Contact lens - Knowledge

484:. Another way is by using a rigid gas permeable lens; since most astigmatism is caused by the shape of the cornea, rigid lenses can improve vision because the front surface of the optical system is the perfectly spherical lens. Both approaches have advantages and drawbacks. Toric lenses must have the proper orientation to correct for astigmatism, so such lenses must have additional design characteristics to prevent them from rotating out of alignment. This can be done by weighting the bottom of the lens or by using other physical characteristics to rotate the lens back into position, but these mechanisms rarely work perfectly, so some misalignment is common and results in somewhat imperfect correction, and blurring of sight after blinking rotates the lens. Toric soft lenses have all the advantages of soft lenses in general, which are low initial cost, ease of fitting, and minimal adjustment period. Rigid gas permeable lenses usually provide superior optical correction but have become less popular relative to soft lenses due to higher initial costs, longer initial adjustment period, and more involved fitting. 1103:

frequently contaminated with large quantities of bacteria and, as such, should be avoided when handling lenses. Dust, lint and other debris may collect on the outside of contact lenses. Again, hand contact with this material, before handling contact lenses, may transfer it to the lenses themselves. Rinsing the case under a source of clean running water, before opening it, can help alleviate this problem. Next the lens should be removed from its case and inspected for defects (e.g. splits, folds, lint). A 'gritty' or rough appearance to the lens surface may indicate that a considerable quantity of proteins, lipids and debris has built up on it and that additional cleaning is required; this is often accompanied and felt by unusually high irritation upon insertion.

1191: 139: 47: 1128:(white of the eye) and then slid into place. Another finger of the same hand, or a finger of the other hand, is used to keep the eye wide open. Alternatively, the user may close their eyes and then look towards their nose, sliding the lens into place over the cornea. Problems may arise if the lens folds, turns inside-out, slides off the finger prematurely, or adheres more tightly to the finger than the eye surface. A drop of solution may help the lens adhere to the eye. 339: 385:(FDA) in 1971. These soft lenses were soon prescribed more often than rigid ones, due to the immediate and much greater comfort (rigid lenses require a period of adaptation before full comfort is achieved). Polymers from which soft lenses are manufactured improved over the next 25 years, primarily in terms of increasing oxygen permeability, by varying the ingredients. In 1972, British optometrist Rishi Agarwal was the first to suggest disposable soft contact lenses. 620: 1116: 898: 71: 1648: 987: 1596:

through proper handling: there is, unfortunately, no disinterested research on the issue of "compliance" or the length of time a user can safely wear a lens beyond its stated use. The introduction of multipurpose solutions and daily disposable lenses have helped to alleviate some of the problems observed from inadequate cleaning but new methods of combating microbial contamination are currently being developed. A

570: 208:", the second "a mould of the cornea" that could be impressed on "some sort of transparent medium". Though Herschel reportedly never tested these ideas, they were later advanced by independent inventors, including Hungarian physician Joseph Dallos, who perfected a method of making molds from living eyes. This enabled the manufacture of lenses that, for the first time, conformed to the actual shape of the eye. 1183: 722: 1381: 117:, and do not collect moisture (from rain, snow, condensation, etc.) or perspiration. This can make them preferable for sports and other outdoor activities. Contact lens wearers can also wear sunglasses, goggles, or other eyewear of their choice without having to fit them with prescription lenses or worry about compatibility with glasses. Additionally, there are conditions such as 1639:(AMD or age-related macular degeneration). An international collaboration of researchers was able to develop a contact lens that can shift between magnified and normal vision. Previous solutions to AMD included bulky glasses or surgical implants. But the development of this new contact lens, which is made of polymethyl methacrylate, could offer an unobtrusive solution. 55: 1140:

re-cleaning if necessary, should correct the problem. If discomfort continues, the lens should not be worn. In some cases, taking a break from lens wear for a day may correct the problem. In case of severe discomfort, or if it does not resolve by the next day, the person should be seen as soon as possible by an eye doctor to rule out potentially serious

847:. While awake, the eyes are mostly open, allowing oxygen from the air to dissolve into the tears and pass through the lens to the cornea. While asleep, oxygen is supplied from the blood vessels in the back of the eyelid. A lens hindering passage of oxygen to the cornea causes corneal hypoxia which can result in serious complications, such as 924:

hold the delicate lens in reverse manner, wax is used as an adhesive. The lens' convex (outer) surface is thus cut and polished by the same process. This method can be used to shape rigid as well as soft lenses. In the case of softs, the lens is cut from a dehydrated polymer that is rigid until water is reintroduced.

1557:

is to increase the amount of oxygen transmitted to the cornea. Although silicone-hydrogel lenses almost eliminate hypoxia in patients due to their very high levels of oxygen transmissibility, they also seem to provide a more efficient platform for bacterial contamination and corneal infiltration than

842:

A "daily wear" (DW) contact lens is designed to be worn for one day and removed before sleeping. An "extended wear" (EW) contact lens is designed for continuous overnight wear, typically for up to 6 consecutive nights. Newer materials, such as silicone hydrogels, allow for even longer wear periods of

833:

A small number of hybrid lenses exist. Typically, these contact lenses consist of a rigid center and a soft "skirt". A similar technique is the "piggybacking" of a smaller, rigid lens on the surface of a larger, soft lens. These techniques are often chosen to give the vision correction benefits of a

725:

Contact lenses, other than the cosmetic variety, become almost invisible once inserted in the eye. Most corrective contact lenses come with a light "handling tint" that renders the lens slightly more visible on the eye. Soft contact lenses extend beyond the cornea, their rim sometimes visible against

676:

Soft lenses are often used in the treatment and management of non-refractive disorders of the eye. A bandage contact lens allows the patient to see while protecting an injured or diseased cornea from the constant rubbing of blinking eyelids, thereby allowing it to heal. They are used in the treatment

514:

Monovision is the use of single-vision lenses (one focal point per lens) to focus an eye (typically the dominant one) for distance vision and the other for near work. The brain then learns to use this setup to see clearly at all distances. A technique called modified monovision uses multifocal lenses

1440:

Many complications arise when contact lenses are worn not as prescribed (improper wear schedule or lens replacement). Sleeping in lenses not designed or approved for extended wear is a common cause of complications. Many people go too long before replacing their contacts, wearing lenses designed for

1228:

Hydrogen peroxide can be used to disinfect contact lenses. Care should be taken not to get hydrogen peroxide in the eye because it is very painful and irritating. With "two-step" products, the hydrogen peroxide must be rinsed away with saline before the lenses may be worn. "One-step" systems allow

813:

Disadvantages of silicone hydrogels are that they are slightly stiffer and the lens surface can be hydrophobic, thus less "wettable" – factors that can influence comfort of lens use. New manufacturing techniques and changes to multipurpose solutions have minimized these effects. Those new techniques

631:

is a large, firm, transparent, oxygen-permeable contact lens that rests on the sclera and creates a tear-filled vault over the cornea. The cause of this unique positioning is usually relevant to a specific patient whose cornea is too sensitive to support the lens directly. Scleral lenses may be used

105:

or therapeutic reasons. In 2010, the worldwide market for contact lenses was estimated at $ 6.1 billion, while the US soft lens market was estimated at $ 2.1 billion. Multiple analysts estimated that the global market for contact lenses would reach $ 11.7 billion by 2015. As of 2010, the average age

1152:

Removing contact lenses incorrectly can result in damage to the lens and injury to the eye, so certain precautions must be taken. Rigid contact lenses can best be removed by pulling the eyelid tight and then blinking, whereupon the lens drops out. With one finger on the outer corner of the eyelids,

1139:

between that of the lens solution and the tear. This discomfort fades quickly as the solution drains away and is replaced by the natural tears. However, if irritation persists, the cause could be a dirty, damaged, or inside-out lens. Removing and inspecting it for damage and proper orientation, and

1106:

Care should be taken to ensure the soft lens is not inserted inside-out. The edge of a lens turned inside out has a different appearance, especially when the lens is slightly folded. Insertion of an inside-out lens for a brief time (less than one minute) should not cause any damage to the eye. Some

880:

or for those who are prone to infection. Single-use lenses are also useful for people who wear contact lenses infrequently, or when losing a lens is likely or not easily replaced (such as when on vacation). They are also considered useful for children because cleaning or disinfecting is not needed,

809:

Current brands of soft lenses are either traditional hydrogel or silicone hydrogel. Because of drastic differences in oxygen permeability, replacement schedule, and other design characteristics, it is very important to follow the instructions of the eye care professional prescribing the lenses.When

1283:

Contact lenses can be mechanically cleaned of more substantial protein, lipid and debris build up by rubbing them between the clean pad of a finger and the palm of a hand, using a small amount of cleaning fluid as a lubricant; and by rinsing thereafter. This "rub and rinse" method is thought to be

291:

In 1949, the first "corneal" lenses were developed. These were much smaller than the original scleral lenses, as they sat only on the cornea rather than across all of the visible ocular surface and could be worn up to 16 hours a day. PMMA corneal lenses became the first contact lenses to have mass

212: 1165:

A soft contact lens may be removed by pinching the edge between the thumb and index finger. Moving the lens off the cornea first can improve comfort during removal and reduce risk of scratching the cornea with a fingernail. It is also possible to push or pull a soft lens far enough to the side or

927:

Molded – Molding is used to manufacture some brands of soft contact lenses. Rotating molds are used and the molten material is added and shaped by centripetal forces. Injection molding and computer control are also used to create nearly perfect lenses. The lens is kept moist throughout the entire

923:

as the cutting tool. The CNC lathe may turn at nearly 6000 RPM as the cutter removes the desired amount of material from the inside of the lens. The concave (inner) surface of the lens is then polished with some fine abrasive paste, oil, and a small polyester cotton ball turned at high speeds. To

592:

Due to their medical nature, colored contact lenses, similar to regular ones, are illegal to purchase in the United States without a valid prescription. Those with perfect vision can buy color contacts for cosmetic reasons, but they still need their eyes to be measured for a "plano" prescription,

1591:

to fungi spores to plant pollen adhere to contact lens surfaces in high concentrations. It has been found that multipurpose solution and rubbing with fingers does not significantly clean the lenses. A group of researchers have suggested an alternative cleaning solution, PoPPR (polymer on polymer

1444:

For non Silicone-Hydrogel lenses, one of the major factors that causes complications is that the contact lens is an oxygen barrier. The cornea needs a constant supply of oxygen to remain completely transparent and function as it should; it normally gets that oxygen from the surrounding air while

1325:

Used to clean lenses on a daily basis. A few drops of cleaner are applied to the lens while it rests in the palm of the hand; the lens is rubbed for about 20 seconds with a clean fingertip (depending on the product) on each side. Lens must then be rinsed. This system is commonly used to care for

867:

Contact lenses are often categorized by their replacement schedule. Single use lenses (called 1-day or daily disposables) are discarded after one use. Because they do not have to stand up to the wear and tear of repeated uses, these lenses can be made thinner and lighter, greatly improving their

334:

or RGP materials or lenses. Though all the above contact lens types—sclerals, PMMAs and RGPs—could be correctly referred to as "rigid" or "hard", the latter term is now used for the original PMMAs, which are still occasionally fitted and worn, whereas "rigid" is a generic term for all these lens

1213:

The main attraction of multipurpose solutions is that the same solution can clean, rinse, disinfect and store lenses. Some multipurpose solutions also contain ingredients that improve the surface wettability and comfort of silicone hydrogel lenses. Studies showed that multipurpose solutions are

884:

Other disposable contact lenses are designed for replacement every two or four weeks. Quarterly or annual lenses, which used to be very common, are now much less so. Rigid gas permeable lenses are very durable and may last for several years without the need for replacement. PMMA hards were very

1624:

and can harvest radio waves for their electric power. Bionic lenses can display information beamed from a mobile device overcoming the small display size problem. The technology involves embedding nano and microscale electronic devices in lenses. These lenses will also need to have an array of

1595:

Another important area of contact lens research deals with patient compliance. Compliance is a major issue pertaining to the use of contact lenses because patient noncompliance often leads to contamination of the lens, storage case, or both. However, careful users can extend the wear of lenses

1273:

These devices intend to disinfect and clean contact lenses. The lenses are inserted inside the portable device (running on batteries and/or plug-in) for 2 to 6 minutes during which both the microorganisms and protein build-up are supposed to be cleaned. However these devices can not be used to

1102:

should be avoided as these can cause eye irritation. Drying of hands using towels or tissues before handling contact lenses can transfer lint (fluff) to the hands and, subsequently, to the lenses, causing irritation upon insertion. Towels, unless freshly laundered on high temperature wash, are

805:

and the comfort and clinical performance of the conventional hydrogels. Because silicone allows more oxygen permeability than water, oxygen permeability of silicone hydrogels is not tied to the lenses' water content. Lenses have now been developed with so much oxygen permeability that they are

396:—with the comfort and clinical performance of the conventional hydrogels that had been used for the previous 30 years. These contact lenses were initially advocated primarily for extended (overnight) wear, although more recently, daily (no overnight) wear silicone hydrogels have been launched. 1318:

Sterile saline is used for rinsing the lens after cleaning and preparing it for insertion. Saline solutions do not disinfect, so it must be used in conjunction with some type of disinfection system. One advantage to saline is that it cannot cause an allergic response, so it is well suited for

1510:

A large segment of current contact lens research is directed towards the treatment and prevention of conditions resulting from contact lens contamination and colonization by foreign organisms. Clinicians tend to agree that the most significant complication of contact lens wear is microbial

1467:

can increase the chances of infection. When combined with improper cleaning and disinfection of the lens, a risk of infection further increases. Decreased corneal sensitivity after extended contact lens wear may cause a patient to miss some of the earliest symptoms of such complications.

888:

Lenses with different replacement schedules can be made of the same material. Although the materials are alike, differences in the manufacturing processes determine if the resulting lens will be a "daily disposable" or one recommended for two- or four-week replacement. However, sometimes

1612:

used as a lens surfactant significantly decreases bacterial adhesion. These compounds are of particular interest to contact lens manufacturers and prescribing optometrists because they do not require any patient compliance to effectively attenuate the effects of bacterial colonization.

859:—this latter condition, once it sets in, cannot be reversed and will eventually spoil vision acuity through diminishing corneal transparency. The most common complication of extended wear is giant papillary conjunctivitis (GPC), sometimes associated with a poorly fitting contact lens. 278:

introduced a hybrid lens composed of glass and plastic, and in 1937 it was reported that some 3,000 Americans were already wearing contact lenses. In 1939, Hungarian ophthalmologist Dr.István Györffy produced the first fully plastic contact lens. The following year, German optometrist

161:

power by either submerging the head in a bowl of water or wearing a water-filled glass hemisphere over the eye. Neither idea was practically implementable in da Vinci's time. He did not suggest his idea be used for correcting vision; he was more interested in exploring mechanisms of

1123:

Contact lenses are typically inserted into the eye by placing them on the pad of the index or middle finger with the concave side upward and then using that finger to place the lens on the eye. Rigid lenses should be placed directly on the cornea. Soft lenses may be placed on the

335:

types; thus, hard lenses (PMMAs) are a subset of rigid contact lenses. Occasionally, the term "gas permeable" is used to describe RGPs, which is somewhat misleading as soft contact lenses are also gas permeable in that they allow oxygen to get through to the ocular surface.

1274:

replace the manual rub and rinse method because vibration and ultrasound can not create relative motion between contact lens and solution, which is required for proper cleaning of the lens. These devices are not usually available in optic retailers but are in other stores.

