate group 3048:Corporate crime 3011:Business attire 2961: 2903:natural persons 2895: 2889: 2846: 2767: 2699: 2611:introduced the 2603:of the company. 2584: 2510: 2488:Then, in 1843, 2464:The process of 2453:Charles Dickens 2430: 2392: 2386: 2383: 2352:Bubble Act 1720 2332:Bubble Act 1720 2202: 2196: 2161:Magnus Eriksson 2069:Populus Romanus 2063:in order to be 2051:(27 BC–14 AD), 2035:Caesar Augustus 1969: 1959: 1801: 1761: 1749: 1742: 1741: 1647: 1639: 1638: 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B. 4332: 4325: 4308: 4292: 4276: 4269: 4262: 4255: 4248: 4241:Brown, Bruce. 4239: 4232: 4227:Blumberg, PI, 4225: 4218: 4217:(1765) 455–473 4211: 4204: 4189: 4186: 4183: 4182: 4144: 4124: 4112: 4103: 4094: 4081: 4059: 4036: 4020: 4006: 3986: 3958:Lorsch, Jay W. 3944: 3930: 3904: 3897: 3873: 3854: 3848: 3827: 3813: 3797: 3735: 3723: 3716: 3696: 3680: 3658: 3645: 3630: 3601: 3589: 3562: 3547: 3532: 3507: 3500: 3480: 3473: 3453: 3429: 3422: 3402: 3372:(2): 346–349. 3352: 3337: 3315: 3286: 3255: 3254: 3252: 3249: 3246: 3245: 3231: 3230: 3228: 3225: 3223: 3222: 3217: 3212: 3207: 3202: 3197: 3195:Small business 3192: 3187: 3181: 3175: 3170: 3165: 3160: 3155: 3150: 3145: 3140: 3135: 3130: 3125: 3120: 3115: 3110: 3105: 3100: 3095: 3090: 3085: 3080: 3075: 3070: 3065: 3060: 3055: 3050: 3045: 3040: 3035: 3034: 3033: 3023: 3018: 3013: 3008: 2997: 2996: 2991: 2986: 2981: 2976: 2971: 2969:Commercial law 2962: 2960: 2957: 2945:David Runciman 2891:Main article: 2888: 2885: 2845: 2842: 2830:invisible hand 2795:treasury stock 2766: 2763: 2751: 2750: 2743:managing board 2735: 2698: 2695: 2669:and corporate 2583: 2580: 2509: 2506: 2429: 2426: 2391: 2388: 2381: 2195: 2192: 2168:medieval times 2073:religious cult 2031:Roman Republic 1958: 1955: 1936:not-for-profit 1872:natural person 1803: 1802: 1800: 1799: 1792: 1785: 1777: 1774: 1773: 1772: 1771: 1759: 1744: 1743: 1740: 1739: 1734: 1729: 1724: 1722:Ordoliberalism 1719: 1714: 1709: 1704: 1699: 1694: 1689: 1684: 1679: 1674: 1669: 1664: 1659: 1654: 1648: 1645: 1644: 1641: 1640: 1637: 1636: 1631: 1626: 1621: 1616: 1611: 1606: 1601: 1599:Market economy 1596: 1591: 1586: 1581: 1576: 1571: 1566: 1561: 1556: 1551: 1546: 1541: 1536: 1531: 1526: 1521: 1515: 1513:Related topics 1512: 1511: 1508: 1507: 1504: 1503: 1498: 1493: 1488: 1483: 1478: 1473: 1468: 1463: 1458: 1453: 1448: 1443: 1438: 1433: 1428: 1423: 1418: 1413: 1408: 1402: 1399: 1398: 1395: 1394: 1391: 1390: 1385: 1383:State monopoly 1380: 1375: 1370: 1365: 1360: 1355: 1350: 1345: 1340: 1335: 1330: 1325: 1320: 1314: 1311: 1310: 1307: 1306: 1303: 1302: 1297: 1292: 1287: 1282: 1277: 1272: 1267: 1262: 1256: 1253: 1252: 1249: 1248: 1245: 1244: 1239: 1234: 1229: 1224: 1219: 1214: 1209: 1204: 1203: 1202: 1197: 1192: 1182: 1177: 1172: 1167: 1166: 1165: 1155: 1150: 1144: 1141: 1140: 1137: 1136: 1133: 1132: 1127: 1122: 1117: 1112: 1107: 1102: 1097: 1092: 1087: 1082: 1077: 1072: 1067: 1062: 1057: 1052: 1047: 1042: 1035: 