44:
2132:; Cornelisen, Chris; Sutton, Philip; Garrett, Sally; Giorli, Giacomo; Smith, Robert O.; Currie, Kim I.; Suanda, Sutara H.; Williams, Michael; Bowen, Melissa; Fernandez, Denise; Vennell, Ross; Knight, Benjamin R.; Barter, Paul; McComb, Peter; Oliver, Megan; Livingston, Mary; Tellier, Pierre; Meissner, Anna; Brewer, Mike; Gall, Mark; Nodder, Scott D.; Decima, Moira; Souza, Joao; Forcén-Vazquez, Aitana; Gardiner, Sarah; Paul-Burke, Kura; Chiswell, Stephen; Roberts, Jim; Hayden, Barb; Biggs, Barry; Macdonald, Helen (26 March 2019).
1019:
2721:
3549:
977:
2728:
378:
4437:
3190:
4458:
991:
3538:
4447:
332:
1005:
2098:
Muelbert, JosĂ© H.; Acha, Marcelo; Mianzan, Hermes; Guerrero, RaĂşl; Reta, RaĂşl; Braga, Elisabete S.; Garcia, Virginia M.T.; Berasategui, Alejandro; Gomez-Erache, MĂłnica; RamĂrez, Fernando (July 2008). "Biological, physical and chemical properties at the
Subtropical Shelf Front Zone in the SW Atlantic
361:
The character of the shelf changes dramatically at the shelf break, where the continental slope begins. With a few exceptions, the shelf break is located at a remarkably uniform depth of roughly 140 m (460 ft); this is likely a hallmark of past ice ages, when sea level was lower than it is
734:
Sediments usually become increasingly fine with distance from the coast; sand is limited to shallow, wave-agitated waters, while silt and clays are deposited in quieter, deep water far offshore. These accumulate 15–40 centimetres (5.9–15.7 in) every millennium, much faster than deep-sea
402:
Continental shelves cover an area of about 27 million km (10 million sq mi), equal to about 7% of the surface area of the oceans. The width of the continental shelf varies considerably—it is not uncommon for an area to have virtually no shelf at all, particularly where the forward edge of an
770:
In temperate continental shelf seas, three distinctive oceanographic regimes are found, as a consequence of the interplay between surface heating, lateral buoyancy gradients (due to river inflow), and turbulent mixing by the tides and to a lesser extent the wind.
1911:
Guihou, K.; Polton, J.; Harle, J.; Wakelin, S.; O'Dea, E.; Holt, J. (January 2018). "Kilometric Scale
Modeling of the North West European Shelf Seas: Exploring the Spatial and Temporal Variability of Internal Tides: Modeling of the Atlantic European Shelf".
455:. The average width of continental shelves is about 80 km (50 mi). The depth of the shelf also varies, but is generally limited to water shallower than 100 m (330 ft). The slope of the shelf is usually quite low, on the order of 0.5°;
1432:
763:). These regions can often be biologically highly productive due to mixing caused by the shallower waters and the enhanced current speeds. Despite covering only about 8% of Earth's ocean surface area, shelf seas support 15–20% of global
950:(UNCLOS). The 1982 convention created the 200 nautical miles (370 km; 230 mi) exclusive economic zone, plus continental shelf rights for states with physical continental shelves that extend beyond that distance.
276:
from the continent above cascades down the slope and accumulates as a pile of sediment at the base of the slope. Extending as far as 500 km (310 mi) from the slope, it consists of thick sediments deposited by
927:
The continental shelf is the best understood part of the ocean floor, as it is relatively accessible. Most commercial exploitation of the sea, such as extraction of metallic ore, non-metallic ore, and
894:. The shelves make up less than 10% of the ocean, and a rough estimate suggests that only about 30% of the continental shelf sea floor receives enough sunlight to allow benthic photosynthesis.
1669:"Chemostratigraphy and Chemofacies of Source Rock Analogues: A High-Resolution Analysis of Black Shale Successions from the Lower Silurian Formigoso Formation (Cantabrian Mountains, NW Spain)"
1795:
Figueiredo, Alberto Garcia; Pacheco, Carlos
Eduardo Pereira; de Vasconcelos, SĂ©rgio Cadena; da Silva, Fabiano Tavares (2016). "Continental Shelf Geomorphology and Sedimentology".
2296:
Wellner, J.S.; Heroy, D.C.; Anderson, J.B. (April 2006). "The death mask of the antarctic ice sheet: Comparison of glacial geomorphic features across the continental shelf".
862:
There is evidence that changing wind, rainfall, and regional ocean currents in a warming ocean are having an effect on some shelf seas. Improved data collection via
782:
In contrast, in deeper water, the surface heating wins out in summer, to produce seasonal stratification with a warm surface layer overlying the isolated deep water.
2026:
Montero-Serra, Ignasi; Edwards, Martin; Genner, Martin J. (January 2015). "Warming shelf seas drive the subtropicalization of
European pelagic fish communities".
953:
The legal definition of a continental shelf differs significantly from the geological definition. UNCLOS states that the shelf extends to the limit of the
820:
are two of the better studied shelf seas, they are not necessarily representative of all shelf seas as there is a wide variety of behaviours to be found:
365:
The continental slope is much steeper than the shelf; the average angle is 3°, but it can be as low as 1° or as high as 10°. The slope is often cut with
1824:"Light availability in the coastal ocean: impact on the distribution of benthic photosynthetic organisms and their contribution to primary production"
4177:
775:
In shallower water with stronger tides and away from river mouths, tidal turbulence overcomes the stratifying influence of surface heating, and the
934:
Sovereign rights over their continental shelves down to a depth of 100 m (330 ft) or to a distance where the depth of waters admitted of
1754:
de Haas, Henk; van
Weering, Tjeerd C.E; de Stigter, Henko (March 2002). "Organic carbon in shelf seas: sinks or sources, processes and products".
4167:
3226:
947:
293:
796:
to shelf seas, Regions of
Freshwater Influence (ROFIs), is found where estuaries enter shelf seas, for example in the Liverpool Bay area of the
216:
2346:
2376:
2331:
874:
Continental shelves teem with life because of the sunlight available in shallow waters, in contrast to the biotic desert of the oceans'
965:, which have no actual continental shelf, nonetheless have a legal continental shelf, whereas uninhabitable islands have no shelf.
4083:
4498:
4450:
3498:
3266:
2269:
2180:
1894:
957:, but no less than 200 nmi (370 km; 230 mi) and no more than 350 nmi (650 km; 400 mi) from the
478:
coasts have wide and shallow shelves, made of thick sedimentary wedges derived from long erosion of a neighboring continent.
2341:
4518:
3730:
3219:
939:
747:"Shelf seas" are the ocean waters on the continental shelf. Their motion is controlled by the combined influences of the
17:
3620:
1722:
4325:
3752:
3640:
3072:
209:
4172:
3443:
1812:
1502:
1410:
935:
863:
787:(The well mixed and seasonally stratifying regimes are separated by persistent features called tidal mixing fronts.)
3630:
3590:
4360:
3346:
3077:
2369:
1524:
4523:
4440:
4033:
3212:
3170:
3062:
2720:
2016:
1072:
760:
2932:
2859:
2764:
2727:
202:
4508:
3488:
2349:
Accountability and the
Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf: Deciding Who Owns the Ocean Floor
943:
1668:
2789:
1822:
Gattuso, Jean-Pierre; Gentili, B.; Duarte, C. M.; Kleypas, J. A.; Middelburg, J. J.; Antoine, D. (2006).