789:

Soft lenses are more flexible than rigid lenses and can be gently rolled or folded without damaging the lens. While rigid lenses require a period of adaptation before comfort is achieved, new soft lens wearers typically report lens awareness rather than pain or discomfort.

57: 762:

with a new refracting surface. This means that a spherical rigid contact lens can correct corneal astigmatism. Rigid lenses can also be made as a front-toric, back-toric, or bitoric. Rigid lenses can also correct corneas with irregular geometries, such as those with

61: 60: 56: 545:

ChromaGen contact lenses have been used and shown to have some limitations with vision at night although otherwise producing significant improvements in color vision. An earlier study showed very significant improvements in color vision and patient satisfaction.

62: 1330:

Water is not recommended for cleaning contact lenses. Insufficiently chlorinated tap water can lead to lens contamination, particularly by Acanthamoeba. On the other hand, sterile water will not kill any contaminants that get in from the environment.

3161: 425:(Biofinity, CooperVision) was the first third-generation polymer. Its patent claims that the material uses two siloxy macromers of diverse sizes that, when used in combination, produce very high oxygen permeability (for a given water content). 573:

Woman wearing a cosmetic type of contact lens; enlarged detail shows the grain produced during the manufacturing process. Curving of the lines of printed dots suggests these lenses were manufactured by printing onto a flat sheet then shaping

59: 3916:

Padzik, Marcin; Chomicz, Lidia; Szaflik, Jacek P.; Chruścikowska, Agnieszka; Perkowski, Konrad; Szaflik, Jerzy (November 2014). "In vitro effects of selected contact lens care solutions on Acanthamoeba castellanii strains in Poland".

296:

became the first President in the history of the United States to appear in public wearing contact lenses, under the supervision of Dr. Alan Isen, who developed the first commercially viable soft-contact lenses in the United States.

5494:

Santos L; Rodrigues D; Lira M; Oliveira R; Oliveira Real, ME; Vilar EY; Azeredo J (2007). "The effect of octylglucoside and sodium cholate in Staphylococcus epidermidis and Pseudomonas aeruginosa adhesion to soft contact lenses".

851:

that, if left untreated, can permanently decrease vision. EW and CW contact lenses typically allow for a transfer of 5–6 times more oxygen than conventional softs, allowing the cornea to remain healthy, even with closed eyelids.

596:

Some colored contact lenses completely cover the iris, thus dramatically changing eye color. Other colored contact lenses merely tint the iris, highlighting its natural color. A new trend in Japan, South Korea and China is the

1161:

that adheres the lens to the eye. The other hand is typically cupped underneath the eye to catch the lens as it drops out. For soft lenses, which have a stronger adherence to the eye surface, this technique is less suitable.

511:. Multifocal contact lenses are typically designed for constant viewing through the center of the lens, but some designs do incorporate a shift in lens position to view through the reading power (similar to bifocal glasses). 1198:

Lens care varies depending on material and wear schedule. Daily disposables are discarded after a single use and thus require no cleaning. Other lenses need regular cleaning and disinfecting to prevent surface coating and

1548:

invade the eye and cause infection. Although the pathogenesis of microbial keratitis is not well understood, many different factors have been investigated. One group of researchers showed that corneal hypoxia exacerbated

1229:

the hydrogen peroxide to react completely, becoming pure water. Thus "one-step" hydrogen peroxide systems do not require the lenses to be rinsed before insertion, provided the solution has been given enough time to react.

1632:) in which the healing process takes several days. One experiment shows that silicone contact lenses that contain vitamin E deliver pain medication for up to seven days compared with less than two hours in usual lenses. 5161:

Santos, Lívia; Rodrigues, Diana; Lira, Madalena; Real Oliveira, M Elisabete C. D.; Oliveira, Rosário; Vilar, Eva Yebra-Pimente; Azeredo, Joana (July 2008). "Bacterial Adhesion to Worn Silicone Hydrogel Contact Lenses".

553:

in a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial showed highly significant improvements in reading ability over reading without the lenses. This system has been granted FDA approval for use in the United States.

496:(a need for a reading prescription different from the prescription needed for distance) presents an additional challenge in the fitting of contact lenses. Two main strategies exist: multifocal lenses and monovision. 1308:

This type of devices mimic digital rubbing. The lenses are sandwiched by silicone parts inside the portable device. The device applies a gentle yet high speed rubbing action on the lens surface and remove debris.

5010:

Verhelst D, Koppen C, Looveren JV, Meheus A, Tassignon M (2005). "Clinical, epidemiological and cost aspects of contact lens related infectious keratitis in Belgium: results of a seven-year retrospective study".

1257:. This can be achieved by using a "two-step" product or a "one-step" tablet system if the catalytic tablet is not added before 2-3 hours. However, the "one-step" catalytic disk systems are not effective against 5117:

Kodjikian L, Casoli-Bergeron E, Malet F, Janin-Manificat H, Freney J, Burillon C, Colin J, Steghens JP (2008). "Bacterial adhesion to conventional hydrogel and new silicone hydrogel contact lens materials".

1173:

that suction onto the front of the lens. Typically, these tools are used only with rigid lenses. Extreme care must be exercised when using mechanical tools or fingernails to insert or remove contact lenses.

3157: 582:. Although many brands of contact lenses are lightly tinted to make them easier to handle, cosmetic lenses worn to change eye color are far less common, accounting for only 3% of contact lens fits in 2004. 4373: 1481:(over five years) of contact lenses may "decrease the entire corneal thickness and increase the corneal curvature and surface irregularity." Long-term wear of rigid contacts is associated with decreased 560:

is another area being researched for future contact lens applications. Embedding of telescopic lenses and electronic components suggests that future uses of contact lenses may become extremely diverse.

437:

Contact lenses are classified in diverse ways: by their primary function, material, wear schedule (how long a lens can be worn), and replacement schedule (how long before a lens needs to be discarded).

5451:

Mathews SM, Spallholz JE, Grimson MJ, Dubielzig RR, Gray T, Reid TW (2006). "Prevention of bacterial colonization of contact lenses with covalently attached selenium and effects on the rabbit cornea".

1580:

infections are the most predominant. However, another study conducted with worn and unworn silicone and conventional hydrogel contact lenses showed that worn silicone contact lenses were less prone to

1050:

to determine the proper power of the lens and an assessment of the health of the eye's anterior segment. Many eye diseases inhibit contact lens wear, such as active infections, allergies, and dry eye.

300:

Early corneal lenses of the 1950s and 1960s were relatively expensive and fragile, resulting in the development of a market for contact lens insurance. Replacement Lens Insurance, Inc. (now known as

3147:

Harris DA, MacRow-Hill SJ "Application of ChromaGen haploscopic lenses to patients with dyslexia: a double masked placebo controlled trial" Journal of the American Optometric Association 25/10/99.

519:

and those with significant phorias, who are at risk of eye misalignment under monovision. Studies have shown no adverse effect to driving performance in adapted monovision contact lens wearers.

480:

soft lenses that work essentially the same way as eyeglasses with cylindrical correction; a toric lens has a different focusing power horizontally than vertically, and as a result can correct for

3867:

Johnston, Stephanie P.; Sriram, Rama; Qvarnstrom, Yvonne; Roy, Sharon; Verani, Jennifer; Yoder, Jonathan; Lorick, Suchita; Roberts, Jacquelin; Beach, Michael J.; Visvesvara, Govinda (July 2009).

1628:

Drug administration through contact lenses is also becoming an area of research. One application is a lens that releases anesthesia to the eye for post-surgery pain relief, especially after PRK (

399:

In a slightly modified molecule, a polar group is added without changing the structure of the silicone hydrogel. This is referred to as the Tanaka monomer because it was invented and patented by

824:

3rd generation (inherently wettable): A third process uses longer backbone polymer chains that results in less cross linking and increased wetting without surface alterations or additive agents.

1521:. Other organisms are also major causative factors in bacterial keratitis associated with contact lens wear, although their prevalence varies across different locations. These include both the 1495:

All contact lenses sold in the United States are studied and approved as safe by the FDA when specific handling and care procedures, wear schedules, and replacement schedules are followed.

601:, which extend the appearance of the iris onto the sclera by having a dark tinted area all around. The result is an appearance of a bigger, wider iris, a look reminiscent of dolls' eyes. 113:

or to change the appearance or color of their eyes. Others wear contact lenses for functional or optical reasons. When compared with spectacles, contact lenses typically provide better

1587:

Besides bacterial adhesion and cleaning, micro and nano pollutants (biological and manmade) is an area of contact lens research that is growing. Small physical pollutants ranging from

3294:

Alvarez-Lorenzo, Carmen; Anguiano-Igea, Soledad; Varela-García, Angela; Vivero-Lopez, María; Concheiro, Angel (January 2019). "Bioinspired hydrogels for drug-eluting contact lenses".

3206:"International Contact Lens Prescribing in 2004: An analysis of more than 17,000 contact lens fits from 14 countries in 2004 reveals the diversity of contact lens practice worldwide." 538:, it allows some color-blind people to distinguish colors better. Red-filtering contact lenses can also be an option for extreme light sensitivity in some visual deficiencies such as 1194:

Contact lenses soaking in a hydrogen peroxide-based solution. The case is part of a "one-step" system and includes a catalytic disc at the base to neutralise the peroxide over time.

3337:

Zidan, Ghada; Rupenthal, Ilva D.; Greene, Carol; Seyfoddin, Ali (2018). "Medicated ocular bandages and corneal health: potential excipients and active pharmaceutical ingredients".

793:

Hydrogel lenses rely on their water content to transmit oxygen through the lens to the cornea. As a result, higher water content lenses allowed more oxygen to the cornea. In 1998,

2866: 58: 5000:

Sharma, S, Kunimoto, D, Rao, N, Garg, P & Rao, G: Trends in antibiotic resistance of corneal pathogens: Part II. An analysis of leading bacterial keratitis isolates, 1999.

292:

appeal through the 1960s, as lens designs became more sophisticated with improving manufacturing technology. On October 18, 1964, in a television studio in Washington, D.C.,

5287:

Yung MS, Boost M, Cho P, Yap M (2007). "Microbial contamination of contact lenses and lens care accessories of soft contact lens wearers (university students) in Hong Kong".

1360:

was used as a preservative. In 1989, thiomersal was responsible for about 10% of problems related to contact lenses. As a result, most products no longer contain thiomersal.

1600:-impregnated lens case has been developed which helps to eradicate any potentially contaminating microbes that come in contact with the lens case. Additionally, a number of 1541:

species, among others. Microbial keratitis is a serious focal point of current research due to its potentially devastating effect on the eye, including severe vision loss.

1457:, dry eye and potential increase in myopia. Much of the research into soft and rigid contact lens materials has centered on improving oxygen transmission through the lens. 1166:

bottom of the eyeball to get it to fold then fall out, without pinching and thereby damaging it. If these techniques are used with a rigid lens, it may scratch the cornea.

843:

up to 30 consecutive nights; these longer-wear lenses are often referred to as "continuous wear" (CW). EW and CW contact lenses can be worn overnight because of their high

3670: 604:

Cosmetic lenses can have more direct medical applications. For example, some contact lenses can restore the appearance and, to some extent the function, of a damaged or

3575: 3500: 1445:

awake, and from the blood vessels in the back of the eyelid while asleep. The most prominent risks associated with long-term, chronic low oxygen to the cornea include

970: 4401: 515:

and also specializes one eye for distance and the other for near, thus gaining the benefits of both systems. Care is advised for persons with a previous history of

4789: 1441:

1, 14, or 30 days of wear for multiple months or years. While this does save on the cost of lenses, it risks permanent damage to the eye and even loss of sight.

775:. Rigid lenses are more chemically inert, allowing them to be worn in more challenging environments where chemical inertia is important compared to soft lenses. 668:. Injuries to the eye such as surgical complications, distorted corneal implants, as well as chemical and burn injuries also may be treated with scleral lenses. 3803:

use plain soap without any heavy moisturizers or perfumes. Rinse well and dry your hands. Again, this is to prevent transmitting anything unwanted to your eyes.

1804:

use plain soap without any heavy moisturizers or perfumes. Rinse well and dry your hands. Again, this is to prevent transmitting anything unwanted to your eyes.

1625:

microlenses to focus the image so that it appears suspended in front of the wearer's eyes. The lens could also serve as a head-up display for pilots or gamers.

2979:

Wood, Joanne M.; Wick, Kristan; Shuley, Vicki; Pearce, Brendon; Evans, Dean (6 May 1998). "The effect of monovision contact lens wear on driving performance".

1992:

Agarwal, R. K. (1969), Contact Lens Notes, Some factors concerning patients' motivation, The Optician, 10 January, pages 32-33 (published in London, England).

1827: 1478: 1375: 415:(Acuvue Oasys, Vistakon), use the Tanaka monomer. Vistakon improved the Tanaka monomer even further and added other molecules, which serve as an internal 2669: 1688: 247:

solution. He experimented with fitting the lenses initially on rabbits, then on himself, and lastly on a small group of volunteers, publishing his work,

5057:"Hypoxia increases corneal cell expression of CFTR leading to increased Pseudomonas aeruginosa binding, internalization, and initiation of inflammation" 4830:

confocal microscopic evaluation of langerhans cell density and distribution in the corneal epithelium of healthy volunteers and contact lens wearers".

2615: 1157:, the person stretches the eyelids towards the ear; the increased tension of the eyelid margins against the edge of lens allows the blink to break the 3175: 2296: 316:

and cornea, causing a number of adverse and potentially serious clinical effects. By the end of the 1970s and through the 1980s and 1990s, a range of

3264: 1396:

from contact lens wear affect roughly 5% of wearers yearly. Factors leading to eye damage varies, and improper use of a contact lens may affect the

400: 2192: 2640: 1267:

Used for cleaning protein deposits off lenses, usually weekly, if the daily cleaner is not sufficient. Typically, this cleaner is in tablet form.

109:

People choose to wear contact lenses for many reasons. Aesthetics and cosmetics are main motivating factors for people who want to avoid wearing

2944:

Pollard, Zane F.; Greenberg, Marc F.; Bordenca, Mark; Elliott, Joshua; Hsu, Victoria (September 2011). "Strabismus Precipitated by Monovision".

2114: 1868: 4711:

Liu, Z.; Pflugfelder, S. (January 2000). "The effects of long-term contact lens wear on corneal thickness, curvature, and surface regularity".

4602: 3096:

Swarbrick, HA; Nguyen, P; Nguyen, T; Pham, P (2001). "The ChromaGen contact lens system: Colour vision test results and subjective responses".

3517:

Haworth, Kristina; Travis, Darian; Leslie, Louis; Fuller, Daniel; Pucker, Andrew D (19 September 2023). Cochrane Eyes and Vision Group (ed.).

1592:

pollution removal). This cleaning technique takes advantage of a soft and porous polymer to physically peel pollutants off of contact lenses.

187:

fashioned a pair of basic contact lenses based on Descartes' model. He used wax to affix water-filled lenses to his eyes, neutralizing their

5551: 4746:

Liu Z, Pflugfelder SC (January 2000). "The effects of long-term contact lens wear on corneal thickness, curvature, and surface regularity".

1697:

in 1940. In the 1950s, contact lenses were starting to be used in British color horror films. An early example of this is the British actor

810:

comparing traditional hydrogel soft lens contacts with silicone hydrogel versions, there is no clear evidence to recommend a superior lens.