1030: 1025: 1020: 1015: 1010: 1004: 1001: 1000: 997: 996: 993: 992: 987: 982: 977: 972: 967: 962: 957: 952: 947: 942: 940:Liberalization 937: 932: 930:Invisible hand 927: 922: 917: 912: 907: 902: 897: 892: 887: 882: 877: 872: 867: 862: 857: 852: 847: 845:Businessperson 842: 840:Business cycle 837: 832: 826: 823: 822: 819: 818: 812: 811: 788: 787: 785: 784: 777: 770: 762: 759: 758: 757: 756: 751: 749:Company portal 743: 742: 739: 738: 733: 728: 723: 718: 712: 709: 708: 705: 704: 701: 700: 693: 688: 683: 678: 673: 668: 663: 655: 650: 644: 641: 640: 637: 636: 631: 630: 629: 628: 623: 613: 608: 598: 588: 578: 568: 558: 548: 538: 528: 514: 513: 509: 508: 507: 506: 501: 496: 485: 480: 472: 467: 466: 465: 463:Low-profit LLC 452: 447: 439: 438: 434: 433: 432: 431: 426: 425: 424: 419: 414: 409: 395: 387: 379: 371: 360: 359: 353: 352: 351: 350: 342: 332: 322: 312: 298: 297: 295:European Union 289: 282: 281: 278: 277: 274: 273: 268: 263: 258: 253: 252: 251: 246: 241: 231: 226: 221: 216: 211: 206: 200: 197: 196: 193: 192: 189: 188: 187: 186: 181: 174:European Union 170: 165: 160: 155: 150: 145: 143:Cayman Islands 140: 135: 130: 125: 119: 116: 115: 112: 111: 103: 102: 96: 95: 58: 36: 30: 27: 25: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5556: 5545: 5542: 5540: 5537: 5535: 5532: 5530: 5529:Corporate law 5527: 5525: 5522: 5520: 5517: 5516: 5514: 5504: 5494: 5493: 5490: 5477: 5474: 5472: 5469: 5467: 5464: 5462: 5459: 5457: 5454: 5453: 5451: 5442: 5436: 5435:Whistleblower 5433: 5431: 5428: 5426: 5425:Strike action 5423: 5421: 5418: 5416: 5413: 5411: 5408: 5406: 5403: 5401: 5398: 5396: 5393: 5391: 5388: 5386: 5383: 5381: 5378: 5376: 5373: 5371: 5368: 5367: 5365: 5361: 5355: 5352: 5350: 5347: 5345: 5342: 5340: 5337: 5335: 5332: 5330: 5327: 5325: 5322: 5320: 5317: 5315: 5312: 5310: 5307: 5305: 5302: 5300: 5297: 5295: 5292: 5290: 5287: 5285: 5282: 5280: 5277: 5275: 5274:Role conflict 5272: 5270: 5267: 5265: 5262: 5260: 5259:Relationships 5257: 5255: 5252: 5250: 5247: 5245: 5242: 5240: 5237: 5235: 5232: 5230: 5227: 5225: 5222: 5220: 5217: 5215: 5212: 5210: 5207: 5205: 5202: 5200: 5197: 5195: 5192: 5190: 5187: 5185: 5182: 5180: 5177: 5175: 5172: 5170: 5167: 5165: 5162: 5160: 5157: 5155: 5152: 5150: 5147: 5145: 5142: 5140: 5137: 5135: 5132: 5130: 5127: 5125: 5122: 5120: 5117: 5115: 5112: 5110: 5107: 5105: 5102: 5100: 5097: 5095: 5092: 5090: 5087: 5085: 5082: 5080: 5077: 5075: 5072: 5070: 5067: 5065: 5062: 5060: 5057: 5055: 5052: 5050: 5047: 5045: 5042: 5040: 5037: 5035: 5032: 5030: 5027: 5025: 5022: 5020: 5017: 5015: 5012: 5010: 5007: 5005: 5002: 5000: 4997: 4995: 4992: 4990: 4987: 4985: 4982: 4980: 4977: 4975: 4972: 4970: 4967: 4965: 4964:Control freak 4962: 4960: 4957: 4955: 4952: 4950: 4947: 4945: 4942: 4940: 4937: 4935: 4932: 4930: 4927: 4925: 4922: 4920: 4917: 4915: 4912: 4911: 4909: 4905: 4901: 4893: 4888: 4886: 4881: 4879: 4874: 4873: 4870: 4858: 4855: 4853: 4850: 4848: 4845: 4843: 4840: 4838: 4835: 4827: 