Conversion to Judaism

3103:'s views on active Jewish missionizing have changed. While viewing classical Judaism as being receptive to converts, especially from the second century BC through the first century AD, he points to a lack of either missionizing tracts or records of the names of rabbis who sought converts as evidence for the lack of active Jewish missionizing. Feldman maintains that conversion to Judaism was common and the Jewish population was large both within the Land of Israel and in the Diaspora. Other historians believe that conversion during the Roman era was limited in number and did not account for much of the Jewish population growth, due to various factors such as the illegality of male conversion to Judaism in the Roman world from the mid-second century. Another factor that made conversion difficult in the Roman world was the halakhic requirement of 211: 3240:, who held similar views, although this is a novel interpretation lacking support in mainstream scholarship) and that God would forgive him for fear of his subjects. So Izates decided against it. However, later, "a certain other Jew that came out of Galilee, whose name was Eleazar," who was well versed in the Law, convinced him that he should, on the grounds that it was one thing to read the Law and another thing to practice it, and so he did. Once Helen and Ananias found out, they were struck by great fear of the possible consequences, but as Josephus put it, God looked after Izates. As his reign was peaceful and blessed, Helen visited the 192: 3661:

Traditional and Conservative rabbis that they could no longer participate in the joint board...the national decision of the Reform rabbinate placed the Traditional and Conservative rabbis in an untenable position. They could not cooperate in a conversion program with rabbis who held so different a conception of Jewish identity. And furthermore, they could not supervise conversions that would occur with increasing frequency due to a Reform outreach effort that was inconsistent with their own understanding of how to relate to potential proselytes.

3788:

own, Lamm said. In many communities, Orthodox day schools, or Orthodox-oriented community day schools, have large numbers of students from non-Orthodox families. The liberal movements should be appreciated and encouraged because they are doing something Jewish, even if it is not the way that Orthodox Jews would like them to, he said. "What they are doing is something, and something is better than nothing," he said in his speech. "I'm very openly attacking the notion that we sometimes find in the Orthodox community that 'being a goy is better

4321:

central positions in Jewish historical scholarship. No "nationalist" Jewish historian has ever tried to conceal the well-known fact that conversions to Judaism had a major impact on Jewish history in the ancient period and in the early Middle Ages. Although the myth of an exile from the Jewish homeland (Palestine) does exist in popular Israeli culture, it is negligible in serious Jewish historical discussions. Important groups in the Jewish national movement expressed reservations regarding this myth or denied it completely.

3477: 3893:. Much like in the other Abrahamic faiths, Jewish law requires the sincerity of a potential convert. In view of the foregoing considerations, most authorities are very careful about it. Essentially, they want to be sure that the convert knows what they are getting into, and that they are doing it for sincerely religious reasons. However, while conversion for the sake of love for Judaism is considered the best motivation, a conversion for the sake of avoiding intermarriage is gaining acceptance also. 3814:, a Modern Orthodox expert on this conversion crisis explains "From the Middle Ages onwards, the greatest of the rabbis wrote explicitly that even if immediately after the conversion the convert goes off to worship idols, the person is still considered Jewish." The justification given for the change in approach is that the original conversion must never have been valid in the first place as it is clear from the convert's subsequent actions they were insincere at the time of conversion. 7590: 297:. Furthermore, a conversion done in accordance with one Jewish denomination is not a guarantee of recognition by another denomination. Normally, though not always, the conversions performed by more stringent denominations are recognized by less stringent ones, but not the other way around. A formal conversion is also sometimes undertaken by individuals whose Jewish ancestry is questioned or uncertain, even if they were raised Jewish, but may not actually be 7604: 3603:; their goal was to create a joint Orthodox-Conservative national beth din for all Jews in the United States. It would create communal standards of marriage and divorce. It was to be modeled after the Israeli Chief Rabbinate, where all the judges would have been Orthodox, while it would have been accepted by the larger Conservative movement as legitimate. Conservative rabbis in the Rabbinical Assembly created a 5795:, Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, 2011, 272 pp. - Jointly written by a rabbi and a convert to Judaism, this book provides a modern, comprehensive overview of the reasons, practices, and results of Jewish conversion. It addresses all denominations of Judaism and covers topics as varied as how to tell family and friends to antisemitism, to pop Kaballah. 3427:

synagogue, and to live as a Jew (however that is interpreted by the individual Rabbi) for a period of time. A period of one year is common, although individual Rabbis' requirements vary. When the sponsoring Rabbi feels that the candidate is ready, a Beth Din may be convened. Other rituals such as immersion in a mikvah, circumcision (or

4048:. According to this school of thought in Judaism, when non-Jews are drawn to Judaism, it is because they had been Jews in a former life. Such souls may "wander among nations" through multiple lives, until they find their way back to Judaism, including through finding themselves born in a gentile family with a "lost" Jewish ancestor. 3932:. Hence, little to no distinction is made in Judaism between those who are born Jewish and those who are Jewish as a result of conversion. However, despite Halakha protecting the rights of converts, some Jewish communities have been accused of treating converts as second-class Jews. For example, many communities of 3070:

with, includes history, observance and beliefs, and learning how to make educated choices. The completion of the process is marked by ritual immersion for men and women; circumcision or hatafat dam brit (symbolic drop of blood) for men (unless there exists an extraordinary physical or emotional hazard); a valid

5804:, Bar-Ilan University Press, 2006, 784 pp. - This is the most comprehensive and complete compilation of laws covering giyur in English. Authored by a sitting Israeli judge, this groundbreaking volume examines the entire Halakhic literature on the subject, from the time of Mishnah and Talmud until today. 5831:

Converting The Missionary Image of Abraham: Rabbinic Traditions Migrating from the Land of Israel to Babylon, in: George H. Kooten, Martin Goodman and J.T.A.G.M. Ruiten, Abraham, the Nations, and the Hagarites: Jewish, Christian, and Islamic Perspectives on Kinship with Abraham (Leiden: Brill, 2010),

4026:

A convert chooses his or her own Hebrew first name upon conversion but is traditionally known as the son or daughter of Abraham and Sarah, the first patriarch and matriarch in the Torah, often with the additional qualifier of "Avinu" (our father) and "Imenu" (our mother). Hence, a convert named Akiva

3871:

was performed incorrectly. In recent years, many Orthodox conversions have been overturned. In 2008 Israel's highest religious court invalidated the conversion of 40,000 Jews, mostly from Russian immigrant families, even though they had been approved by an Orthodox rabbi. Debate on what constitutes a

3800:

A year later, the Joint Institute for Jewish Studies was established, and since then it has been the official state operator of conversion courses in Israel, including the military conversion courses. In 2015 the institute's name was changed to Nativ – The National Center for Jewish Studies, Identity

3462:

In general, branches of Orthodox Judaism consider non-Orthodox conversions either inadequate or of questionable halachic compliance, and such conversions are therefore not accepted by these branches of Judaism. Conversely, both Conservative and Reform Judaism accept the Orthodox conversion process as

3227:

at the advice of a Jewish merchant named Ananias. He was going to get circumcised, but his mother, Helen, who herself embraced the Jewish customs, advised against it on the grounds that the subjects would not stand to be ruled by someone who followed such "strange and foreign rites". Ananias likewise

3080:

does not accept the Talmud and therefore has different requirements for conversion. Traditionally non-proselytizing, Karaite Judaism's long standing abstention from conversions was recently lifted. On 1 August 2007, the Karaites reportedly converted their first new members in 500 years. At a ceremony

3069:

values the symbolism of the conversion ritual, and encourages those who were not born of Jewish parents and who wish to convert to undergo this rite of passage. The Reconstructionist course of study for a prospective convert, which is determined by the rabbi and congregation the individual is working

3054:

The requirements of Reform Judaism for conversions are extremely different, and far more lenient. The denomination states that "people considering conversion are expected to study Jewish theology, rituals, history, culture and customs, and to begin incorporating Jewish practices into their lives. The

4320:

My response to Sand's arguments is that no historian of the Jewish national movement has ever really believed that the origins of the Jews are ethnically and biologically "pure." Sand applies marginal positions to the entire body of Jewish historiography and, in doing so, denies the existence of the

3854:

In December 2014 an Israeli court decided that a conversion could be annulled. In his decision Justice Neal Hendel wrote: "Just as the civil court has the inalienable authority to reverse – in extremely rare cases – a final judgment, so too does the special religious conversion court. For otherwise,

3610:

For a number of reasons, the project did not succeed. According to Orthodox Rabbi Louis Bernstein, the major reason for its failure was the Orthodox rabbis' insistence that the Conservative Rabbinical Assembly agree to expel Conservative rabbis for actions they took prior to the formation of the new

3757:

must be strictly halakhic and Orthodox, but they acquiesced. However, when word about this project became public, a number of leading haredi rabbis issued a statement denouncing the project, condemning it as a "travesty of halakha". Rabbi Moshe Sherer, Chairman of Agudath Israel World Organization,

3275:

rabbinical court composed of three Jewish males above the age of Bar Mitzvah). The judges on the Beth Din should be observant of Jewish law. Common Orthodox practice is for all of the judges to be Rabbis or Orthodox clergy. Today conversion requirements and the time required to complete conversion

3058:

Although an infant conversion might be accepted in some circumstances (such as in the case of adopted children or children whose parents convert), children who convert would typically be asked if they want to remain Jewish after reaching religious adulthood – which is 12 years of age for a girl and

3000:

Today, the process has become more centralized, with the conversion candidate having to convince a rabbi and the beth din of their sincerity, and there will usually be a considerable amount of study. In addition to studying, potential converts are typically expected to become involved in the Jewish

3787:

Lamm told his listeners that they should value and encourage the efforts of non-Orthodox leaders to more seriously integrate traditional Jewish practices into the lives of their followers. They should welcome the creation of Reform and Conservative day schools and not see them as a threat to their

2975:

is somewhat discouraged. The majority of rabbis have traditionally rejected potential converts three times, and if the potential convert remains adamant in their desire to convert, the rabbi will then allow them to begin the process. These practices do not have any solid basis in the written text,

3830:

This crisis deepened, when Israel's Rabbinate called into question the validity of soldiers who had undergone conversion in the army, meaning a soldier killed in action could not be buried according to Jewish law. In 2010, the rabbinate created a further distrust in the conversion process when it

4043:

The term "Jews by choice" is often used to describe people who chose to convert to Judaism, many of whom have no ancestral connection to the Jewish people. It is often contrasted with such terms as "Jew by birth" (or "Jew by chance"). The practice of conversion to Judaism is sometimes understood

3796:

The committee recommended the establishment of a joint institute for Jewish studies, which would be a joint effort by all three streams of Judaism. The committee also recommended that conversion proceedings themselves be held in special conversion courts, to be recognized by all denominations in

3684:

has rejected patrilineal descent and requires formal conversion for anyone without a Jewish mother. However, in 2015 the majority of Britain's Assembly of Reform Rabbis voted in favor of a position paper proposing "that individuals who live a Jewish life, and who are patrilineally Jewish, can be

3350:

The requirements for conversions vary somewhat within the different branches of Judaism, so whether or not a conversion is recognized by another denomination is often an issue fraught with religious politics. The Orthodox rejection of non-Orthodox conversions is derived less from qualms with the

3782:

publicly backed the Neeman commission, a group of Orthodox, Conservative and Reform rabbis working to develop joint programs for conversion to Judaism. In 1997 Lamm gave a speech at the World Council of Orthodox Leadership, in Glen Springs, New York, urging Orthodox Jews to support this effort:

3660:

The move was precipitated by the resolution on patrilineality adopted that year by the Central Conference of American Rabbis. This decision to redefine Jewish identity, as well as the designation of Denver as a pilot community for a new Reform out reach effort to recruit converts, convinced the

3627:

wrote a report on the demise of this beth din. He writes that negotiations between the Orthodox and Conservative denominations were completed and agreed upon, but then a new requirement was demanded by the RCA: The RA must "impose severe sanctions" upon Conservative rabbis for actions they took

4093:

Since many Bnei Anusim (i.e. descendants of forced converts) lack an unbroken matrilineal Jewish line of descent or lack satisfactory documentary evidence to that effect (even if they can prove Jewish ancestry along one or all other of their lineages besides their direct matrilineal lineage),

3880:

he supervised, Israel's Chief Rabbinate initially threatened to review and possibly invalidate the conversions Freundel had been involved in approving. A crisis between American and Israeli rabbis was averted when the Chief Rabbinate agreed that all conversions completed by Freundel would be

3426:

In actual practice, the requirements for conversion of any individual are determined by the Rabbi who sponsors the convert. Typically, Reform Rabbis require prospective converts to take a course of study in Judaism, such as an "Introduction to Judaism" course, to participate in worship at a

3351:

conversion process itself, since Conservative and even some Reform conversions are very similar to Orthodox conversions with respect to duration and content, but rather from that the Orthodox presumption that convert was not properly instructed in Jewish Law to Orthodox Jewish standards.

3055:

length and format of the course of study will vary from rabbi to rabbi and community to community, though most now require a course in basic Judaism and individual study with a rabbi, as well as attendance at services and participation in home practice and synagogue life."

3628:

before this new beth din was formed. Halpern writes that the RA "could not assent to rigorously disciplining our members at the behest of an outside group." He goes on to write that although subsequent efforts were made to cooperate with the Orthodox, a letter from eleven

3027:. Its approach to the validity of conversions is based on whether the conversion procedure followed rabbinic norms, rather than the reliability of those performing it or the nature of the obligations the convert undertook. Accordingly, it may accept the validity of some 2924:

communities), all mainstream forms of Judaism today are open to sincere converts, with all denominations accepting converts converted by their denominations. The rules vary between denominations, as does acceptance of some denominations' converts by other denominations.

3374:

Someone who converts as a minor (younger than 12 for a girl and 13 for a boy) is required to fulfill the requirements of conversion, that is circumcision and mikvah, but are not required to perform an 'acceptance of the mitzvoth'. The conversion instead is done

3675:

passed a resolution waiving the need for formal conversion for anyone with at least one Jewish parent who has made affirmative acts of Jewish identity. This departed from the traditional position requiring formal conversion to Judaism for children without a

3827:) called into question the validity of over 40,000 Jewish conversions when he upheld a ruling by the Ashdod Rabbinical Court to retroactively annul the conversion of a woman who came before them because in their eyes she failed to observe Jewish law. 3761:

Rabbi Lamm wanted this to be only the beginning of a solution to Jewish disunity. He stated that had this unified conversion plan not been destroyed, he wanted to extend this program to the area of halakhic Jewish divorces, thus ending the problem of

3081:

in their Northern California synagogue, ten adults and four minors swore fealty to Judaism after completing a year of study. This conversion comes 15 years after the Karaite Council of Sages reversed its centuries-old ban on accepting converts.

3692:

The end of the joint Beth Din program was welcomed by Haredi Orthodox groups, who saw the program as illegitimate. Further, Haredi groups attempted to prevent non-Orthodox rabbis from following the traditional requirements of converts using a

3797:

Judaism. The purpose of the proposal was to prevent a rift in the Jewish people, while at the same time bringing about a state-sponsored arrangement for conversion. On 7 September 1998, the government adopted the Ne'eman Commission Report.

3758:

stated that "Yes we played a role in putting an end to that farce, and I'm proud we did." Norman Lamm condemned this interference by Sherer, stating that this was "the most damaging thing that he ever did in his forty year career."

3406:

Although this resolution has often been examined critically by many Reform rabbis, the resolution still remains the official policy of American Reform Judaism (CCAR Responsa "Circumcision for an Eight-Year-Old Convert" 5756.13 and

3872:

valid Beth Din for conversion and for annulling conversions has caused divisions in the Orthodox world. It is an implicit judgment on the character and uprightness of the rabbis in that religious court. For example, when Rabbi

3550:כִּי אֶל-אֲשֶׁר תֵּלְכִי אֵלֵךְ, וּבַאֲשֶׁר תָּלִינִי אָלִין—עַמֵּךְ עַמִּי, וֵאלֹהַיִךְ אֱלֹהָי. בַּאֲשֶׁר תָּמוּתִי אָמוּת, וְשָׁם אֶקָּבֵר; כֹּה יַעֲשֶׂה יְהוָה לִי, וְכֹה יוֹסִיף—כִּי הַמָּוֶת, יַפְרִיד בֵּינִי וּבֵינֵךְ. 3846:

to film women converts undressing, the Israeli Chief Rabbinate said it would review the validity of all past conversions performed by Freundel, then quickly reversed its decision, clarifying that it was joining the Orthodox

4027:

would be known, for ritual purposes in a synagogue, as "Akiva ben Avraham Avinu"; in cases where the mother's name is used, such as for the prayer for recovery from an illness, he would be known as "Akiva ben Sarah Imenu".

