741:-creating contaminants. After two days the meat can be removed from the shell with ease, and the drying process is complete after three to five more days (up to seven in total). Sun drying is often combined with kiln drying, eight hours of exposure to sunlight means the time spent in a kiln can be reduced by a day and the hot air the shells are exposed to in the kiln is more easily able to remove the remaining moisture. This process can also be done in reverse order: partially drying the copra in the kiln, and finishing the process with sunlight. Starting with sun drying requires careful inspection to avoid contamination with mold while starting with kiln-drying can harden the meat and prevent it from drying out completely in the sun.
1951:
52:
149:
709:
693:
1569:
744:
In India, small but whole coconuts can be dried over the course of eight months to a year, and the meat inside removed and sold as a whole ball. Meat prepared in this fashion is sweet, soft, oily and is cream-coloured instead of being white. Coconut meat can be dried using direct heat and smoke from
251:, soaps, fatty acids, cosmetics, etc. and thus a lucrative product for many coconut-producing countries. The palatable oil cake, known as copra cake, obtained as a residue in the production of copra oil is used in animal feeds. The ground cake is known as coconut or copra meal.
780:
Copra production begins on coconut plantations. Coconut trees are generally spaced 9 m (30 ft) apart, allowing a density of 100–160 coconut trees per hectare. A standard tree bears around 50–80 nuts a year, and average earnings in
Vanuatu (1999) were
991:
National
Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine; Health and Medicine Division; Food and Nutrition Board; Committee to Review the Dietary Reference Intakes for Sodium and Potassium (2019). Oria, Maria; Harrison, Meghan; Stallings, Virginia A. (eds.).
863:). Mechanically expelled copra meal is of higher feeding value, because it contains typically 8–12% oil, whereas the solvent-extracted copra meal contains only 2–4% oil. Premium quality copra meal can also contain 20–22% crude protein, and <20ppb
851:
for horses and cattle. Its high oil and protein levels are fattening for stock. The protein in copra meal has been heat treated and provides a source of high-quality protein for cattle, sheep and deer, because it does not break down in the
736:
is used when sunlight is not sufficient or during night time. Sun drying requires little more than racks and sufficient sunlight. Halved nuts are drained of water, and left with the meat facing the sky; they can be washed to remove
785:
0.20 per kg (one kg equals 8 nuts)—so a farmer could earn approximately US$ 120 to US$ 320 yearly for each planted hectare. Copra has since more than doubled in price, and was quoted at US$ 540 per ton in the
Philippines on a
990:
745:
a fire, using simple racks to suspend the coconut over the fire. The smoke residue can help preserve the half-dried meat but the process overall suffers from unpredictable results and the risk of fires.
732:
drying. Hybrid solar drying systems can also be used for a continuous drying process. In a hybrid solar drying system, solar energy is utilized during daylight and energy from burning
243:
is extracted. Traditionally, the coconuts are sun-dried, especially for export, before the oil, also known as copra oil, is pressed out. The oil extracted from copra is rich in
969:
819:, which imports $ 93.4 Million or 64% of the global total. A very large number of small farmers and tree owners produce copra, which is a vital part of their income.
653:
1383:
1367:
1340:
724:
The production of copra – removing the shell, breaking it up, drying – is usually done where the coconut palms grow. Copra can be made by smoke drying,
1934:
787:
870:
High-quality copra meal contains <12% non-structural carbohydrate (NSC), which makes it well suited for feeding to horses that are prone to
1457:, in Manual on the application of the HACCP System in Mycotoxin prevention and ... , Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations.
1257:"Analysis of aflatoxin B1 in contaminated feed, media, and serum samples of Cyprinus carpio L. by high-performance liquid chromatography"
998:. The National Academies Collection: Reports funded by National Institutes of Health. Washington, DC: National Academies Press (US).
674:
in the 1860s. Nowadays, coconut oil (70%) is extracted by crushing copra; the by-product is known as copra cake or copra meal (30%).