713:, anterior corneal dystrophy, and neurotrophic keratoconjunctivitis. Contact lenses that deliver drugs to the eye have also been developed. 3233: 1288:

regardless of cleaning solution used. In 2010, the FDA recommended that manufacturers removed the "no rub" from product labeling, "because

747:, which can cause a number of adverse, and often serious, clinical events. Starting in the late 1970s, improved rigid materials which were 589:. Like any contact lens, cosmetic lenses carry risks of mild to serious complications, including ocular redness, irritation and infection. 5577: 2396:

Pearson, Richard M.; Efron, Nathan (September 1989). "Hundredth anniversary of August Müller's inaugural dissertation on contact lenses".

1471:

The way contact lenses interact with the natural tear layer is a major factor in determining lens comfort and visual clarity. People with

593:

meaning one with zero vision correction. This is for safety reasons so the lenses will fit the eye without causing irritation or redness.

2917:

Lebow, KA; Goldberg, JB (1975). "Characteristic of binocular vision found for presbyopic patients wearing single vision contact lenses".

3410: 5620: 3417: 3380: 1074:

under the supervision of an eye doctor. They are typically ordered at the same office that conducts the eye exam and fitting. But the

3768:

Agarwal, R.K. (1970), Some reasons for not fitting contact lenses, The Optician, 4 December, page 623 (published in London, England).

3644: 1553:

binding to the corneal epithelium, internalization of the microbes, and induction of the inflammatory response. One way to alleviate

974: 465:

A spherical contact lens bends light evenly in every direction (horizontally, vertically, etc.). They are typically used to correct

176:. However, the idea was impracticable, since the device was to be placed in direct contact with the cornea and thus would have made 4704: 3446: 2819: 2741: 905:

Typically, soft contact lenses are mass-produced, while rigids are custom-made to exact specifications for the individual patient.

818:

1st generation (plasma coating): A surface modification process called plasma coating alters the lens surface's hydrophobic nature;

1131:

When the lens first contacts the eye, it should be comfortable. A brief period of irritation may occur, caused by a difference in

4105:"Viability of Acanthamoeba after exposure to a multipurpose disinfecting contact lens solution and two hydrogen peroxide systems" 1475:

are particularly vulnerable to discomfort and episodes of brief blurry vision. Proper lens selection can minimize these effects.

370: 1169:

There are also small tools specifically for removing lenses. Usually made of flexible plastic, they resemble small tweezers, or

1078:

guarantees consumers a copy of their contact lens prescription, allowing them to obtain lenses at the provider of their choice.

806:

approved for overnight wear (extended wear). Lenses approved for daily wear are also available in silicone hydrogel materials.

3447:"Qmed is the world's only directory of pre-qualified suppliers to the medical device and in vitro diagnostics industry. - Qmed" 1837: 1337:

Aside from cleaning the contact lenses, contact lens case should also be kept clean and be replaced at minimum every 3 months.

1075: 821:

2nd generation (wetting agents): Another technique incorporates internal rewetting agents to make the lens surface hydrophilic;

5669: 5215:

Burgener, Katherine; Bhamla, M. Saad (June 2021). "A polymer-based technique to remove pollutants from soft contact lenses".

3567: 2567: 2372: 2174: 3497: 1568:

adhere much more strongly to unworn silicone hydrogel contact lenses than conventional hydrogel lenses and that adhesion of

1030:

may be similar but are not interchangeable. Prescribing of contact lenses is usually restricted to various combinations of

377:, which started to manufacture them in the United States. The Czech scientists' work led to the launch of the first soft ( 4987:

Robertson, DM, Petroll, WM, Jester, JV & Cavanagh, HD: Current concepts: contact lens related Pseudomonas keratitis.

1842: 1223: 784: 735:

Glass lenses were never comfortable enough to gain widespread popularity. The first lenses to do so were those made from

632:

to improve vision and reduce pain and light sensitivity for people with disorders or injuries to the eye, such as severe

5340:

Midelfart J.; Midelfart A.; Bevanger L. (1996). "Microbial contamination of contact lens cases among medical students".

2002:

Sokol, JL; Mier, MG; Bloom, S; Asbell, PA (1990). "A study of patient compliance in a contact lens-wearing population".

4466:"The relationship between environmental sources and the susceptibility of Acanthamoeba keratitis in the United Kingdom" 4159:"One- and two-step hydrogen peroxide contact lens disinfection solutions against Acanthamoeba: How effective are they?" 2598: 1369: 2074:

Heitz, RF and Enoch, J. M. (1987) "Leonardo da Vinci: An assessment on his discourses on image formation in the eye."

1608:

molecules have been shown to reduce bacterial colonization without adversely affecting the cornea of a rabbit eye and

304:) phased out its original flagship product in 1994 after contact lenses became more affordable and easier to replace. 5727: 5654: 4939:"Recent advancements in nanomaterial-laden contact lenses for diagnosis and treatment of glaucoma, review and update" 4351: 3712: 1285: 739:(PMMA or Perspex/Plexiglas), now commonly referred to as "hard" lenses. Their main disadvantage is they do not allow 3756: 919:. The lens starts out as a cylindrical disk held in the jaws of the lathe that is equipped with an industrial-grade 6052: 1683: 1604:

agents are being developed that have been embedded into contact lenses themselves. Lenses with covalently attached

1190: 4003:

Fears, Alyssa C.; Metzinger, Rebecca C.; Killeen, Stephanie Z.; Reimers, Robert S.; Roy, Chad J. (December 2018).

3519:"Silicone hydrogel versus hydrogel soft contact lenses for differences in patient-reported eye comfort and safety" 855:

Wearing lenses designed for daily wear overnight has an increased risk for corneal infections, corneal ulcers and

429:(Avaira, CooperVision) is another third-generation material that is naturally wettable; its water content is 46%. 97:. Contact lenses are ocular prosthetic devices used by over 150 million people worldwide, and they can be worn to 2443:"Contact Lens for Eyes Now Common; It is Used as Substitute for Spectacles." Nashua (IA) Reporter, 28 April 1937. 2096: 1107:

brands of lenses have markings on the rim that make it easier to tell the front of the lens apart from the back.

4056:"Comparison of Hydrogen Peroxide Contact Lens Disinfection Systems and Solutions against Acanthamoeba polyphaga" 2280: 2251: 2029: 1817: 665: 4005:"Comparative in vitro effectiveness of a novel contact lens multipurpose solution on Acanthamoeba castellanii" 3744: 4293:

Zhu, Hua; Bandara, Mahesh B.; Vijay, Ajay K.; Masoudi, Simin; Wu, Duojia; Willcox, Mark D. P. (August 2011).

2479:

Contact Lens History: How Contact Lenses Have Developed Through the Years. EyeHealth Central. Retrieved from

324:

played a prominent role in the development of these new oxygen-permeable contact lenses. Collectively, these

3221:

Vanderbilt University Medical Center – Vanderbilt Eye Doctors Warn of the Dangers of Cosmetic Contact Lenses

3183: 1917:

NM Farandos; AK Yetisen; MJ Monteiro; CR Lowe; SH Yun (2014). "Contact Lens Sensors in Ocular Diagnostics".

5700: 4199: 2841: 2300: 1741:. Colored custom-made contact lenses are now standard makeup for a number of special effects-based movies. 1206:

There are many ways to clean and care for contact lenses, typically called care systems or lens solutions:

649: 382: 2811: 1729:. Contact lenses were also used to better emphasize the sinister gaze of the demonic characters in 1968's 909:

Spin-cast lenses – A soft lens manufactured by whirling liquid silicone in a revolving mold at high speed.

6037: 5037:

Burd EM, Ogawa GSH, Hyndiuk RA. Bacterial keratitis and conjunctivitis. In: Smolin G, Thoft RA, editors.

3777: 3272: 1725: 1629: 381:) contact lenses in some countries in the 1960s and the first approval of the Soflens material by the US 256: 6042: 5555: 2189: 1472: 1446: 1356:, but are better suited for individuals with an allergy or sensitivity to a preservative. In the past, 856: 682: 578:

A cosmetic contact lens is designed to change the appearance of the eye. These lenses may also correct

200: 3138:

Harris D "Colouring Sight: A study of CL fittings with colour enhancing lenses" 'Optician' 8 June 1997

2323: 274:(PMMA) in the 1930s paved the way for the manufacture of plastic scleral lenses. In 1936, optometrist 3619: 1731: 690: 623:

Scleral lens, with visible outer edge resting on the sclera of a patient with severe dry eye syndrome

5103:

Sweeney DF, Keay L, Jalbert I. Clinical performance of silicone hydrogel lenses. In Sweeney DF, ed.

4606: 4346: 4237: 3790: 1791: 1046:

is needed to determine an individual's suitability for contact lens wear. This typically includes a

6006: 3833:

The pH of contact lens solutions has been implicated in the comfort of contact lenses on insertion.

1769:

The pH of contact lens solutions has been implicated in the comfort of contact lenses on insertion.

1564: 184: 17: 653: 6032: 6011: 5696: 5682: 4748: 1393: 736: 312:

One of the major disadvantages of PMMA lenses is that they allow no oxygen to get through to the

271: 232: 216: 204:, posed two ideas for the visual correction: the first "a spherical capsule of glass filled with 5416:

Amos CF, George MD (2006). "Clinical and laboratory testing of a silver-impregnated lens case".

4687:"Emergency Care of Corneal Abrasion: Overview, Clinical Evaluation, ED Treatment Considerations" 4200:"Clinical efficacy of standing wave and ultrasound for cleaning and disinfecting contact lenses" 3241: 1460:

Silicone-Hydrogel lenses available today have effectively eliminated hypoxia for most patients.

534:, a red-tinted "X-Chrom" contact lens may be used. Although such a lens does not restore normal 138: 5933: 4621: 3952:

Aguiar, Ana; Oliveira Silveira, Caroline; Todero Winck, Mari; Rott, Marilise (1 January 2013).

1517: 1431: 661: 172:

proposed a device for correcting vision consisting of a liquid-filled glass tube capped with a

5687: 5664:, vols. 11/3a, 11/3b, and 11/3c. Ostend, Belgium: Wayenborgh Publishing; Paraguay: Piribebuy. 4876: 3421: 3220: 932:

Many companies make contact lenses. In the United States, there are five major manufacturers:

392:

in Mexico. These new materials encapsulated the benefits of silicone which has extremely high

5989: 5720: 5660:

Heitz, Robert (2003, 2005 and 2014). "The History of Contact Lenses". In: Julius Hirschberg,

5268:

Agarwal R.K. (1971). "A legally problematical but clinically interesting contact lens case".

4402:"FDA Letter to Firms with Marketing Clearance for No-rub Multipurpose Contact Lens Solutions" 2367:(Fifth ed.). New Delhi ; Philadelphia: Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers (P) Ltd. 1832: 1621: 1345: 889:

manufacturers use absolutely identical lenses and just repackage them with different labels.

293: 239:

scleral contact lens. Approximately 18–21 mm (0.71–0.83 in) in diameter, the heavy

3671:"Contact Lenses – Types of Contact Lenses. Disposable (Replacement Schedule) Contact Lenses" 3388: 2164: 522:

Alternatively, a person may simply wear reading glasses over their distance contact lenses.

499:

Multifocal contact lenses (e.g. bifocals or progressives) are comparable to spectacles with

283:

produced his own version of plastic lenses based on experiments performed during the 1930s.

5923: 4891: 4477: 2891: 2707: 2209: 1636: 1504: 946: 936: 901:

Molecular structure of silicone hydrogel used in flexible, oxygen-permeable contact lenses.

373:(NPDC) bought the American rights to produce the lenses and then sublicensed the rights to 228: 4256: 1503:

Contact lens sensors to monitor the ocular temperature have been demonstrated. Monitoring

1220:. There is preliminary research on creating a new multipurpose solution that kills amoeba. 243:

shells rested on the less sensitive rim of tissue surrounding the cornea and floated on a

106:

of contact lens wearers globally was 31 years old, and two-thirds of wearers were female.

8: 5958: 5943: 5885: 5795: 4686: 2272: 1822: 1737: 1707: 1656: 1617: 1284:

the most effective method for multipurpose solutions, and is the method indicated by the

844: 798: 752: 748: 678: 598: 393: 317: 163: 4965: 4938: 4895: 4481: 3543: 3518: 3450: 2745: 2711: 2547: 2480: 1976: 1963: 1296:

regimens help prevent microbial adhesion to the contact lens, help prevent formation of

771:. In most cases, patients with keratoconus see better through rigid lenses than through 267:

with a more convenient blown-glass scleral contact lens of his own manufacture in 1888.

6047: 5984: 5880: 5832: 5780: 5530: 5476: 5464: 5322: 5250: 5224: 5197: 5143: 5081: 5056: 4914: 4857: 4667: 4628: 4500: 4465: 4324: 4275: 4129: 4104: 4103:

Hiti, K; Walochnik, J; Haller-Schober, EM; Faschinger, C; Aspöck, H (1 February 2002).

4031: 4004: 3893: 3868: 3362: 3319: 3205: 3121: 3004: 2992: 2723: 2645: 2532: 2145: 1942: 1899: 1716: 1486: 1482: 768: 38: 5393: 5368: 4761: 4724: 4595: 4157:

Hiti, K; Walochnik, J; Faschinger, C; Haller-Schober, E-M; Aspöck, H (December 2005).

3062: 2466: 255:. Large and unwieldy, Fick's lens could be worn only for a couple of hours at a time. 5918: 5665: 5650: 5522: 5468: 5433: 5398: 5349: 5314: 5300: 5254: 5242: 5189: 5135: 5086: 5020: 4970: 4919: 4849: 4808: 4765: 4728: 4671: 4659: 4584: 4580: 4546: 4505: 4464:

Carnt, Nicole A.; Subedi, Dinesh; Connor, Sophie; Kilvington, Simon (11 March 2020).

4446: 4316: 4219: 4215: 4180: 4134: 4085: 4080: 4055: 4036: 3985: 3934: 3898: 3869:"Resistance of Acanthamoeba Cysts to Disinfection in Multiple Contact Lens Solutions" 3824: 3708: 3548: 3354: 3311: 3293: 3113: 3109: 3066: 3031: 2996: 2961: 2926: 2594: 2563: 2413: 2409: 2378: 2368: 2343: 2276: 2247: 2170: 2149: 2137: 2011: 1934: 1903: 1891: 1760: 1554: 1154: 1001: 794: 710: 275: 150: 143: 114: 5480: 5201: 5147: 4937:

Baghban, R; Talebnejad, MR; Meshksar, A; Heydari, M; Khalili, MR (2 November 2023).

4861: 4328: 4071: 3366: 3323: 3125: 3083: 3008: 2339: 1946: 660:, neurotrophic keratitis (anesthetic corneas), complications post-LASIK, high order 280: 169: 5900: 5842: 5837: 5800: 5765: 5713: 5534: 5512: 5504: 5460: 5425: 5388: 5380: 5326: 5304: 5296: 5234: 5179: 5171: 5127: 5076: 5068: 4960: 4950: 4909: 4899: 4841: 4798: 4757: 4720: 4651: 4576: 4536: 4495: 4485: 4438: 4306: 4211: 4170: 4124: 4116: 4075: 4067: 4026: 4016: 3975: 3965: 3926: 3888: 3880: 3700: 3598: 3538: 3534: 3530: 3346: 3303: 3105: 3058: 2988: 2953: 2727: 2715: 2677: 2555: 2462: 2405: 2335: 2239: 2129: 2054: 1926: 1883: 1489: 1464: 1158: 964: 686: 633: 579: 504: 455: 374: 188: 31: 3930: 3472: 3350: 3022:

Hartenbaum, NP; Stack, CM (1997). "Color vision deficiency and the X-Chrom lens".