3001:

community. This includes attending services, participating in holidays and rituals, and building relationships with other Jews in the community. They will then be tested and formally accepted, the convert is issued with a

316:

have adopted most aspects of Judaism without formal conversion to Judaism. However, if Subbotniks, or anyone without a formal conversion, wish to marry into a traditional Jewish community or immigrate to Israel under the

4034:

labels the convert "hard on Israel as a scab". Many interpretations explain this quote as meaning converts can be unobservant and lead Jews to be unobservant or converts can be so observant that born Jews feel ashamed.

3656:. Over a five-year period they performed some 750 conversions to Judaism. However, in 1983 the joint Beth Din was dissolved, due to the unilateral American Reform Jewish decision to change the definition of Jewishness: 3087:

postulates that "conversion" does not suit the process of becoming a Jew, as it implies a change in belief, which is not chosen like behavioral changes. The shift is better described as naturalization, affiliation, or

3463:

being valid. Since 2008, Haredi Orthodox religious courts in Israel have been rejecting conversions from a number of Orthodox rabbis, since the Chief Rabbinate do not accept the authority of the presiding rabbis.

4176:"Thus, by converting to Judaism, the religion, a gentile becomes not only a Judahist—one who practices Judaism—but a Jew. Such a one is then part of the Jewish community as much as of the community of Judaism" 3809:

A recent development has been the idea of annulling conversions to Judaism, sometimes many years after they have taken place, due to a reduction in religious observance or change of community by the convert.

4951: 3685:

welcomed into the Jewish community and confirmed as Jewish through an individual process." Britain's Assembly of Reform Rabbis stated that rabbis "would be able to take local decisions – ratified by the

3399:, the official body of American Reform rabbis, formally resolved to permit the admission of converts "without any initiatory rite, ceremony, or observance whatsoever." (CCAR Yearbook 3 (1893), 73–95; 3005:("Certificate of Conversion"). As the conversion process becomes more centralized there are only a limited number of permanent conversion courts that are acceptable to the Chief Rabbinate of Israel. 5717: 3716:, along with other American and Israeli Orthodox rabbis, worked with Conservative and Reform rabbis to come up with solution to the "Who is a Jew?" issue. In 1989 and 1990 Israeli Prime Minister 2810:. In all branches of Judaism, a ger or giyoret is considered a full Jew; the literal meaning of "stranger", "resident", or "foreigner" refers to the convert's origin, not present status. In 4529: 4090:(the Hispanic countries of the Americas plus Brazil). There has been a continuous steady growth among them who are now prospective converts, actively seeking conversions back to Judaism. 3557:"For whither thou goest, I will go; and where thou lodgest, I will lodge; thy people shall be my people, and thy God my God; where thou diest, will I die, and there will I be buried; the 2752:

The stranger that sojourneth with you shall be unto you as the home-born among you, and thou shalt love him as thyself; for ye were strangers in the land of Egypt: I am the LORD your God.

5202:"Top court backs rabbis who revoked conversion over secular lifestyle: Israeli justices decide rabbis had the right to cancel Yonit Erez's conversion two years after she became Jewish" 3644:, Colorado, a joint Orthodox, Traditional, Conservative and Reform Bet Din was formed to promote uniform standards for conversion to Judaism. A number of rabbis were Orthodox and had 3362:

is a part of the traditional conversion process as well. If the male who is converting has already been circumcised, then a ritual removal of a single drop of blood will take place (

3867:

to Judaism cannot be overturned. However, a Beth Din may determine that the conversion is void as it was never undertaken correctly in the first place. For example, if the rite of

3697:. In the Haredi view, it is better to have no conversion at all than a non-Orthodox conversion, as all non-Orthodox conversions are not true conversions at all according to them. 3735:(moving to the State of Israel), and would refer them to a beth din that would convert the candidate following traditional halakha. All negotiating parties came to agreement: 5830: 3172:

states: "If thy sons accept My Godhead I shall be their God and bring them into the land; but if they do not observe My covenant in regard either to circumcision or to the

3008:

However, there are a number of rabbis who are willing to conduct decentralized conversions, and are recognized by each other. Two of the more prominent of these rabbis are

5281: 4675: 4503: 3967:

was also a very well-known son of converts. The Talmud lists many of the Jewish nation's greatest individuals who had either descended from or were themselves converts.

3896:

There is a tradition that a prospective convert should be turned away three times as a test of sincerity, though most rabbis no longer follow the tradition. Neither the

1346: 3439:

In response to the tremendous variations that exist within the Reform community, the Conservative Jewish movement attempted to set a nuanced approach. The Conservative

4447: 4968: 5112: 4019:(Israelites), ordinary Jews with no tribal or inter-Jewish distinctions. Converts typically follow the customs of their congregations. So, a convert who prays at a 4946: 3936:

have banned conversion and refuse to recognise any Jewish conversion, including those done under Orthodox auspices (possibly influenced by sects in Syria like the

3165:: the former demanding the spilling of a drop of blood symbolic of the Brit Milah, thereby entering into the covenant; the latter declaring it to be unnecessary. 1924: 5557: 5721: 3955:(members of the priestly class) is prohibited and any children of the union do not inherit their father's kohen status. While a Jew by birth may not marry a 3680:. The 1983 resolution of the American Reform movement has had a mixed reception in Reform Jewish communities outside of the United States. Most notably, the 3203:: "A male convert who has been immersed but not circumcised, or circumcised but not immersed, is a convert." Note this view is later rejected by the Talmud. 1579: 1274: 3727:, who negotiated secretly for many months with rabbis from Conservative, Reform and Orthodox Judaism, including faculty at Yeshiva University, with Lamm as 3724: 2909:(Jewish courts) did not accept converts who may have not had the right intention, and they had to wait and prove their intentions to be legally accepted. 1466: 3168:

In discussions about the necessity of circumcision for those born of a Jewish mother, lending some support to the need for circumcision of converts, the

122: 2674: 5632: 4478: 3818: 438: 5822: 3383:

and they then have the option of rejecting their conversion. Once they have accepted to continue as a Jew the conversion can no longer be rejected.

7094: 1461: 5255: 7484: 1709: 4537: 3108: 5659: 4364: 4269: 6167: 5531: 2976:

and while they may have been the practice in some locations, it was not universal, and a number of rabbis have not followed these practices.

1963: 5853:

Orthodox, Conservative and Reform Jews in the United States: Second article in a series on Responsa of Orthodox Judaism in the United States

3835:

was recently deemed "not Jewish enough" to marry in Israel, after she failed to prove the matrilineal Jewish descent for four generations.

2756:

Another verse which has been interpreted as referring to non-Jews converting to Judaism is Esther 8:17, although no process is described. (

7444: 5609: 948: 911: 5800: 5186:

Nussbaum Cohen, Debra (5 December 1997). "Orthodox leader speaks out on Jewish unity, breaking long silence". Jewish Telegraphic Agency.

4562: 4056:

In recent decades, there has been a renewed Jewish conversion interest with some Bnei Anusim, that is, the descendants of Jews who were

3423:

is recommended, but is not considered necessary. Converts are asked to commit to religious standards set by the local Reform community.

218:

in Hebrew, British Library Oriental MS. 1,497 containing Numbers 6:3-10, dated 12th century. Lines of the Pentateuch alternate with the

5962: 4587: 5201: 5094: 3395:

rejects the concept that any rules or rituals should be considered necessary for conversion to Judaism. In the late 19th century, the

5499: 5330: 5222: 1887: 178: 5991: 4679: 1910: 4846: 4703: 4649: 3447:

stating that Reform conversions may be accepted as valid only when they include the minimal Conservative halachic requirements of

7490: 5400: 3681: 1260: 3831:

began refusing to recognize orthodox converts from the United States as Jewish. Indeed, the great-niece of the renowned Zionist

2720:(in post-Biblical times translated as "proselyte") literally means "resident" and refers to a non-Israelite who lived among the 6590: 6044: 5285: 4128: 2667: 1837: 1772: 1654: 5925: 4507: 4418: 6585: 5889: 5783: 5461: 5385: 4764: 4631:

Robinson, George. Essential Judaism: A Complete Guide to Beliefs, Customs and Rituals. New York: Simon & Schuster, 2000.

4299: 4169: 3913: 3672: 3440: 3396: 958: 210: 7635: 5915: 4455: 4397:"Ger Toshav – A Look at the Sources for Contemporary Application:A Proposal for Intermarried and other Allies in our Midst" 3979:), is mentioned as a possible convert. There are Midrash attesting to her conversion along with other women. This includes 3731:. They were planning to create a joint panel that interviewed people who were converting to Judaism and considering making 3244:

to thank God, and since there was a terrible famine at the time, she brought much food and aid to the people of Jerusalem.

1396: 6494: 5350: 4978: 6605: 6600: 6024: 5116: 3089: 1664: 1481: 1471: 711: 117: 7417: 6294: 4739: 3889:

Judaism is not an openly proselytizing religion. Judaism teaches that the righteous of all nations have a place in the

2822:

only refers to a non-Jew who has yet to fully convert to Judaism, and once converted to Karaitism, is no longer called

2060: 2010: 1975: 1669: 1534: 1401: 17: 2883:

13:14), converts were accepted since the beginning of Jewish history, and the foreign wives of Jewish leaders—such as

6445: 6299: 5874: 5415: 4636: 3746:(rabbinic court) overseeing the conversion would be Orthodox, perhaps appointed by the Chief Rabbinate of Israel, and 2660: 1752: 1714: 1689: 1609: 1594: 1441: 1381: 1336: 4082:

who were forced to convert to Christianity during the Spanish and Portuguese Inquisition. They are found throughout

3145:

argued that besides accepting Jewish beliefs and laws, a prospective convert to Judaism must undergo immersion in a

3074:(a dialogue with three knowledgeable Jews, at least one of whom is a rabbi), and often a public welcoming ceremony. 332:, "conversions to Judaism had a major impact on Jewish history in the ancient period and in the early Middle Ages". 6354: 6262: 5735:

Jewish Tales of Reincarnation', By Yonasson Gershom, Yonasson Gershom, Jason Aronson, Incorporated, 31 January 2000

5561: 5134: 2045: 2027: 1933: 1827: 1679: 1674: 1599: 1564: 1431: 4071:" (lit. "forced "), while the descendants of said converts are called "Bnei Anusim" (lit. "children of forced "). 3379:, i.e. the acceptance is done by the Beth Din presiding over the conversion. The child lives as a Jew until their 7519: 6713: 3543:. The process requires one year of learning, circumcision (for males), and the taking of the vow that Ruth took: 2563: 2462: 2017: 2000: 1953: 1852: 1762: 1699: 1649: 1629: 1624: 1544: 1518: 1493: 1371: 1361: 1351: 1331: 1326: 3619:

Orthodox rabbis, who held that any cooperation between Orthodoxy and Conservatism was forbidden. In 1956, Rabbi

7630: 6395: 5955: 3338:

After confirming that all these requirements have been met, the beth din issues a "Certificate of Conversion" (

2036: 2022: 1990: 1970: 1938: 1882: 1857: 1832: 1812: 1802: 1787: 1782: 1777: 1757: 1747: 1742: 1719: 1634: 1619: 1539: 1498: 1451: 1446: 1366: 1311: 5583: 7496: 6817: 3897: 3848: 3592: 3276:

differ according to denomination and rabbinic sponsor. The basic requirements set out in the Talmud include:

2457: 1995: 1980: 1943: 1905: 1877: 1867: 1862: 1847: 1842: 1822: 1807: 1792: 1767: 1733: 1704: 1604: 1589: 1513: 1503: 1421: 1391: 1316: 1302: 171: 63: 5790: 5477: 4195: 3366:). However, more liberal branches of Judaism have a more relaxed requirement of immersion and circumcision. 7559: 7427: 7422: 6610: 6595: 6359: 6314: 6059: 2065: 1985: 1948: 1872: 1817: 1684: 1659: 1584: 1559: 1549: 1488: 1411: 1406: 1386: 1376: 1356: 1341: 1234: 938: 702: 697: 3295:) for men. If the male is already circumcised, a single drop of blood is drawn as a symbolic circumcision 7524: 7509: 6390: 6250: 5416:

Conversions Performed By Barry Freundel, Rabbi Arrested For Voyeurism, Still Legitimate: Israel Rabbinate

4530:"Rabbi Ben Tsion Uziel's Compassionate but Pragmatic Approach to Halacha « Rabbi Michael Leo Samuel" 4118: 3092:, reflecting alterations in family ties and cultural aspirations rather than fundamental belief changes. 2055: 2050: 2005: 1958: 1644: 1614: 1574: 1569: 1426: 732: 7478: 7372: 7023: 6917: 6625: 6558: 6119: 6009: 5259: 4824: 3928:

Halakha forbids the mistreatment of a convert, including reminding a convert that they were once not a

2529: 2374: 2082: 1476: 672: 662: 398: 127: 7594: 7534: 7432: 7412: 7282: 7207: 7067: 6934: 6620: 6580: 5948: 5355: 5308: 3890: 3540: 3516: 3280: 3066: 3032: 2643: 2336: 2187: 2128: 1019: 58: 2979:

In order to convert, the conversion candidate must have a circumcision (if male) and immerse in the

7514: 7345: 6644: 6519: 5676: 5656: 4371: 4273: 3917: 3632:

was circulated declaring that Orthodox rabbis are forbidden to cooperate with Conservative rabbis.

2346: 2326: 1436: 916: 457: 164: 36: 5694: 5535: 7467: 7456: 7050: 6971: 6676: 6575: 6514: 6400: 6373: 5500:"Geirus Policies and Standards that will Govern The Network of Regional Batei Din for Conversion" 4614: 3211: 3129: 3024: 2487: 2477: 2442: 2321: 2311: 2094: 1265: 1207: 1041: 720: 677: 392: 195: 191: 68: 7503: 7473: 6536: 5808:

Proceedings of the Committee on Jewish Law and Standards of the Conservative Movement 1927–1970

3996: 3431:), and a public ceremony to celebrate the conversion, are also at the discretion of the Rabbi. 2949: 2944:

and subsequent interpretations. (Many of the guidelines of accepting converts are based on the

2606: 2341: 2255: 1321: 873: 492: 462: 263: 243: 199: 5451: 4074:

In the modern era, the single most notable and numerous group of Bnei Anusim converts are the

4015:) In Orthodox and Conservative communities that maintain tribal distinctions, converts become 3327:

authorities also requires a convert to understand and formally accept the duties of classical

7529: 7450: 7232: 6822: 6563: 6553: 6546: 6531: 6417: 5428: 5375: 4247: 4159: 4075: 2497: 2492: 2437: 1140: 868: 855: 750: 467: 5815:

Seventy Faces: Divided we stand, but its time to try an idea that might help us stand taller

5026: 5000: 4591: 4138: 3951:, converts face a limited number of restrictions. A marriage between a female convert and a 7564: 7554: 7057: 6029: 4653: 4133: 4030:

Talmudic opinions on converts are numerous; some positive, some negative. A quote from the

3864: 3358:

is an important part of a traditional conversion. If the person who is converting is male,

3261: 3150: 2961: 2568: 2520: 2260: 2118: 931: 796: 785: 743: 294: 286: 91: 3059:

13 for a boy. This standard is applied by Orthodox and Conservative Judaism, which accept

8: 7212: 7180: 7106: 7015: 6961: 6568: 6368: 6102: 6067: 5206: 4103: 3901: 3677: 3596: 3588: 3380: 3200: 3142: 3137:

was edited, the requirement for circumcision of proselytes was an open issue between the

2621: 2316: 994: 861: 764: 757: 687: 575: 450: 112: 107: 3523:, ruled against this, making the annulment legally invalid for purposes of Israeli law. 3490:

Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.