4826: 4823: 4817: 4814: 4812: 4809: 4807: 4804: 4802: 4799: 4797: 4794: 4792: 4789: 4787: 4784: 4782: 4779: 4777: 4774: 4772: 4769: 4767: 4764: 4762: 4759: 4757: 4754: 4752: 4749: 4747: 4744: 4742: 4739: 4737: 4734: 4732: 4729: 4727: 4724: 4722: 4719: 4717: 4714: 4712: 4709: 4707: 4704: 4702: 4699: 4697: 4694: 4692: 4689: 4687: 4684: 4682: 4679: 4677: 4674: 4672: 4669: 4667: 4664: 4662: 4659: 4657: 4654: 4652: 4649: 4647: 4644: 4642: 4641:Entertainment 4639: 4637: 4634: 4632: 4629: 4627: 4626:Communication 4624: 4622: 4619: 4617: 4616:Appointeeship 4614: 4612: 4609: 4608: 4605: 4601: 4593: 4588: 4586: 4581: 4579: 4574: 4573: 4570: 4564: 4561: 4558: 4555: 4554: 4544: 4540: 4536: 4532: 4528: 4524: 4523: 4518: 4515: 4512: 4508: 4507:Sobel, Robert 4505: 4502: 4498: 4495: 4494: 4490:Scott, W. R. 4489: 4486: 4482: 4479: 4475: 4471: 4465: 4461: 4457: 4456:Kennard, Matt 4452: 4449: 4445: 4442: 4438: 4435: 4431: 4428: 4427: 4422: 4419: 4416: 4412: 4410: 4406: 4403: 4399: 4396: 4392: 4389: 4388: 4383: 4380: 4377: 4373: 4370: 4369: 4364: 4363:Freund, Ernst 4361: 4358: 4355:Frentrop, P, 4354: 4351: 4347: 4344: 4340: 4337: 4333: 4330: 4326: 4324: 4320: 4317: 4313: 4309: 4306: 4302: 4299: 4298: 4293: 4290: 4286: 4283: 4282: 4277: 4274: 4270: 4267: 4264:Cooke, C.A., 4263: 4260: 4256: 4253: 4249: 4246: 4245: 4240: 4237: 4233: 4230: 4226: 4223: 4219: 4216: 4212: 4209: 4206:Bakan, Joel. 4205: 4200: 4199: 4192: 4191: 4178: 4174: 4170: 4166: 4162: 4158: 4154: 4148: 4141: 4137: 4134: 4128: 4122: 4116: 4107: 4098: 4091: 4085: 4066: 4062: 4056: 4049: 4048: 4040: 4033: 4032: 4024: 4009: 4003: 3999: 3998: 3990: 3975: 3971: 3967: 3963: 3959: 3955: 3948: 3940: 3934: 3918: 3914: 3908: 3900: 3894: 3890: 3886: 3885: 3877: 3870: 3866: 3863: 3858: 3851: 3845: 3841: 3834: 3832: 3824: 3823: 3817: 3810: 3806: 3801: 3786:on 2012-01-11 3782: 3778: 3771: 3757:on 2012-01-13 3753: 3746: 3739: 3732: 3727: 3719: 3713: 3709: 3708: 3700: 3693: 3689: 3684: 3678: 3674: 3673: 3668: 3662: 3655: 3649: 3642: 3641: 3634: 3619: 3615: 3611: 3605: 3598: 3593: 3577: 3573: 3566: 3558: 3551: 3543: 3536: 3529: 3526: 3522: 3519: 3518: 3511: 3503: 3497: 3493: 3492: 3484: 3476: 3470: 3466: 3465: 3457: 3451: 3450:0-674-51776-8 3447: 3443: 3439: 3433: 3425: 3419: 3415: 3414: 3406: 3391: 3387: 3383: 3379: 3375: 3371: 3367: 3363: 3356: 3348: 3341: 3334: 3332: 3326: 3319: 3305:on 2017-10-15 3304: 3300: 3296: 3290: 3275: 3271: 3267: 3260: 3256: 3242: 3236: 3232: 3221: 3218: 3216: 3213: 3211: 3208: 3206: 3203: 3201: 3198: 3196: 3193: 3191: 3188: 3185: 3182: 3179: 3176: 3174: 3173:Privatization 3171: 3169: 3166: 3164: 3161: 3159: 3156: 3154: 3151: 3149: 3146: 3144: 3141: 3139: 3136: 3134: 3131: 3129: 3126: 3124: 3121: 3119: 3116: 3114: 3113:Good standing 3111: 3109: 3106: 3104: 3101: 3099: 3096: 3094: 3091: 3089: 3086: 3084: 3081: 3079: 3076: 3074: 3071: 3069: 3066: 3064: 3061: 3059: 3056: 3054: 3051: 3049: 3046: 3044: 3041: 3039: 3036: 3032: 3029: 3028: 3027: 