358: 346: 338: 219:

was the first to successfully fit contact lenses, which were made from blown glass

5963: 5953: 5857: 5852: 5827: 5790: 5775: 5770: 5645: 5508: 5369:"Acanthamoeba, bacterial, and fungal contamination of contact lens storage cases" 5175: 4845: 4655: 4642:

Sweeney, Deborah F. (2013). "Have Silicone Hydrogel Lenses Eliminated Hypoxia?".

4490: 4311: 4294: 3504: 3307: 2559: 2196: 1698: 1670: 1651: 1609: 1313: 1063: 1043: 1031: 912: 797:, or Si-hy lenses became available. These materials have both the extremely high 706: 645: 531: 451: 224: 98: 4198:

Efron, Nathan; Lowe, Russell; Vallas, Vicky; Grusiner, Eugene (1 January 1991).

3845: 1775: 476:

There are two ways that contact lenses can correct astigmatism. One way is with

5895: 5429: 5238: 4955: 4803: 4784: 2243: 1674: 1523: 1349: 637: 608: 585:

In the United States, the FDA labels non-corrective cosmetic contact lenses as

508: 458:. This is done by directly focusing light so it enters the eye with the proper 403:

of Menicon Co. of Japan in 1979. Second-generation silicone hydrogels, such as

354: 342: 321: 153:

is frequently credited with introducing the idea of contact lenses in his 1508

5131: 4021: 3970: 3953: 2957: 2492: 1449:, increased epithelial permeability, bacterial adherence, microcysts, corneal 619: 46: 6026: 5810: 5755: 4525:"Thiomersal keratoconjunctivitis, frequency, clinical spectrum and diagnosis" 4223: 3757:"The Strength of Competition in the Sale of Rx Contact Lenses: An FTC Study". 2382: 2347: 1847: 1601: 1588: 1537: 1454: 1413: 1013: 960: 848: 702: 557: 539: 470: 416: 236: 195: 90: 5116: 4785:"Confocal microscopy of the corneas of long-term rigid contact lens wearers" 4442: 1635:

Another study of the usage of contact lens is aimed to address the issue of

885:

durable and were commonly worn for 5 to 10 years but had several drawbacks.

5948: 5890: 5847: 5640: 5526: 5472: 5437: 5318: 5246: 5193: 5139: 5090: 5024: 4974: 4923: 4853: 4812: 4769: 4732: 4663: 4588: 4509: 4450: 4374:"Contact Lens Care Products Labeling - Guidance for Industry and FDA Staff" 4320: 4184: 4175: 4158: 4138: 4089: 4040: 3989: 3938: 3902: 3815:

Demas GN (1989). "pH consistency and stability of contact lens solutions".

3552: 3358: 3315: 3117: 3000: 2965: 2362: 2141: 2133: 1938: 1930: 1895: 1887: 1751:

Demas GN (1989). "pH consistency and stability of contact lens solutions".

1693: 1426: 1341: 1253:(non neutralized solution) is sufficient to kill bacteria, HIV, fungi, and 1216: 950: 628: 535: 454:

contact lenses are designed to improve vision, most commonly by correcting

412: 404: 240: 125:

that are typically corrected better with contact lenses than with glasses.

5402: 5366: 5353: 4567:

Stamler, John F. (August 1998). "The complications of contact lens wear".

4550: 4295:"Importance of Rub and Rinse in Use of Multipurpose Contact Lens Solution" 3828: 3070: 3035: 2417: 2015: 1764: 1300:, and generally reduce the microbial load on the lens and the lens case." 5862: 5384: 5072: 4120: 3884: 2930: 1720: 1401: 1095: 1087: 1067: 1051: 1035: 764: 641: 481: 422: 389: 313: 122: 118: 4541: 4524: 3980: 3954:"Susceptibility of Acanthamoeba to multipurpose lens-cleaning solutions" 1620:. These are visual displays that include built-in electric circuits and 50:

A pair of contact lenses, positioned with the concave side facing upward

5872: 5785: 5309: 4904: 4678: 3951: 3704: 1916: 1678: 1558:

other conventional hydrogel soft contact lenses. One study showed that

1357: 1353: 1047: 772: 516: 493: 477: 426: 75: 1392:

Contact lenses are generally safe as long as they are used correctly.

1334:

Some products must be used only with certain types of contact lenses.

5979: 5822: 5805: 5517: 5184: 4156: 4102: 2719: 1512: 1507:

with contact lens sensors is another area of contact lens research.

1115: 994:

The parameters specified in a contact lens prescription may include:

877: 869: 694: 388:

In 1998, the first silicone hydrogel contact lenses were released by

353:

The principal breakthrough in soft lenses was made by Czech chemists

320:

but rigid materials were developed to overcome this problem. Chemist

301: 102: 94: 3597:

White, Neal; Jennings, Christopher; Pelka, Kevin (16 January 2015).

2093:

The Contact Lens Industry: Structure, Competition, and Public Policy

1660:(1958) in one of the first uses of contact lens with makeup in films 751:

were developed. Contact lenses made from these materials are called

211: 6001: 5760: 5705: 5493: 5339: 5229: 2591:

Spectacles and Other Vision Aids: A History and Guide to Collecting

1605: 1417: 1136: 1099: 1071: 1039: 1007: 897: 873: 802: 657: 605: 550: 500: 378: 330: 325: 244: 177: 70: 5105:

Silicone Hydrogels: The Rebirth of Continuous Wear Contact Lenses.

3381:"Eye Health Guide – Eye Diseases, Eye Problems and Eye Conditions" 2698:

Wichterle O, Lim D (1960). "Hydrophilic gels for biological use".

2113:

Moreddu, Rosalia; Vigolo, Daniele; Yetisen, Ali K. (August 2019).

2090: 5938: 5928: 5910: 5817: 5746: 5737: 3915: 3176:"Telescopic contact lens magnifies vision by 2.8 times on demand" 2867:"Advantages and Disadvantages of Various Types of Contact Lenses" 1702: 1647: 1297: 1170: 1027: 1017: 986: 920: 459: 205: 110: 5450: 5160: 4936: 1544:

One specific research topic of interest is how microbes such as

1086:

Before touching the contact lens or the eye, it is important to

569: 78:

contact lenses with blue handling tint in blister-pack packaging

5582: 4832: 2943: 2453:

Gyorgy, Salacz (January 2001). "Dr István Györffy, 1912–1999".

1712: 1597: 1405: 1397: 1125: 940: 759: 744: 740: 466: 408: 307: 264: 158: 37:"Monovision" redirects here. For the Ray LaMontagne album, see 5552:"Contacts Release Anesthesia to Eyes of Post-Surgery Patients" 4877:"Contact lenses for continuous corneal temperature monitoring" 4629:"What's the Best Prescription for Healthy Contact Lens Wear?" 3336: 3223:. Mc.vanderbilt.edu (19 April 2010). Retrieved on 2013-07-21. 1687:

to create the effect of a character who had a blind eye. Dr.

1677:'s device for enhancing the eyes was by the innovative actor 1450: 1421: 1182: 955: 916: 868:

comfort. Lenses replaced frequently gather fewer deposits of

721: 698: 30:"Contacts" redirects here. For the software application, see 5009: 4875:

Moreddu R, Elsherif M, Butt H, Vigolo D, Yetisen AK (2019).

4002: 2162: 2115:"Contact Lens Technology: From Fundamentals to Applications" 1869:"Contact Lens Technology: From fundamentals to Applications" 1380: 4463: 4429:

Razmaria, Aria A. (2015). "Proper Care of Contact Lenses".

3866: 1866: 1091: 260: 173: 5045:. 3rd ed. Boston: Little, Brown, & Co, 1994. p 115–67. 3694: 876:, making these lenses preferable for patients with ocular 146:

method for neutralizing the refractive power of the cornea

133: 5367:

Gray T.B.; Cursons R.T.; Sherwan J.F.; Rose P.R. (1995).

4874: 4826:

Zhivov A, Stave J, Vollmar B, Guthoff R (January 2007). "

4825: 4406: 4378: 3516: 3095: 2670:"Norman Gaylord, 84; helped develop type of contact lens" 1388:) is a group of inflammatory complications from lens wear 2767:

Agarwal Rishi K (1972). "Some Thoughts on Soft Lenses".

1054:

is especially important in the fitting of rigid lenses.

286: 5606:

Silent Films, 1877–1996: A Critical Guide to 646 Movies

4644:

Eye & Contact Lens: Science & Clinical Practice

4197: 3734:. Gainesville, Florida: Triad Publishing Company, 1990. 2434:, 4th Edition. Charles C. Thomas, Springfield, IL, 1988 1711:, which helped to emphasize his horrific looking black 1463:

Mishandling of contact lenses can also cause problems.

1132: 758:

A rigid lens is able to cover the natural shape of the

4292: 3049:

Siegel, IM (1981). "The X-Chrom lens. On seeing red".

2788:

American Journal of Optometry and Physiological Optics

2091:

Leonard G. Schifrin; William J. Rich (December 1984).

5054: 2481:

https://www.contactlenses.co.uk/education/history.htm

157:, wherein he described a method of directly altering 2978: 2112: 2001: 1828:

Effects of long-term contact lens wear on the cornea

1515:

and that the most predominant microbial pathogen is

1376:

Effects of long-term contact lens wear on the cornea

1319:

individuals with sensitive eyes or strong allergies.