7544: 7539: 7350: 7072: 6949: 6944: 6929: 6899: 6852: 6775: 6681: 6541: 6114: 6019: 5986: 4700: 4108: 3855:

we would allow for judgments that are flawed from their inception to exist eternally."

3817:

A situation of confusion in Jewish identity in Israel was made worse when Haredi Rabbi

3713: 3595:

engaged in a series of private negotiations with the leaders of Conservative Judaism's

3512: 3084: 2848: 2472: 2422: 2369: 2364: 2278: 2148: 1416: 1245: 1004: 924: 778: 344: 6827: 6703: 5506: 5229: 4956:

Julie Grey, Zara Gluch and Hannah Martin all converted religions after falling in love

308:

There are some groups that have adopted Jewish customs and practices. For example, in

7328: 7259: 7141: 7126: 6909: 6780: 6745: 6034: 5885: 5870: 5779: 5457: 5381: 4632: 4165: 4057: 3988: 3909: 3519:, which is the only state-recognized authority on religious matters, backed by Rabbi 3228:

advised against it, on the grounds that worship of God was superior to circumcision (

3196: 3153:

makes circumcision a condition for the conversion. A similar controversy between the

2616: 2558: 2538: 2355: 1915: 1554: 1014: 885: 815: 692: 605: 472: 329: 5882:

Bastards and Believers: Jewish Converts and Conversion from the Bible to the Present

7394: 7362: 7323: 7294: 7277: 7227: 7028: 6837: 6770: 6723: 6671: 6639: 6630: 6615: 6489: 6464: 6440: 6324: 6255: 6172: 6039: 4947:"Zooey Deschanel is Jewish. These three women changed their religions for love too" 4422: 3944: 3428: 3291: 3237: 3158: 2957: 2929: 2921: 2586: 2467: 2427: 2391: 2089: 1639: 1150: 906: 810: 725: 615: 407: 142: 5066:

Proceedings of the CJLS of the Conservative Movement 1927–1970 Vol. II, p.850-852.

4926: 4904: 4812: 4307: 4222: 3615:, former president of the RCA, the major reason for its failure was pressure from 3455:, appearance before a Conservative Beth Din, and a course of Conservative study. ( 7304: 7299: 7111: 7038: 6871: 6842: 6765: 6755: 6718: 6693: 6509: 6504: 6499: 6484: 6479: 6469: 6454: 6245: 6162: 6129: 6087: 6077: 5930: 5663: 4973: 4882: 4860: 4707: 4064: 3912:

organizations, suggest taking this action in their conversion policies, with the

3775: 3612: 3536: 3408: 3229: 3112: 3077: 2811: 2792: 2784: 2692: 2548: 2507: 2502: 2482: 2404: 2398: 2331: 2283: 2123: 2104: 1255: 984: 896: 879: 423: 254: 234: 74: 44: 3415:, no. 15.) Thus, American Reform Judaism does not require ritual immersion in a 2728:, it is referring to these "residents". Rabbinic tradition interpreted the word 7608: 7583: 7404: 7311: 7269: 7249: 7237: 7217: 7131: 7121: 7089: 7082: 7062: 7033: 7005: 7000: 6966: 6876: 6800: 6790: 6728: 6526: 6474: 6385: 6380: 6142: 6137: 6072: 6001: 5771: 4079: 3873: 3839: 3811: 3717: 3600: 3577: 3392: 3316: 3028: 3009: 2990: 2941: 2895:

13:15), that in the times of Jewish political power, such as the days of Kings

2771:

to denote a "stranger". A formal male convert to Judaism is referred to by the

2648: 2447: 2302: 2182: 2161: 2138: 2133: 2111: 2099: 1694: 1175: 1109: 1074: 1052: 989: 827: 805: 667: 646: 622: 388: 370: 298: 290: 147: 5916:

Canadian Jewish News: Conversion Process an Emotional Journey For All Involved

4012: 3565: 3331:. This is not stated explicitly in the Talmud, but was inferred by subsequent 2757: 2745: 7624: 7377: 7222: 7149: 6956: 6890: 6863: 6812: 6760: 6733: 6708: 6698: 6459: 6405: 6339: 6319: 6309: 6304: 6277: 6223: 6152: 6097: 4295: 4045: 3905: 3832: 3620: 3241: 3177: 3100: 2953: 2913: 2856: 2596: 2591: 1797: 1724: 1250: 1099: 1094: 1089: 1079: 1057: 1009: 771: 610: 515: 477: 428: 325: 318: 282: 132: 5921:

Darshan Yeshiva: Jewish Learning for For Beginners and Conversion to Judaism

5786:). An anecdotal approach to explaining the process of conversion to Judaism. 4333: 3319:) (this is not currently required as a part of modern conversion to Judaism) 7357: 7154: 7116: 7077: 6666: 6410: 6349: 6329: 6289: 6272: 6240: 6228: 6189: 6107: 6082: 5746: 4087: 4008: 3629: 3520: 3419:, circumcision, or acceptance of mitzvot as normative. Appearance before a 3359: 3133:

article on circumcision of proselytes, in the first century AD, before the

3013: 2945: 2706: 2626: 2452: 2293: 2288: 2246: 2199: 1293: 1160: 1145: 1104: 1069: 682: 524: 152: 86: 5860:

Tradition Renewed: A History of the Jewish Theological Seminary of America

3959:, a convert can. Descendants of converts can become rabbis. For instance, 3571: 7367: 6882: 6807: 6785: 6688: 6282: 6211: 6206: 6194: 6184: 5587: 5584:"Union for Reform Judaism – Converting to Judaism: Questions and Answers" 5360: 5335: 5135:"UK Reform rabbis accept patrilineal descent - Diaspora - Jerusalem Post" 4123: 3964: 3933: 3779: 3709: 3224: 2968: 2611: 2553: 2218: 1124: 1119: 1114: 1084: 293:. The procedure and requirements for conversion depend on the sponsoring 137: 5936:

Nativ - The National Center for Jewish Studies, Identity, and Conversion

4563:"Conversion and Rabbinic incompetence – a response to Rabbi Chaim Navon" 2724:

community. When the Torah commands compassion and equal justice for the

7461: 7168: 6750: 6344: 6092: 6014: 5905: 5789:

Rabbi Steven Carr Reuben and Jennifer S. Hanin (foreword by Bob Saget)

4004: 3960: 3876:

was arrested on charges of voyeurism for filming women converts at the

3285: 3185: 3116: 3104: 2876: 2843: 2768: 2269: 1283: 1212: 1170: 999: 979: 538: 445: 365: 313: 215: 2712:

is defined as a "foreigner", or "sojourner". Rabbi Marc Angel writes:

7382: 6847: 6738: 6649: 6267: 6201: 5001:"Thousands of conversions questioned - Israel Jewish Scene, Ynetnews" 3444: 3216: 2764: 2721: 2432: 2417: 1507: 1455: 1217: 1165: 1155: 836: 832: 822: 737: 497: 79: 6218: 5935: 5910: 5351:"Rabbi Freundel Conversions Are Valid, Israeli Chief Rabbinate Says" 4800:

The Way of the Boundary Crosser: An Introduction to Jewish Flexidoxy

4787:

The Way of the Boundary Crosser: An Introduction to Jewish Flexidoxy

4676:"FAQs on Reconstructionist Approaches to Jewish Ideas and Practices" 4094:

conversion has been a growing option for them to return to Judaism.

2936:) are based on codes of law and texts, including discussions in the 1185: 7101: 7043: 6988: 6983: 6654: 5940: 5309:"'National religious rabbis ... JPost - Jewish World - Jewish News" 4023:

synagogue would follow Sephardi customs and learn Sephardi Hebrew.

4020: 3984: 3686: 3649: 3611:

beth din, and the RA refused to do so. According to Orthodox Rabbi

3420: 3332: 3270: 3220: 3206: 3162: 3040: 2917: 2905: 2852: 2601: 2211: 2143: 974: 482: 433: 5911:

American Jewish University: Miller Introduction to Judaism Program

5695:"Changing Your Name Upon Religious Conversion | UK Deed Poll" 5095:"Reform Movement's Resolution on Patrilineal Descent (March 1983)" 3564:

do so to me, and more also, if aught but death part thee and me."

3035:

conversions, but only if they include immersion in a ritual bath (

7316: 7200: 7195: 7185: 7173: 6993: 6978: 6922: 6857: 6832: 6795: 6659: 6334: 6233: 6157: 6049: 5975: 5792:

Becoming Jewish: The Challenges, Rewards, and Paths to Conversion

4303: 3968: 3948: 3648:

from Orthodox yeshivas, but were serving in synagogues without a

3635: 3328: 3300: 3265: 3253: 3189: 3181: 3173: 3169: 3154: 3138: 3134: 3071: 3060: 2994: 2900: 2888: 2847:, a non-Jewish inhabitant of the Land of Israel who observes the 2577: 2543: 2412: 2206: 1195: 1190: 1062: 953: 848: 844: 840: 589: 584: 561: 543: 418: 413: 403: 381: 356: 302: 278: 274: 223: 4354:

Marc D. Angel (2005). "Choosing to Be Jewish", K'Tav Publishing.

4161:

Religion and the Creation of Race and Ethnicity: An Introduction

7387: 7254: 7190: 5074: 5072: 4113: 4083: 4068: 4031: 3972: 3956: 3641: 3616: 3508: 3457:

Proceedings of Committee on Jewish Law and Standards: 1980–1985

3452: 3312: 3257: 3122: 3036: 2981: 2937: 2884: 2830: 2772: 2237: 2232: 2192: 2177: 1288: 1180: 600: 566: 552: 487: 309: 219: 7338: 7333: 7287: 7242: 7163: 7158: 6422: 6177: 6147: 5920: 3992: 3980: 3976: 3952: 3937: 3511:

in Israel annulled thousands of conversions performed by the

3448: 3115:, a tax imposed on Jews in 70 AD and relaxed to exclude 2896: 2841:

refers to a "righteous convert", a proselyte to Judaism, and

2741: 1200: 629: 533: 502: 203: 5931:

Institute for Jewish Ideas and Ideals: Conversion to Judaism

5810:, Vol. II, Ed. David Golinkin, The Rabbinical Assembly, 1997 5558:"CCAR: Guidelines for Rabbis Working with Prospective Gerim" 5069: 3720:

spearheaded an effort to find a way to resolve the impasse.

3047:) or a symbolic circumcision for those already circumcised ( 7437: 5971: 5282:"Amar Calls on Netanyahu to Quash Military Conversion Bill" 4000: 352: 5253:

Cancelled Conversion: Center for Women's Justice, Israel.

3963:

Baal Ha Nes is thought to be a descendant of a proselyte.

3842:

was arrested on charges of installing hidden cameras in a

3019:

Conservative Judaism takes a more lenient approach to the

5331:"Sokolow's niece not 'Jewish' enough to get married here" 4396: 3929: 3792:" than being a non-Orthodox Jew, he said in an interview. 3749:

there would be three-way dialogue throughout the process.

3700: 5453:

Conversion to Judaism in Jewish Law: Essays and Responsa

5377:

Conversion to Judaism in Jewish Law: Essays and Responsa

5054:

The Emergence of the English Speaking Orthodox Rabbinate

4785:

Babylonian Talmud, Shabbat 135a and Gerim 2:2, cited in

4588:"Who is a Jew? – Art History Online Reference and Guide" 3884: 3774:

In 1997 the issue of "Who is a Jew?" again arose in the

5449: 5373: 5256:"Cancelled Conversion - the Center for Women's Justice" 4798:

Babylonian Talmud, Yevamot 46a and Gerim 1:6, cited in

4223:"So You Want to Convert to Judaism? It's Not That Easy" 3753:

Many Reform rabbis took offense at the notion that the

5718:"Hearing on E1 Zone Construction Plan Postponed Again" 5220:

A Tragic Annulment, Jerusalem Report, September 2008:

2997:(although not necessarily a commitment to keep them). 2705:‎) meaning "to reside" or "to sojourn ". In the 5401:

Strains Grow Between Israel and Many Jews in the U.S.

4789:. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield, 2005. 214-19. 4590:. Arthistoryclub.com. 29 January 2012. Archived from 3547: 2952:

was brought into the fold through her mother-in-law,

5823:

The Tractae of Conversion, EAJS 4, 2010, pp. 169-213

5195: 5193: 4969:"Israel's Conversion Laws Are About to Get Stricter" 4802:. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield, 2005. 214-19 3739:

Conversions must be carried out according to halakha

2816: 2800: 2777: 2696: 2216: 2197: 620: 268: 248: 206:

to return to the land of Moab by William Blake, 1795

5880:Dunkelgrun, Theodor; Maciejko, Pawel, eds. (2020). 4272:. jrtelegraph.com. 25 November 2008. Archived from 3769: 5879: 5284:. The Jewish Week. 1 December 2010. Archived from 4945: 3723:A plan was developed by Israeli Cabinet Secretary 5429:"Jewish Beliefs on the Afterlife – ReligionFacts" 5190: 5081:A People Divided: Judaism in Contemporary America 4421:. Judaism.about.com. 11 June 2009. Archived from 4157: 3582: 7622: 4722: 4190: 4188: 4186: 4184: 4182: 5817:, Moment Vol. II, No. 6, June 1986 – Sivan 5746 5113:"The Establishment of Reform Judaism in Israel" 4731: 3535:(Council of Sages) began to accept converts to 3268:8b), which must be witnessed and affirmed by a 3195:However, the opposing view is supported in the 2736:Angel's explanation of the literal meaning of " 5839:Comments to the Agunot Conference in Jerusalem 5185: 5156:Fifth Anniversary of the Mikveh of East Denver 3851:in affirming the validity of the conversions. 3636:1978–1983: Denver program, patrilineal descent 3119:in 96 AD, also limited Judaism's appeal. 5956: 4179: 3572:Attempts to resolve the "Who is a Jew?" issue 3466: 2668: 328:, then dean of the humanities faculty of the 172: 5199: 4476: 3822: 3434: 3342:), certifying that the person is now a Jew. 3123:Early debate on requirement for circumcision 2993:. There is also a requirement to accept the 2956:). These rules are held as authoritative by 7445:Center of Contemporary Jewish Documentation 5532:"Rabbinical Assembly: conversion resources" 5027:"Conversions, The Chief Rabbis and the RCA" 4701:Karaites hold first conversion in 500 years 4151: 3215:, Book 20 Chapter 2, recorded the story of 912:History of the Jews in the Byzantine Empire 5963: 5949: 5862:, Vol. II, p. 450, 474, JTS, NY, 1997 5841:, July 1998, and on the Learn@JTS website. 5078: 4847:"Denominational Differences on Conversion" 4765:"Circumcision" Circumcision of Proselytes" 4718: 4716: 4442: 4440: 3923: 2675: 2661: 179: 165: 5200:Borschel-Dan, Amanda (18 December 2014). 5166: 5164: 5128: 5126: 5051: 3039:), appearance before a rabbinical court ( 5992:Index of Jewish history-related articles 4943: 3838:Following a scandal in which U.S. Rabbi 3804: 3188:are intruders, and deserve punishment" ( 2989:, comprising three Jewish males who are 209: 190: 7491:United States Holocaust Memorial Museum 6128: 5630: 4883:"Conversion to Judaism Resource Center" 4737: 4713: 4612: 4437: 4220: 3682:Israel Movement for Progressive Judaism 3186:Sabbath-keepers who are not circumcised 3141:and liberal parties in ancient Israel. 14: 7623: 5170: 5161: 5123: 4954:from the original on 12 January 2022. 4944:Sanghani, Radhika (10 November 2015). 4294: 4129:Miller Introduction to Judaism Program 3920:(URJ) actively opposing its practice. 3386: 321:, they must have a formal conversion. 5944: 5926:Chabad.org: How to Convert to Judaism 4861:"concert.org: THE CONVERSION PROCESS" 4557: 4555: 4288: 3914:Central Conference of American Rabbis 3885:Relations between Jews and proselytes 3821:of Israel's supreme religious court ( 3778:, and Orthodox leaders such as Rabbi 3673:Central Conference of American Rabbis 3441:Committee on Jewish Law and Standards 3397:Central Conference of American Rabbis 5970: 5884:. University of Pennsylvania Press. 4738:Goodman, Martin (26 February 2010). 4506:. My Jewish Learning. Archived from 4504:"Jewish Attitudes Toward Proselytes" 4044:within Orthodox Judaism in terms of 3470: 4710:. 2 August 2007, JTA Breaking News. 3823: 3708:In the 1980s Modern Orthodox Rabbi 3107:, a requirement that proselytizing 3095: 2912:With the notable exception of some 2806:) and a formal female convert is a 2796: 2788: 2763:The word is rendered by the Greek " 258: 238: 118:Conversions of Jews to Christianity 24: 7438:YIVO Institute for Jewish Research 7418:American Jewish Historical Society 5867:Converts and Conversion to Judaism 5764: 5715: 5674: 5450:Walter Jacob; Moshe Zemer (1994). 5418:, Huffington Post, 22 October 2014 5374:Walter Jacob; Moshe Zemer (1994). 5306: 5083:. University Press of New England. 4725:Judaism And Hellenism Reconsidered 4613:Heilman, Uriel (21 October 2014). 4552: 4419:"Converts – Conversion to Judaism" 3607:, devoting a year to this effort. 3345: 2851:and has repudiated all links with 25: 7647: 5899: 5801:Conversion: Halakhah and Practice 5560:. 2 February 2005. Archived from 5132: 4615:"10 FAQs about Jewish conversion" 4221:Heilman, Uriel (6 October 2014). 4038: 2932:, the laws governing conversion ( 703:Historical population comparisons 281:and become members of the Jewish 7602: 7589: 7588: 5631:Chafets, Zev (14 October 2007). 4811:Josephus F, Retrieved 2011-1-20 4477:Chafets, Zev (14 October 2007). 3770:1997: Neeman Commission proposal 3526: 3475: 1347:Democratic Republic of the Congo 1261:Historical population by country 27:Religious conversion of non-Jews 5739: 5728: 5709: 5687: 5668: 5650: 5624: 5602: 5576: 5550: 5524: 5505:. 30 April 2007. Archived from 5492: 5470: 5456:. Berghahn Books. p. 164. 5443: 5421: 5409: 5394: 5367: 5343: 5323: 5300: 5274: 5247: 5214: 5179: 5175:. Hill & Wang. p. 320. 5149: 5105: 5087: 5060: 5045: 5019: 4993: 4961: 4937: 4919: 4897: 4875: 4853: 4839: 4817: 4805: 4792: 4779: 4757: 4694: 4668: 4650:"What is Conservative Judaism?" 4642: 4625: 4606: 4580: 4522: 4496: 4470: 4411: 4389: 4158:Craig R. Prentiss (June 2003). 3940:which do not accept converts). 3858: 3652:; these synagogues were called 3260:set out basic requirements for 3247: 3161:is given regarding a proselyte 7510:Relations with other religions 5906:Orthodox Conversion to Judaism 5677:"Asenath: Midrash and Aggadah" 5380:. Berghahn Books. p. 49. 5359:. 21 October 2014 – via 4365:"Can a Ger become a Yisreeli?" 4357: 4348: 4326: 4262: 4240: 4214: 4051: 3701:1980s: proposed Israeli joint 3605:Joint Conference on Jewish Law 3583:1950s: proposed joint beth din 3311:Offering a certain sacrifice ( 3043:) and, for men, circumcision ( 2732:as referring to proselytes..." 335: 13: 1: 7497:Encyclopedia of the Holocaust 5478:"BBC – Converting to Judaism" 4744:The Times Literary Supplement 4652:. Shamash.org. Archived from 4454:. 13 May 2010. Archived from 4144: 4067:term for forced converts is " 3898:Rabbinical Council of America 3849:Rabbinical Council of America 3689:– confirming Jewish status." 3593:Rabbinical Council of America 3354:In general, immersion in the 2971:is discouraged and religious 2891:—were converts. Yet he says ( 918:Christianity and Judaism 7428:Leo Baeck Institute New York 7423:American Sephardi Federation 5844:Emmanuel Rackman, letter in 5099:www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org 3666:Wertheimer, A People Divided 3507:In 2008, a Haredi-dominated 3413:Reform Responsa for Our Time 3403:(ARR), no. 68, at 236–237.) 3109:Christianity quickly dropped 128:Conversion of Jewish orphans 7: 7636:Jewish courts and civil law 6251:Constantinopolitan Karaites 4119:List of converts to Judaism 4097: 3991:, the Daughter Of Pharaoh, 3671:Specifically, in 1983, the 3369: 3184:Genesis Rabbah xlvi). "The 3176:, they shall not enter the 2916:communities (primarily the 2870: 2817: 2801: 2778: 2740:" as alien is borne out in 2697: 2217: 2198: 1925:Latin America and Caribbean 621: 269: 249: 123:Jewish counter-missionaries 10: 7652: 7479:National Library of Israel 6120:Zionism, race and genetics 5869:. Gefen Publishing House. 5033:. Ynetnews.com. 2 May 2008 5007:. Ynetnews.com. 2 May 2008 4827:. Jewishvirtuallibrary.org 3575: 3548: 3467:Intra-Orthodox controversy 3234:James the Brother of Jesus 3223:who decided to follow the 2530:Jewish political movements 2227:Conversion to Judaism 273:) is the process by which 7577: 7433:Yeshiva University Museum 7413:Center for Jewish History 7403: 7268: 7140: 7014: 6908: 6439: 6058: 6000: 5982: 5079:Wertheimer, Jack (1997). 5052:Bernstein, Louis (1977). 4723:Louis H. Feldman (2006). 4164:. NYU Press. p. 85. 4086:(Spain and Portugal) and 4011:, a convert to Judaism. ( 3591:and other members of the 3549: 3541:Karaite Jewish University 3517:Chief Rabbinate of Israel 3484:This article needs to be 3435:Interdenominational views 3067:Reconstructionist Judaism 2702: 933:Hinduism and Judaism 285:. It thus resembles both 6025:Ancient Israel and Judah 5662:16 December 2008 at the 4300:"Inventing an invention" 3918:Union for Reform Judaism 3863:Once undergone, a valid 3546: 3401:American Reform Responsa 3308:) for both men and women 759:Temple in Jerusalem 452:Bar and bat mitzvah 283:ethnoreligious community 6401:North African Sephardim 6374:Jewish tribes of Arabia 4706:11 October 2008 at the 4452:Flatbush Jewish Journal 4196:"Converting to Judaism" 4078:, descendants of those 3924:Halakhic considerations 3904:, the leading American 3236:claims that Ananias is 3212:Antiquities of the Jews 3163:born without a foreskin 3130:The Jewish Encyclopedia 3025:Modern Orthodox Judaism 2948:and the manner whereby 2859:, the unqualified term 2837:is used in two senses: 721:Twelve Tribes of Israel 289:to other religions and 7504:Holocaust Encyclopedia 7474:Jewish Virtual Library 5858:Jack Wertheimer, Ed., 5798:Menachem Finkelstein, 5681:Jewish Women's Archive 5171:Landau, David (1993). 4534:rabbimichaelsamuel.com 4448:"Moments of Hisorerus" 3794: 3669: 3569: 3391:In the United States, 2754: 2734: 303:traditional Jewish law 227: 226:(a convert to Judaism) 207: 7631:Conversion to Judaism 7451:Encyclopaedia Judaica 7233:Sefer Raziel HaMalakh 6418:Sephardic Bnei Anusim 6168:Udmurt and Tatar Jews 5056:. Yeshiva University. 4767:. Jewish Encyclopedia 4270:"www.jrtelegraph.com" 4076:Sephardic Bnei Anusim 3805:Conversion annulments 3785: 3658: 3545: 3315:) in the Temple (the 2750: 2714: 1467:São Tomé and Príncipe 1462:Republic of the Congo 856:Second Temple Judaism 727:Kingdom of Judah 698:Modern historiography 231:Conversion to Judaism 213: 194: 64:Conservative outreach 6030:Second Temple period 5865:Rabbi Josef Lifland 5851:Joseph Soloveitchik 5848:8 May 1997, page 28. 5837:Mayer E. Rabinowitz 5724:on 16 December 2008. 5361:Jewish Daily Forward 5223:"A Tragic Annulment" 4594:on 27 September 2011 4336:. Bible Encyclopedia 4134:Proactive conversion 3865:religious conversion 3824:בית הדין הרבני הגדול 3459:, pp. 77–101.) 3304:) in a ritual bath ( 3151:Eliezer ben Hurcanus 2962:Conservative Judaism 2569:World Agudath Israel 1710:United Arab Emirates 797:Second Temple period 787:Babylonian captivity 92:Proactive conversion 7468:Jewish Encyclopedia 7213:Hekhalot literature 7024:Religious movements 6559:Judeo-Tripolitanian 5716:Julian, Hana Levi. 5657:Lindemann vs. Myers 5612:. RabbiHorowitz.com 5610:"RabbiHorowitz.com" 5564:on 10 December 2005 5431:. Religionfacts.com 5207:The Times of Israel 4907:. ReformJudaism.org 4682:on 28 February 2017 4619:The Times of Israel 4567:The Times of Israel 4248:"Russian Saturday!" 4104:Abraham ben Abraham 3947:interpretations of 3902:Rabbinical Assembly 3654:traditional Judaism 3597:Rabbinical Assembly 3589:Joseph Soloveitchik 3587:In the 1950s Rabbi 3387:Reform Jewish views 3201:Joshua ben Hananiah 3143:Joshua ben Hananiah 2995:Jewish commandments 862:Hellenistic Judaism 440:Land of Israel 399:Principles of faith 113:Jewish assimilation 108:Apostasy in Judaism 7609:Judaism portal 7545:Jews and Halloween 7540:Jews and Christmas 6930:Rabbinic authority 6682:Judaeo-Piedmontese 6115:Xueta Christianity 6020:Origins of Judaism 5987:Outline of Judaism 5637:The New York Times 5590:on 18 October 2005 5288:on 11 October 2016 4927:"Choosing Judaism" 4905:"Choosing Judaism" 4656:on 18 October 1996 4540:on 16 January 2018 4483:The New York Times 4109:Lord George Gordon 4007:is descended from 3881:considered valid. 