3024: 3022: 3019: 3017: 3014: 3012: 3009: 3007: 3004: 3003: 3002: 3001: 2995: 2992: 2990: 2987: 2985: 2982: 2980: 2977: 2975: 2972: 2970: 2967: 2966: 2965: 2956: 2954: 2950: 2946: 2942: 2937: 2933: 2929: 2924: 2922: 2918: 2913: 2908: 2904: 2900: 2899:legal persons 2894: 2884: 2882: 2878: 2874: 2869: 2867: 2863: 2857: 2855: 2851: 2841: 2839: 2835: 2831: 2827: 2826:legislatively 2822: 2820: 2819:civil actions 2816: 2812: 2808: 2804: 2798: 2796: 2791: 2789: 2784: 2779: 2777: 2773: 2762: 2760: 2756: 2748: 2745:is common in 2744: 2740: 2736: 2733: 2729: 2725: 2724: 2723: 2719: 2717: 2713: 2707: 2704: 2694: 2692: 2688: 2687:privatization 2683: 2681: 2680:conglomerates 2676: 2672: 2668: 2663: 2660: 2656: 2654: 2650: 2646: 2642: 2638: 2637:United States 2633: 2631: 2630: 2624: 2622: 2617: 2616: 2610: 2602: 2598: 2597: 2592: 2588: 2579: 2575: 2573: 2572: 2567: 2562: 2560: 2556: 2551: 2550: 2549:The Economist 2544: 2542: 2538: 2533: 2531: 2527: 2523: 2519: 2515: 2505: 2503: 2499: 2495: 2491: 2486: 2483: 2479: 2475: 2471: 2470:royal charter 2467: 2466:incorporation 2462: 2460: 2459: 2454: 2450: 2443: 2439: 2434: 2425: 2423: 2422: 2417: 2413: 2409: 2405: 2404:laissez-faire 2401: 2397: 2380: 2377: 2371: 2369: 2368:corporate law 2365: 2357: 2356:royal charter 2353: 2349: 2346:Chart of the 2344: 2340: 2337: 2333: 2329: 2325: 2320: 2319: 2314: 2313:Great Britain 2311:, which gave 2310: 2306: 2302: 2298: 2293: 2290: 2286: 2282: 2276: 2274: 2270: 2266: 2262: 2258: 2254: 2250: 2246: 2242: 2241:royal charter 2237: 2235: 2231: 2227: 2223: 2219: 2215: 2211: 2207: 2201: 2191: 2189: 2185: 2181: 2177: 2173: 2169: 2164: 2162: 2158: 2155:, obtained a 2154: 2150: 2146: 2142: 2138: 2137:Maurya Empire 2134: 2133: 2128: 2124: 2119: 2117: 2113: 2109: 2105: 2101: 2097: 2092: 2091: 2085: 2080: 2078: 2074: 2070: 2066: 2062: 2058: 2054: 2050: 2046: 2042: 2041: 2036: 2032: 2028: 2024: 2020: 2019:Julius Caesar 2016: 2015: 2010: 2006: 2002: 1998: 1994: 1990: 1986: 1978: 1973: 1968: 1964: 1954: 1952: 1948: 1944: 1939: 1937: 1933: 1929: 1925: 1921: 1920: 1915: 1911: 1907: 1903: 1898: 1896: 1892: 1888: 1884: 1880: 1875: 1873: 1869: 1868: 1863: 1859: 1855: 1851: 1847: 1846:jurisdictions 1843: 1842: 1838:(i.e., by an 1837: 1833: 1830: 1826: 1822: 1818: 1814: 1810: 1798: 1793: 1791: 1786: 1784: 1779: 1778: 1776: 1775: 1770: 1765: 1760: 1758: 1753: 1748: 1747: 1746: 1745: 1738: 1735: 1733: 1730: 1728: 1725: 1723: 1720: 1718: 1715: 1713: 1712:Neoliberalism 1710: 1708: 1705: 1703: 1700: 1698: 1695: 1693: 1690: 1688: 1685: 1683: 1680: 1678: 1675: 1673: 1670: 1668: 1665: 1663: 1660: 1658: 1657:Authoritarian 1655: 1653: 1650: 1649: 1643: 1642: 1635: 1632: 1630: 1627: 1625: 1622: 1620: 1617: 1615: 1612: 1610: 1607: 1605: 1602: 1600: 1597: 1595: 1592: 1590: 1587: 1585: 1584:Globalization 1582: 1580: 1577: 1575: 1572: 1570: 1567: 1565: 1562: 1560: 1557: 1555: 1552: 1550: 1547: 1545: 1544:Crisis theory 1542: 1540: 1537: 1535: 1532: 1530: 1527: 1525: 