1449:
1288:
961:
1314:
1714:
1109:
1543:
1239:
1050:
1003:
1991:
1017:
1867:
1488:
135:
116:
88:
1548:
1523:
1387:
1365:
1344:
907:
761:
1553:
73:
1724:
1558:
95:
649:
1887:
1533:
1528:
1513:
1409:
957:
1518:
1505:
756:
crop. In former years copra was collected by traders going from island to island and port to port in the
1754:
1538:
666:. It was used by Pacific island cultures and became a valuable commercial product for merchants in the
102:
1976:
1872:
903:
831:
if not dried properly. Aflatoxins can be highly toxic, and are among the most potent known natural
835:, particularly affecting the liver. Aflatoxins in copra cake, fed to animals, can be passed on to
84:
1808:
1794:
1747:
62:
1877:
1829:
1780:
1709:
69:
1040:
534:
1986:
1836:
1822:
1815:
1773:
1633:
1481:
1084:
799:
In 2017 the value of global exports of copra was $ 145-146 Million. The largest exporter was
547:
1460:
782:
586:
560:
8:
1801:
1740:
1648:
652:
for adults, except for potassium, which is estimated based on expert recommendation from
1292:
1850:
1787:
1318:
1207:
1182:
1158:
1131:
573:
514:
354:
172:
153:
1981:
1954:
1928:
1903:
1843:
1653:
1235:
1212:
1163:
1046:
1009:
999:
442:
1454:
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1918:
1766:
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1194:
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800:
733:
459:
188:
109:
1039:
Grimwood, BE; Ashman, F; Dendy, DAV; Jarman, CG; Little, ECS; Timmins, WH (1975).
1678:
1613:
1583:
1371:
899:
808:
792:
765:
685:
it cannot be eaten in large quantities by humans. Instead, it is normally fed to
204:
31:
1183:"Global Burden of Aflatoxin-Induced Hepatocellular Carcinoma: A Risk Assessment"
662:
Copra has traditionally been grated and ground, then boiled in water to extract
1908:
1673:
993:
248:
220:
1668:
1970:
1913:
1760:
1683:
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757:
738:
682:
310:
1273:
1256:
859:
Coconut oil can be extracted using either mechanical expellers or solvents (
1638:
1628:
1216:
1167:
1013:
827:
Copra is highly susceptible to the growth of molds and their production of
760:
but South
Pacific production is now much diminished, with the exception of
599:
286:
24:
1148:
1101:
956:
1643:
1608:
879:
816:
753:
663:
270:
244:
240:
1198:
832:
749:
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717:
701:
671:
476:
425:
1923:
1733:
1688:
864:
828:
804:
667:
492:
677:
The coconut cake which remains after the oil is extracted is 18–25%
51:
1623:
887:
883:
713:
697:
686:
408:
1618:
1132:"Determination of Aflatoxin B1 Levels in Organic Spices and Herbs"
1882:
1497:
875:
812:
769:
678:
388:
236:
148:
1568:
1066:
1042:
Coconut Palm
Products – Their processing in developing countries
708:
692:
1692:
1588:
860:
848:
157:
1461:
AFLATOXIN CONTAMINATION IN FOODS AND FEEDS IN THE PHILIPPINES
1455:
AFLATOXIN CONTAMINATION IN FOODS AND FEEDS IN THE PHILIPPINES
871:
853:
300:
161:
38:
1593:
836:
729:
1466:
1463:, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations.
962:"Daily Value on the Nutrition and Supplement Facts Labels"
1038:
984:
330:
247:, making it an important commodity in the preparation of
944:
1232:
Foodborne
Pathogens: Microbiology and Molecular Biology
182:
1435:
Is Copra potentially a horse killer? – Horsetalk.co.nz
752:
with integrated operations, copra remains primarily a
198:
1229:
839:
or meat from livestock, leading to human illnesses.
214:
230:
76:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1315:"AFRIS – Animal feed Resources Information System"
995:Dietary Reference Intakes for Sodium and Potassium
524:
398:
1968:
176:
1935:You think you just fell out of a coconut tree?
265:Nutritional value per 100 g (3.5 oz)
1482:
1102:"OEC: The Observatory of Economic Complexity"
1095:
1093:
950:
192:
1254:
815:(12%). The largest importer of copra is the
208:
1223:
1129:
822:
224:
1489:
1475:
1234:. Norofolk, UK: Horizon Scientific Press.
1230:Fratamico PM, Bhunia AK, Smith JL (2008).
1090:
958:United States Food and Drug Administration
803:with 35% of the global total, followed by
30:"Kopra" redirects here. For the name, see
1450:Making Coconut Oil – The Old Chamorro Way
1272:
1206:
1157:
1147:
1099:
790:Rotterdam basis (US$ 0.54 per kg) by the
136:Learn how and when to remove this message
707:
691:
147:
926:
1969:
1715:List of dishes made using coconut milk
1110:The Observatory of Economic Complexity
1470:
1386:. Stanceglobal.com.au. Archived from
1384:"CoolStance Benefits – Stance Equine"
1343:. Stanceglobal.com.au. Archived from
1180:
1174:
1123:
294:24.23 (not the same as source listed)
235:) is the dried, white flesh of the
1440:Copra linked to cancer-causing agent
1130:Tosun, Halil; Arslan, Recep (2013).