1520:"Processes impacting on stratification in a region of freshwater influence: Application to Liverpool Bay"
723:; that is, those derived from erosion of the continents. However, little of the sediment is from current
3548:
4503:
3685:
3193:
2362:
1978:
Harris, P.T.; Macmillan-Lawler, M.; Rupp, J.; Baker, E.K. (June 2014). "Geomorphology of the oceans".
369:. The physical mechanisms involved in forming these canyons were not well understood until the 1960s.
4220:
3625:
3585:
2197:
Stevens, Craig L.; O’Callaghan, Joanne M.; Chiswell, Stephen M.; Hadfield, Mark G. (2 January 2021).
4493:
4488:
4350:
3725:
3715:
3655:
3291:
3261:
2877:
54:
1518:
Verspecht, F.; Rippeth, T. P.; Howarth, M. J.; Souza, A. J.; Simpson, J. H.; Burchard, H. (2009).
1433:
Philosophical
Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences
4513:
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4387:
4370:
4207:
3700:
3565:
3503:
3493:
3386:
2558:
2232:
Tyson, R. V.; Pearson, T. H. (1991). "Modern and ancient continental shelf anoxia: an overview".
1688:
1062:
1047:
112:
1783:
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3019:
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to the Asian mainland. Other familiar bodies of water that overlie continental shelves are the
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43:
4215:
4197:
3705:
3600:
3235:
3165:
1721:
Atkinson, Larry P.; Lee, Thomas N.; Blanton, Jackson O.; Chandler, William S. (30 May 1983).
4402:
4235:
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2902:
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1987:
1956:
1835:
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1734:
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720:
470:, it is not part of the deep ocean basin proper, but the flooded margins of the continent.
8:
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4282:
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4003:
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3635:
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3098:
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1823:
902:
479:
2309:
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2214:
2112:
2039:
1991:
1960:
1839:
1767:
1738:
1537:
1445:
731:, deposited during the last ice age, when sea level was 100–120 m lower than it is now.
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2012:
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922:
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170:
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1995:
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1999:
1884:
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126:
83:
78:
68:
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1149:
296:, the name continental shelf was given a legal definition as the stretch of the
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35:
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48:
Anatomy of a continental shelf of the south eastern coast of the United States
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63:
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2071:
Morley, Simon A.; Barnes, David K. A.; Dunn, Michael J. (17 January 2019).
2055:
1484:
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1321:
898:
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824:
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185:
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2406:
1969:
1944:
1925:
1545:
1427:
1057:
928:
910:
906:
891:
866:
in shelf sea regions is making identification of these changes possible.
836:
832:
436:
377:
88:
3204:
2011:(Fourth ed.). Alexandria, Virginia: American Geological Institute.
1934:
1723:"Climatology of the southeastern United States continental shelf waters"
1372:
456:
237:
that is submerged under an area of relatively shallow water, known as a
4225:
4073:
4048:
3943:
3923:
3850:
3835:
3820:
3810:
3775:
3695:
3515:
3510:
3473:
3468:
3463:
3361:
3103:
3039:
2999:
2917:
2842:
2633:
2491:
2160:
1794:
1636:
1519:
1197:
1191:
844:
483:
412:
382:
93:
4457:
2332:
Office of Naval
Research: Ocean Regions: Continental Margin & Rise
2047:
1600:
1486:
Introduction to the
Physical and Biological Oceanography of Shelf Seas
1394:
Introduction to the Physical and Biological Oceanography of Shelf Seas
4297:
4159:
4144:
4058:
3903:
3742:
3737:
3520:
3448:
3376:
3296:
3286:
3243:
3044:
3004:
2832:
2769:
2688:
2618:
2199:"Physical oceanography of New Zealand/Aotearoa shelf seas – a review"
1161:
840:
817:
813:
801:
797:
448:
242:
234:
175:
2354:
1552:
882:(water column) environment of the continental shelf constitutes the
331:
300:
adjacent to the shores of a particular country to which it belongs.
4392:
4114:
3973:
3865:
3855:
3800:
3276:
2972:
2967:
2794:
2709:
2568:
2393:
2336:
2127:
1618:
812:
tidal cycle due to a process known as "tidal straining". While the
273:
165:
2196:
1582:
308:
The shelf usually ends at a point of increasing slope (called the
289:
is intermediate between the gradients of the slope and the shelf.
4261:
4251:
3421:
3391:
3108:
2982:
2827:
2703:
2698:
2608:
2603:
2593:
2513:
2134:"Developing an Integrated Ocean Observing System for New Zealand"
1624:
1428:"Mixing in seasonally stratified shelf seas: A shifting paradigm"
856:
852:
793:
420:
268:, comprises a steep continental slope, surrounded by the flatter
73:
3968:
3381:
3133:
3128:
2663:
2643:
2598:
2583:
2441:
2073:"Predicting Which Species Succeed in Climate-Forced Polar Seas"
1977:
1330:
1173:
901:
conditions prevail during sedimentation, the deposits may over
828:
827:
shelf seas are dominated by major river systems, including the
440:
297:
250:
156:
1113:
4330:
4149:
3928:
3883:
3014:
2977:
2736:
2638:
2588:
2573:
2563:
2528:
2523:
2518:
2466:
2461:
2411:
724:
467:
416:
1753:
1588:
1517:
1378:
3762:
3148:
3138:
3113:
2623:
2553:
2501:
2496:
2097:
1821:
1642:
1203:
748:
435:
lies over another extensive area of continental shelf, the
431:—stretches to 1,500 kilometers (930 mi) in width. The
2025:
1720:
1606:
1167:
2628:
2431:
1910:
1648:
1558:
1348:
727:; some 60–70% of the sediment on the world's shelves is
1564:
804:. Here, stratification can vary on timescales from the
482:
have narrow, relatively steep shelves, due to frequent
385:
of the ocean floor showing the continental shelves and
1336:
1309:
1297:
1285:
1216:
1214:
1212:
459:
is also minimal, at less than 20 m (66 ft).
324:. The continental shelf and the slope are part of the
320:, which finally merges into the deep ocean floor, the
2203:
New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research
1945:"Modeling salinity distributions in the Indian Ocean"
1943:
Han, Weiqing; McCreary, Julian P. (15 January 2001).
2295:
1360:
1179:
972:
1782:
1273:
1250:
1238:
1226:
1209:
1119:
938:were claimed by the marine nations that signed the
839:are complicated because the submerged continent of
1101:
1089:
4178:North West Shelf Operational Oceanographic System
1666:
779:remains well mixed for the entire seasonal cycle.
241:. Much of these shelves were exposed by drops in
4475:
2234:Geological Society, London, Special Publications
2070:
1594:
946:in 1958. This was partly superseded by the 1982
4168:Deep-ocean Assessment and Reporting of Tsunamis
1482:
1390:
948:United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea
338:The shelf area is commonly subdivided into the
294:United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea
2268:
1701:
961:. Thus inhabited volcanic islands such as the
3220:
2370:
1483:Simpson, John H.; Sharples, Jonathan (2012).
1391:Simpson, John H.; Sharples, Jonathan (2012).
462:Though the continental shelf is treated as a
210:
2274:– Convention on the Continental Shelf, 1958"
2231:
1654:
372:
1942:
1570:
897:Though the shelves are usually fertile, if
3227:
3213:
2377:
2363:
1834:(4). European Geosciences Union: 489–513.
1667:Ferriday, Tim; Montenari, Michael (2016).
1379:de Haas, van Weering & de Stigter 2002
217:
203:
3234:
2222:
2175:. Boston: Jones & Bartlett Learning.