5621:"On Film, Them There Eyes Are Often Contact Lenses" 2210:"History of Contact Lenses and Improved Technology" 525: 4782: 4710: 3596: 2892:"A Complete Guide to Gas Permeable Contact Lenses" 2812:"Looking at Silicone Hydrogels Across Generations" 2163:Rajesh Sinha; Vijay Kumar Dada (31 January 2017). 1352:. Preservative-free products usually have shorter 928:molding process and is never dried and rehydrated. 191:, which he corrected with another pair of lenses. 3645:"The Only Difference Is When You Throw Them Away" 3084:http://www.achromatopsia.info/red-contact-lenses/ 549:Later work that used these ChromaGen lenses with 446: 6024: 4053: 4009:Journal of Ophthalmic Inflammation and Infection 3411:"45 COVERAGE ISSUES – SUPPLIES – DRUGS 11–91 45" 1977:"International Contact Lens Prescribing in 2010" 1584:colonization than conventional hydrogel lenses. 5688:"Glass Disks Under Eyelids Replace Spectacles" 5578:"First Ever Switchable Telescopic Contact Lens" 5286: 4522: 4054:Hughes, Reanne; Kilvington, Simon (July 2001). 3697:Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology 3021: 2766: 1404:, and, most of all, the whole structure of the 349:introduced modern soft hydrogel lenses in 1959. 5214: 4745: 4523:Wilson-Holt, N; Dart, J K G (September 1989). 2919:Journal of the American Optometric Association 2809: 2667: 2552:Design of Artificial Human Joints & Organs 2266: 2202: 5721: 4819: 4776: 4739: 3945: 2916: 2554:, Boston, MA: Springer US, pp. 219–249, 2156: 1270:Ultraviolet, vibration, or ultrasonic devices 614: 5267: 5043:Scientific Foundations and Clinical Practice 4635: 3860: 2697: 2395: 2324:"The invention of the contact lenses (1888)" 1673:to introduce the use of contact lenses as a 664:, complications post-corneal transplant and 308:Gas permeable and soft lenses (1959-current) 235:who in 1888 fabricated the first successful 5154: 4152: 4150: 4148: 3568:"The Evolution of Silicone Hydrogel Lenses" 3498:"new silicone hydrogel lens for daily wear" 2267:Hellemans, Alexander; Bunch, Bryan (1988). 2086: 2084: 1303: 834:rigid lens and the comfort of a soft lens. 487: 198:, in a footnote to the 1845 edition of the 5728: 5714: 5415: 4562: 4560: 3909: 3418:Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services 2260: 1691:applied them to Orson Welles for the film 814:are often broken down into 3 generations: 671: 564: 5516: 5392: 5308: 5228: 5183: 5080: 5055:Zaidi T, Mowrey-McKee M, Pier GB (2004). 4964: 4954: 4913: 4903: 4802: 4540: 4499: 4489: 4340: 4338: 4310: 4174: 4128: 4079: 4030: 4020: 3979: 3969: 3892: 3726: 3724: 3542: 3339:Pharmaceutical Development and Technology 2691: 2588: 2361:Sinha, Rajesh; Dada, Vijay Kumar (2017). 2360: 1958: 1956: 915:– This type is cut and polished on a CNC 5107:Woburn, Ma: Butterworth Heinemann; 2000. 4428: 4366: 4145: 4096: 3814: 3778:"Fairness to Contact Lens Consumers Act" 3695:John Wiley & Sons, Inc, ed. (2000). 3265:"Taking a second look at scleral lenses" 3234:"How Do You Find the Right Circle Lens?" 2548:"The Eye and Its Artificial Replacement" 2199:eyeTopics.com. Accessed 18 October 2006. 2081: 1867:R Moreddu; D Vigolo; AK Yetisen (2019). 1750: 1705:character in the 1958 color horror film 1646: 1616:One area of research is in the field of 1379: 1189: 1181: 1114: 985: 896: 720: 618: 568: 337: 210: 137: 69: 53: 45: 5603: 4783:Hollingsworth JG, Efron N (June 2004). 4641: 4566: 4557: 3523:Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 3262: 3158:"Cision - FDA Cleared ChromaGen Lenses" 2805: 2803: 2801: 2742:"CONTACT LENS HISTORY – Otto Wichterle" 2070: 2068: 1278: 862: 371:National Patent Development Corporation 231:in 1887, it was German ophthalmologist 134:Origins and first functional prototypes 66:Putting contacts in and taking them out 14: 6025: 5618: 5546: 5544: 4394: 4335: 4286: 4238:"How Optical Ultrasonic Cleaners Work" 4047: 3721: 3048: 2810:Szczotka-Flynn, Loretta (1 May 2008). 2452: 2236:Van Nostrand's Scientific Encyclopedia 1953: 1838:Fungal contamination of contact lenses 1076:Fairness to Contact Lens Consumers Act 93:placed directly on the surface of the 5709: 5683:Contact lens and anterior eye journal 4457: 4060:Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 3771: 3745:"Manufacture of soft contact lenses". 3578:from the original on 30 December 2016 3098:Ophthalmic & Physiological Optics 2613: 2321: 2108: 2106: 1969: 1642: 1340:Contact lens solutions often contain 1026:Prescriptions for contact lenses and 363:"Hydrophilic gels for biological use" 287:Corneal and rigid lenses (1949–1960s) 5735: 5634: 4684: 4347:"How to Take Care of Contact Lenses" 4344: 3743:Manufacture of soft contact lenses. 3565: 3559: 2798: 2668:Pearce, Jeremy (23 September 2007). 2530:"New Contact Lens Fits Pupil Only", 2076:Advances in Diagnostic Visual Optics 2065: 1964:"ANNUAL REPORT: Contact Lenses 2010" 1232:An exposure time of 2-3 hours to 3% 263:, Germany, corrected his own severe 5619:Yazigi, Monique P. (17 July 1994). 5541: 5289:Ophthalmic and Physiological Optics 4603:"Do Contact Lenses Damage The Eye?" 4422: 2981:Clinical and Experimental Optometry 2614:Smith, William D. (18 April 1971). 2545: 2208: 1843:List of soft contact lens materials 1572:was 20 times stronger than that of 1498: 1224:Hydrogen peroxide contact solutions 785:List of soft contact lens materials 24: 5465:10.1097/01.ico.0000224636.57062.90 3791:"How to Put Contacts in Your Eyes" 2993:10.1111/j.1444-0938.1998.tb06727.x 2661: 2593:. Norman Publishing. p. 379. 2103: 1792:"How to Put Contacts in Your Eyes" 1744: 1412:can lead to infections by various 1370:List of contact lens complications 1261:due to insufficient exposure time. 1200: 1141: 27:Lenses placed on the eye's surface 25: 6064: 5676: 4276:"Soft Contact Lens Care Products" 4254: 4204:International Contact Lens Clinic 3624:American Academy of Ophthalmology 3164:from the original on 3 July 2013. 2946:American Journal of Ophthalmology 2822:from the original on 19 July 2011 1286:American Academy of Ophthalmology 1094:and rinse well. Soaps containing 1062:Contact lenses are prescribed by 5612: 5597: 5570: 5487: 5444: 5409: 5360: 5333: 5301:10.1111/j.1475-1313.2006.00427.x 5280: 5261: 5208: 5120:Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 5110: 5097: 5048: 5031: 5003: 4994: 4981: 4930: 4868: 4581:10.1097/00055735-199808000-00012 4569:Current Opinion in Ophthalmology 4273: 4257:"Caring for Soft Contact Lenses" 4109:British Journal of Ophthalmology 3873:Journal of Clinical Microbiology 3110:10.1046/j.1475-1313.2001.00583.x 3086:Red contact lenses for achromats 3024:Occupational Health & Safety 2508:, 2 September 1949, pp. 141–144. 2190:"The History of Contact Lenses." 2055:"Contact Lenses for Keratoconus" 2030:"Compare Contacts & Glasses" 1576:. This might partly explain why 1485:density and increased number of 1363: 1057: 981: 892: 881:leading to improved compliance. 837: 526:Other types of vision correction 5697:Focusing on Contact Lens Safety 4685:Khan, Feras H (13 April 2023). 4516: 4345:Boyd, Kierstan (4 March 2021). 4267: 4248: 4230: 4191: 4072:10.1128/AAC.45.7.2038-2043.2001 3996: 3838: 3808: 3783: 3762: 3749: 3737: 3688: 3663: 3637: 3612: 3590: 3510: 3496:FDA Premarket Notification for 3490: 3465: 3439: 3403: 3373: 3330: 3287: 3256: 3226: 3214: 3198: 3168: 3150: 3141: 3132: 3089: 3077: 3042: 3015: 2972: 2937: 2910: 2884: 2859: 2834: 2779: 2760: 2734: 2633: 2607: 2582: 2539: 2524: 2511: 2498: 2485: 2473: 2446: 2437: 2424: 2389: 2354: 2340:10.1111/j.1755-3768.2014.3773.x 2315: 2289: 2227: 2183: 2169:. JP Medical Ltd. pp. 2–. 2097:Office of Technology Assessment 2059:National Keratoconus Foundation 1386:contact lens associated red eye 730: 251:, in the March 1888 edition of 5692:, July 1930, left-bottom pg 31 3535:10.1002/14651858.CD014791.pub2 3263:Caceres, Vanessa (June 2009). 2589:Rosenthal, J. William (1996). 2297:"Adolf Eugen Fick (1852–1937)" 2047: 2022: 1995: 1986: 1910: 1860: 1818:Augmented reality contact lens 990:Diameter and base curve radius 778: 636:(keratoconjunctivitis sicca), 447:Correction of refractive error 13: 1: 5217:Contact Lens and Anterior Eye 4762:10.1016/S0161-6420(99)00027-5 4725:10.1016/S0161-6420(99)00027-5 3931:10.1016/j.exppara.2014.06.014 3732:Dictionary of Eye Terminology 3351:10.1080/10837450.2017.1377232 3063:10.1016/S0039-6257(81)80001-X 2674:(New York Times News Service) 2467:10.1016/S1367-0484(01)80040-0 2455:Contact Lens and Anterior Eye 2122:Advanced Healthcare Materials 1919:Advanced Healthcare Materials 1876:Advanced Healthcare Materials 1854: 5701:Food and Drug Administration 5649:. Elsevier Health Sciences. 5509:10.1097/opx.0b013e318058a0cc 5176:10.1097/OPX.0b013e31817c92f3 5164:Optometry and Vision Science 4943:Journal of Nanobiotechnology 4846:10.1097/ICO.0b013e31802e3b55 4656:10.1097/ICL.0b013e31827c7899 4491:10.1371/journal.pone.0229681 4312:10.1097/OPX.0b013e31821bf976 4299:Optometry and Vision Science 4216:10.1016/0892-8967(91)90040-7 3308:10.1016/j.actbio.2018.11.020 2816:www.optometricmanagement.com 2560:10.1007/978-1-4614-6255-2_14 2410:10.1016/0039-6257(89)90041-6 1110: 716: 441: 383:Food and Drug Administration 7: 5604:Klepper, Robert K. (2005). 3730:Cassin, B. and Solomon, S. 3566:Chou, Brian (1 June 2008). 2521:, 9 September 1949, p. 185. 2322:Heitz, R (September 2014). 1810: 1723:wore them in the 1968 film 1630:photorefractive keratectomy 1186:Lens case to store contacts 507:because they have multiple 361:, who published their work 10: 6069: 5430:10.1016/j.clae.2006.09.007 5239:10.1016/j.clae.2020.05.004 4956:10.1186/s12951-023-02166-w 4804:10.1016/j.clae.2004.02.002 3755:Federal Trade Commission. 2536:, 11 February 1952, p. 27. 2517:"Corneal Contact Lenses", 2364:Textbook of contact lenses 2244:10.1002/0471743984.vse2040 2166:Textbook of Contact Lenses 1975:Morgan, Philip B., et al. 1669:One of the earliest known 1654:as the title character in 1582:Staphylococcus epidermidis 1574:Staphylococcus epidermidis 1447:corneal neovascularization 1373: 1367: 1147: 857:corneal neovascularization 782: 615:Therapeutic scleral lenses 201:Encyclopedia Metropolitana 155:Codex of the eye, Manual D 128: 36: 29: 5972: 5909: 5871: 5744: 5690:Popular Mechanics Monthly 5608:. McFarland. p. 373. 5132:10.1007/s00417-007-0703-5 5061:Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 4605:. Lensite. Archived from 4022:10.1186/s12348-018-0161-8 3971:10.2478/s11686-013-0143-9 3919:Experimental Parasitology 2958:10.1016/j.ajo.2011.02.008 2495:, filed 28 February 1948. 2269:The Timetables of Science 1962:Nichols, Jason J., et al 1409: 828: 587:decorative contact lenses 253:Archiv für Augenheilkunde 5662:History of Ophthalmology 5013:Bull Soc Belge Ophtalmol 4631:. Contact Lens Spectrum. 1664: 1565:Staphylococcus epidermis 1304:Physical rubbing devices 1119:Inserting a contact lens 1081: 1070:, or specially licensed 971:X-Cel Specialty Contacts 677:of conditions including 650:Stevens–Johnson syndrome 488:Correction of presbyopia 432: 6053:19th-century inventions 4443:10.1001/jama.2015.12468 3051:Survey of Ophthalmology 2398:Survey of Ophthalmology 2195:11 October 2008 at the 2078:19—26, Springer-Verlag. 1177: 743:to pass through to the 737:polymethyl methacrylate 672:Therapeutic soft lenses 565:Cosmetic contact lenses 530:For those with certain 411:Advance, Vistakon) and 272:polymethyl methacrylate 233:Adolf Gaston Eugen Fick 217:Adolf Gaston Eugen Fick 142:Artist's impression of 5418:Cont Lens Anterior Eye 4989:Cont Lens Anterior Eye 4790:Cont Lens Anterior Eye 4176:10.1038/sj.eye.6701752 3503:3 October 2008 at the 3473:"Rigid contact lenses" 3209:Contact Lens Spectrum. 