941:
74:adding citations to reliable sources
45:
1868:Asian and Pacific Coconut Community
1181:Liu, Yan; Wu, Felicia (June 2010).
16:Dried meat or kernel of the coconut
13:
972:from the original on 27 March 2024
14:
2003:
1428:
1255:Pradeepkiran JA (December 2018).
1187:Environmental Health Perspectives
1950:
1949:
1567:
1341:"Nutrient Specs – Stance Equine"
260:coconut meat, raw (fresh copra)
50:
1402:
1376:
1359:
1333:
1307:
1281:
1248:
1020:from the original on 9 May 2024
61:needs additional citations for
1077:
1067:"Hybrid Solar Dryer for Copra"
1059:
1032:
935:
920:
906:nature. It is identified as a
842:
1:
942:Gove, Philip B., ed. (1961).
927:Ehrilch, Eugene, ed. (1982).
913:
275:354 kcal (1,480 kJ)
254:
1888:Philippine Coconut Authority
1136:The Scientific World Journal
898:Copra has been classed with
775:
648:Percentages estimated using
37:For the venomous snake, see
7:
1992:Commodity markets in Kerala
1496:
1445:Not all copra created equal
893:
748:While there are some large
231:
215:
199:
183:
164:for the production of copra
10:
2008:
1755:Bursaphelenchus cocophilus
1100:Simoes, AJG; Hidalgo, CA.
1083:Grimwood et al., 1975, p.
1045:. Rome: FAO. p. 193.
929:Oxford American Dictionary
36:
29:
18:
1944:
1896:
1873:Coconut Development Board
1860:
1723:
1702:
1576:
1565:
1504:
1317:. Fao.org. Archived from
1291:. Fao.org. Archived from
647:
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19:For the superhero series
904:spontaneously combustive
823:Aflatoxin susceptibility
1809:Pestalotiopsis palmarum
1795:Marasmiellus cocophilus
1748:Botryosphaeria cocogena
1370:26 October 2009 at the
1261:Food Quality and Safety
681:, but contains so much
650:US recommendations
1878:Franklin Baker Company
1830:Phytophthora palmivora
1781:Corticium penicillatum
1710:List of coconut dishes
946:. G. & C. Merriam.
847:Copra meal is used as
721:
705:
654:the National Academies
165:
152:Coconuts sun-dried in
1837:Pseudoepicoccum cocos
1823:Phyllosticta palmetto
1816:Phaeochoropsis mucosa
1774:Cephaleuros virescens
1274:10.1093/fqsafe/fyy013
711:
696:Copra kiln drying in
695:
373:Vitamins and minerals
151:
796:on 9 November 2012.
70:improve this article
1802:Periconiella cocoes
1741:Bipolaris incurvata
1321:on 22 November 2012
1199:10.1289/ehp.0901388
1149:10.1155/2013/874093
460:Pantothenic acid (B
261:
1851:Stigmina palmivora
1788:Cytospora palmarum
1295:on 14 October 2012
722:
712:Crushing copra in
706:
625:Other constituents
259:
166:
1964:
1963:
1929:World Coconut Day
1904:August Engelhardt
1844:Ramularia necator
1241:978-1-898486-52-7
1052:978-92-5-100853-9
1005:978-0-309-48834-1
660:
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615:
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145:
138:
120:
1999:
1977:Food ingredients
1953:
1952:
1919:Coconut Religion
1767:Capnodium footii
1659:Sprouted coconut
1604:Cream of coconut
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1289:"Cocos nucifera"
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1390:on 6 July 2011
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1347:on 6 July 2011
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1267:(4): 199–204.
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683:dietary fiber
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126:November 2012
118:
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87: –
86:
82:
81:Find sources:
75:
71:
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59:This article
57:
53:
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33:
26:
22:
1987:Energy crops
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1639:Nata de coco
1598:
1414:. Retrieved
1412:. Tis-gdv.de
1404:
1392:. Retrieved
1388:the original
1378:
1361:
1349:. Retrieved
1345:the original
1335:
1323:. Retrieved
1319:the original
1309:
1297:. Retrieved
1293:the original
1283:
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1125:
1113:. Retrieved
1105:
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1041:
1034:
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994:
986:
974:. Retrieved
965:
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928:
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908:Division 4.2
897:
878:resistance,
869:
858:
846:
826:
798:
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779:
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661:
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399:
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329:
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168:
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92:
80:
68:Please help
63:verification
60:
43:
25:Michel Fiffe
20:
1544:Philippines
1416:28 November
1394:28 November
1351:28 November
1325:28 November
1299:28 November
1115:17 December
910:substance.