3725:Elyakim Rubenstein 3714:Yeshiva University 3712:, Rosh Yeshiva of 3513:Military Rabbinate 3085:Humanistic Judaism 2849:Seven Laws of Noah 2423:Jewish Koine Greek 1965:Dominican Republic 1246:Judaism by country 925:Jews and Christmas 780:Assyrian captivity 228: 208: 18:Convert to Judaism 7618: 7617: 7584:extinct languages 7485:YIVO Encyclopedia 7260:Hebrew literature 7228:Sefer HaEtz Chaim 7068:Reconstructionist 6746:Judaeo-Portuguese 6435: 6434: 6391:Eastern Sephardim 6035:Synagogal Judaism 5891:978-0-8122-5188-3 5784:978-0-8840-0187-4 5772:Herbert W. Bomzer 5463:978-0-929699-05-9 5406:, 6 February 2015 5387:978-0-929699-05-9 5173:Piety & Power 5158:, Hillel Goldberg 4950:. The Telegraph. 4813:Book 20 Chapter 2 4740:"Secta and natio" 4510:on 6 October 2008 4276:on 17 August 2011 4171:978-0-8147-6700-9 4060:to other faiths. 4058:forced to convert 3505: 3504: 3323:The consensus of 3256:who produced the 3197:Babylonian Talmud 3192:Deut. Rabbah i). 3033:Reconstructionist 2767:" as used in the 2685: 2684: 2634: 2633: 2382: 2381: 2129:Reconstructionist 2073: 2072: 1225: 1224: 1032: 1031: 869:Jewish–Roman wars 817:Hasmonean dynasty 733:Kingdom of Israel 637: 636: 330:Hebrew University 267: 247: 214:A portion of the 189: 188: 59:Orthodox outreach 16:(Redirected from 7643: 7607: 7606: 7605: 7592: 7591: 6724:Judeo-Golpaygani 6325:Palestinian Jews 6300:Alexandrian Jews 6256:Crimean Karaites 6173:Unterlander Jews 6126: 6125: 6040:Rabbinic Judaism 5965: 5958: 5951: 5942: 5941: 5895: 5758: 5757: 5755: 5753: 5743: 5737: 5732: 5726: 5725: 5720:. Archived from 5713: 5707: 5706: 5704: 5702: 5691: 5685: 5684: 5672: 5666: 5654: 5648: 5647: 5645: 5643: 5628: 5622: 5621: 5619: 5617: 5606: 5600: 5599: 5597: 5595: 5586:. Archived from 5580: 5574: 5573: 5571: 5569: 5554: 5548: 5547: 5545: 5543: 5534:. Archived from 5528: 5522: 5521: 5519: 5517: 5511: 5504: 5496: 5490: 5489: 5487: 5485: 5474: 5468: 5467: 5447: 5441: 5440: 5438: 5436: 5425: 5419: 5413: 5407: 5398: 5392: 5391: 5371: 5365: 5364: 5347: 5341: 5340: 5327: 5321: 5320: 5318: 5316: 5304: 5298: 5297: 5295: 5293: 5278: 5272: 5271: 5269: 5267: 5262:on 24 March 2012 5258:. Archived from 5251: 5245: 5244: 5242: 5240: 5234: 5228:. Archived from 5227: 5218: 5212: 5211: 5197: 5188: 5187: 5183: 5177: 5176: 5168: 5159: 5153: 5147: 5146: 5144: 5142: 5130: 5121: 5120: 5119:on 4 March 2016. 5115:. Archived from 5109: 5103: 5102: 5091: 5085: 5084: 5076: 5067: 5064: 5058: 5057: 5049: 5043: 5042: 5040: 5038: 5023: 5017: 5016: 5014: 5012: 4997: 4991: 4990: 4988: 4986: 4977:. Archived from 4965: 4959: 4958: 4949: 4941: 4935: 4934: 4923: 4917: 4916: 4914: 4912: 4901: 4895: 4894: 4892: 4890: 4879: 4873: 4872: 4870: 4868: 4857: 4851: 4850: 4843: 4837: 4836: 4834: 4832: 4821: 4815: 4809: 4803: 4796: 4790: 4783: 4777: 4776: 4774: 4772: 4761: 4755: 4754: 4752: 4750: 4735: 4729: 4728: 4720: 4711: 4698: 4692: 4691: 4689: 4687: 4678:. Archived from 4672: 4666: 4665: 4663: 4661: 4646: 4640: 4629: 4623: 4622: 4610: 4604: 4603: 4601: 4599: 4584: 4578: 4577: 4575: 4573: 4559: 4550: 4549: 4547: 4545: 4536:. Archived from 4526: 4520: 4519: 4517: 4515: 4500: 4494: 4493: 4491: 4489: 4474: 4468: 4467: 4465: 4463: 4444: 4435: 4434: 4432: 4430: 4415: 4409: 4408: 4406: 4404: 4393: 4387: 4386: 4384: 4382: 4376: 4370:. Archived from 4369: 4361: 4355: 4352: 4346: 4345: 4343: 4341: 4330: 4324: 4323: 4317: 4315: 4306:. Archived from 4292: 4286: 4285: 4283: 4281: 4266: 4260: 4259: 4257: 4255: 4244: 4238: 4237: 4235: 4233: 4218: 4212: 4211: 4209: 4207: 4192: 4177: 4175: 4155: 4139:Outreach Judaism 3826: 3825: 3801:and Conversion. 3791: 3667: 3625:Joint Conference 3563: 3562: 3554: 3553: 3551: 3533:Moetzet Hakhamim 3531:As of 2006, the 3500: 3497: 3491: 3479: 3478: 3471: 3429:Hatafat dam brit 3377:al daat beth din 3364:hatafat dam brit 3292:hatafat dam brit 3238:Paul the Apostle 3096:In ancient times 3049:hatafat dam brit 2985:before a kosher 2958:Orthodox Judaism 2930:Rabbinic Judaism 2922:Deal, New Jersey 2920:, New York, and 2820: 2804: 2798: 2790: 2781: 2704: 2700: 2677: 2670: 2663: 2526: 2525: 2407: 2228: 2222: 2203: 2167: 2166: 2114: 2061:New Zealand 2013: 1976:El Salvador 1966: 1898:Northern America 1890: 1484: 1240: 1239: 1151:Crimean Karaites 1047: 1046: 1025: 1023: 944: 942: 934: 928: 919: 907:Rabbinic Judaism 888: 882: 876: 864: 852: 818: 811:Maccabean Revolt 788: 781: 775: 767: 760: 754: 746: 728: 652: 651: 626: 521: 520: 453: 441: 340: 339: 272: 262: 260: 252: 242: 240: 181: 174: 167: 143:Reverse Marranos 80:Noahide campaign 32: 31: 21: 7651: 7650: 7646: 7645: 7644: 7642: 7641: 7640: 7621: 7620: 7619: 7614: 7603: 7601: 7573: 7399: 7264: 7136: 7010: 6904: 6719:Judeo-Borujerdi 6694:Judeo-Malayalam 6640:Judeo-Aragonese 6611:Lishanid Noshan 6443: 6431: 6163:Oberlander Jews 6124: 6054: 5996: 5978: 5969: 5902: 5892: 5776:The Chosen Road 5767: 5765:Further reading 5762: 5761: 5751: 5749: 5745: 5744: 5740: 5733: 5729: 5714: 5710: 5700: 5698: 5693: 5692: 5688: 5675:Kadari, Tamar. 5673: 5669: 5664:Wayback Machine 5655: 5651: 5641: 5639: 5633:"The Sy Empire" 5629: 5625: 5615: 5613: 5608: 5607: 5603: 5593: 5591: 5582: 5581: 5577: 5567: 5565: 5556: 5555: 5551: 5541: 5539: 5530: 5529: 5525: 5515: 5513: 5509: 5502: 5498: 5497: 5493: 5483: 5481: 5476: 5475: 5471: 5464: 5448: 5444: 5434: 5432: 5427: 5426: 5422: 5414: 5410: 5399: 5395: 5388: 5372: 5368: 5349: 5348: 5344: 5329: 5328: 5324: 5314: 5312: 5307:Mandel, Jonah. 5305: 5301: 5291: 5289: 5280: 5279: 5275: 5265: 5263: 5254: 5252: 5248: 5238: 5236: 5232: 5225: 5221: 5219: 5215: 5198: 5191: 5184: 5180: 5169: 5162: 5154: 5150: 5140: 5138: 5131: 5124: 5111: 5110: 5106: 5093: 5092: 5088: 5077: 5070: 5065: 5061: 5050: 5046: 5036: 5034: 5025: 5024: 5020: 5010: 5008: 4999: 4998: 4994: 4984: 4982: 4981:on 28 July 2020 4974:The Jewish Week 4967: 4966: 4962: 4942: 4938: 4925: 4924: 4920: 4910: 4908: 4903: 4902: 4898: 4888: 4886: 4881: 4880: 4876: 4866: 4864: 4859: 4858: 4854: 4845: 4844: 4840: 4830: 4828: 4823: 4822: 4818: 4810: 4806: 4797: 4793: 4784: 4780: 4770: 4768: 4763: 4762: 4758: 4748: 4746: 4736: 4732: 4721: 4714: 4708:Wayback Machine 4699: 4695: 4685: 4683: 4674: 4673: 4669: 4659: 4657: 4648: 4647: 4643: 4630: 4626: 4611: 4607: 4597: 4595: 4586: 4585: 4581: 4571: 4569: 4561: 4560: 4553: 4543: 4541: 4528: 4527: 4523: 4513: 4511: 4502: 4501: 4497: 4487: 4485: 4479:"The Sy Empire" 4475: 4471: 4461: 4459: 4446: 4445: 4438: 4428: 4426: 4425:on 11 July 2014 4417: 4416: 4412: 4402: 4400: 4395: 4394: 4390: 4380: 4378: 4377:on 4 March 2016 4374: 4367: 4363: 4362: 4358: 4353: 4349: 4339: 4337: 4332: 4331: 4327: 4313: 4311: 4310:on 3 March 2009 4298:(6 July 2008). 4293: 4289: 4279: 4277: 4268: 4267: 4263: 4253: 4251: 4246: 4245: 4241: 4231: 4229: 4219: 4215: 4205: 4203: 4194: 4193: 4180: 4172: 4156: 4152: 4147: 4100: 4054: 4041: 3926: 3887: 3861: 3819:Avraham Sherman 3807: 3789: 3776:State of Israel 3772: 3706: 3668: 3665: 3638: 3613:Emanuel Rackman 3585: 3580: 3574: 3560: 3558: 3555: 3537:Karaite Judaism 3529: 3515:in Israel. The 3501: 3495: 3492: 3489: 3480: 3476: 3469: 3437: 3409:Solomon Freehof 3389: 3381:bar/bat mitzvah 3372: 3348: 3346:Modern practice 3250: 3230:Robert Eisenman 3178:land of promise 3149:. In contrast, 3125: 3113:Fiscus Judaicus 3098: 3078:Karaite Judaism 2873: 2812:Karaite Judaism 2744:verses such as 2691:comes from the 2681: 2636: 2635: 2523: 2513: 2512: 2503:Judeo-Malayalam 2483:Judaeo-Georgian 2403: 2394: 2384: 2383: 2284:Yiddish theatre 2226: 2164: 2154: 2153: 2112: 2085: 2075: 2074: 2011: 1964: 1888: 1482: 1266:Genetic studies 1237: 1227: 1226: 1044: 1034: 1033: 1021: 1020: 940: 939: 932: 922: 917: 899:and Middle Ages 897:Rabbinic period 884: 878: 871: 859: 830: 816: 786: 779: 770: 762: 758: 749: 744:in Judaism 741: 726: 649: 639: 638: 518: 508: 507: 451: 439: 384: 338: 299:considered Jews 279:Jewish religion 185: 83: 77: 75:Chabad outreach 69:Reform outreach 45:Jewish outreach 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 7649: 7639: 7638: 7633: 7616: 7615: 7613: 7612: 7598: 7578: 7575: 7574: 7572: 7571: 7570: 7569: 7568: 7567: 7562: 7557: 7551:non-Christian 7549: 7548: 7547: 7542: 7537: 7532: 7527: 7522: 7507: 7500: 7493: 7488: 7481: 7476: 7471: 7464: 7459: 7454: 7447: 7442: 7441: 7440: 7435: 7430: 7425: 7420: 7409: 7407: 7401: 7400: 7398: 7397: 7392: 7391: 7390: 7385: 7375: 7370: 7365: 7360: 7355: 7354: 7353: 7343: 7342: 7341: 7336: 7326: 7321: 7320: 7319: 7309: 7308: 7307: 7297: 7292: 7291: 7290: 7285: 7274: 7272: 7266: 7265: 7263: 7262: 7257: 7252: 7250:Shulchan Aruch 7247: 7246: 7245: 7240: 7238:Sefer Yetzirah 7235: 7230: 7225: 7220: 7218:Pardes Rimonim 7215: 7208:Kabbalah texts 7205: 7204: 7203: 7198: 7193: 7188: 7178: 7177: 7176: 7171: 7166: 7152: 7146: 7144: 7138: 7137: 7135: 7134: 7129: 7124: 7119: 7114: 7109: 7104: 7099: 7098: 7097: 7092: 7087: 7086: 7085: 7075: 7070: 7065: 7060: 7055: 7054: 7053: 7048: 7047: 7046: 7041: 7020: 7018: 7012: 7011: 7009: 7008: 7003: 7001:Land of Israel 6998: 6997: 6996: 6986: 6981: 6976: 6975: 6974: 6964: 6959: 6954: 6953: 6952: 6942: 6937: 6932: 6927: 6926: 6925: 6914: 6912: 6906: 6905: 6903: 6902: 6897: 6896: 6895: 6894: 6893: 6888: 6887: 6886: 6879: 6877:Judeo-Alsatian 6869: 6868: 6867: 6860: 6855: 6850: 6830: 6825: 6820: 6815: 6810: 6805: 6804: 6803: 6798: 6788: 6783: 6778: 6773: 6768: 6763: 6758: 6753: 6748: 6743: 6742: 6741: 6736: 6731: 6729:Judeo-Hamedani 6726: 6721: 6716: 6706: 6704:Judaeo-Occitan 6701: 6696: 6691: 6686: 6685: 6684: 6674: 6669: 6664: 6663: 6662: 6657: 6652: 6645:Jewish English 6642: 6637: 6636: 6635: 6634: 6633: 6623: 6618: 6613: 6608: 6603: 6598: 6593: 6588: 6583: 6576:Judaeo-Aramaic 6573: 6572: 6571: 6566: 6564:Judeo-Tunisian 6561: 6556: 6554:Judeo-Moroccan 6551: 6550: 6549: 6547:Judeo-Baghdadi 6534: 6529: 6524: 6523: 6522: 6517: 6512: 6507: 6502: 6497: 6492: 6487: 6482: 6477: 6472: 6467: 6462: 6451: 6449: 6437: 6436: 6433: 6432: 6430: 6429: 6428: 6427: 6426: 6425: 6415: 6414: 6413: 6403: 6398: 6396:Livornese Jews 6393: 6383: 6378: 6377: 6376: 6366: 6365: 6364: 6363: 6362: 6357: 6352: 6347: 6337: 6332: 6327: 6322: 6317: 6312: 6307: 6302: 6297: 6287: 6286: 6285: 6275: 6270: 6265: 6260: 6259: 6258: 6253: 6243: 6238: 6237: 6236: 6226: 6221: 6216: 6215: 6214: 6209: 6199: 6198: 6197: 6192: 6182: 6181: 6180: 6175: 6170: 6165: 6160: 6155: 6150: 6145: 6143:Afrikaner-Jode 6134: 6132: 6123: 6122: 6117: 6112: 6111: 6110: 6100: 6095: 6090: 6085: 6080: 6075: 6070: 6064: 6062: 6056: 6055: 6053: 6052: 6047: 6042: 6037: 6032: 6027: 6022: 6017: 6012: 6006: 6004: 5998: 5997: 5995: 5994: 5989: 5983: 5980: 5979: 5968: 5967: 5960: 5953: 5945: 5939: 5938: 5933: 5928: 5923: 5918: 5913: 5908: 5901: 5900:External links 5898: 5897: 5896: 5890: 5877: 5863: 5856: 5849: 5842: 5835: 5832:pp. 203 - 222. 5826: 5818: 5811: 5805: 5796: 5787: 5766: 5763: 5760: 5759: 5738: 5727: 5708: 5686: 5667: 5649: 5623: 5601: 5575: 5549: 5538:on 27 May 2008 5523: 5512:on 27 May 2010 5491: 5480:. 20 July 2006 5469: 5462: 5442: 5420: 5408: 5404:New York Times 5393: 5386: 5366: 5342: 5322: 5299: 5273: 5246: 5235:on 27 May 2010 5213: 5189: 5178: 5160: 5148: 5133:Lewis, Jerry. 