2134:10.1002/adhm.201900368 1931:10.1002/adhm.201400504 1888:10.1002/adhm.201900368 1661: 1570:Pseudomonas aeruginosa 1560:Pseudomonas aeruginosa 1546:Pseudomonas aeruginosa 1518:Pseudomonas aeruginosa 1389: 1210:Multipurpose solutions 1195: 1187: 1120: 991: 902: 727: 662:aberrations of the eye 624: 575: 350: 220: 147: 79: 67: 51: 5646:Contact Lens Practice 4280:Contact Lens Spectrum 3599:"Hybrid contact lens" 2546:Pal, Subrata (2014), 2432:Contact Lens Practice 2214:Master Eye Associates 1981:Contact Lens Spectrum 1833:Eyeglass prescription 1650: 1622:light-emitting diodes 1383: 1374:Further information: 1346:benzalkonium chloride 1193: 1185: 1118: 1022:Center thickness (CT) 998:Material / Brand name 989: 937:Johnson & Johnson 900: 724: 666:pellucid degeneration 622: 572: 341: 294:Lyndon Baines Johnson 214: 141: 73: 65: 49: 5385:10.1136/bjo.79.6.601 5073:10.1167/iovs.04-0627 4121:10.1136/bjo.86.2.144 3885:10.1128/JCM.00575-09 3620:"Contact Lens Types" 2504:"The Corneal Lens", 2328:Acta Ophthalmologica 2273:Simon & Schuster 1726:The Boston Strangler 1684:The Road to Mandalay 1637:macular degeneration 1505:intraocular pressure 1279:Rub and rinse method 1214:ineffective against 947:The Cooper Companies 863:Replacement schedule 551:people with dyslexia 229:scleral contact lens 4991:, 30: 94–107, 2007. 4896:2019RSCAd...911433M 4890:(20): 11433–11442. 4542:10.1038/eye.1989.91 4482:2020PLoSO..1529681C 3958:Acta Parasitologica 3275:on 28 February 2019 3244:on 13 December 2013 2712:1960Natur.185..117W 2430:Robert B. Mandell. 2061:. 21 February 2018. 2034:ACUVUE® Middle East 1823:Bionic contact lens 845:oxygen permeability 799:oxygen permeability 753:rigid gas permeable 679:bullous keratopathy 599:circle contact lens 394:oxygen permeability 331:rigid gas permeable 328:are referred to as 270:The development of 6038:1965 introductions 4905:10.1039/C9RA00601J 4691:Medscape Reference 3780:. 15 October 2003. 3705:10.1002/0471238961 3572:www.clspectrum.com 3453:on 5 December 2008 3296:Acta Biomaterialia 2786:"Editorial note". 2748:on 29 January 2015 2646:The New York Times 2620:The New York Times 2616:"Soft-Lens Clamor" 2533:The New York Times 2234:"Contact Lenses". 1662: 1643:In popular culture 1483:corneal keratocyte 1390: 1196: 1188: 1121: 992: 903: 755:lenses or 'RGPs'. 728: 654:Sjögren's syndrome 625: 576: 532:color deficiencies 505:progressive lenses 462:for clear vision. 369:in 1959. In 1965, 351: 221: 148: 80: 68: 52: 39:Monovision (album) 6043:Corrective lenses 6020: 6019: 5670:978-90-6299-463-2 4609:on 2 October 2018 4169:(12): 1301–1305. 3160:(Press release). 2952:(3): 479–482.e1. 2898:. 26 January 2013 2706:(4706): 117–118. 2649:. 6 December 1964 2641:"nytimes archive" 2569:978-1-4614-6254-5 2374:978-93-86150-44-8 2176:978-93-86150-44-8 1689:Rueben Greenspoon 1681:in the 1926 film 1465:Corneal abrasions 1264:Enzymatic cleaner 1002:Base curve radius 965:Bausch & Lomb 795:silicone hydrogel 767:or post surgical 687:corneal abrasions 375:Bausch & Lomb 276:William Feinbloom 151:Leonardo da Vinci 115:peripheral vision 63: 16:(Redirected from 6060: 5730: 5723: 5716: 5707: 5706: 5629: 5628: 5616: 5610: 5609: 5601: 5595: 5594: 5592: 5590: 5574: 5568: 5567: 5565: 5563: 5558:on 21 April 2013 5554:. Archived from 5548: 5539: 5538: 5520: 5491: 5485: 5484: 5448: 5442: 5441: 5413: 5407: 5406: 5396: 5364: 5358: 5357: 5337: 5331: 5330: 5312: 5284: 5278: 5277: 5270:The Contact Lens 5265: 5259: 5258: 5232: 5212: 5206: 5205: 5187: 5158: 5152: 5151: 5114: 5108: 5101: 5095: 5094: 5084: 5052: 5046: 5035: 5029: 5028: 5007: 5001: 4998: 4992: 4985: 4979: 4978: 4968: 4958: 4934: 4928: 4927: 4917: 4907: 4881: 4872: 4866: 4865: 4823: 4817: 4816: 4806: 4780: 4774: 4773: 4743: 4737: 4736: 4708: 4702: 4701: 4699: 4697: 4682: 4676: 4675: 4639: 4633: 4632: 4625: 4619: 4618: 4616: 4614: 4599: 4593: 4592: 4564: 4555: 4554: 4544: 4520: 4514: 4513: 4503: 4493: 4461: 4455: 4454: 4426: 4420: 4419: 4417: 4415: 4398: 4392: 4391: 4389: 4387: 4382:. 15 August 2010 4370: 4364: 4363: 4361: 4359: 4342: 4333: 4332: 4314: 4290: 4284: 4283: 4271: 4265: 4264: 4261:All About Vision 4252: 4246: 4245: 4234: 4228: 4227: 4195: 4189: 4188: 4178: 4154: 4143: 4142: 4132: 4100: 4094: 4093: 4083: 4051: 4045: 4044: 4034: 4024: 4000: 3994: 3993: 3983: 3973: 3949: 3943: 3942: 3913: 3907: 3906: 3896: 3879:(7): 2040–2045. 3864: 3858: 3857: 3855: 3853: 3842: 3836: 3835: 3817:J Am Optom Assoc 3812: 3806: 3805: 3800: 3798: 3787: 3781: 3775: 3769: 3766: 3760: 3753: 3747: 3741: 3735: 3728: 3719: 3718: 3692: 3686: 3685: 3683: 3681: 3667: 3661: 3660: 3658: 3656: 3641: 3635: 3634: 3632: 3630: 3616: 3610: 3609: 3607: 3605: 3594: 3588: 3587: 3585: 3583: 3563: 3557: 3556: 3546: 3514: 3508: 3494: 3488: 3487: 3485: 3483: 3469: 3463: 3462: 3460: 3458: 3449:. Archived from 3443: 3437: 3436: 3434: 3432: 3426: 3420:. Archived from 3415: 3407: 3401: 3400: 3398: 3396: 3387:. Archived from 3385:All About Vision 3377: 3371: 3370: 3334: 3328: 3327: 3291: 3285: 3284: 3282: 3280: 3271:. Archived from 3260: 3254: 3253: 3251: 3249: 3240:. Archived from 3230: 3224: 3218: 3212: 3204:Morgan PB et al. 3202: 3196: 3195: 3193: 3191: 3182:. Archived from 3172: 3166: 3165: 3154: 3148: 3145: 3139: 3136: 3130: 3129: 3093: 3087: 3081: 3075: 3074: 3046: 3040: 3039: 3030:(9): 36–40, 42. 3019: 3013: 3012: 2976: 2970: 2969: 2941: 2935: 2934: 2914: 2908: 2907: 2905: 2903: 2896:EyeHealthWeb.com 2888: 2882: 2881: 2879: 2877: 2863: 2857: 2856: 2854: 2852: 2838: 2832: 2831: 2829: 2827: 2807: 2796: 2795: 2783: 2777: 2776: 2769:The Contact Lens 2764: 2758: 2757: 2755: 2753: 2744:. Archived from 2738: 2732: 2731: 2720:10.1038/185117a0 2695: 2689: 2688: 2686: 2684: 2678:The Boston Globe 2665: 2659: 2658: 2656: 2654: 2637: 2631: 2630: 2628: 2626: 2611: 2605: 2604: 2586: 2580: 2579: 2578: 2576: 2543: 2537: 2528: 2522: 2515: 2509: 2502: 2496: 2491:U.S. Patent No. 2489: 2483: 2477: 2471: 2470: 2450: 2444: 2441: 2435: 2428: 2422: 2421: 2393: 2387: 2386: 2358: 2352: 2351: 2319: 2313: 2312: 2310: 2308: 2299:. Archived from 2293: 2287: 2286: 2264: 2258: 2257: 2231: 2225: 2224: 2222: 2220: 2206: 2200: 2187: 2181: 2180: 2160: 2154: 2153: 2119: 2110: 2101: 2100: 2095:. United States 2088: 2079: 2072: 2063: 2062: 2051: 2045: 2044: 2042: 2040: 2026: 2020: 2019: 1999: 1993: 1990: 1984: 1973: 1967: 1960: 1951: 1950: 1914: 1908: 1907: 1873: 1864: 1806: 1801: 1799: 1787: 1785: 1783: 1771: 1753:J Am Optom Assoc 1499:Current research 1490:Langerhans cells 1295: 1291: 1252: 1251: 1250: 1242: 1241: 1159:capillary action 1090:thoroughly with 1064:ophthalmologists 1032:ophthalmologists 749:oxygen-permeable 634:dry eye syndrome 580:refractive error 456:refractive error 318:oxygen-permeable 189:refractive power 64: 32:Contacts (Apple) 21: 6068: 6067: 6063: 6062: 6061: 6059: 6058: 6057: 6023: 6022: 6021: 6016: 5968: 5905: 5867: 5740: 5734: 5679: 5637: 5635:Further reading 5632: 5617: 5613: 5602: 5598: 5588: 5586: 5576: 5575: 5571: 5561: 5559: 5550: 5549: 5542: 5492: 5488: 5449: 5445: 5414: 5410: 5373:Br J Ophthalmol 5365: 5361: 5338: 5334: 5285: 5281: 5266: 5262: 5213: 5209: 5159: 5155: 5115: 5111: 5102: 5098: 5067:(11): 4066–74. 5053: 5049: 5036: 5032: 5008: 5004: 4999: 4995: 4986: 4982: 4935: 4931: 4879: 4873: 4869: 4824: 4820: 4781: 4777: 4744: 4740: 4709: 4705: 4695: 4693: 4683: 4679: 4640: 4636: 4627: 4626: 4622: 4612: 4610: 4601: 4600: 4596: 4565: 4558: 4521: 4517: 4476:(3): e0229681. 4462: 4458: 4427: 4423: 4413: 4411: 4400: 4399: 4395: 4385: 4383: 4372: 4371: 4367: 4357: 4355: 4343: 4336: 4291: 4287: 4274:Ward, Michael. 4272: 4268: 4253: 4249: 4244:. 6 April 2019. 4236: 4235: 4231: 4196: 4192: 4155: 4146: 4101: 4097: 4052: 4048: 4001: 3997: 3950: 3946: 3914: 3910: 3865: 3861: 3851: 3849: 3844: 3843: 3839: 3813: 3809: 3796: 3794: 3789: 3788: 3784: 3776: 3772: 3767: 3763: 3754: 3750: 3742: 3738: 3729: 3722: 3715: 3693: 3689: 3679: 3677: 3669: 3668: 3664: 3654: 3652: 3643: 3642: 3638: 3628: 3626: 3618: 3617: 3613: 3603: 3601: 3595: 3591: 3581: 3579: 3564: 3560: 3529:(9): CD014791. 3515: 3511: 3505:Wayback Machine 3495: 3491: 3481: 3479: 3471: 3470: 3466: 3456: 3454: 3445: 3444: 3440: 3430: 3428: 3427:on 4 March 2006 3424: 3413: 3409: 3408: 3404: 3394: 3392: 3391:on 9 April 2008 3379: 3378: 3374: 3335: 3331: 3292: 3288: 3278: 3276: 3261: 3257: 3247: 3245: 3232: 3231: 3227: 3219: 3215: 3203: 3199: 3189: 3187: 3186:on 2 April 2015 3174: 3173: 3169: 3156: 3155: 3151: 3146: 3142: 3137: 3133: 3094: 3090: 3082: 3078: 3047: 3043: 3020: 3016: 2977: 2973: 2942: 2938: 2925:(11): 1116–23. 2915: 2911: 2901: 2899: 2890: 2889: 2885: 2875: 2873: 2865: 2864: 2860: 2850: 2848: 2840: 2839: 2835: 2825: 2823: 2808: 2799: 2794:(9): 744. 1988. 2785: 2784: 2780: 2765: 2761: 2751: 2749: 2740: 2739: 2735: 2696: 2692: 2682: 2680: 2666: 2662: 2652: 2650: 2639: 2638: 2634: 2624: 2622: 2612: 2608: 2601: 2587: 2583: 2574: 2572: 2570: 2544: 2540: 2529: 2525: 2516: 2512: 2503: 2499: 2490: 2486: 2478: 2474: 2451: 2447: 2442: 2438: 2429: 2425: 2394: 2390: 2375: 2359: 2355: 2320: 2316: 2306: 2304: 2295: 2294: 2290: 2283: 2275:. p. 367. 2265: 2261: 2254: 2233: 2232: 2228: 2218: 2216: 2207: 2203: 2197:Wayback Machine 2188: 2184: 2177: 2161: 2157: 2128:(15): 1900368. 2117: 2111: 2104: 2089: 2082: 2073: 2066: 2053: 2052: 2048: 2038: 2036: 2028: 2027: 2023: 2000: 1996: 1991: 1987: 1983:. October 2011. 1974: 1970: 1966:. January 2011. 1961: 1954: 1915: 1911: 1882:(15): 1900368. 1871: 1865: 1861: 1857: 1852: 1813: 1797: 1795: 1790: 1781: 1779: 1774: 1747: 1745:Further reading 1732:Rosemary's Baby 1699:Christopher Lee 1671:motion pictures 1667: 1652:Christopher Lee 1645: 1610:octyl glucoside 1501: 1378: 1372: 1366: 1314:Saline solution 1306: 1293: 1289: 1281: 1249: 1246: 1245: 1244: 1240: 1237: 1236: 1235: 1233: 1180: 1150: 1113: 1084: 1060: 1044:eye examination 984: 913:Diamond turning 895: 865: 840: 831: 787: 781: 733: 719: 707:corneal ectasia 674: 646:corneal ectasia 617: 567: 528: 490: 449: 444: 435: 365:in the journal 345:(pictured) and 310: 289: 249:"Contactbrille" 225:Louis J. Girard 136: 131: 54: 42: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 6066: 6056: 6055: 6050: 6045: 6040: 6035: 6033:Contact lenses 6018: 6017: 6015: 6014: 6009: 6007:Shutter system 6004: 5999: 5994: 5993: 5992: 5987: 5976: 5974: 5970: 5969: 5967: 5966: 5961: 5956: 5951: 5946: 5941: 5936: 5931: 5926: 5921: 5915: 5913: 5907: 5906: 5904: 5903: 5898: 5893: 5888: 5883: 5877: 5875: 5869: 5868: 5866: 5865: 5860: 5855: 5850: 5845: 5840: 5835: 5830: 5825: 5820: 5815: 5814: 5813: 5803: 5798: 5793: 5788: 5783: 5778: 5773: 5768: 5763: 5758: 5752: 5750: 5742: 5741: 5733: 5732: 5725: 5718: 5710: 5704: 5703: 5694: 5685: 5678: 5677:External links 5675: 5674: 5673: 5658: 5636: 5633: 5631: 5630: 5625:New York Times 5611: 5596: 5569: 5540: 5486: 5443: 5408: 5379:(6): 601–605. 5359: 5332: 5279: 5260: 5207: 5170:(7): 520–525. 5153: 5109: 5096: 5047: 5030: 5002: 4993: 4980: 4929: 4867: 4818: 4775: 4738: 4719:(1): 105–111. 4703: 4677: 4634: 4620: 4594: 4556: 4535:(5): 581–587. 4515: 4456: 4421: 4393: 4365: 4334: 4305:(8): 967–972. 4285: 4266: 4247: 4229: 4190: 4144: 4115:(2): 144–146. 4095: 4066:(7): 2038–43. 4046: 3995: 3964:(3): 304–308. 3944: 3908: 3859: 3837: 3807: 3793:. CooperVision 3782: 3770: 3761: 3759:February 2005. 3748: 3736: 3720: 3713: 3687: 3662: 3651:. 12 July 1993 3636: 3611: 3589: 3558: 3509: 3489: 3464: 3438: 3402: 3372: 3345:(3): 255–260. 3329: 3286: 3269:ASCRS EyeWorld 3255: 3225: 3213: 3197: 3167: 3149: 3140: 3131: 3088: 3076: 3041: 3014: 2987:(3): 100–103. 2971: 2936: 2909: 2883: 2858: 2833: 2797: 2778: 2759: 2733: 2690: 2660: 2632: 2606: 2600:978-0930405717 2599: 2581: 2568: 2538: 2523: 2510: 2497: 2484: 2472: 2461:(4): 180–182. 2445: 2436: 2423: 2404:(2): 133–141. 2388: 2373: 2353: 2314: 2303:on 17 May 2015 2288: 2281: 2259: 2252: 2226: 2201: 2182: 2175: 2155: 2102: 2080: 2064: 2046: 2021: 1994: 1985: 1968: 1952: 1925:(6): 792–810. 