902:due to its
843:Animal feed
833:carcinogens
817:Philippines
754:smallholder
750:plantations
664:coconut oil
409:Thiamine (B
245:lauric acid
241:coconut oil
239:from which
1971:Categories
1506:Production
1142:: 874093.
914:References
829:aflatoxins
811:(13%) and
726:sun drying
718:Seychelles
702:Seychelles
672:South Asia
668:South Seas
574:Phosphorus
255:Production
96:newspapers
1924:Hainuwele
1734:Sago worm
1654:Skim milk
1549:Sri Lanka
1524:Indonesia
1106:oec.world
865:aflatoxin
805:Indonesia
776:Economics
687:ruminants
587:Potassium
561:Magnesium
493:Vitamin C
477:Vitamin B
443:Niacin (B
173:Malayalam
154:Kozhikode
1982:Coconuts
1955:Category
1725:Diseases
1624:Macapuno
1577:Products
1554:Thailand
1368:Archived
1217:20172840
1168:23766719
1018:Archived
1014:30844154
976:28 March
970:Archived
960:(2024).
894:Shipment
888:acidosis
884:tying up
714:La Digue
698:La Digue
630:Quantity
521:Quantity
515:Minerals
471:1.014 mg
420:0.066 mg
395:Quantity
389:Vitamins
232:Kopparai
1897:Culture
1883:KERAFED
1679:Vinegar
1614:Jewelry
1559:Vietnam
1498:Coconut
1410:"Copra"
1208:2898859
1159:3677655
1024:21 June
876:insulin
813:Vanuatu
807:(20%),
770:Vanuatu
734:biomass
679:protein
555:2.43 mg
535:Calcium
487:0.05 mg
454:0.54 mg
437:0.02 mg
355:Protein
237:coconut
226:கொப்பரை
223::
216:Kobbari
210:కొబ్బరి
207::
200:Kobbari
194:ಕೊಬ್ಬರಿ
191::
189:Kannada
175::
110:scholar
85:"Copra"
1703:Dishes
1693:Arrack
1674:Timber
1649:Powder
1589:Cadjan
1584:Butter
1534:Mexico
1529:Kerala
1514:Brazil
1238:
1215:
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1166:
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1049:
1012:
1002:
886:, and
872:ulcers
861:hexane
849:fodder
764:, the
607:1.1 mg
594:356 mg
581:113 mg
500:3.3 mg
362:3.33 g
301:Sugars
271:Energy
205:Telugu
171:(from
158:Kerala
112:
105:
98:
91:
83:
23:, see
1684:Water
1664:Sugar
1619:Latík
1599:Copra
1519:India
1085:49–56
880:colic
854:rumen
728:, or
636:Water
568:32 mg
542:14 mg
338:33.49
221:Tamil
178:കൊപ്ര
169:Copra
162:India
117:JSTOR
103:books
39:Cobra
21:Copra
1689:Wine
1629:Milk
1594:Coir
1539:Niue
1418:2012
1396:2012
1353:2012
1327:2012
1301:2012
1236:ISBN
1213:PMID
1164:PMID
1140:2013
1117:2019
1047:ISBN
1026:2024
1010:PMID
1000:ISBN
978:2024
837:milk
783:US$
768:and
739:mold
730:kiln
670:and
600:Zinc
548:Iron
305:6.23
89:news
1644:Oil
1609:Jam
1269:doi
1203:PMC
1195:doi
1191:118
1154:PMC
1144:doi
966:FDA
788:CIF
605:10%
592:12%
553:14%
526:%DV
469:20%
400:%DV
331:Fat
72:by
1973::
1263:.
1259:.
1211:.
1201:.
1189:.
1185:.
1162:.
1152:.
1138:.
1134:.
1108:.
1104:.
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689:.
639:47
579:9%
566:8%
540:1%
498:4%
485:3%
452:3%
435:2%
418:6%
229:,
219:;
213:,
203:;
197:,
187:;
181:,
160:,
156:,
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107:·
100:·
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27:.
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