1522: 1520: 1517: 1516: 1510: 1509: 1502: 1499: 1497: 1494: 1492: 1489: 1487: 1484: 1482: 1479: 1477: 1474: 1472: 1469: 1467: 1464: 1462: 1459: 1457: 1454: 1452: 1449: 1447: 1444: 1442: 1439: 1437: 1434: 1432: 1429: 1427: 1424: 1422: 1419: 1417: 1414: 1412: 1409: 1407: 1404: 1403: 1400:Intellectuals 1397: 1396: 1389: 1388:Technological 1386: 1384: 1381: 1379: 1376: 1374: 1371: 1369: 1366: 1364: 1361: 1359: 1356: 1354: 1351: 1349: 1346: 1344: 1341: 1339: 1336: 1334: 1331: 1329: 1326: 1324: 1321: 1319: 1316: 1315: 1309: 1308: 1301: 1298: 1296: 1293: 1291: 1288: 1286: 1283: 1281: 1278: 1276: 1273: 1271: 1268: 1266: 1263: 1261: 1258: 1257: 1251: 1250: 1243: 1240: 1238: 1235: 1233: 1230: 1228: 1225: 1223: 1220: 1218: 1215: 1213: 1210: 1208: 1205: 1201: 1198: 1196: 1193: 1191: 1188: 1187: 1186: 1183: 1181: 1180:Institutional 1178: 1176: 1173: 1171: 1168: 1164: 1161: 1160: 1159: 1156: 1154: 1151: 1149: 1146: 1145: 1139: 1138: 1131: 1128: 1126: 1123: 1121: 1118: 1116: 1113: 1111: 1108: 1106: 1103: 1101: 1098: 1096: 1093: 1091: 1088: 1086: 1083: 1081: 1078: 1076: 1073: 1071: 1068: 1066: 1063: 1061: 1058: 1056: 1053: 1051: 1048: 1046: 1043: 1041: 1040: 1039:Laissez-faire 1036: 1034: 1031: 1029: 1026: 1024: 1021: 1019: 1016: 1014: 1013:Authoritarian 1011: 1009: 1006: 1005: 999: 998: 991: 988: 986: 983: 981: 980:Surplus value 978: 976: 973: 971: 968: 966: 963: 961: 960:Privatization 958: 956: 953: 951: 948: 946: 943: 941: 938: 936: 933: 931: 928: 926: 923: 921: 918: 916: 913: 911: 908: 906: 903: 901: 898: 896: 893: 891: 888: 886: 883: 881: 878: 876: 873: 871: 868: 866: 863: 861: 858: 856: 853: 851: 848: 846: 843: 841: 838: 836: 833: 831: 828: 827: 821: 820: 817: 814: 813: 809: 805: 804: 798: 794: 783: 778: 776: 771: 769: 764: 763: 761: 760: 755: 752: 750: 747: 746: 745: 744: 737: 734: 732: 729: 727: 724: 722: 719: 717: 714: 713: 710:Related areas 707: 706: 699: 698: 694: 692: 689: 687: 684: 682: 679: 677: 674: 672: 669: 667: 664: 662: 660: 656: 654: 651: 649: 646: 645: 639: 638: 627: 624: 622: 618: 614: 612: 609: 607: 603: 599: 597: 593: 589: 587: 583: 579: 577: 573: 569: 567: 563: 559: 557: 553: 549: 547: 543: 539: 537: 533: 529: 527: 522: 518: 517: 516: 515: 511: 510: 505: 502: 500: 497: 494: 490: 486: 484: 483:S corporation 481: 479: 473: 471: 468: 464: 461: 460: 459: 453: 451: 450:C corporation 448: 446: 443: 442: 441: 440: 437:United States 436: 435: 430: 427: 423: 420: 418: 415: 413: 410: 408: 405: 404: 403: 396: 394: 388: 386: 380: 378: 372: 370: 364: 363: 362: 361: 355: 354: 349: 343: 341: 337: 333: 331: 327: 323: 321: 317: 313: 311: 306: 302: 301: 300: 299: 296: 293: 292: 287: 280: 279: 272: 269: 267: 264: 262: 259: 257: 254: 250: 247: 245: 242: 240: 237: 236: 235: 232: 230: 227: 225: 222: 220: 217: 215: 212: 210: 207: 205: 202: 201: 195: 194: 185: 182: 180: 177: 176: 175: 171: 169: 166: 164: 163:United States 161: 159: 156: 154: 151: 149: 146: 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