1909: 1858: 1856: 1853: 1851: 1850: 1845: 1840: 1835: 1830: 1825: 1820: 1814: 1812: 1809: 1808: 1807: 1794:. CooperVision 1788: 1772: 1746: 1743: 1717:bloodshot eyes 1675:make-up artist 1666: 1663: 1644: 1641: 1524:Staphylococcus 1500: 1497: 1479:Long-term wear 1453:, endothelial 1414:microorganisms 1368:Main article: 1365: 1362: 1350:benzyl alcohol 1328: 1327: 1323: 1320: 1316: 1305: 1302: 1280: 1277: 1276: 1275: 1271: 1268: 1265: 1262: 1247: 1238: 1230: 1226: 1221: 1211: 1179: 1176: 1149: 1146: 1112: 1109: 1083: 1080: 1059: 1056: 1024: 1023: 1020: 1011: 1005: 999: 983: 980: 979: 978: 968: 963:: through its 958: 953: 949:: through its 944: 930: 929: 925: 910: 894: 891: 864: 861: 839: 836: 830: 827: 826: 825: 822: 819: 780: 777: 732: 729: 718: 715: 711:Mooren's ulcer 673: 670: 638:microphthalmia 616: 613: 566: 563: 527: 524: 492:Correction of 489: 486: 448: 445: 443: 440: 434: 431: 401:Kyoichi Tanaka 355:Otto Wichterle 343:Otto Wichterle 322:Norman Gaylord 309: 306: 288: 285: 281:Heinrich Wöhlk 135: 132: 130: 127: 99:correct vision 83:Contact lenses 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6065: 6054: 6051: 6049: 6046: 6044: 6041: 6039: 6036: 6034: 6031: 6030: 6028: 6013: 6010: 6008: 6005: 6003: 6000: 5998: 5995: 5991: 5988: 5986: 5983: 5982: 5981: 5978: 5977: 5975: 5971: 5965: 5962: 5960: 5957: 5955: 5952: 5950: 5947: 5945: 5942: 5940: 5937: 5935: 5932: 5930: 5927: 5925: 5922: 5920: 5917: 5916: 5914: 5912: 5908: 5902: 5899: 5897: 5894: 5892: 5889: 5887: 5884: 5882: 5879: 5878: 5876: 5874: 5870: 5864: 5861: 5859: 5856: 5854: 5851: 5849: 5846: 5844: 5841: 5839: 5836: 5834: 5831: 5829: 5826: 5824: 5821: 5819: 5816: 5812: 5809: 5808: 5807: 5804: 5802: 5799: 5797: 5794: 5792: 5789: 5787: 5784: 5782: 5779: 5777: 5774: 5772: 5769: 5767: 5764: 5762: 5759: 5757: 5754: 5753: 5751: 5748: 5743: 5739: 5731: 5726: 5724: 5719: 5717: 5712: 5711: 5708: 5702: 5698: 5695: 5693: 5691: 5686: 5684: 5681: 5680: 5671: 5667: 5663: 5659: 5656: 5655:0-7506-4690-X 5652: 5648: 5647: 5642: 5641:Efron, Nathan 5639: 5638: 5626: 5622: 5615: 5607: 5600: 5585: 5584: 5579: 5573: 5557: 5553: 5547: 5545: 5536: 5532: 5528: 5524: 5519: 5514: 5510: 5506: 5503:(5): 429–34. 5502: 5498: 5497:Optom Vis Sci 5490: 5482: 5478: 5474: 5470: 5466: 5462: 5459:(7): 806–14. 5458: 5454: 5447: 5439: 5435: 5431: 5427: 5424:(5): 247–55. 5423: 5419: 5412: 5404: 5400: 5395: 5390: 5386: 5382: 5378: 5374: 5370: 5363: 5355: 5351: 5347: 5343: 5336: 5328: 5324: 5320: 5316: 5311: 5306: 5302: 5298: 5294: 5290: 5283: 5275: 5271: 5264: 5256: 5252: 5248: 5244: 5240: 5236: 5231: 5226: 5223:(3): 101335. 5222: 5218: 5211: 5203: 5199: 5195: 5191: 5186: 5181: 5177: 5173: 5169: 5165: 5157: 5149: 5145: 5141: 5137: 5133: 5129: 5126:(2): 267–73. 5125: 5121: 5113: 5106: 5100: 5092: 5088: 5083: 5078: 5074: 5070: 5066: 5062: 5058: 5051: 5044: 5040: 5034: 5026: 5022: 5019:(297): 7–15. 5018: 5014: 5006: 4997: 4990: 4984: 4976: 4972: 4967: 4962: 4957: 4952: 4948: 4944: 4940: 4933: 4925: 4921: 4916: 4911: 4906: 4901: 4897: 4893: 4889: 4885: 4878: 4871: 4863: 4859: 4855: 4851: 4847: 4843: 4839: 4835: 4834: 4829: 4822: 4814: 4810: 4805: 4800: 4796: 4792: 4791: 4786: 4779: 4771: 4767: 4763: 4759: 4756:(1): 105–11. 4755: 4751: 4750: 4749:Ophthalmology 4742: 4734: 4730: 4726: 4722: 4718: 4714: 4713:Ophthalmology 4707: 4692: 4688: 4681: 4673: 4669: 4665: 4661: 4657: 4653: 4649: 4645: 4638: 4630: 4624: 4608: 4604: 4598: 4590: 4586: 4582: 4578: 4574: 4570: 4563: 4561: 4552: 4548: 4543: 4538: 4534: 4530: 4526: 4519: 4511: 4507: 4502: 4497: 4492: 4487: 4483: 4479: 4475: 4471: 4467: 4460: 4452: 4448: 4444: 4440: 4436: 4432: 4425: 4410:. 19 May 2009 4409: 4408: 4403: 4397: 4381: 4380: 4375: 4369: 4354: 4353: 4348: 4341: 4339: 4330: 4326: 4322: 4318: 4313: 4308: 4304: 4300: 4296: 4289: 4281: 4277: 4270: 4262: 4258: 4255:White, Gina. 4251: 4243: 4239: 4233: 4225: 4221: 4217: 4213: 4209: 4205: 4201: 4194: 4186: 4182: 4177: 4172: 4168: 4164: 4160: 4153: 4151: 4149: 4140: 4136: 4131: 4126: 4122: 4118: 4114: 4110: 4106: 4099: 4091: 4087: 4082: 4077: 4073: 4069: 4065: 4061: 4057: 4050: 4042: 4038: 4033: 4028: 4023: 4018: 4014: 4010: 4006: 3999: 3991: 3987: 3982: 3977: 3972: 3967: 3963: 3959: 3955: 3948: 3940: 3936: 3932: 3928: 3924: 3920: 3912: 3904: 3900: 3895: 3890: 3886: 3882: 3878: 3874: 3870: 3863: 3847: 3841: 3834: 3830: 3826: 3823:(10): 732–4. 3822: 3818: 3811: 3804: 3792: 3786: 3779: 3774: 3765: 3758: 3752: 3746: 3740: 3733: 3727: 3725: 3716: 3714:9780471484943 3710: 3706: 3702: 3698: 3691: 3676: 3672: 3666: 3650: 3649:Bloomberg.com 3646: 3640: 3625: 3621: 3615: 3600: 3593: 3577: 3573: 3569: 3562: 3554: 3550: 3545: 3540: 3536: 3532: 3528: 3524: 3520: 3513: 3506: 3502: 3499: 3493: 3478: 3477:Eagle Eyes UK 3474: 3468: 3452: 3448: 3442: 3423: 3419: 3412: 3406: 3390: 3386: 3382: 3376: 3368: 3364: 3360: 3356: 3352: 3348: 3344: 3340: 3333: 3325: 3321: 3317: 3313: 3309: 3305: 3301: 3297: 3290: 3274: 3270: 3266: 3259: 3243: 3239: 3235: 3229: 3222: 3217: 3211:January 2005. 3210: 3207: 3201: 3185: 3181: 3177: 3171: 3163: 3159: 3153: 3144: 3135: 3127: 3123: 3119: 3115: 3111: 3107: 3104:(3): 182–96. 3103: 3099: 3092: 3085: 3080: 3072: 3068: 3064: 3060: 3057:(5): 312–24. 3056: 3052: 3045: 3037: 3033: 3029: 3025: 3018: 3010: 3006: 3002: 2998: 2994: 2990: 2986: 2982: 2975: 2967: 2963: 2959: 2955: 2951: 2947: 2940: 2932: 2928: 2924: 2920: 2913: 2897: 2893: 2887: 2872: 2868: 2862: 2847: 2843: 2842:"Astigmatism" 2837: 2821: 2817: 2813: 2806: 2804: 2802: 2793: 2789: 2782: 2774: 2770: 2763: 2747: 2743: 2737: 2729: 2725: 2721: 2717: 2713: 2709: 2705: 2701: 2694: 2679: 2675: 2671: 2664: 2648: 2647: 2642: 2636: 2621: 2617: 2610: 2602: 2596: 2592: 2585: 2571: 2565: 2561: 2557: 2553: 2549: 2542: 2535: 2534: 2527: 2520: 2514: 2507: 2501: 2494: 2488: 2482: 2476: 2468: 2464: 2460: 2456: 2449: 2440: 2433: 2427: 2419: 2415: 2411: 2407: 2403: 2399: 2392: 2384: 2380: 2376: 2370: 2366: 2365: 2357: 2349: 2345: 2341: 2337: 2333: 2329: 2325: 2318: 2302: 2298: 2292: 2284: 2278: 2274: 2270: 2263: 2255: 2249: 2245: 2241: 2237: 2230: 2215: 2211: 2205: 2198: 2194: 2191: 2186: 2178: 2172: 2168: 2167: 2159: 2151: 2147: 2143: 2139: 2135: 2131: 2127: 2123: 2116: 2109: 2107: 2098: 2094: 2087: 2085: 2077: 2071: 2069: 2060: 2056: 2050: 2035: 2031: 2025: 2017: 2013: 2010:(3): 209–13. 2009: 2005: 1998: 1989: 1982: 1978: 1972: 1965: 1959: 1957: 1948: 1944: 1940: 1936: 1932: 1928: 1924: 1920: 1913: 1905: 1901: 1897: 1893: 1889: 1885: 1881: 1877: 1870: 1863: 1859: 1849: 1848:Visual acuity 1846: 1844: 1841: 1839: 1836: 1834: 1831: 1829: 1826: 1824: 1821: 1819: 1816: 1815: 1805: 1793: 1789: 1777: 1773: 1770: 1766: 1762: 1759:(10): 732–4. 1758: 1754: 1749: 1748: 1742: 1740: 1739: 1734: 1733: 1728: 1727: 1722: 1718: 1714: 1710: 1709: 1704: 1700: 1696: 1695: 1690: 1686: 1685: 1680: 1676: 1672: 1659: 1658: 1653: 1649: 1640: 1638: 1633: 1631: 1626: 1623: 1619: 1618:bionic lenses 1614: 1611: 1607: 1603: 1602:antimicrobial 1599: 1593: 1590: 1585: 1583: 1579: 1575: 1571: 1567: 1566: 1561: 1556: 1552: 1547: 1542: 1540: 1539: 1538:Streptococcus 1534: 1530: 1526: 1525: 1520: 1519: 1514: 1508: 1506: 1496: 1493: 1491: 1488: 1484: 1480: 1476: 1474: 1469: 1466: 1461: 1458: 1456: 1455:polymegethism 1452: 1448: 1442: 1438: 1436: 1434: 1429: 1428: 1423: 1419: 1415: 1411: 1407: 1403: 1399: 1395: 1394:Complications 1387: 1382: 1377: 1371: 1364:Complications 1361: 1359: 1355: 1351: 1347: 1343: 1342:preservatives 1338: 1335: 1332: 1326:rigid lenses. 1324: 1322:Daily cleaner 1321: 1317: 1315: 1312: 1311: 1310: 1301: 1299: 1292:rub-and-rinse 1287: 1272: 1269: 1266: 1263: 1260: 1256: 1231: 1227: 1225: 1222: 1219: 1218: 1217:Acanthamoebae 1212: 1209: 1208: 1207: 1204: 1202: 1192: 1184: 1175: 1172: 1167: 1163: 1160: 1156: 1145: 1143: 1142:complications 1138: 1134: 1129: 1127: 1117: 1108: 1104: 1101: 1097: 1093: 1089: 1079: 1077: 1073: 1069: 1065: 1058:United States 1055: 1053: 1049: 1045: 1041: 1037: 1033: 1029: 1021: 1019: 1015: 1012: 1009: 1006: 1003: 1000: 997: 996: 995: 988: 982:Prescriptions 976: 972: 969: 966: 962: 961:Bausch Health 959: 957: 954: 952: 948: 945: 942: 938: 935: 934: 933: 926: 922: 918: 914: 911: 908: 907: 906: 899: 893:Manufacturing 890: 886: 882: 879: 875: 871: 860: 858: 853: 850: 849:corneal ulcer 846: 838:Wear schedule 835: 823: 820: 817: 816: 815: 811: 807: 804: 800: 796: 791: 786: 776: 774: 770: 766: 761: 756: 754: 750: 746: 742: 738: 723: 714: 712: 708: 704: 703:descemetocele 700: 696: 692: 688: 684: 680: 669: 667: 663: 659: 655: 651: 647: 643: 639: 635: 630: 621: 612: 610: 607: 602: 600: 594: 590: 588: 583: 581: 571: 562: 559: 558:Magnification 555: 552: 547: 543: 541: 540:achromatopsia 537: 533: 523: 520: 518: 512: 510: 506: 502: 497: 495: 485: 483: 479: 474: 472: 471:hypermetropia 468: 463: 461: 457: 453: 439: 430: 428: 424: 420: 418: 417:wetting agent 414: 410: 406: 402: 397: 395: 391: 386: 384: 380: 376: 372: 368: 364: 360: 359:Drahoslav Lím 356: 348: 347:Drahoslav Lím 344: 340: 336: 333: 332: 327: 323: 319: 315: 305: 303: 298: 295: 284: 282: 277: 273: 268: 266: 262: 258: 257:August Müller 254: 250: 246: 242: 238: 234: 230: 226: 218: 213: 209: 207: 203: 202: 197: 196:John Herschel 192: 190: 186: 181: 179: 175: 171: 167: 165: 164:accommodation 160: 156: 152: 145: 140: 126: 124: 120: 116: 112: 107: 104: 100: 96: 92: 88: 84: 77: 72: 48: 44: 40: 33: 19: 5996: 5944:Night-vision 5934:Fatal Vision 5924:Dark adaptor 5891:Solar viewer 5749:/ spectacles 5689: 5661: 5644: 5624: 5614: 5605: 5599: 5587:. Retrieved 5581: 5572: 5560:. Retrieved 5556:the original 5500: 5496: 5489: 5456: 5452: 5446: 5421: 5417: 5411: 5376: 5372: 5362: 5348:(1): 21–24. 5345: 5341: 5335: 5295:(1): 11–21. 5292: 5288: 5282: 5273: 5269: 5263: 5220: 5216: 5210: 5167: 5163: 5156: 5123: 5119: 5112: 5104: 5099: 5064: 5060: 5050: 5042: 5038: 5033: 5016: 5012: 5005: 4996: 4988: 4983: 4946: 4942: 4932: 4887: 4884:RSC Advances 4883: 4870: 4840:(1): 47–54. 4837: 4831: 4827: 4821: 4797:(2): 57–64. 4794: 4788: 4778: 4753: 4747: 4741: 4716: 4712: 4706: 4694:. Retrieved 4690: 4680: 4650:(1): 53–60. 4647: 4643: 4637: 4623: 4611:. Retrieved 4607:the original 4597: 4575:(4): 66–71. 4572: 4568: 4532: 4528: 4518: 4473: 4469: 4459: 4437:(14): 1534. 4434: 4430: 4424: 4412:. Retrieved 4405: 4396: 4384:. Retrieved 4377: 4368: 4356:. Retrieved 4350: 4302: 4298: 4288: 4279: 4269: 4260: 4250: 4242:The Tech-FAQ 4241: 4232: 4210:(1): 24–29. 4207: 4203: 4193: 4166: 4162: 4112: 4108: 4098: 4063: 4059: 4049: 4012: 4008: 3998: 3981:10183/179379 3961: 3957: 3947: 3925:: S98–S101. 