5122: 5104: 5086: 5068: 5059: 5044: 5018: 4992: 4960: 4936: 4931:Reform Judaism 4918: 4896: 4874: 4852: 4838: 4816: 4804: 4791: 4778: 4756: 4730: 4712: 4693: 4667: 4641: 4639:, pgs 229–232. 4624: 4605: 4579: 4551: 4521: 4495: 4469: 4458:on 9 July 2015 4436: 4410: 4388: 4356: 4347: 4325: 4296:Bartal, Israel 4287: 4261: 4250:. Molokane.org 4239: 4213: 4202:. 12 July 2011 4178: 4170: 4149: 4148: 4146: 4143: 4142: 4141: 4136: 4131: 4126: 4121: 4116: 4111: 4106: 4099: 4096: 4080:Sephardic Jews 4053: 4050: 4040: 4039:Jews by choice 4037: 3989:Shiphrah, Puah 3971:, the wife of 3925: 3922: 3886: 3883: 3874:Barry Freundel 3860: 3857: 3840:Barry Freundel 3812:Chuck Davidson 3806: 3803: 3771: 3768: 3751: 3750: 3747: 3740: 3718:Yitzhak Shamir 3705: 3699: 3663: 3637: 3634: 3601:Saul Lieberman 3584: 3581: 3576:Main article: 3573: 3570: 3528: 3525: 3503: 3502: 3483: 3481: 3474: 3468: 3465: 3436: 3433: 3393:Reform Judaism 3388: 3385: 3371: 3368: 3347: 3344: 3321: 3320: 3317:Beit Hamikdash 3309: 3296: 3249: 3246: 3124: 3121: 3097: 3094: 3010:Chuck Davidson 2991:shomer Shabbat 2942:Shulkhan Arukh 2940:, through the 2872: 2869: 2683: 2682: 2680: 2679: 2672: 2665: 2657: 2654: 2653: 2652: 2651: 2646: 2638: 2637: 2632: 2631: 2630: 2629: 2624: 2619: 2614: 2609: 2604: 2599: 2594: 2589: 2581: 2580: 2574: 2573: 2572: 2571: 2566: 2564:Territorialism 2561: 2556: 2551: 2546: 2541: 2533: 2532: 2524: 2519: 2518: 2515: 2514: 2511: 2510: 2505: 2500: 2495: 2490: 2485: 2480: 2475: 2470: 2465: 2460: 2455: 2450: 2448:Judaeo-Spanish 2445: 2443:Judaeo-Iranian 2440: 2435: 2430: 2425: 2420: 2415: 2410: 2409: 2408: 2395: 2390: 2389: 2386: 2385: 2380: 2379: 2378: 2377: 2372: 2367: 2359: 2358: 2352: 2351: 2350: 2349: 2344: 2339: 2334: 2329: 2324: 2319: 2314: 2306: 2305: 2299: 2298: 2297: 2296: 2291: 2286: 2281: 2273: 2272: 2266: 2265: 2264: 2263: 2258: 2250: 2249: 2243: 2242: 2241: 2240: 2235: 2230: 2223: 2214: 2209: 2204: 2195: 2190: 2185: 2180: 2172: 2171: 2165: 2160: 2159: 2156: 2155: 2152: 2151: 2146: 2141: 2136: 2131: 2126: 2121: 2116: 2109: 2108: 2107: 2102: 2097: 2086: 2081: 2080: 2077: 2076: 2071: 2070: 2069: 2068: 2063: 2058: 2053: 2048: 2040: 2039: 2033: 2032: 2031: 2030: 2025: 2020: 2015: 2008: 2003: 1998: 1993: 1988: 1983: 1978: 1973: 1968: 1961: 1956: 1951: 1946: 1941: 1936: 1928: 1927: 1921: 1920: 1919: 1918: 1913: 1908: 1900: 1899: 1895: 1894: 1893: 1892: 1889:United Kingdom 1885: 1880: 1875: 1870: 1865: 1860: 1855: 1850: 1845: 1840: 1835: 1830: 1825: 1820: 1815: 1810: 1805: 1800: 1795: 1790: 1785: 1780: 1775: 1770: 1765: 1760: 1755: 1750: 1745: 1737: 1736: 1730: 1729: 1728: 1727: 1722: 1717: 1712: 1707: 1702: 1697: 1692: 1687: 1682: 1677: 1672: 1667: 1662: 1657: 1652: 1647: 1642: 1637: 1632: 1627: 1622: 1617: 1612: 1607: 1602: 1597: 1592: 1587: 1582: 1577: 1572: 1567: 1562: 1557: 1552: 1547: 1542: 1537: 1529: 1528: 1524: 1523: 1522: 1521: 1516: 1511: 1501: 1496: 1491: 1486: 1479: 1474: 1469: 1464: 1459: 1449: 1444: 1439: 1434: 1429: 1424: 1419: 1414: 1409: 1404: 1399: 1394: 1389: 1384: 1379: 1374: 1369: 1364: 1359: 1354: 1349: 1344: 1339: 1334: 1329: 1324: 1322:Bilad-el-Sudan 1319: 1314: 1306: 1305: 1299: 1298: 1297: 1296: 1291: 1286: 1278: 1277: 1275:Land of Israel 1271: 1270: 1269: 1268: 1263: 1258: 1253: 1248: 1238: 1233: 1232: 1229: 1228: 1223: 1222: 1221: 1220: 1215: 1210: 1205: 1204: 1203: 1198: 1193: 1188: 1183: 1173: 1168: 1163: 1158: 1153: 1148: 1143: 1135: 1134: 1133:Related groups 1130: 1129: 1128: 1127: 1122: 1117: 1112: 1107: 1102: 1097: 1092: 1087: 1082: 1077: 1072: 1067: 1066: 1065: 1060: 1045: 1040: 1039: 1036: 1035: 1030: 1029: 1028: 1027: 1017: 1012: 1007: 1002: 997: 992: 990:Jewish atheism 987: 982: 977: 969: 968: 964: 963: 962: 961: 956: 951: 946: 941:Islamic–Jewish 936: 929: 914: 909: 901: 900: 893: 892: 891: 890: 866: 853: 825: 820: 813: 808: 806:Yehud Medinata 800: 799: 793: 792: 791: 790: 783: 776: 768: 755: 747: 735: 730: 723: 715: 714: 712:Ancient Israel 708: 707: 706: 705: 700: 695: 690: 685: 680: 675: 670: 668:Land of Israel 665: 657: 656: 650: 645: 644: 641: 640: 635: 634: 633: 632: 627: 623:Shulchan Aruch 618: 613: 608: 603: 595: 594: 593: 592: 587: 579: 578: 572: 571: 570: 569: 564: 556: 555: 549: 548: 547: 546: 541: 536: 528: 527: 519: 514: 513: 510: 509: 506: 505: 500: 495: 490: 485: 480: 475: 470: 465: 460: 455: 448: 443: 436: 431: 426: 421: 416: 411: 401: 396: 389:God in Judaism 385: 380: 379: 376: 375: 374: 373: 368: 360: 359: 349: 348: 337: 334: 291:naturalization 187: 186: 184: 183: 176: 169: 161: 158: 157: 156: 155: 150: 148:Crypto-Judaism 145: 140: 135: 130: 125: 120: 115: 110: 102: 101: 100:Related topics 97: 96: 95: 94: 89: 84: 73: 71: 66: 61: 53: 52: 48: 47: 41: 40: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7648: 7637: 7634: 7632: 7629: 7628: 7626: 7611: 7610: 7599: 7597: 7596: 7587: 7586: 7585: 7581: 7576: 7566: 7563: 7561: 7558: 7556: 7553: 7552: 7550: 7546: 7543: 7541: 7538: 7536: 7535:Protestantism 7533: 7531: 7528: 7526: 7523: 7521: 7518: 7517: 7516: 7513: 7512: 7511: 7508: 7506: 7505: 7501: 7499: 7498: 7494: 7492: 7489: 7487: 7486: 7482: 7480: 7477: 7475: 7472: 7470: 7469: 7465: 7463: 7460: 7458: 7455: 7453: 7452: 7448: 7446: 7443: 7439: 7436: 7434: 7431: 7429: 7426: 7424: 7421: 7419: 7416: 7415: 7414: 7411: 7410: 7408: 7406: 7402: 7396: 7393: 7389: 7386: 7384: 7381: 7380: 7379: 7376: 7374: 7371: 7369: 7366: 7364: 7361: 7359: 7356: 7352: 7349: 7348: 7347: 7344: 7340: 7337: 7335: 7332: 7331: 7330: 7327: 7325: 7322: 7318: 7315: 7314: 7313: 7310: 7306: 7303: 7302: 7301: 7298: 7296: 7293: 7289: 7286: 7284: 7281: 7280: 7279: 7276: 7275: 7273: 7271: 7267: 7261: 7258: 7256: 7253: 7251: 7248: 7244: 7241: 7239: 7236: 7234: 7231: 7229: 7226: 7224: 7223:Sefer HaBahir 7221: 7219: 7216: 7214: 7211: 7210: 7209: 7206: 7202: 7199: 7197: 7194: 7192: 7189: 7187: 7184: 7183: 7182: 7179: 7175: 7172: 7170: 7167: 7165: 7162: 7161: 7160: 7156: 7153: 7151: 7150:Sifrei Kodesh 7148: 7147: 7145: 7143: 7139: 7133: 7130: 7128: 7125: 7123: 7120: 7118: 7115: 7113: 7110: 7108: 7105: 7103: 7100: 7096: 7093: 7091: 7088: 7084: 7081: 7080: 7079: 7076: 7074: 7071: 7069: 7066: 7064: 7061: 7059: 7056: 7052: 7049: 7045: 7042: 7040: 7037: 7036: 7035: 7032: 7031: 7030: 7027: 7026: 7025: 7022: 7021: 7019: 7017: 7013: 7007: 7006:Who is a Jew? 7004: 7002: 6999: 6995: 6992: 6991: 6990: 6987: 6985: 6982: 6980: 6977: 6973: 6970: 6969: 6968: 6965: 6963: 6960: 6958: 6955: 6951: 6948: 6947: 6946: 6943: 6941: 6938: 6936: 6935:Chosen people 6933: 6931: 6928: 6924: 6921: 6920: 6919: 6916: 6915: 6913: 6911: 6907: 6901: 6898: 6892: 6891:Scots-Yiddish 6889: 6885: 6884: 6880: 6878: 6875: 6874: 6873: 6870: 6866: 6865: 6864:Klezmer-loshn 6861: 6859: 6856: 6854: 6851: 6849: 6846: 6845: 6844: 6841: 6840: 6839: 6836: 6835: 6834: 6831: 6829: 6826: 6824: 6821: 6819: 6816: 6814: 6811: 6809: 6806: 6802: 6799: 6797: 6794: 6793: 6792: 6789: 6787: 6784: 6782: 6779: 6777: 6774: 6772: 6769: 6767: 6764: 6762: 6759: 6757: 6754: 6752: 6749: 6747: 6744: 6740: 6737: 6735: 6734:Judeo-Shirazi 6732: 6730: 6727: 6725: 6722: 6720: 6717: 6715: 6712: 6711: 6710: 6709:Judeo-Persian 6707: 6705: 6702: 6700: 6699:Judeo-Marathi 6697: 6695: 6692: 6690: 6687: 6683: 6680: 6679: 6678: 6677:Judeo-Italian 6675: 6673: 6670: 6668: 6665: 6661: 6658: 6656: 6653: 6651: 6648: 6647: 6646: 6643: 6641: 6638: 6632: 6629: 6628: 6627: 6624: 6622: 6619: 6617: 6614: 6612: 6609: 6607: 6604: 6602: 6599: 6597: 6594: 6592: 6589: 6587: 6584: 6582: 6579: 6578: 6577: 6574: 6570: 6567: 6565: 6562: 6560: 6557: 6555: 6552: 6548: 6545: 6544: 6543: 6540: 6539: 6538: 6535: 6533: 6532:Judeo-Amazigh 6530: 6528: 6525: 6521: 6518: 6516: 6513: 6511: 6508: 6506: 6503: 6501: 6498: 6496: 6493: 6491: 6488: 6486: 6483: 6481: 6478: 6476: 6473: 6471: 6468: 6466: 6463: 6461: 6458: 6457: 6456: 6453: 6452: 6450: 6447: 6442: 6438: 6424: 6421: 6420: 6419: 6416: 6412: 6409: 6408: 6407: 6404: 6402: 6399: 6397: 6394: 6392: 6389: 6388: 6387: 6384: 6382: 6379: 6375: 6372: 6371: 6370: 6367: 6361: 6358: 6356: 6355:Hadhrami Jews 6353: 6351: 6348: 6346: 6343: 6342: 6341: 6338: 6336: 6333: 6331: 6328: 6326: 6323: 6321: 6320:Mountain Jews 6318: 6316: 6315:Egyptian Jews 6313: 6311: 6310:Bukharan Jews 6308: 6306: 6303: 6301: 6298: 6296: 6293: 6292: 6291: 6288: 6284: 6281: 6280: 6279: 6276: 6274: 6271: 6269: 6266: 6264: 6261: 6257: 6254: 6252: 6249: 6248: 6247: 6244: 6242: 6239: 6235: 6232: 6231: 6230: 6227: 6225: 6222: 6220: 6217: 6213: 6210: 6208: 6205: 6204: 6203: 6200: 6196: 6193: 6191: 6188: 6187: 6186: 6183: 6179: 6176: 6174: 6171: 6169: 6166: 6164: 6161: 6159: 6156: 6154: 6151: 6149: 6146: 6144: 6141: 6140: 6139: 6136: 6135: 6133: 6131: 6127: 6121: 6118: 6116: 6113: 6109: 6106: 6105: 6104: 6101: 6099: 6098:Lists of Jews 6096: 6094: 6091: 6089: 6086: 6084: 6081: 6079: 6076: 6074: 6071: 6069: 6066: 6065: 6063: 6061: 6057: 6051: 6048: 6046: 6043: 6041: 6038: 6036: 6033: 6031: 6028: 6026: 6023: 6021: 6018: 6016: 6013: 6011: 6008: 6007: 6005: 6003: 5999: 5993: 5990: 5988: 5985: 5984: 5981: 5977: 5973: 5966: 5961: 5959: 5954: 5952: 5947: 5946: 5943: 5937: 5934: 5932: 5929: 5927: 5924: 5922: 5919: 5917: 5914: 5912: 5909: 5907: 5904: 5903: 5893: 5887: 5883: 5878: 5876: 5875:965-229-235-4 5872: 5868: 5864: 5861: 5857: 5854: 5850: 5847: 5843: 5840: 5836: 5834: 5833: 5828:Moshe Lavee, 5827: 5825: 5824: 5820:Moshe Lavee, 5819: 5816: 5813:Norman Lamm, 5812: 5809: 5806: 5803: 5802: 5797: 5794: 5793: 5788: 5785: 5781: 5777: 5773: 5769: 5768: 5748: 5742: 5736: 5731: 5723: 5719: 5712: 5696: 5690: 5682: 5678: 5671: 5665: 5661: 5658: 5653: 5638: 5634: 5627: 5611: 5605: 5589: 5585: 5579: 5563: 5559: 5553: 5537: 5533: 5527: 5508: 5501: 5495: 5479: 5473: 5465: 5459: 5455: 5454: 5446: 5430: 5424: 5417: 5412: 5405: 5402: 5397: 5389: 5383: 5379: 5378: 5370: 5362: 5358: 5357: 5352: 5346: 5338: 5337: 5332: 5326: 5310: 5303: 5287: 5283: 5277: 5261: 5257: 5250: 5231: 5224: 5217: 5209: 5208: 5203: 5196: 5194: 5182: 5174: 5167: 5165: 5157: 5152: 5136: 5129: 5127: 5118: 5114: 5108: 5100: 5096: 5090: 5082: 5075: 5073: 5063: 5055: 5048: 5032: 5028: 5022: 5006: 5002: 4996: 4980: 4976: 4975: 4970: 4964: 4957: 4953: 4948: 4940: 4932: 4928: 4922: 4906: 4900: 4885:. Convert.org 4884: 4878: 4863:. Convert.org 4862: 4856: 4848: 4842: 4826: 4820: 4814: 4808: 4801: 4795: 4788: 4782: 4766: 4760: 4745: 4741: 4734: 4726: 4719: 4717: 4709: 4705: 4702: 4697: 4681: 4677: 4671: 4655: 4651: 4645: 4638: 4637:0-671-03480-4 4634: 4628: 4620: 4616: 4609: 4593: 4589: 4583: 4568: 4564: 4558: 4556: 4539: 4535: 4531: 4525: 4509: 4505: 4499: 4484: 4480: 4473: 4457: 4453: 4449: 4443: 4441: 4424: 4420: 4414: 4398: 4392: 4373: 4366: 4360: 4351: 4335: 4329: 4322: 4309: 4305: 4301: 4297: 4291: 4275: 4271: 4265: 4249: 4243: 4228: 4224: 4217: 4201: 4197: 4191: 4189: 4187: 4185: 4183: 4173: 4167: 4163: 4162: 4154: 4150: 4140: 4137: 4135: 4132: 4130: 4127: 4125: 4122: 4120: 4117: 4115: 4112: 4110: 4107: 4105: 4102: 4101: 4095: 4091: 4089: 4085: 4081: 4077: 4072: 4070: 4066: 4061: 4059: 4049: 4047: 4046:reincarnation 4036: 4033: 4028: 4024: 4022: 4018: 4014: 4010: 4006: 4002: 3998: 3994: 3990: 3986: 3982: 3978: 3974: 3970: 3966: 3962: 3958: 3954: 3950: 3946: 3943:According to 3941: 3939: 3935: 3931: 3921: 3919: 3915: 3911: 3907: 3903: 3899: 3894: 3892: 3882: 3879: 3875: 3870: 3866: 3856: 3852: 3850: 3845: 3841: 3836: 3834: 3833:Nahum Sokolow 3828: 3820: 3815: 3813: 3802: 3798: 3793: 3784: 3781: 3777: 3767: 3765: 3759: 3756: 3748: 3745: 3741: 3738: 3737: 3736: 3734: 3730: 3726: 3721: 3719: 3715: 3711: 3704: 3698: 3696: 3690: 3688: 3683: 3679: 3678:Jewish mother 