2159:
2149:
2088:
1968:
1933:
1857:
1847:
890:(sea floor) province of the shelf is the
843:creates wide plateaus. Shelf seas around
1607:Montero-Serra, Edwards & Genner 2015
931:, takes place on the continental shelf.
916:
376:
330:
312:). The sea floor below the break is the
264:, between the continental shelf and the
2006:
1949:Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans
1914:Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans
1727:Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans
1425:
1155:
1143:
1131:
719:The continental shelves are covered by
14:
4476:
3499:one-dimensional Saint-Venant equations
3208:
2384:
2358:
2168:
2128:O’Callaghan, Joanne; Stevens, Craig;
1882:
1630:
1366:
1354:
1342:
1315:
1303:
1291:
1279:
1256:
1244:
1232:
1220:
1107:
1095:
4446:
486:that move sediment to the deep sea.
1889:. Englewood Cliffs: Prentice-Hall.
940:Convention on the Continental Shelf
24:
4326:National Oceanographic Data Center
3753:World Ocean Circulation Experiment
3641:Global Ocean Data Analysis Project
3073:Integrated coastal zone management
1805:10.1016/B978-85-352-8444-7.50009-3
1180:Wellner, Heroy & Anderson 2006
864:Integrated Ocean Observing Systems
25:
4535:
4173:Global Sea Level Observing System
2325:
1886:Oceanography: A View of the Earth
1269:Continental shelf – Blue Habitats
490:Continental shelf widths (in km)
4456:
4445:
4436:
4435:
3631:Geochemical Ocean Sections Study
3547:
3536:
3189:
3188:
2726:
2719:
1017:
1003:
989:
975:
800:and Rhine Outflow region of the
575:Mediterranean Sea and Black Sea
42:
4361:Ocean thermal energy conversion
4084:Vine–Matthews–Morley hypothesis
2007:Jackson, Julia A., ed. (1997).
1660:
1525:Journal of Geophysical Research
1511:
1476:
1419:
1384:
1262:
761:Regions of Freshwater Influence
3171:Region of freshwater influence
2318:10.1016/j.geomorph.2005.05.015
1595:Morley, Barnes & Dunn 2019
1073:Region of freshwater influence
835:rivers. The shelf seas around
281:from the shelf and slope. The
13:
1:
4499:Coastal and oceanic landforms
2933:Large-scale coastal behaviour
2765:Beaches in estuaries and bays
2254:10.1144/GSL.SP.1991.058.01.01
2224:10.1080/00288330.2019.1588746
1776:10.1016/S0278-4343(01)00093-0
1714:
1673:Stratigraphy & Timescales
742:
303:
3621:El Niño–Southern Oscillation
3591:Craik–Leibovich vortex force
3347:Luke's variational principle
2000:10.1016/j.margeo.2014.01.011
1633:, pp. 316–317, 418–419.
944:International Law Commission
714:
27:Coastal and oceanic landform
7:
4519:Oceanographical terminology
2138:Frontiers in Marine Science
2077:Frontiers in Marine Science
1685:10.1016/bs.sats.2016.10.004
968:
808:tidal cycle through to the
792:A third regime which links
472:Passive continental margins
350:, each with their specific
249:. The shelf surrounding an
10:
4540:
3686:Ocean dynamical thermostat
3534:
2172:Invitation to Oceanography
2101:Continental Shelf Research
1756:Continental Shelf Research
920:
480:Active continental margins
4431:
4270:
4244:
4221:Ocean acoustic tomography
4206:
4158:
4097:
4034:Mohorovičić discontinuity
3992:
3864:
3761:
3626:General circulation model
3556:
3262:Benjamin–Feir instability
3242:
3184:
3086:
3053:
2858:
2818:
2735:
2717:
2392:
2121:10.1016/j.csr.2007.08.011
1797:Geology and Geomorphology
503:
500:
497:
494:
415:such as off the coast of
373:Geographical distribution
316:. Below the slope is the
4351:Ocean surface topography
3726:Thermohaline circulation
3716:Subsurface ocean current
3656:Hydrothermal circulation
3489:Wave–current interaction
3267:Boussinesq approximation
2878:Coastal biogeomorphology
2151:10.3389/fmars.2019.00143
2090:10.3389/fmars.2018.00507
1883:Gross, M. Grant (1972).
1655:Tyson & Pearson 1991
1495:10.1017/CBO9781139034098
1426:Rippeth, Tom P. (2005).
1403:10.1017/CBO9781139034098
1083:
869:
423:. The largest shelf—the
4388:Sea surface temperature
4371:Outline of oceanography
3566:Atmospheric circulation
3504:shallow water equations
3494:Waves and shallow water
3387:Significant wave height
2169:Pinet, Paul R. (2003).
1788:Encyclopædia Britannica
1784:"shelf break – geology"
1747:10.1029/JC088iC08p04705
1689:Elsevier Science Direct
1619:O’Callaghan et al. 2019
1571:Han & McCreary 2001
1158:, "Continental margin".
1120:Encyclopædia Britannica
1063:Outer Continental Shelf
1048:Exclusive economic zone
393:(yellow-green) and the
348:outer continental shelf
340:inner continental shelf
4383:Sea surface microlayer
3748:Wind generated current
2775:Coastal morphodynamics
1454:10.1098/rsta.2005.1662
1192:Figueiredo et al. 2016
1134:, "Continental slope".
1043:Continental shelf pump
847:and the shores of the
399:
335:
4524:Physical oceanography
4216:Deep scattering layer
4198:World Geodetic System
3706:Princeton Ocean Model
3586:Coriolis–Stokes force
3236:Physical oceanography
3166:Physical oceanography
2028:Global Change Biology
1849:10.5194/bg-3-489-2006
1146:, "Continental rise".
942:drawn up by the UN's
936:resource exploitation
917:Economic significance
721:terrigenous sediments
644:South Atlantic Ocean
598:North Atlantic Ocean
419:or the west coast of
380:
344:mid continental shelf
334:
4236:Underwater acoustics
3796:Perigean spring tide
3661:Langmuir circulation
3372:Rossby-gravity waves
2995:Submergent coastline
2948:Marine transgression
2903:Discordant coastline
2888:Concordant coastline
2342:GEBCO world map 2014
2337:UNEP Shelf Programme
2099:Continental Shelf".
1970:10.1029/2000JC000316
1926:10.1002/2017JC012960
1546:10.1029/2009jc005475
1204:Muelbert et al. 2008
1168:Atkinson et al. 1983
1053:International waters
765:primary productivity
667:South Pacific Ocean
621:North Pacific Ocean
474:such as most of the
4509:Continental shelves
4398:Science On a Sphere
4004:Convergent boundary
3676:Modular Ocean Model
3636:Geostrophic current
3352:Mild-slope equation
3099:Coastal engineering
2310:2006Geomo..75..157W
2246:1991GSLSP..58....1T
2215:2021NZJMF..55....6S
2113:2008CSR....28.1662M
2040:2015GCBio..21..144M
2009:Glossary of geology
1992:2014MGeol.352....4H
1961:2001JGR...106..859H
1840:2006BGeo....3..489G
1768:2002CSR....22..691D
1739:1983JGR....88.4705A
1702:United Nations 1958
1643:Gattuso et al. 2006
1583:Stevens et al. 2021
1538:2009JGRC..11411022V
1446:2005RSPTA.363.2837R
1440:(1837): 2837–2854.
1357:, pp. 121–122.