3922: 3918: 3911: 3876: 3872: 3862: 3850:. Retrieved 3840: 3832: 3820: 3816: 3810: 3802: 3795:. Retrieved 3785: 3773: 3764: 3751: 3739: 3731: 3696: 3690: 3678:. Retrieved 3674: 3665: 3653:. Retrieved 3648: 3639: 3627:. Retrieved 3623: 3614: 3602:. Retrieved 3592: 3580:. Retrieved 3571: 3561: 3526: 3522: 3512: 3492: 3480:. Retrieved 3476: 3467: 3455:. Retrieved 3451:the original 3441: 3429:. Retrieved 3422:the original 3405: 3393:. Retrieved 3389:the original 3384: 3375: 3342: 3338: 3332: 3299: 3295: 3289: 3277:. Retrieved 3273:the original 3268: 3258: 3246:. Retrieved 3242:the original 3237: 3228: 3216: 3208: 3200: 3188:. Retrieved 3184:the original 3179: 3170: 3152: 3143: 3134: 3101: 3097: 3091: 3079: 3054: 3050: 3044: 3027: 3023: 3017: 2984: 2980: 2974: 2949: 2945: 2939: 2922: 2918: 2912: 2900:. Retrieved 2895: 2886: 2874:. Retrieved 2870: 2861: 2849:. Retrieved 2845: 2836: 2824:. Retrieved 2815: 2791: 2787: 2781: 2772: 2768: 2762: 2750:. Retrieved 2746:the original 2736: 2703: 2699: 2693: 2681:. Retrieved 2673: 2663: 2651:. Retrieved 2644: 2635: 2623:. Retrieved 2619: 2609: 2590: 2584: 2573:, retrieved 2551: 2541: 2531: 2526: 2519:The Optician 2518: 2513: 2506:The Optician 2505: 2500: 2487: 2475: 2458: 2454: 2448: 2439: 2431: 2426: 2401: 2397: 2391: 2363: 2356: 2331: 2327: 2317: 2305:. Retrieved 2301:the original 2291: 2268: 2262: 2235: 2229: 2219:14 September 2217:. Retrieved 2213: 2204: 2185: 2165: 2158: 2125: 2121: 2092: 2075: 2058: 2049: 2037:. Retrieved 2033: 2024: 2007: 2004:CLAO Journal 2003: 1997: 1988: 1980: 1971: 1922: 1918: 1912: 1879: 1875: 1862: 1803: 1796:. Retrieved 1780:. Retrieved 1768: 1756: 1752: 1738:The Exorcist 1736: 1730: 1724: 1706: 1694:Citizen Kane 1692: 1682: 1668: 1655: 1634: 1627: 1615: 1594: 1589:nanoplastics 1586: 1581: 1577: 1573: 1569: 1563: 1559: 1550: 1545: 1543: 1536: 1532: 1528: 1522: 1516: 1509: 1502: 1494: 1477: 1470: 1462: 1459: 1443: 1439: 1433:Acanthamoeba 1432: 1427:Acanthamoeba 1425: 1391: 1385: 1339: 1336: 1333: 1329: 1307: 1282: 1259:Acanthamoeba 1258: 1255:Acanthamoeba 1254: 1215: 1205: 1197: 1168: 1164: 1151: 1130: 1122: 1105: 1096:moisturizers 1085: 1068:optometrists 1061: 1036:optometrists 1025: 993: 951:CooperVision 931: 904: 887: 883: 866: 854: 841: 832: 812: 808: 792: 788: 757: 734: 731:Rigid lenses 675: 629:scleral lens 626: 603: 595: 591: 586: 584: 577: 556: 548: 544: 536:color vision 529: 521: 513: 509:focal points 498: 491: 475: 464: 450: 436: 421: 413:senofilcon A 405:galyfilcon A 398: 387: 366: 362: 352: 329: 311: 299: 290: 269: 252: 248: 222: 206:animal jelly 199: 193: 185:Thomas Young 182: 180:impossible. 168: 154: 149: 108: 86: 85:, or simply 82: 81: 43: 5959:Upside down 5796:Horn-rimmed 5310:10397/22844 4407:www.fda.gov 4379:www.fda.gov 4352:www.aao.org 3852:20 November 3797:20 November 3680:26 December 3675:www.fda.gov 3655:26 December 3604:28 February 3507:'July 2008. 2871:www.aoa.org 2846:www.aoa.org 2625:29 November 2334:(s253): 0. 2039:22 November 1798:20 November 1782:20 November 1735:and 1973's 1721:Tony Curtis 1578:Pseudomonas 1551:Pseudomonas 1533:epidermidis 1402:conjunctiva 1354:shelf lives 1153:or lateral 1052:Keratometry 973:; maker of 939:; maker of 779:Soft lenses 765:keratoconus 726:the sclera. 642:keratoconus 482:astigmatism 423:Comfilcon A 390:Ciba Vision 314:conjunctiva 241:blown-glass 227:invented a 123:aniseikonia 119:keratoconus 89:, are thin 6027:Categories 6012:VR headset 5873:Sunglasses 5230:2005.08732 5039:The Cornea 4949:(1): 402. 3846:"Eye Care" 3238:EyeCandy's 2282:0671621300 2253:0471743984 1855:References 1776:"Eye Care" 1679:Lon Chaney 1535:) and the 1487:epithelial 1416:including 1358:thiomersal 1201:infections 1088:wash hands 1048:refraction 967:subsidiary 783:See also: 697:, corneal 517:strabismus 494:presbyopia 452:Corrective 427:Enfilcon A 144:Leonardo's 76:disposable 6048:Optometry 5980:Blindfold 5919:Ballistic 5853:Trifocals 5823:Pince-nez 5806:Lorgnette 5736:Types of 5518:1822/6663 5255:218673928 5185:1822/8740 4696:25 August 4672:205659587 4414:5 October 4386:5 October 4358:5 October 4224:0892-8967 4015:(1): 19. 3582:5 October 3302:: 49–62. 2826:5 October 2683:6 October 2653:24 August 2575:29 August 2493:2,510,438 2383:962009998 2348:1755-375X 2150:184488183 1904:184488183 1527:species ( 1513:keratitis 1435:keratitis 1410:lens care 1111:Insertion 1100:allergens 1072:opticians 1040:opticians 1004:(BC, BCR) 878:allergies 870:allergens 717:Materials 695:keratitis 442:Functions 302:RLI Corp. 223:Although 215:In 1888, 183:In 1801, 170:Descartes 6002:Eyepatch 5901:Wayfarer 5886:Mirrored 5843:Shooting 5838:Scissors 5801:Lensless 5766:Browline 5761:Bifocals 5643:(2002). 5589:23 March 5527:17502827 5481:25006245 5473:17068458 5438:17084102 5319:17239186 5276:(3): 13. 5247:32444249 5202:10171270 5194:18594343 5148:23218590 5140:17987309 5091:15505057 5025:16281729 4975:37919748 4966:10621182 4924:35520262 4862:22951471 4854:17198013 4813:16303530 4770:10647727 4733:10647727 4664:23271474 4613:30 March 4589:10387472 4510:32160218 4470:PLOS ONE 4451:26462011 4329:23544740 4321:21623253 4185:15543174 4139:11815336 4090:11408220 4041:30357549 3990:23990426 3939:24967738 3903:19403771 3629:30 April 3576:Archived 3553:37724689 3544:10507745 3501:Archived 3482:28 April 3457:26 March 3395:26 March 3367:32765975 3359:28875742 3324:53780024 3316:30448434 3248:26 March 3190:26 March 3180:Wired UK 3162:Archived 3126:40409461 3118:11396392 3009:38392636 3001:12482258 2966:21669405 2902:6 August 2876:6 August 2851:6 August 2820:Archived 2775:(1): 28. 2752:26 March 2307:26 March 2238:. 2005. 2193:Archived 2142:31183972 1947:35508652 1939:25400274 1896:31183972 1811:See also 1715:and red 1606:selenium 1473:dry eyes 1418:bacteria 1344:such as 1298:biofilms 1171:plungers 1137:salinity 1018:diopters 1010:(D, OAD) 1008:Diameter 803:silicone 769:ectasias 683:dry eyes 658:aniridia 501:bifocals 379:hydrogel 326:polymers 245:dextrose 178:blinking 103:cosmetic 87:contacts 74:One-day 18:Contacts 5997:Contact 5990:Blinker 5985:Blinder 5964:Welding 5954:Swedish 5939:Foggles 5929:Doggles 5911:Goggles 5896:Shutter 5881:Aviator 5858:Windsor 5833:Rimless 5828:Pinhole 5818:Monocle 5791:Groucho 5781:Chicken 5776:Cat eye 5771:Bug-eye 5747:glasses 5738:eyewear 5562:4 April 5535:2509161 5403:7626578 5354:8835064 5327:6552480 5082:1317302 4915:9063335 4892:Bibcode 4828:In vivo 4551:2630335 4501:7065798 4478:Bibcode 4130:1771011 4032:6200833 3894:2708465 3829:2584587 3431:1 March 3071:6971497 3036:9314196 2728:4211987 2708:Bibcode 2418:2686057 2016:2379308 1765:2584587 1708:Dracula 1703:Dracula 1701:as the 1657:Dracula 1555:hypoxia 1408:. Poor 1384:CLARE ( 1155:canthus 1148:Removal 1135:and/or 1028:glasses 977:lenses. 975:Westcon 921:diamond 773:glasses 691:erosion 606:missing 159:corneal 129:History 111:glasses 101:or for 5668: 5653: 5583:Forbes 5533: 5525: 5479: 5471: 5453:Cornea 5436: 5401: 5394:505174 5391: 5352: 5342:CLAO J 5325: 5317: 5253: 5245: 5200: 5192: 5146: 5138: 5089: 5079: 5023: 4973: 4963: 4922: 4912: 4860: 4852: 4833:Cornea 4811: 4768: 4731: 4670: 4662: 4587: 4549: 4508: 4498: 4449: 4327: 4319: 4222: 4183: 4137: 4127: 4088: 4078: 4039: 4029: 3988: 3937: 3901: 3891: 3827: 3711: 3551: 3541: 3365: 3357: 3322: 3314: 3279:18 May 3124: 3116: 3069: 3034: 3007: 2999: 2964: 2931:802938 2929: 2726: 2700:Nature 2597: 2566: 2416: 2381: 2371: 2346: 2279: 2250: 2173: 2148: 2140: 2014: 1945: 1937: 1902: 1894: 1763: 1713:pupils 1598:silver 1529:aureus 1424:, and 1406:cornea 1400:, the 1398:eyelid 1126:sclera 943:lenses 941:Acuvue 829:Hybrid 760:cornea 745:cornea 741:oxygen 467:myopia 409:Acuvue 367:Nature 265:myopia 237:afocal 91:lenses 5973:Other 5863:X-ray 5848:Smart 5811:Opera 5756:Belay 5745:(Eye) 5699:from 5531:S2CID 5477:S2CID 5323:S2CID 5251:S2CID 5225:arXiv 5198:S2CID 5144:S2CID 4880:(PDF) 4858:S2CID 4668:S2CID 4325:S2CID 4081:90597 3848:. CLH 3425:(PDF) 3414:(PDF) 3363:S2CID 3320:S2CID 3122:S2CID 3005:S2CID 2724:S2CID 2146:S2CID 2118:(PDF) 1943:S2CID 1900:S2CID 1872:(PDF) 1778:. CLH 1665:Films 1451:edema 1422:fungi 1294:' 1290:' 1082:Usage 1042:. An 1014:Power 956:Alcon 917:lathe 874:germs 699:edema 478:toric 460:power 433:Types 5949:Snow 5666:ISBN 5651:ISBN 5591:2018 5564:2013 5523:PMID 5469:PMID 5434:PMID 5399:PMID 5350:PMID 5315:PMID 5243:PMID 5190:PMID 5136:PMID 5087:PMID 5021:PMID 4971:PMID 4920:PMID 4850:PMID 4809:PMID 4766:PMID 4729:PMID 4698:2024 4660:PMID 4615:2018 4585:PMID 4547:PMID 4506:PMID 4447:PMID 4431:JAMA 4416:2021 4388:2021 4360:2021 4317:PMID 4220:ISSN 4181:PMID 4135:PMID 4086:PMID 4037:PMID 3986:PMID 3935:PMID 3899:PMID 3854:2014 3825:PMID 3799:2014 3709:ISBN 3682:2016 3657:2016 3631:2020 3606:2018 3584:2021 3549:PMID 3527:2023 3484:2022 3459:2015 3433:2006 3397:2015 3355:PMID 3312:PMID 3281:2014 3250:2015 3192:2015 3114:PMID 3067:PMID 3032:PMID 2997:PMID 2962:PMID 2927:PMID 2904:2020 2878:2020 2853:2020 2828:2021 2754:2015 2685:2007 2655:2018 2627:2018 2595:ISBN 2577:2024 2564:ISBN 2414:PMID 2379:OCLC 2369:ISBN 2344:ISSN 2309:2015 2277:ISBN 2248:ISBN 2221:2019 2171:ISBN 2138:PMID 2041:2021 2012:PMID 1935:PMID 1892:PMID 1800:2014 1784:2014 1761:PMID 1562:and 1531:and 1348:and 1178:Care 1092:soap 1038:and 872:and 689:and 609:iris 469:and 357:and 261:Kiel 194:Sir 174:lens 121:and 95:eyes 5513:hdl 5505:doi 5461:doi 5426:doi 5389:PMC 5381:doi 5305:hdl 5297:doi 5235:doi 5180:hdl 5172:doi 5128:doi 5124:246 5077:PMC 5069:doi 5017:297 4961:PMC 4951:doi 4910:PMC 4900:doi 4842:doi 4799:doi 4758:doi 4754:107 4721:doi 4717:107 4652:doi 4577:doi 4537:doi 4529:Eye 4496:PMC 4486:doi 4439:doi 4435:314 4307:doi 4212:doi 4171:doi 4163:Eye 4125:PMC 4117:doi 4076:PMC 4068:doi 4027:PMC 4017:doi 3976:hdl 3966:doi 3927:doi 3923:145 3889:PMC 3881:doi 3701:doi 3539:PMC 3531:doi 3347:doi 3304:doi 3106:doi 3059:doi 2989:doi 2954:doi 2950:152 2716:doi 2704:185 2556:doi 2463:doi 2406:doi 2336:doi 2240:doi 2130:doi 1927:doi 1884:doi 1437:). 1098:or 1016:in 801:of 574:it. 503:or 259:of 6029:: 5786:GI 5623:. 5580:. 5543:^ 5529:. 5521:. 5511:. 5501:84 5499:. 5475:. 5467:. 5457:25 5455:. 5432:. 5422:29 5420:. 5397:. 5387:. 5377:79 5375:. 5371:. 5346:22 5344:. 5321:. 5313:. 5303:. 5293:27 5291:. 5272:. 5249:. 5241:. 5233:. 5221:44 5219:. 5196:. 5188:. 5178:. 5168:85 5166:. 5142:. 5134:. 5122:. 5085:. 5075:. 5065:45 5063:. 5059:. 5041:. 5015:. 4969:. 4959:. 4947:21 4945:. 4941:. 4918:. 4908:. 4898:. 4886:. 4882:. 4856:. 4848:. 4838:26 4836:. 4807:. 4795:27 4793:. 4787:. 4764:. 4752:. 4727:. 4715:. 4689:. 4666:. 4658:. 4648:39 4646:. 4583:. 4571:. 4559:^ 4545:. 4531:. 4527:. 4504:. 4494:. 4484:. 4474:15 4472:. 4468:. 4445:. 4433:. 4404:. 4376:. 4349:. 4337:^ 4323:. 4315:. 4303:88 4301:. 4297:. 4278:. 4259:. 4240:. 4218:. 4208:18 4206:. 4202:. 4179:. 4167:19 4165:. 4161:. 4147:^ 4133:. 4123:. 4113:86 4111:. 4107:. 4084:. 4074:. 4064:45 4062:. 4058:. 4035:. 4025:. 4011:. 4007:. 3984:. 3974:. 3962:58 3960:. 3956:. 3933:. 3921:. 3897:. 3887:. 3877:47 3875:. 3871:. 3831:. 3821:60 3819:. 3801:. 3723:^ 3707:. 3699:. 3673:. 3647:. 3622:. 3574:. 3570:. 3547:. 3537:. 3525:. 3521:. 3475:. 3416:. 3383:. 3361:. 3353:. 3343:23 3341:. 3318:. 3310:. 3300:84 3298:. 3267:. 3236:. 3178:. 3120:. 3112:. 3102:21 3100:. 3065:. 3055:25 3053:. 3028:66 3026:. 3003:. 2995:. 2985:81 2983:. 2960:. 2948:. 2923:46 2921:. 2894:. 2869:. 2844:. 2818:. 2814:. 2800:^ 2792:65 2790:. 2771:. 2722:. 2714:. 2702:. 2676:. 2672:. 2643:. 2618:. 2562:, 2550:, 2459:24 2457:. 2412:. 2402:34 2400:. 2377:. 2342:. 2332:92 2330:. 2326:. 2271:. 2246:. 2212:. 2144:. 2136:. 2124:. 2120:. 2105:^ 2083:^ 2067:^ 2057:. 2032:. 2008:16 2006:. 1979:. 1955:^ 1941:. 1933:. 1921:. 1898:. 1890:. 1878:. 1874:. 1802:. 1767:. 1757:60 1755:. 1719:. 1492:. 1420:, 1203:. 1144:. 1133:pH 1066:, 1034:, 709:, 705:, 701:, 693:, 685:, 681:, 656:, 652:, 648:, 644:, 640:, 627:A 611:. 542:. 473:. 419:. 166:. 5729:e 5722:t 5715:v 5672:. 5657:. 5627:. 5593:. 5566:. 5537:. 5515:: 5507:: 5483:. 5463:: 5440:. 5428:: 5405:. 5383:: 5356:. 5329:. 5307:: 5299:: 5274:3 5257:. 5237:: 5227:: 5204:. 5182:: 5174:: 5150:. 5130:: 5093:. 5071:: 5027:. 4977:. 4953:: 4926:. 4902:: 4894:: 4888:9 4864:. 4844:: 4815:. 4801:: 4772:. 4760:: 4735:. 4723:: 4700:. 4674:. 4654:: 4617:. 4591:. 4579:: 4573:9 4553:. 4539:: 4533:3 4512:. 4488:: 4480:: 4453:. 4441:: 4418:. 4390:. 4362:. 4331:. 4309:: 4282:. 4263:. 4226:. 4214:: 4187:. 4173:: 4141:. 4119:: 4092:. 4070:: 4043:. 4019:: 4013:8 3992:. 3978:: 3968:: 3941:. 3929:: 3905:. 3883:: 3856:. 3717:. 3703:: 3684:. 3659:. 3633:. 3608:. 3586:. 3555:. 3533:: 3486:. 3461:. 3435:. 3399:. 3369:. 3349:: 3326:. 3306:: 3283:. 3252:. 3194:. 3128:. 3108:: 3073:. 3061:: 3038:. 3011:. 2991:: 2968:. 2956:: 2933:. 2906:. 2880:. 2855:. 2830:. 2773:4 2756:. 2730:. 2718:: 2710:: 2687:. 2657:. 2629:. 2603:. 2558:: 2469:. 2465:: 2420:. 2408:: 2385:. 2350:. 2338:: 2311:. 2285:. 2256:. 2242:: 2223:. 2179:. 2152:. 2132:: 2126:8 2099:. 2043:. 2018:. 1949:. 1929:: 1923:4 1906:. 1886:: 1880:8 1786:. 1430:( 1248:2 1243:O 1239:2 1234:H 407:( 41:. 34:. 20:)

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.

Index