3674: 3662: 3657: 3655: 3651: 3647: 3643: 3633: 3631: 3630:Rosh Yeshivas 3626: 3622: 3621:Harry Halpern 3618: 3614: 3608: 3606: 3602: 3598: 3594: 3590: 3579: 3578:Who is a Jew? 3568: 3567: 3544: 3542: 3538: 3534: 3527:Karaite views 3524: 3522: 3518: 3514: 3510: 3499: 3487: 3482: 3473: 3472: 3464: 3460: 3458: 3454: 3450: 3446: 3445:legal opinion 3443:has issued a 3442: 3432: 3430: 3424: 3422: 3418: 3414: 3410: 3404: 3402: 3398: 3394: 3384: 3382: 3378: 3367: 3365: 3361: 3357: 3352: 3343: 3341: 3336: 3334: 3330: 3326: 3318: 3314: 3310: 3307: 3303: 3302: 3297: 3294: 3293: 3288: 3287: 3282: 3279: 3278: 3277: 3274: 3272: 3267: 3263: 3259: 3255: 3245: 3243: 3242:Second Temple 3239: 3235: 3231: 3226: 3222: 3218: 3214: 3213: 3208: 3204: 3202: 3198: 3193: 3191: 3187: 3183: 3179: 3175: 3171: 3166: 3164: 3160: 3156: 3152: 3148: 3144: 3140: 3136: 3132: 3131: 3127:According to 3120: 3118: 3114: 3110: 3106: 3102: 3101:Louis Feldman 3093: 3091: 3086: 3082: 3079: 3075: 3073: 3068: 3064: 3062: 3056: 3052: 3050: 3046: 3042: 3038: 3034: 3030: 3026: 3022: 3017: 3015: 3011: 3006: 3004: 2998: 2996: 2992: 2988: 2984: 2983: 2977: 2974: 2970: 2969:proselytizing 2965: 2963: 2959: 2955: 2951: 2947: 2943: 2939: 2935: 2931: 2926: 2923: 2919: 2915: 2914:Syrian Jewish 2910: 2908: 2907: 2902: 2898: 2894: 2890: 2886: 2882: 2878: 2875:According to 2868: 2866: 2862: 2858: 2857:Modern Hebrew 2854: 2850: 2846: 2845: 2840: 2836: 2832: 2827: 2825: 2821: 2819: 2813: 2809: 2805: 2803: 2794: 2786: 2782: 2780: 2774: 2770: 2766: 2761: 2759: 2753: 2749: 2747: 2743: 2739: 2733: 2731: 2727: 2723: 2719: 2713: 2711: 2708: 2699: 2694: 2690: 2678: 2673: 2671: 2666: 2664: 2659: 2658: 2656: 2655: 2650: 2647: 2645: 2642: 2641: 2640: 2639: 2628: 2625: 2623: 2620: 2618: 2615: 2613: 2610: 2608: 2605: 2603: 2600: 2598: 2595: 2593: 2590: 2588: 2585: 2584: 2583: 2582: 2579: 2576: 2575: 2570: 2567: 2565: 2562: 2560: 2557: 2555: 2552: 2550: 2547: 2545: 2542: 2540: 2537: 2536: 2535: 2534: 2531: 2528: 2527: 2522: 2517: 2516: 2509: 2506: 2504: 2501: 2499: 2496: 2494: 2491: 2489: 2488:Judeo-Aramaic 2486: 2484: 2481: 2479: 2478:Judeo-Italian 2476: 2474: 2471: 2469: 2466: 2464: 2461: 2459: 2458:Ghardaïa Sign 2456: 2454: 2451: 2449: 2446: 2444: 2441: 2439: 2436: 2434: 2431: 2429: 2426: 2424: 2421: 2419: 2416: 2414: 2411: 2406: 2402: 2401: 2400: 2397: 2396: 2393: 2388: 2387: 2376: 2373: 2371: 2368: 2366: 2363: 2362: 2361: 2360: 2357: 2354: 2353: 2348: 2345: 2343: 2340: 2338: 2335: 2333: 2330: 2328: 2325: 2323: 2320: 2318: 2315: 2313: 2310: 2309: 2308: 2307: 2304: 2301: 2300: 2295: 2292: 2290: 2287: 2285: 2282: 2280: 2277: 2276: 2275: 2274: 2271: 2268: 2267: 2262: 2259: 2257: 2254: 2253: 2252: 2251: 2248: 2245: 2244: 2239: 2236: 2234: 2231: 2229: 2224: 2221: 2220: 2215: 2213: 2210: 2208: 2205: 2202: 2201: 2196: 2194: 2191: 2189: 2186: 2184: 2181: 2179: 2176: 2175: 2174: 2173: 2169: 2168: 2163: 2158: 2157: 2150: 2147: 2145: 2142: 2140: 2137: 2135: 2132: 2130: 2127: 2125: 2122: 2120: 2117: 2115: 2110: 2106: 2103: 2101: 2098: 2096: 2093: 2092: 2091: 2088: 2087: 2084: 2083:Denominations 2079: 2078: 2067: 2064: 2062: 2059: 2057: 2054: 2052: 2049: 2047: 2044: 2043: 2042: 2041: 2038: 2035: 2034: 2029: 2026: 2024: 2021: 2019: 2016: 2014: 2009: 2007: 2004: 2002: 1999: 1997: 1994: 1992: 1989: 1987: 1984: 1982: 1979: 1977: 1974: 1972: 1969: 1967: 1962: 1960: 1957: 1955: 1952: 1950: 1947: 1945: 1942: 1940: 1937: 1935: 1932: 1931: 1930: 1929: 1926: 1923: 1922: 1917: 1914: 1912: 1911:United States 1909: 1907: 1904: 1903: 1902: 1901: 1897: 1896: 1891: 1886: 1884: 1881: 1879: 1876: 1874: 1871: 1869: 1866: 1864: 1861: 1859: 1856: 1854: 1851: 1849: 1846: 1844: 1841: 1839: 1836: 1834: 1831: 1829: 1826: 1824: 1821: 1819: 1816: 1814: 1811: 1809: 1806: 1804: 1801: 1799: 1796: 1794: 1791: 1789: 1786: 1784: 1781: 1779: 1776: 1774: 1771: 1769: 1766: 1764: 1761: 1759: 1756: 1754: 1751: 1749: 1746: 1744: 1741: 1740: 1739: 1738: 1735: 1732: 1731: 1726: 1723: 1721: 1718: 1716: 1713: 1711: 1708: 1706: 1703: 1701: 1698: 1696: 1693: 1691: 1688: 1686: 1683: 1681: 1678: 1676: 1673: 1671: 1668: 1666: 1663: 1661: 1658: 1656: 1653: 1651: 1648: 1646: 1643: 1641: 1638: 1636: 1633: 1631: 1628: 1626: 1623: 1621: 1618: 1616: 1613: 1611: 1608: 1606: 1603: 1601: 1598: 1596: 1593: 1591: 1588: 1586: 1583: 1581: 1578: 1576: 1573: 1571: 1568: 1566: 1563: 1561: 1558: 1556: 1553: 1551: 1548: 1546: 1543: 1541: 1538: 1536: 1533: 1532: 1531: 1530: 1526: 1525: 1520: 1517: 1515: 1512: 1509: 1505: 1502: 1500: 1497: 1495: 1492: 1490: 1487: 1485: 1480: 1478: 1475: 1473: 1470: 1468: 1465: 1463: 1460: 1457: 1453: 1450: 1448: 1445: 1443: 1440: 1438: 1435: 1433: 1430: 1428: 1425: 1423: 1420: 1418: 1415: 1413: 1410: 1408: 1405: 1403: 1400: 1398: 1397:Guinea-Bissau 1395: 1393: 1390: 1388: 1385: 1383: 1380: 1378: 1375: 1373: 1370: 1368: 1365: 1363: 1360: 1358: 1355: 1353: 1350: 1348: 1345: 1343: 1340: 1338: 1335: 1333: 1330: 1328: 1325: 1323: 1320: 1318: 1315: 1313: 1310: 1309: 1308: 1307: 1304: 1301: 1300: 1295: 1292: 1290: 1287: 1285: 1282: 1281: 1280: 1279: 1276: 1273: 1272: 1267: 1264: 1262: 1259: 1257: 1254: 1252: 1251:Lists of Jews 1249: 1247: 1244: 1243: 1242: 1241: 1236: 1231: 1230: 1219: 1216: 1214: 1211: 1209: 1206: 1202: 1199: 1197: 1194: 1192: 1189: 1187: 1184: 1182: 1179: 1178: 1177: 1174: 1172: 1169: 1167: 1164: 1162: 1159: 1157: 1154: 1152: 1149: 1147: 1144: 1142: 1139: 1138: 1137: 1136: 1132: 1131: 1126: 1123: 1121: 1118: 1116: 1113: 1111: 1108: 1106: 1103: 1101: 1098: 1096: 1093: 1091: 1088: 1086: 1083: 1081: 1078: 1076: 1073: 1071: 1068: 1064: 1061: 1059: 1056: 1055: 1054: 1051: 1050: 1049: 1048: 1043: 1038: 1037: 1026: 1018: 1016: 1013: 1011: 1010:The Holocaust 1008: 1006: 1003: 1001: 998: 996: 993: 991: 988: 986: 983: 981: 978: 976: 973: 972: 971: 970: 966: 965: 960: 957: 955: 952: 950: 947: 945: 937: 935: 930: 926: 920: 915: 913: 910: 908: 905: 904: 903: 902: 898: 895: 894: 887: 881: 875: 870: 867: 863: 857: 854: 850: 846: 842: 838: 834: 829: 826: 824: 821: 819: 814: 812: 809: 807: 804: 803: 802: 801: 798: 795: 794: 789: 784: 782: 777: 773: 769: 766: 761: 756: 752: 748: 745: 739: 736: 734: 731: 729: 724: 722: 719: 718: 717: 716: 713: 710: 709: 704: 701: 699: 696: 694: 691: 689: 686: 684: 681: 679: 676: 674: 671: 669: 666: 664: 661: 660: 659: 658: 654: 653: 648: 643: 642: 631: 628: 625: 624: 619: 617: 614: 612: 611:Mishneh Torah 609: 607: 604: 602: 599: 598: 597: 596: 591: 588: 586: 583: 582: 581: 580: 577: 574: 573: 568: 565: 563: 560: 559: 558: 557: 554: 551: 550: 545: 542: 540: 537: 535: 532: 531: 530: 529: 526: 523: 522: 517: 512: 511: 504: 501: 499: 496: 494: 491: 489: 486: 484: 481: 479: 476: 474: 471: 469: 466: 464: 461: 459: 456: 454: 449: 447: 444: 442: 437: 435: 432: 430: 427: 425: 422: 420: 417: 415: 412: 409: 405: 402: 400: 397: 394: 390: 387: 386: 383: 378: 377: 372: 371:Who is a Jew? 369: 367: 364: 363: 362: 361: 358: 354: 351: 350: 346: 342: 341: 333: 331: 327: 326:Israel Bartal 324:According to 322: 320: 319:Law of Return 315: 311: 306: 304: 301:according to 300: 296: 292: 288: 284: 280: 276: 271: 265: 256: 251: 245: 236: 232: 225: 221: 217: 212: 205: 201: 197: 193: 182: 177: 175: 170: 168: 163: 162: 160: 159: 154: 151: 149: 146: 144: 141: 139: 136: 134: 133:Shavei Israel 131: 129: 126: 124: 121: 119: 116: 114: 111: 109: 106: 105: 104: 103: 99: 98: 93: 90: 88: 85: 81: 76: 72: 70: 67: 65: 62: 60: 57: 56: 55: 54: 50: 49: 46: 43: 42: 38: 34: 33: 30: 19: 7600: 7593: 7579: 7502: 7495: 7483: 7466: 7449: 7283:perspectives 7117:Samaritanism 7078:Neo-Hasidism 7058:Conservative 6972:Names of God 6939: 6881: 6862: 6672:Judaeo-Greek 6667:Judeo-Gascon 6606:Lishán Didán 6601:Lishana Deni 6569:Judeo-Yemeni 6537:Judeo-Arabic 6411:Meshuchrarim 6330:Persian Jews 6263:Kurdish Jews 6241:Kaifeng Jews 6190:Beta Abraham 6153:Galitzianers 6108:Antisemitism 6083:Israeli Jews 6068:Assimilation 5881: 5866: 5859: 5852: 5845: 5838: 5829: 5821: 5814: 5807: 5799: 5791: 5775: 5750:. Retrieved 5741: 5734: 5730: 5722:the original 5711: 5699:. Retrieved 5697:. Ukdp.co.uk 5689: 5680: 5670: 5652: 5640:. Retrieved 5636: 5626: 5614:. Retrieved 5604: 5594:25 September 5592:. Retrieved 5588:the original 5578: 5568:25 September 5566:. Retrieved 5562:the original 5552: 5542:25 September 5540:. Retrieved 5536:the original 5526: 5516:25 September 5514:. Retrieved 5507:the original 5494: 5484:25 September 5482:. Retrieved 5472: 5452: 5445: 5433:. Retrieved 5423: 5411: 5403: 5396: 5376: 5369: 5354: 5345: 5334: 5325: 5313:. Retrieved 5302: 5290:. Retrieved 5286:the original 5276: 5266:24 September 5264:. Retrieved 5260:the original 5249: 5239:25 September 5237:. Retrieved 5230:the original 5216: 5205: 5181: 5172: 5155: 5151: 5139:. Retrieved 5117:the original 5107: 5098: 5089: 5080: 5062: 5053: 5047: 5035:. Retrieved 5030: 5021: 5009:. Retrieved 5004: 4995: 4983:. Retrieved 4979:the original 4972: 4963: 4955: 4939: 4930: 4921: 4909:. Retrieved 4899: 4887:. Retrieved 4877: 4865:. Retrieved 4855: 4841: 4829:. Retrieved 4825:"Conversion" 4819: 4807: 4799: 4794: 4786: 4781: 4769:. Retrieved 4759: 4747:. Retrieved 4743: 4733: 4724: 4696: 4684:. Retrieved 4680:the original 4670: 4658:. Retrieved 4654:the original 4644: 4627: 4618: 4608: 4596:. Retrieved 4592:the original 4582: 4570:. Retrieved 4566: 4542:. Retrieved 4538:the original 4533: 4524: 4512:. Retrieved 4508:the original 4498: 4486:. Retrieved 4482: 4472: 4460:. Retrieved 4456:the original 4451: 4427:. Retrieved 4423:the original 4413: 4401:. Retrieved 4399:. 7for70.com 4391: 4379:. Retrieved 4372:the original 4359: 4350: 4338:. Retrieved 4328: 4319: 4312:. Retrieved 4308:the original 4290: 4278:. Retrieved 4274:the original 4264: 4252:. Retrieved 4242: 4230:. Retrieved 4226: 4216: 4204:. Retrieved 4199: 4160: 4153: 4092: 4088:Iberoamerica 4073: 4062: 4055: 4042: 4029: 4025: 4016: 4013:Ruth 4:13–22 3942: 3927: 3910:Conservative 3895: 3888: 3877: 3868: 3862: 3859:Consequences 3853: 3843: 3837: 3829: 3816: 3808: 3799: 3795: 3786: 3773: 3763: 3760: 3754: 3752: 3743: 3732: 3729:Rosh Yeshiva 3728: 3722: 3707: 3702: 3694: 3691: 3670: 3659: 3653: 3645: 3639: 3624: 3609: 3604: 3599:, including 3586: 3566:Ruth 1:16–17 3556: 3539:through the 3532: 3530: 3521:Ovadia Yosef 3506: 3493: 3485: 3461: 3456: 3438: 3425: 3416: 3412: 3405: 3400: 3390: 3376: 3373: 3363: 3360:circumcision 3355: 3353: 3349: 3339: 3337: 3333:commentators 3324: 3322: 3305: 3299: 3290: 3284: 3281:Circumcision 3269: 3264:to Judaism ( 3251: 3248:Requirements 3233: 3225:Law of Moses 3210: 3205: 3194: 3167: 3146: 3128: 3126: 3105:circumcision 3099: 3083: 3076: 3065: 3063:as binding. 