751:, wind-forcing and
491:
18:Continental shelves
4054:Seafloor spreading
4044:Outer trench swell
4009:Divergent boundary
3909:Continental margin
3894:Carbonate platform
3791:Lunitidal interval
3068:Coastal management
2908:Emergent coastline
2579:Intertidal wetland
2482:Continental margin
1859:20.500.11937/23744
1559:Guihou et al. 2018
1331:Harris et al. 2014
1078:Territorial waters
1038:Continental island
983:Environment portal
955:continental margin
851:are influenced by
489:
400:
336:
326:continental margin
279:turbidity currents
262:continental margin
233:is a portion of a
171:Hydrothermal vents
122:Surface microlayer
4504:Coastal geography
4471:
4470:
4463:Oceans portal
4423:World Ocean Atlas
4413:Underwater glider
4356:Ocean temperature
4019:Hydrothermal vent
3984:Submarine volcano
3919:Continental shelf
3899:Coastal geography
3889:Bathymetric chart
3771:Amphidromic point
3459:Wave nonlinearity
3317:Infragravity wave
3202:
3201:
3030:Wave-cut platform
2943:Marine regression
2487:Continental shelf
2477:Coastal waterfall
2386:Coastal geography
2182:978-0-7637-2136-7
2107:(13): 1662–1673.
2048:10.1111/gcb.12747
1896:978-0-13-629659-1
1733:(C8): 4705–4718.
1345:, pp. 84–85.
1318:, pp. 90–93.
1306:, pp. 35–36.
1294:, pp. 36–37.
923:Offshore drilling
737:pelagic sediments
712:
711:
409:continental crust
367:submarine canyons
314:continental slope
231:continental shelf
227:
226:
99:Continental shelf
16:(Redirected from
4531:
4461:
4460:
4449:
4448:
4439:
4438:
4378:Pelagic sediment
4316:Marine pollution
4110:Deep ocean water
3979:Submarine canyon
3914:Continental rise
3806:Rule of twelfths
3721:Sverdrup balance
3651:Humboldt Current
3576:Boundary current
3551:
3540:
3357:Radiation stress
3327:Iribarren number
3302:Equatorial waves
3257:Ballantine scale
3252:Airy wave theory
3229:
3222:
3215:
3206:
3205:
3192:
3191:
2953:Raised shoreline
2928:Ingression coast
2923:Graded shoreline
2898:Cuspate foreland
2730:
2723:
2674:Submarine canyon
2534:Freshwater marsh
2379:
2372:
2365:
2356:
2355:
2321:
2304:(1–2): 157–171.
2292:
2290:
2288:
2278:
2265:
2228:
2226:
2193:
2191:
2189:
2165:
2163:
2153:
2130:Roughan, Moninya
2124:
2094:
2092:
2067:
2022:
2003:
1974:
1972:
1939:
1937:
1907:
1905:
1903:
1879:
1877:
1875:
1861:
1851:
1818:
1791:
1779:
1750:
1709:
1699:
1693:
1692:
1664:
1658:
1652:
1646:
1640:
1634:
1628:
1622:
1616:
1610:
1604:
1598:
1592:
1586:
1580:
1574:
1568:
1562:
1556:
1550:
1549:
1515:
1509:
1508:
1480:
1474:
1473:
1423:
1417:
1416:
1388:
1382:
1376:
1370:
1364:
1358:
1352:
1346:
1340:
1334:
1328:
1319:
1313:
1307:
1301:
1295:
1289:
1283:
1277:
1271:
1266:
1260:
1254:
1248:
1242:
1236:
1230:
1224:
1218:
1207:
1201:
1195:
1189:
1183:
1177:
1171:
1165:
1159:
1153:
1147:
1141:
1135:
1129:
1123:
1117:
1111:
1105:
1099:
1093:
1027:
1022:
1021:
1013:
1011:Geography portal
1008:
1007:
1006:
999:
994:
993:
992:
985:
980:
979:
892:sublittoral zone
492:
488:
466:province of the
397:(blue to purple)
391:mid-ocean ridges
387:oceanic plateaus
318:continental rise
283:continental rise
270:continental rise
219:
212:
205:
84:Seagrass meadows
79:Mangrove forests
55:Coastal habitats
46:
32:
31:
21:
4539:
4538:
4534:
4533:
4532:
4530:
4529:
4528:
4494:Bodies of water
4489:Aquatic ecology
4474:
4473:
4472:
4467:
4455:
4427:
4266:
4240:
4202:
4183:Sea-level curve
4154:
4093:
4079:Transform fault
4029:Mid-ocean ridge
3995:
3988:
3954:Oceanic plateau
3860:
3846:Tidal resonance
3816:Theory of tides
3757:
3666:Longshore drift
3616:Ekman transport
3552:
3546:
3545:
3544:
3543:
3542:
3541:
3532:
3484:Wave turbulence
3417:Trochoidal wave
3342:Longshore drift
3238:
3233:
3203:
3198:
3180:
3156:Intertidal zone
3082:
3049:
2938:Longshore drift
2883:Coastal erosion
2854:
2814:
2750:Beach evolution
2731:
2725:
2724:
2715:
2402:Anchialine pool
2388:
2383:
2328:
2286:
2284:
2283:. 29 April 1958
2276:
2187:
2185:
2183:
2019:
1955:(C1): 859–877.
1901:
1899:
1897:
1873:
1871:
1815:
1717:
1712:
1700:
1696:
1665:
1661:
1653:
1649:
1641:
1637:
1629:
1625:
1617:
1613:
1605:
1601:
1593:
1589:
1581:
1577:
1569:
1565:
1557:
1553:
1516:
1512:
1505:
1481:
1477:
1424:
1420:
1413:
1389:
1385:
1377:
1373:
1365:
1361:
1353:
1349:
1341:
1337:
1329:
1322:
1314:
1310:
1302:
1298:
1290:
1286:
1278:
1274:
1267:
1263:
1255:
1251:
1243:
1239:
1231:
1227:
1219:
1210:
1202:
1198:
1190:
1186:
1178:
1174:
1166:
1162:
1154:
1150:
1142:
1138:
1130:
1126:
1118:
1114:
1106:
1102:
1094:
1090:
1086:
1023:
1016:
1009:
1004:
1002:
995:
990:
988:
981:
974:
971:
925:
919:
872:
855:production and
745:
729:relict sediment
717:
501:Passive Margin
457:vertical relief
443:, Sumatra, and
433:South China Sea
413:subduction zone
411:in an offshore
398:
375:
306:
253:is known as an
247:glacial periods
223:
191:Marine sediment
127:Epipelagic zone
69:Intertidal zone
49:
36:Marine habitats
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4537:
4527:
4526:
4521:
4516:
4514:Law of the sea
4511:
4506:
4501:
4496:
4491:
4486:
4484:Aquatic biomes
4469:
4468:
4466:
4465:
4453:
4443:
4432:
4429:
4428:
4426:
4425:
4420:
4415:
4410:
4405:
4403:Stratification
4400:
4395:
4390:
4385:
4380:
4375:
4374:
4373:
4363:
4358:
4353:
4348:
4343:
4338:
4333:
4328:
4323:
4318:
4313:
4308:
4303:
4295:
4293:Color of water
4290:
4288:Benthic lander
4285:
4280:
4274:
4272:
4268:
4267:
4265:
4264:
4259:
4254:
4248:
4246:
4242:
4241:
4239:
4238:
4233:
4228:
4223:
4218:
4212:
4210:
4204:
4203:
4201:
4200:
4195:
4193:Sea level rise
4190:
4188:Sea level drop
4185:
4180:
4175:
4170:
4164:
4162:
4156:
4155:
4153:
4152:
4147:
4142:
4137:
4132:
4127:
4122:
4117:
4112:
4107:
4101:
4099:
4095:
4094:
4092:
4091:
4086:
4081:
4076:
4071:
4066:
4061:
4056:
4051:
4046:
4041:
4036:
4031:
4026:
4024:Marine geology
4021:
4016:
4011:
4006:
4000:
3998:
3990:
3989:
3987:
3986:
3981:
3976:
3971:
3966:
3964:Passive margin
3961:
3959:Oceanic trench
3956:
3951:
3946:
3941:
3936:
3931:
3926:
3921:
3916:
3911:
3906:
3901:
3896:
3891:
3886:
3881:
3876:
3870:
3868:
3862:
3861:
3859:
3858:
3853:
3848:
3843:
3838:
3833:
3828:
3823:
3818:
3813:
3808:
3803:
3798:
3793:
3788:
3783:
3778:
3773:
3767:
3765:
3759:
3758:
3756:
3755:
3750:
3745:
3740:
3735:
3734:
3733:
3723:
3718:
3713:
3708:
3703:
3698:
3693:
3691:Ocean dynamics
3688:
3683:
3678:
3673:
3668:
3663:
3658:
3653:
3648:
3643:
3638:
3633:
3628:
3623:
3618:
3613:
3608:
3603:
3598:
3593:
3588:
3583:
3581:Coriolis force
3578:
3573:
3568:
3562:
3560:
3554:
3553:
3535:
3533:
3531:
3530:
3529:
3528:
3518:
3513:
3508:
3507:
3506:
3501:
3491:
3486:
3481:
3476:
3471:
3466:
3461:
3456:
3451:
3446:
3441:
3436:
3431:
3430:
3429:
3419:
3414:
3409:
3404:
3402:Stokes problem
3399:
3394:
3389:
3384:
3379:
3374:
3369:
3364:
3359:
3354:
3349:
3344:
3339:
3337:Kinematic wave
3334:
3329:
3324:
3319:
3314:
3309:
3304:
3299:
3294:
3289:
3284:
3279:
3274:
3269:
3264:
3259:
3254:
3248:
3246:
3240:
3239:
3232:
3231:
3224:
3217:
3209:
3200:
3199:
3197:
3196:
3185:
3182:
3181:
3179:
3178:
3173:
3168:
3163:
3158:
3153:
3152:
3151:
3146:
3141:
3136:
3131:
3126:
3121:
3116:
3111:
3101:
3096:
3090:
3088:
3084:
3083:
3081:
3080:
3075:
3070:
3065:
3059:
3057:
3051:
3050:
3048:
3047:
3042:
3037:
3032:
3027:
3022:
3017:
3012:
3007:
3002:
2997:
2992:
2987:
2986:
2985:
2975:
2970:
2965:
2960:
2955:
2950:
2945:
2940:
2935:
2930:
2925:
2920:
2915:
2910:
2905:
2900:
2895:
2890:
2885:
2880:
2875:
2870:
2864:
2862:
2856:
2855:
2853:
2852:
2851:
2850:
2845:
2835:
2830:
2824:
2822:
2816:
2815:
2813:
2812:
2807:
2802:
2797:
2792:
2787:
2782:
2777:
2772:
2767:
2762:
2757:
2752:
2747:
2741:
2739:
2733:
2732:
2718:
2716:
2714:
2713:
2706:
2701:
2696:
2691:
2686:
2681:
2676:
2671:
2666:
2661:
2656:
2651:
2646:
2641:
2636:
2631:
2626:
2621:
2616:
2611:
2606:
2601:
2596:
2591:
2586:
2581:
2576:
2571:
2566:
2561:
2556:
2551:
2546:
2541:
2536:
2531:
2526:
2521:
2516:
2511:
2510:
2509:
2499:
2494:
2489:
2484:
2479:
2474:
2469:
2464:
2459:
2454:
2449:
2447:Brackish marsh
2444:
2439:
2434:
2429:
2427:Barrier island
2424:
2419:
2414:
2409:
2404:
2398:
2396:
2390:
2389:
2382:
2381:
2374:
2367:
2359:
2353:
2352:
2344:
2339:
2334:
2327:
2326:External links
2324:
2323:
2322:
2293:
2281:United Nations
2266:
2229:
2194:
2181:
2166:
2125:
2095:
2068:
2034:(1): 144–153.
2023:
2017:
2004:
1980:Marine Geology
1975:
1940:
1920:(1): 688–707.
1908:
1895:
1880:
1870:. hal-00330315
1828:Biogeosciences
1819:
1813:
1792:
1780:
1762:(5): 691–717.
1751:
1716:
1713:
1711:
1710:
1694:
1659:
1647:
1635:
1623:
1611:
1599:
1587:
1575:
1563:
1551:
1510:
1503:
1475:
1418:
1411:
1383:
1371:
1369:, p. 127.
1359:
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1320:
1308:
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1261:
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1237:
1225:
1208:
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1184:
1172:
1160:
1148:
1136:
1124:
1112:
1100:
1087:
1085:
1082:
1081:
1080:
1075:
1070:
1068:Passive margin
1065:
1060:
1055:
1050:
1045:
1040:
1035:
1029:
1028:
1025:Weather portal
1014:
1000:
997:Ecology portal
986:
970:
967:
918:
915:
871:
868:
822:
821:
789:
788:
784:
783:
780:
753:brackish water
744:
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522:
519:
516:
513:
510:
506:
505:
502:
499:
498:Active Margin
496:
439:, which joins
425:Siberian Shelf
407:dives beneath
395:abyssal plains
381:
374:
371:
356:marine biology
305:
302:
225:
224:
222:
221:
214:
207:
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4352:
4349:
4347:
4344:
4342:
4339:
4337:
4334:
4332:
4329:
4327:
4324:
4322:
4319:
4317:
4314:
4312:
4311:Marine energy
4309:
4307:
4304:
4302:
4301:
4296:
4294:
4291:
4289:
4286:
4284:
4281:
4279:
4278:Acidification
4276:
4275:
4273:
4269:
4263:
4260:
4258:
4255:
4253:
4250:
4249:
4247:
4243:
4237:
4234:
4232:
4231:SOFAR channel
4229:
4227:
4224:
4222:
4219:
4217:
4214:
4213:
4211:
4209:
4205:
4199:
4196:
4194:
4191:
4189:
4186:
4184:
4181:
4179:
4176:
4174:
4171:
4169:
4166:
4165:
4163:
4161:
4157:
4151:
4148:
4146:
4143:
4141:
4138:
4136:
4133:
4131:
4128:
4126:
4123:
4121:
4118:
4116:
4113:
4111:
4108:
4106:
4103:
4102:
4100:
4096:
4090:
4087:
4085:
4082:
4080:
4077:
4075:
4072:
4070:
4067:
4065:
4062:
4060:
4057:
4055:
4052:
4050:
4047:
4045:
4042:
4040:
4039:Oceanic crust
4037:
4035:
4032:
4030:
4027:
4025:
4022:
4020:
4017:
4015:
4014:Fracture zone
4012:
4010:
4007:
4005:
4002:
4001:
3999:
3997:
3991:
3985:
3982:
3980:
3977:
3975:
3972:
3970:
3967:
3965:
3962:
3960:
3957:
3955:
3952:
3950:
3949:Oceanic basin
3947:
3945:
3942:
3940:
3937:
3935:
3932:
3930:
3927:
3925:
3922:
3920:
3917:
3915:
3912:
3910:
3907:
3905:
3902:
3900:
3897:
3895:
3892:
3890:
3887:
3885:
3882:
3880:
3879:Abyssal plain
3877:
3875:
3872:
3871:
3869:
3867:
3863:
3857:
3854:
3852:
3849:
3847:
3844:
3842:
3839:
3837:
3834:
3832:
3829:
3827:
3824:
3822:
3819:
3817:
3814:
3812:
3809:
3807:
3804:
3802:
3799:
3797:
3794:
3792:
3789:
3787:
3786:Internal tide
3784:
3782:
3779:
3777:
3774:
3772:
3769:
3768:
3766:
3764:
3760:
3754:
3751:
3749:
3746:
3744:
3741:
3739:
3736:
3732:
3729:
3728:
3727:
3724:
3722:
3719:
3717:
3714:
3712:
3709:
3707:
3704:
3702:
3699:
3697:
3694:
3692:
3689:
3687:
3684:
3682:
3681:Ocean current
3679:
3677:
3674:
3672:
3669:
3667:
3664:
3662:
3659:
3657:
3654:
3652:
3649:
3647:
3644:
3642:
3639:
3637:
3634:
3632:
3629:
3627:
3624:
3622:
3619:
3617:
3614:
3612:
3609:
3607:
3604:
3602:
3599:
3597:
3594:
3592:
3589:
3587:
3584:
3582:
3579:
3577:
3574:
3572:
3569:
3567:
3564:
3563:
3561:
3559:
3555:
3550:
3539:
3527:
3524:
3523:
3522:
3519:
3517:
3514:
3512:
3509:
3505:
3502:
3500:
3497:
3496:
3495:
3492:
3490:
3487:
3485:
3482:
3480:
3479:Wave shoaling
3477:
3475:
3472:
3470:
3467:
3465:
3462:
3460:
3457:
3455:
3452:
3450:
3447:
3445:
3442:
3440:
3439:Ursell number
3437:
3435:
3432:
3428:
3425:
3424:
3423:
3420:
3418:
3415:
3413:
3410:
3408:
3405:
3403:
3400:
3398:
3395:
3393:
3390:
3388:
3385:
3383:
3380:
3378:
3375:
3373:
3370:
3368:
3365:
3363:
3360:
3358:
3355:
3353:
3350:
3348:
3345:
3343:
3340:
3338:
3335:
3333:
3330:
3328:
3325:
3323:
3322:Internal wave
3320:
3318:
3315:
3313:
3310:
3308:
3305:
3303:
3300:
3298:
3295:
3293:
3290:
3288:
3285:
3283:
3280:
3278:
3275:
3273:
3272:Breaking wave
3270:
3268:
3265:
3263:
3260:
3258:
3255:
3253:
3250:
3249:
3247:
3245:
3241:
3237:
3230:
3225:
3223:
3218:
3216:
3211:
3210:
3207:
3195:
3187:
3186:
3183:
3177:
3174:
3172:
3169:
3167:
3164:
3162:
3161:Littoral zone
3159:
3157:
3154:
3150:
3147:
3145:
3142:
3140:
3137:
3135:
3132:
3130:
3127:
3125:
3122:
3120:
3117:
3115:
3112:
3110:
3107:
3106:
3105:
3102:
3100:
3097:
3095:
3094:Bulkhead line
3092:
3091:
3089:
3085:
3079:
3076:
3074:
3071:
3069:
3066:
3064:
3061:
3060:
3058:
3056:
3052:
3046:
3043:
3041:
3038:
3036:
3035:Wave shoaling
3033:
3031:
3028:
3026:
3023:
3021:
3018:
3016:
3013:
3011:
3010:Surge channel
3008:
3006:
3003:
3001:
2998:
2996:
2993:
2991:
2988:
2984:
2981:
2980:
2979:
2976:
2974:
2971:
2969:
2966:
2964:
2961:
2959:
2956:
2954:
2951:
2949:
2946:
2944:
2941:
2939:
2936:
2934:
2931:
2929:
2926:
2924:
2921:
2919:
2916:
2914:
2911:
2909:
2906:
2904:
2901:
2899:
2896:
2894:
2891:
2889:
2886:
2884:
2881:
2879:
2876:
2874:
2873:Cliffed coast
2871:
2869:
2866:
2865:
2863:
2861:
2857:
2849:
2846:
2844:
2841:
2840:
2839:
2836:
2834:
2831:
2829:
2826:
2825:
2823:
2821:
2817:
2811:
2808:
2806:
2803:
2801:
2800:Shingle beach
2798:
2796:
2793:
2791:
2788:
2786:
2783:
2781:
2778:
2776:
2773:
2771:
2768:
2766:
2763:
2761:
2758:
2756:
2753:
2751:
2748:
2746:
2743:
2742:
2740:
2738:
2734:
2729:
2722:
2712:
2711:
2707:
2705:
2702:
2700:
2697:
2695:
2692:
2690:
2687:
2685:
2682:
2680:
2677:
2675:
2672:
2670:
2667:
2665:
2662:
2660:
2657:
2655:
2652:
2650:
2647:
2645:
2642:
2640:
2637:
2635:
2632:
2630:
2627:
2625:
2622:
2620:
2617:
2615:
2612:
2610:
2607:
2605:
2602:
2600:
2597:
2595:
2592:
2590:
2587:
2585:
2582:
2580:
2577:
2575:
2572:
2570:
2567:
2565:
2562:
2560:
2557:
2555:
2552:
2550:
2547:
2545:
2542:
2540:
2537:
2535:
2532:
2530:
2527:
2525:
2522:
2520:
2517:
2515:
2512:
2508:
2505:
2504:
2503:
2500:
2498:
2495:
2493:
2490:
2488:
2485:
2483:
2480:
2478:
2475:
2473:
2472:Coastal plain
2470:
2468:
2465:
2463:
2460:
2458:
2455:
2453:
2450:
2448:
2445:
2443:
2440:
2438:
2435:
2433:
2430:
2428:
2425:
2423:
2420:
2418:
2415:
2413:
2410:
2408:
2405:
2403:
2400:
2399:
2397:
2395:
2391:
2387:
2380:
2375:
2373:
2368:
2366:
2361:
2360:
2357:
2351:
2350:
2347:Anna Cavnar,
2345:
2343:
2340:
2338:
2335:
2333:
2330:
2329:
2319:
2315:
2311:
2307:
2303:
2299:
2298:Geomorphology
2294:
2282:
2275:
2273:
2272:Treaty Series
2267:
2263:
2259:
2255:
2251:
2247:
2243:
2239:
2235:
2230:
2225:
2220:
2216:
2212:
2208:
2204:
2200:
2195:
2184:
2178:
2174:
2173:
2167:
2162:
2157:
2152:
2147:
2143:
2139:
2135:
2131:
2126:
2122:
2118:
2114:
2110:
2106:
2102:
2096:
2091:
2086:
2082:
2078:
2074:
2069:
2065:
2061:
2057:
2053:
2049:
2045:
2041:
2037:
2033:
2029:
2024:
2020:
2014:
2010:
2005:
2001:
1997:
1993:
1989:
1985:
1981:
1976:
1971:
1966:
1962:
1958:
1954:
1950:
1946:
1941:
1936:
1931:
1927:
1923:
1919:
1915:
1909:
1898:
1892:
1888:
1887:
1881:
1869:
1865:
1860:
1855:
1850:
1845:
1841:
1837:
1833:
1829:
1825:
1820:
1816:
1814:9788535284447
1810:
1806:
1802:
1798:
1793:
1789:
1785:
1781:
1777:
1773:
1769:
1765:
1761:
1757:
1752:
1748:
1744:
1740:
1736:
1732:
1728:
1724:
1719:
1718:
1707:
1703:
1698:
1690:
1686:
1682:
1678:
1674:
1670:
1663:
1656:
1651:
1644:
1639:
1632:
1627:
1620:
1615:
1608:
1603:
1596:
1591:
1584:
1579:
1572:
1567:
1560:
1555:
1547:
1543:
1539:
1535:
1531:
1527:
1526:
1521:
1514:
1506:
1504:9780521877626
1500:
1496:
1492:
1488:
1487:
1479:
1471:
1467:
1463:
1459:
1455:
1451:
1447:
1443:
1439:
1435:
1434:
1429:
1422:
1414:
1412:9780521877626
1408:
1404:
1400:
1396:
1395:
1387:
1380:
1375:
1368:
1363:
1356:
1351:
1344:
1339:
1332:
1327:
1325:
1317:
1312:
1305:
1300:
1293:
1288:
1282:, p. 37.