3057: 3053: 3048: 3044: 3020: 3018: 3014:Haim Amsalem 3007: 3003:Shtar geirut 3002: 2999: 2986: 2980: 2978: 2972: 2967:In Judaism, 2966: 2946:Book of Ruth 2933: 2927: 2911: 2904: 2892: 2880: 2874: 2864: 2860: 2842: 2838: 2834: 2828: 2823: 2815: 2807: 2799: 2776: 2762: 2755: 2751: 2737: 2735: 2729: 2725: 2717: 2715: 2709: 2707:Hebrew Bible 2688: 2686: 2627:Post-Zionism 2498:Judeo-Berber 2493:Judeo-Arabic 2453:Judeo-Gascon 2225: 2200:Pidyon haben 2119:Conservative 1665:Saudi Arabia 1483:South Africa 1472:Sierra Leone 1294:Israeli Jews 1208:Mosaic Arabs 1161:Kaifeng Jews 1022:Arab–Israeli 995:Emancipation 874:Great Revolt 683:Anti-Judaism 678:Antisemitism 673:Name "Judea" 468:Baal teshuva 323: 307: 295:denomination 230: 229: 222:ascribed to 153:Zera Yisrael 87:Baal teshuva 29: 7525:Catholicism 7107:Hellenistic 6945:Eschatology 6883:Lachoudisch 6808:Lotegorisch 6786:Lachoudisch 6776:Koiné Greek 6689:Judeo-Latin 6626:Palestinian 6520:Palestinian 6369:Mustaʿravim 6295:Afghan Jews 6283:Berber Jews 6207:Bene Israel 6195:Falash Mura 6185:Beta Israel 6103:Persecution 6045:Middle Ages 5846:Jewish Week 5311:. Jpost.com 5137:. Jpost.com 4462:21 November 4381:6 September 4232:18 November 4206:18 November 4124:Machon Meir 4052:Bnei Anusim 4003:. In fact, 3965:Rabbi Akiva 3934:Syrian Jews 3916:(CCAR) and 3780:Norman Lamm 3710:Norman Lamm 3496:August 2016 3298:Immersion ( 3217:King Izates 3023:rules than 2893:Isurei Biah 2881:Isurei Biah 2758:Esther 8:17 2716:The Hebrew 2622:Revisionist 2612:Neo-Zionism 2219:Zeved habat 2012:Puerto Rico 1838:Netherlands 1670:South Korea 1655:Philippines 1535:Afghanistan 1402:Ivory Coast 1176:Crypto-Jews 1141:Bnei Anusim 1120:Bene Israel 1085:Beta Israel 1042:Communities 949:Middle Ages 688:Persecution 463:Bereavement 336:Terminology 198:entreating 138:Judaization 51:Core topics 7625:Categories 7520:Anabaptism 7462:Jew (word) 7329:Leadership 7142:Literature 7127:Secularism 7073:Humanistic 6940:Conversion 6910:Philosophy 6751:Judeo-Urdu 6515:Babylonian 6360:Saada Jews 6345:Adeni Jews 6138:Ashkenazim 6093:Samaritans 6060:Population 6015:Israelites 4686:4 November 4488:8 December 4334:"Stranger" 4314:22 October 4145:References 4005:King David 3961:Rabbi Meir 3340:Shtar Giur 3329:Jewish law 3286:Brit milah 3262:conversion 3159:Hillelites 3155:Shammaites 3117:Christians 3045:brit milah 2877:Maimonides 2865:ger tzedek 2844:ger toshav 2839:ger tzedek 2769:Septuagint 2607:Maximalism 2559:Secularism 2539:Autonomism 2356:Literature 2149:Humanistic 1753:Azerbaijan 1715:Uzbekistan 1690:Tajikistan 1610:Kyrgyzstan 1595:Kazakhstan 1442:Mozambique 1417:Madagascar 1337:Cape Verde 1289:New Yishuv 1284:Old Yishuv 1235:Population 1213:Subbotniks 1171:Samaritans 1110:Romanyotim 1053:Ashkenazim 1000:Old Yishuv 980:Sabbateans 967:Modern era 959:Golden Age 886:Bar Kokhba 606:Beit Yosef 473:Philosophy 314:Subbotniks 287:conversion 277:adopt the 216:Pentateuch 7582:indicate 7530:Mormonism 7515:Christian 7395:Symbolism 7383:Synagogue 7363:Mythology 7324:Education 7295:Astronomy 7278:Astrology 7095:relations 6900:Zarphatic 6848:Galitzish 6650:Yeshivish 6527:Catalanic 6490:Samaritan 6465:Ashkenazi 6446:Diasporic 6441:Languages 6386:Sephardim 6381:Romaniote 6268:Krymchaks 6202:Desi Jews 6078:Buddhists 4985:20 August 4749:2 October 4017:Yisraelim 3891:afterlife 3623:, of the 2906:batei din 2814:the term 2791:, plural 2765:proselyte 2746:Lev 19:34 2722:Israelite 2687:The word 2617:Religious 2473:Zarphatic 2463:Bukharian 2433:Judeo-Tat 2418:Yeshivish 2392:Languages 2347:Sephardic 2337:Israelite 2327:Ethiopian 2317:Ashkenazi 2256:Religious 2046:Australia 2028:Venezuela 1934:Argentina 1916:Greenland 1828:Lithuania 1680:Sri Lanka 1675:Singapore 1600:Kurdistan 1565:Indonesia 1555:Hong Kong 1508:Abayudaya 1432:Mauritius 1166:Igbo Jews 1156:Krymchaks 1075:Sephardim 943:relations 837:Sadducees 833:Pharisees 823:Sanhedrin 738:Jerusalem 498:Synagogue 366:Etymology 264:romanized 244:romanized 7595:Category 7565:Hinduism 7555:Buddhism 7457:Genetics 7373:Politics 7346:Marriage 7305:Holidays 7300:Calendar 7181:Rabbinic 7157:/Hebrew 7102:Haymanot 7029:Orthodox 7016:Branches 6989:Kabbalah 6984:Haskalah 6962:Holiness 6838:dialects 6818:Shassagh 6781:Krymchak 6761:Kayliñña 6655:Yinglish 6631:Galilean 6621:Talmudic 6616:Biblical 6591:Betanure 6510:Biblical 6505:Mishnaic 6500:Medieval 6485:Tiberian 6480:Yemenite 6470:Sephardi 6406:Paradesi 6350:Ḥabbanim 6340:Teimanim 6305:Baghdadi 6278:Maghrebi 6246:Karaites 6224:Gruzínim 6212:Kochinim 6130:Diaspora 6088:Karaites 6073:Atheists 6010:Timeline 5660:Archived 5336:Ha'aretz 5031:Ynetnews 5005:Ynetnews 4952:Archived 4727:. Brill. 4704:Archived 4098:See also 4021:Sephardi 3985:Zipporah 3975:(son of 3945:Orthodox 3906:Orthodox 3900:nor the 3764:mamzerut 3755:beth din 3744:beth din 3703:beth din 3687:Beit Din 3664:— 3650:mechitza 3421:Beth Din 3370:Maturity 3325:halakhic 3271:beth din 3221:Adiabene 3207:Josephus 3157:and the 3090:adoption 3041:beit din 3021:halakhic 2987:beth din 2918:Brooklyn 2871:Overview 2853:idolatry 2742:biblical 2644:Category 2602:Kahanism 2549:Feminism 2521:Politics 2405:Biblical 2375:American 2322:Bukharan 2312:American 2212:Shidduch 2188:Clothing 2144:Haymanot 2090:Orthodox 2018:Suriname 2001:Paraguay 1954:Colombia 1853:Portugal 1763:Bulgaria 1700:Thailand 1650:Pakistan 1630:Mongolia 1625:Malaysia 1545:Cambodia 1519:Zimbabwe 1494:Tanzania 1372:Eswatini 1362:Ethiopia 1352:Djibouti 1332:Cameroon 1327:Botswana 1256:Diaspora 1218:Noahides 1191:Marranos 1115:Cochinim 1100:Bukharim 1090:Gruzinim 1080:Teimanim 1070:Mizrahim 1058:Galician 1024:conflict 985:Hasidism 975:Haskalah 880:Diaspora 751:timeline 663:Timeline 576:Rabbinic 483:Kabbalah 458:Marriage 434:Tzedakah 424:Holidays 382:Religion 345:a series 343:Part of 275:non-Jews 239:גִּיּוּר 37:a series 35:Part of 7580:Italics 7405:Studies 7351:Divorce 7317:Kashrut 7312:Cuisine 7270:Culture 7201:Midrash 7196:Tosefta 7186:Mishnah 7174:Ketuvim 7169:Nevi'im 7132:Schisms 7122:Science 7112:Karaite 7083:Renewal 7044:Litvaks 7039:Hasidic 6994:Sefirot 6979:Halakha 6950:Messiah 6923:Mitzvah 6918:Beliefs 6872:Western 6858:Poylish 6853:Litvish 6843:Eastern 6833:Yiddish 6828:Shuadit 6813:Qwareña 6801:Tetuani 6796:Haketia 6771:Knaanic 6766:Kivruli 6714:Bukhori 6660:Heblish 6596:Hulaulá 6586:Barzani 6542:Yahudic 6475:Mizrahi 6335:Urfalim 6290:Mizrahi 6234:Neofiti 6229:Italkim 6158:Lita'im 6050:Zionism 6002:History 5976:Judaism 5778:(1996, 5752:18 June 5747:"Index" 5701:21 July 5642:1 April 5616:21 July 5435:21 July 5315:21 July 5292:21 July 5141:19 July 5037:21 July 5011:21 July 4911:7 April 4889:21 July 4867:21 July 4831:21 July 4771:21 July 4660:21 July 4598:21 July 4572:8 March 4544:8 March 4514:21 July 4429:21 July 4403:21 July 4340:21 July 4304:Haaretz 4280:21 July 4254:21 July 4227:Haaretz 3969:Asenath 3949:Halakha 3646:semicha 3552:‎ 3486:updated 3453:t'vilah 3301:tevilah 3266:Keritot 3254:Amoraim 3190:Midrash 3182:Midrash 3174:Sabbath 3170:Midrash 3139:Zealots 3135:Mishnah 3072:Bet Din 3061:halakha 2901:Solomon 2889:Solomon 2829:In the 2808:giyoret 2587:General 2578:Zionism 2554:Leftism 2544:Bundism 2468:Knaanic 2428:Yevanic 2413:Yiddish 2370:Yiddish 2365:Israeli 2342:Mizrahi 2332:Israeli 2303:Cuisine 2279:Ancient 2261:Secular 2207:Kashrut 2183:Wedding 2170:Customs 2162:Culture 2139:Science 2134:Renewal 2124:Karaite 2105:Hasidic 2037:Oceania 2023:Uruguay 1991:Jamaica 1971:Ecuador 1939:Bolivia 1883:Ukraine 1858:Romania 1833:Moldova 1813:Hungary 1803:Germany 1798:Georgia 1788:Finland 1783:Estonia 1778:Denmark 1773:Czechia 1758:Belarus 1748:Austria 1743:Armenia 1720:Vietnam 1635:Myanmar 1620:Lebanon 1540:Bahrain 1499:Tunisia 1477:Somalia 1452:Nigeria 1447:Namibia 1437:Morocco 1367:Eritrea 1312:Algeria 1196:Neofiti 1105:Italkim 1095:Juhurim 1005:Zionism 954:Khazars 849:Sicarii 845:Zealots 841:Essenes 828:Schisms 693:Leaders 655:General 647:History 590:Tosefta 585:Midrash 562:Mishnah 544:Ketuvim 539:Nevi'im 488:Customs 419:Shabbat 414:Halakha 406: ( 404:Mitzvot 391: ( 357:Judaism 266:: 259:גֵּרוּת 246:: 224:Onkelos 7388:Hazzan 7378:Prayer 7255:Siddur 7191:Talmud 7155:Tanakh 7090:Neolog 7063:Reform 7051:Modern 7034:Haredi 6957:Ethics 6823:Shassi 6791:Ladino 6756:Karaim 6739:Juhuri 6581:Targum 6495:Signed 6460:Modern 6455:Hebrew 6423:Xuetes 6219:Dönmeh 6178:Yekkes 5888: 5873: 5855:, 1954 5782: 5770:Rabbi 5460: 5384: 4635: 4168: 4114:Kuzari 4084:Iberia 4069:Anusim 4065:Hebrew 4032:Talmud 3999:, and 3973:Joseph 3957:mamzer 3878:mikveh 3869:mikveh 3844:mikveh 3733:aliyah 3695:mikveh 3642:Denver 3617:haredi 3509:Badatz 3417:mikveh 3356:mikveh 3313:korban 3306:mikveh 3258:Talmud 3147:mikveh 3111:. The 3037:mikvah 3029:Reform 2982:mikveh 2938:Talmud 2885:Samson 2863:means 2831:Talmud 2793:Hebrew 2785:Hebrew 2773:Hebrew 2693:Hebrew 2649:Portal 2508:Domari 2438:Shassi 2399:Hebrew 2294:Humour 2238:Hiloni 2233:Aliyah 2193:Niddah 2178:Minyan 2113:Reform 2100:Haredi 2095:Modern 1996:Mexico 1981:Guyana 1944:Brazil 1906:Canada 1878:Sweden 1868:Serbia 1863:Russia 1848:Poland 1843:Norway 1823:Latvia 1808:Greece 1793:France 1768:Cyprus 1734:Europe 1705:Turkey 1695:Taiwan 1605:Kuwait 1590:Jordan 1580:Israel 1514:Zambia 1504:Uganda 1422:Malawi 1392:Guinea 1382:Gambia 1317:Angola 1303:Africa 1186:Dönmeh 1181:Anusim 1125:Berber 1063:Litvak 1015:Israel 921: 858: 772:Second 740: 601:Targum 567:Gemara 553:Talmud 525:Tanakh 478:Ethics 429:Prayer 310:Russia 255:Hebrew 235:Hebrew 220:Targum 7560:Islam 7368:Names 7358:Music 7339:Rebbe 7334:Rabbi 7288:Monen 7243:Zohar 7164:Torah 7159:Bible 6273:Lemba 6148:Chuts 5510:(PDF) 5503:(PDF) 5233:(PDF) 5226:(PDF) 4375:(PDF) 4368:(PDF) 3993:Rahab 3981:Hagar 3977:Jacob 3953:kohen 3938:Druze 3449:milah 2973:gerut 2954:Naomi 2934:gerut 2897:David 2855:. In 2802:gerim 2775:word 2698:lagur 2695:verb 2597:Labor 2592:Green 2289:Dance 2247:Music 2066:Palau 1986:Haiti 1949:Chile 1873:Spain 1818:Italy 1725:Yemen 1685:Syria 1660:Qatar 1640:Nepal 1585:Japan 1560:India 1550:China 1489:Sudan 1412:Libya 1407:Kenya 1387:Ghana 1377:Gabon 1357:Egypt 1342:Benin 1201:Xueta 1146:Lemba 765:First 630:Zohar 534:Torah 516:Texts 503:Rabbi 493:Rites 393:names 270:gerut 250:giyur 204:Orpah 196:Naomi 5974:and 5972:Jews 5886:ISBN 5871:ISBN 5780:ISBN 5754:2009 5703:2012 5644:2010 5618:2012 5596:2008 5570:2008 5544:2008 5518:2008 5486:2008 5458:ISBN 5437:2012 5382:ISBN 5317:2012 5294:2012 5268:2011 5241:2008 5143:2015 5039:2012 5013:2012 4987:2019 4913:2015 4891:2012 4869:2012 4833:2012 4773:2012 4751:2013 4688:2014 4662:2012 4633:ISBN 4600:2012 4574:2018 4546:2018 4516:2012 4490:2015 4464:2011 4431:2012 4405:2012 4383:2010 4342:2012 4316:2009 4282:2012 4256:2012 4234:2016 4208:2016 4166:ISBN 4063:The 4009:Ruth 4001:Jael 3997:Ruth 3908:and 3742:the 3451:and 3252:The 3031:and 3012:and 2960:and 2950:Ruth 2928:For 2899:and 2887:and 2797:גרים 2703:לגור 2056:Guam 2051:Fiji 2006:Peru 1959:Cuba 1645:Oman 1615:Laos 1575:Iraq 1570:Iran 1527:Asia 1456:Igbo 1427:Mali 446:Brit 355:and 353:Jews 312:the 202:and 200:Ruth 6967:God 5356:JTA 4200:BBC 3930:Jew 3640:In 3561:ORD 3289:or 3232:in 3219:of 3209:in 3199:by 3180:" ( 3051:). 2861:ger 2835:ger 2824:ger 2818:ger 2779:ger 2760:). 2738:ger 2730:ger 2726:ger 2718:ger 2710:ger 2689:ger 2270:Art 616:Tur 408:613 253:or 7627:: 5774:, 5679:. 5635:. 5353:. 5333:. 5204:. 5192:^ 5163:^ 5125:^ 5097:. 5071:^ 5029:. 5003:. 4971:. 4929:. 4742:. 4715:^ 4617:. 4565:. 4554:^ 4532:. 4481:. 4450:. 4439:^ 4318:. 4302:. 4225:. 4198:. 4181:^ 3995:, 3987:, 3983:, 3766:. 3411:, 3335:. 3273:(a 3016:. 2964:. 2903:, 2867:. 2833:, 2826:. 2795:: 2789:גר 2787:: 2748:: 883:, 877:, 847:, 843:, 839:, 835:, 347:on 305:. 261:, 257:: 241:, 237:: 39:on 6448:) 6444:( 5964:e 5957:t 5950:v 5894:. 5756:. 5705:. 5683:. 5646:. 5620:. 5598:. 5572:. 5546:. 5520:. 5488:. 5466:. 5439:. 5390:. 5363:. 5339:. 5319:. 5296:. 5270:. 5243:. 5210:. 5145:. 5101:. 5041:. 5015:. 4989:. 4933:. 4915:. 4893:. 4871:. 4849:. 4835:. 4775:. 4753:. 4690:. 4664:. 4621:. 4602:. 4576:. 4548:. 4518:. 4492:. 4466:. 4433:. 4407:. 4385:. 4344:. 4284:. 4258:. 4236:. 4210:. 4174:. 3790:' 3559:L 3498:) 3494:( 3488:. 3283:( 2879:( 2783:( 2701:( 2676:e 2669:t 2662:v 1510:) 1506:( 1458:) 1454:( 927:) 923:( 889:) 872:( 865:) 860:( 851:) 831:( 774:) 763:( 753:) 742:( 410:) 395:) 233:( 180:e 173:t 166:v 82:) 78:( 20:)

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.