1281:
1276:
1270:
1265:
1259:, p. 44.
1258:
1253:
1247:, p. 98.
1246:
1241:
1235:, p. 36.
1234:
1229:
1223:, p. 43.
1222:
1217:
1215:
1213:
1205:
1200:
1193:
1188:
1181:
1176:
1169:
1164:
1157:
1152:
1145:
1140:
1133:
1128:
1121:
1116:
1110:, p. 45.
1109:
1104:
1098:, p. 39.
1097:
1092:
1088:
1079:
1076:
1074:
1071:
1069:
1066:
1064:
1061:
1059:
1056:
1054:
1051:
1049:
1046:
1044:
1041:
1039:
1036:
1034:
1031:
1030:
1026:
1020:
1015:
1012:
1001:
998:
987:
984:
978:
973:
966:
964:
960:
956:
951:
949:
945:
941:
937:
932:
930:
924:
914:
912:
908:
904:
903:geologic time
900:
895:
893:
889:
885:
881:
877:
876:abyssal plain
867:
865:
860:
858:
854:
850:
846:
842:
838:
834:
830:
826:
819:
815:
811:
807:
803:
799:
795:
791:
790:
786:
785:
781:
778:
774:
773:
772:
768:
766:
762:
758:
757:river inflows
754:
750:
740:
738:
732:
730:
726:
722:
707:
704:
701:
698:
695:
692:
689:
688:
684:
681:
678:
675:
672:
669:
666:
665:
661:
658:
655:
652:
649:
646:
643:
642:
638:
635:
632:
629:
626:
623:
620:
619:
615:
612:
609:
606:
603:
600:
597:
596:
592:
589:
586:
583:
580:
577:
574:
573:
569:
566:
563:
560:
557:
554:
552:Indian Ocean
551:
550:
546:
543:
540:
537:
534:
531:
529:Arctic Ocean
528:
527:
523:
520:
517:
514:
511:
508:
507:
504:Total Margin
493:
487:
485:
481:
477:
473:
469:
465:
464:physiographic
460:
458:
454:
450:
446:
442:
438:
434:
430:
426:
422:
418:
414:
410:
406:
405:oceanic plate
396:
392:
388:
384:
379:
370:
368:
363:
359:
357:
353:
352:geomorphology
349:
345:
341:
333:
329:
327:
323:
322:abyssal plain
319:
315:
311:
301:
299:
295:
290:
288:
284:
280:
275:
271:
267:
266:abyssal plain
263:
258:
256:
255:insular shelf
252:
248:
244:
240:
236:
232:
220:
215:
213:
208:
206:
201:
200:
198:
197:
192:
189:
187:
184:
182:
181:Demersal zone
179:
177:
174:
172:
169:
167:
164:
163:
162:
161:
158:
155:
154:
149:
146:
144:
141:
140:
139:
138:
134:
133:
128:
125:
123:
120:
119:
118:
117:
114:
113:Ocean surface
111:
110:
105:
102:
100:
97:
95:
92:
90:
87:
85:
82:
80:
77:
75:
72:
70:
67:
65:
64:Littoral zone
62:
61:
60:
59:
56:
53:
52:
45:
41:
40:
37:
34:
33:
30:
19:
4418:Water column
4366:Oceanography
4341:Observations
4336:Explorations
4306:Marginal sea
4299:
4257:OSTM/Jason-2
4089:Volcanic arc
4064:Slab suction
3918:
3781:Head of tide
3671:Loop Current
3611:Ekman spiral
3397:Stokes drift
3307:Gravity wave
3282:Cnoidal wave
3025:Volcanic arc
2913:Feeder bluff
2820:River mouths
2785:Raised beach
2780:Pocket beach
2708:
2679:Tidal island
2669:Strand plain
2614:Natural arch
2486:
2348:
2301:
2297:
2285:. Retrieved
2271:
2237:
2233:
2206:
2202:
2186:. Retrieved
2171:
2141:
2137:
2104:
2100:
2080:
2076:
2031:
2027:
2008:
1983:
1979:
1952:
1948:
1935:11336/100068
1917:
1913:
1900:. Retrieved
1885:
1872:. Retrieved
1831:
1827:
1796:
1787:
1759:
1755:
1730:
1726:
1705:
1697:
1687:– via
1676:
1672:
1662:
1650:
1638:
1626:
1614:
1602:
1590:
1578:
1566:
1554:
1529:
1523:
1513:
1485:
1478:
1437:
1431:
1421:
1393:
1386:
1374:
1362:
1350:
1338:
1311:
1299:
1287:
1275:
1264:
1252:
1240:
1228:
1199:
1187:
1175:
1163:
1156:Jackson 1997
1151:
1144:Jackson 1997
1139:
1132:Jackson 1997
1127:
1115:
1103:
1091:
952:
933:
929:hydrocarbons
926:
911:fossil fuels
896:
884:neritic zone
873:
861:
849:Arctic Ocean
825:Indian Ocean
823:
810:springs-neap
777:water column
769:
755:formed from
746:
733:
728:
718:
653:123.0 ± 2.5
607:115.7 ± 1.6
544:104.1 ± 1.7
538:104.1 ± 1.7
461:
453:Persian Gulf
429:Arctic Ocean
401:
364:
360:
347:
343:
339:
337:
317:
313:
309:
307:
291:
259:
254:
238:
230:
228:
186:Benthic zone
148:Oceanic zone
143:Pelagic zone
104:Neritic zone
98:
89:Kelp forests
29:
4408:Thermocline
4125:Mesopelagic
4098:Ocean zones
4069:Slab window
3934:Hydrography
3874:Abyssal fan
3841:Tidal range
3831:Tidal power
3826:Tidal force
3711:Rip current
3646:Gulf Stream
3606:Ekman layer
3596:Downwelling
3571:Baroclinity
3558:Circulation
3454:Wave height
3444:Wave action
3427:megatsunami
3407:Stokes wave
3367:Rossby wave
3332:Kelvin wave
3312:Green's law
3176:River plume
2990:Steep coast
2963:Rocky shore
2958:Rip current
2838:River delta
2810:Wash margin
2805:Storm beach
2795:Shell beach
2760:Beach wrack
2755:Beach ridge
2745:Beach cusps
2694:Tied island
2684:Tidal marsh
2407:Archipelago
2240:(1): 1–24.
2209:(1): 6–45.
2161:10289/16618
1679:: 123–255.
1058:Land bridge
837:New Zealand
806:semidiurnal
699:88.2 ± 0.7
690:All Oceans
682:110 ± 1.92
676:96.1 ± 2.0
670:214 ± 2.86
630:34.9 ± 1.2
584:38.7 ± 1.5
561:47.6 ± 0.8
484:earthquakes
437:Sunda Shelf
389:(red), the
310:shelf break
272:, in which
94:Coral reefs
4478:Categories
4346:Reanalysis
4245:Satellites
4226:Sofar bomb
4074:Subduction
4049:Ridge push
3944:Ocean bank
3924:Contourite
3851:Tide gauge
3836:Tidal race
3821:Tidal bore
3811:Slack tide
3776:Earth tide
3696:Ocean gyre
3516:Wind setup
3511:Wind fetch
3474:Wave setup
3469:Wave radar
3464:Wave power
3362:Rogue wave
3292:Dispersion
3104:Grain size
3078:Submersion
3055:Management
3040:Wind fetch
3000:Surf break
2918:Flat coast
2848:regressive
2634:Salt marsh
2492:Coral reef
2287:13 January
2188:13 January
2018:0922152349
1902:12 January
1715:References
1631:Pinet 2003
1367:Gross 1972
1355:Gross 1972
1343:Pinet 2003
1316:Pinet 2003
1304:Pinet 2003
1292:Pinet 2003
1280:Pinet 2003
1257:Gross 1972
1245:Pinet 2003
1233:Pinet 2003
1221:Gross 1972
1108:Gross 1972
1096:Pinet 2003
921:See also:
886:, and the
845:Antarctica
743:Shelf seas
705:57 ± 0.41
659:104 ± 2.4
636:39 ± 0.68
624:39 ± 0.71
613:85 ± 1.14
601:28 ± 1.08
590:17 ± 0.44
578:11 ± 0.29
567:37 ± 0.58
555:19 ± 0.61
403:advancing
383:Bathymetry
304:Topography
292:Under the
176:Cold seeps
135:Open ocean
4208:Acoustics
4160:Sea level
4059:Slab pull
3996:tectonics
3904:Cold seep
3866:Landforms
3743:Whirlpool
3738:Upwelling
3521:Wind wave
3449:Wave base
3377:Sea state
3297:Edge wave
3287:Cross sea
3063:Accretion
3045:Wind wave
3005:Surf zone
2860:Processes
2833:Mouth bar
2790:Recession
2770:Beachrock
2689:Tide pool
2619:Peninsula
2507:cliff-top
2394:Landforms
2262:140633845
1799:: 13–31.
841:Zealandia
818:Irish Sea
814:North Sea
802:North Sea
798:Irish Sea
794:estuaries
715:Sediments
693:31 ± 0.4
647:24 ± 2.6
449:North Sea
243:sea level
239:shelf sea
235:continent
166:Seamounts
157:Sea floor
74:Estuaries
4441:Category
4393:Seawater
4120:Littoral
4115:Deep sea
3974:Seamount
3856:Tideline
3801:Rip tide
3731:shutdown
3701:Overflow
3434:Undertow
3277:Clapotis
3194:Category
3020:Undertow
2973:Sea foam
2968:Sea cave
2868:Blowhole
2710:Windwatt
2569:Headland
2417:Avulsion
2064:25834528
2056:25230844
1986:: 4–24.
1868:13715554
1470:45053190
1462:16286293
1033:Baseline
969:See also
963:Canaries
959:baseline
524:Maximum
518:Maximum
512:Maximum
476:Atlantic
451:and the
287:gradient
274:sediment
4451:Commons
4321:Mooring
4271:Related
4262:Jason-3
4252:Jason-1
4135:Pelagic
4130:Oceanic
4105:Benthic
3422:Tsunami
3392:Soliton
3144:shingle
3124:granule
3109:boulder
3087:Related
2983:peresyp
2893:Current
2828:Debouch
2737:Beaches
2704:Waituna
2699:Tombolo
2609:Mudflat
2604:Machair
2594:Isthmus
2514:Estuary
2457:Channel
2306:Bibcode
2242:Bibcode
2211:Bibcode
2144:: 143.
2109:Bibcode
2083:: 507.
2036:Bibcode
1988:Bibcode
1957:Bibcode
1836:Bibcode
1764:Bibcode
1735:Bibcode
1534:Bibcode
1532:(C11).
1442:Bibcode
907:sources
905:become
888:benthic
880:pelagic
857:polynya
853:sea ice
427:in the
421:Sumatra
245:during
4140:Photic
3969:Seabed
3382:Seiche
3134:pebble
3129:gravel
3119:cobble
2664:Strait
2644:Skerry
2599:Lagoon
2584:Island
2539:Fundus
2442:Bodden
2260:
2179:
2062:
2054:
2015:
1893:
1874:1 July
1866:
1811:
1501:
1468:
1460:
1409:
899:anoxic
878:. The
829:Ganges
725:rivers
495:Ocean
441:Borneo
346:, and
298:seabed
251:island
4331:Ocean
4300:Alvin
4150:Swash
3994:Plate
3939:Knoll
3929:Guyot
3884:Atoll
3763:Tides
3526:model
3412:Swell
3244:Waves
3015:Swash
2978:Shoal
2659:Stack
2649:Sound
2639:Shoal
2589:Islet
2574:Inlet
2564:Hapua
2529:Fjord
2524:Fjard
2519:Firth
2467:Coast
2462:Cliff
2437:Bight
2412:Atoll
2277:(PDF)
2258:S2CID
2060:S2CID
1864:S2CID
1708::311.
1466:S2CID
1084:Notes
870:Biota
833:Indus
749:tides
521:Mean
515:Mean
509:Mean
468:ocean
417:Chile
362:now.
4298:DSV
4283:Argo
4145:Surf
3601:Eddy
3149:silt
3139:sand
3114:clay
2843:mega
2654:Spit
2624:Reef
2554:Gulf
2502:Dune
2497:Cove
2452:Cape
2422:Ayre
2289:2016
2190:2016
2177:ISBN
2052:PMID
2013:ISBN
1904:2016
1891:ISBN
1876:2021
1809:ISBN
1499:ISBN
1458:PMID
1407:ISBN
909:for
831:and
816:and
708:778
702:778
696:412
685:778
679:778
673:357
662:453
656:453
639:412
633:114
627:412
616:434
610:434
604:259
593:166
587:166
570:238
564:238
558:175
547:389
541:389
445:Java
354:and
260:The
2629:Ria
2559:Gut
2549:Geo
2544:Gat
2432:Bay
2314:doi
2250:doi
2219:doi
2156:hdl
2146:doi
2117:doi
2085:doi
2044:doi
1996:doi
1984:352
1965:doi
1953:106
1930:hdl
1922:doi
1918:123
1854:hdl
1844:doi
1801:doi
1772:doi
1743:doi
1706:499
1681:doi
1542:doi
1530:114
1491:doi
1450:doi
1438:363
1399:doi
650:55
581:79
285:'s
4480::
2312:.
2302:75
2300:.
2279:.
2256:.
2248:.
2238:58
2236:.
2217:.
2207:55
2205:.
2201:.
2154:.
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2103:.
2079:.
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2058:.
2050:.
2042:.
2032:21
2030:.
1994:.
1982:.
1963:.
1951:.
1947:.
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1729:.
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358:.
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229:A
3228:e
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2378:e
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2066:.
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1967::
1959::
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1932::
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20:)
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