3824:
59:
3452:
4091:
2481:
5615:
5554:
5154:
3800:
3512:
3836:
3476:
3440:
3788:
3896:
3674:
3752:
4955:. Unlike in most other Commonwealth realms, sovereignty is constitutionally vested in the citizenry of Papua New Guinea and the preamble to the constitution states "that all power belongs to the people—acting through their duly elected representatives". The monarch has been, according to section 82 of the constitution, "requested by the people of Papua New Guinea, through their Constituent Assembly, to become and Head of State of Papua New Guinea" and thus acts in that capacity.
4031:
3812:
3764:
3464:
2113:
1293:
2268:
3560:
3734:
3614:
3548:
3722:
3662:
3626:
3500:
3872:
3983:
3574:
3536:
4055:
3602:
3524:
4172:
3328:
2883:
4043:
4019:
4007:
3884:
3488:
3995:
3776:
3710:
3686:
3698:
3650:
3638:
4079:
4067:
3860:
3848:
3590:
3281:, was the longest-reigning monarch in the world and in all of Thailand's history, before passing away on 13 October 2016. Bhumibol reigned through several political changes in the Thai government. He played an influential role in each incident, often acting as mediator between disputing political opponents. (See Bhumibol's role in
3242:. Unlike some of their continental European counterparts, the Monarch and his Governors-General in the Commonwealth realms hold significant "reserve" or "prerogative" powers, to be wielded in times of extreme emergency or constitutional crises, usually to uphold parliamentary government. For example, during the
3302:
champion the idea of an "interventionist monarch" as a check against possible illegal action by politicians. For instance, the monarch of the United
Kingdom can theoretically exercise an absolute veto over legislation by withholding royal assent. However, no monarch has done so since 1708, and it is
3289:
protects the image of the monarch and enables him to play a role in politics. It carries strict criminal penalties for violators. Generally, the Thai people were reverent of
Bhumibol. Much of his social influence arose from this reverence and from the socioeconomic improvement efforts undertaken by
3258:
by refusing to pass the necessary appropriation bills. On 11 November 1975, Whitlam intended to call a half-Senate election to try to break the deadlock. When he sought the
Governor-General's approval of the election, the Governor-General instead dismissed him as Prime Minister. Shortly after that,
2983:) power. The monarchy under this system of government is a powerful political (and social) institution. By contrast, in ceremonial monarchies, the monarch holds little or no actual power or direct political influence, though they frequently still have a great deal of social and cultural influence.
2986:
Ceremonial and executive monarchy should not be confused with democratic and non-democratic monarchical systems. For example, in
Liechtenstein and Monaco, the ruling monarchs wield significant executive power. However, while they are theoretically very powerful within their small states, they are
3037:, exercise power, with the monarchs having ceded power and remaining as a titular position. In many cases the monarchs, while still at the very top of the political and social hierarchy, were given the status of "servants of the people" to reflect the new, egalitarian position. In the course of
2868:
Christian view of natural law. Hegel's forecast of a constitutional monarch with very limited powers whose function is to embody the national character and provide constitutional continuity in times of emergency was reflected in the development of constitutional monarchies in Europe and Japan.
5578:
Ginsburg, Tom and
Rodriguez, Daniel B. and Weingast, Barry R., The Functions of Constitutional Monarchy: Why Kings and Queens Survive in a World of Republics (May 21, 2023). Northwestern Public Law Research Paper No. 23-29, U of Chicago, Public Law Working Paper No. 831, Available at SSRN:
3211:
holds the day-to-day powers of governance, while the monarch retains residual (but not always insignificant) powers. The powers of the monarch differ between countries. In
Denmark and in Belgium, for example, the monarch formally appoints a representative to preside over the creation of a
2571:
identified three main political rights which a constitutional monarch may freely exercise: the right to be consulted, the right to encourage, and the right to warn. Many constitutional monarchies still retain significant authorities or political influence, however, such as through certain
3103:
only in detail rather than in substance. In both cases, the titular head of state – monarch or president – serves the traditional role of embodying and representing the nation, while the government is carried on by a cabinet composed predominantly of elected
2260:, where the monarch retains significantly less, if any, personal discretion in the exercise of their authority. On the surface level, this distinction may be hard to establish, with numerous liberal democracies restraining monarchic power in practice rather than written law, e.g., the
3273:. Among supporters of constitutional monarchy, however, the event confirmed the monarchy's value as a source of checks and balances against elected politicians who might seek powers in excess of those conferred by the constitution, and ultimately as a safeguard against dictatorship.
3025:
and quite a powerful figure even though their power was limited by the constitution and the elected parliament. Some of the framers of the U.S. Constitution may have envisioned the president as an elected constitutional monarch, as the term was then understood, following
3293:
In the United
Kingdom, a frequent debate centres on when it is appropriate for a British monarch to act. When a monarch does act, political controversy can often ensue, partially because the neutrality of the crown is seen to be compromised in favour of a
2560:
to legislation. However, such powers generally may only be exercised strictly in accordance with either written constitutional principles or unwritten constitutional conventions, rather than any personal political preferences of the sovereign. In
2853:
is considered the first monarch proclaiming himself as an embodiment of the nation, rather than as a divinely appointed ruler; this interpretation of monarchy is germane to continental constitutional monarchies. German philosopher
3268:
election. Fraser and his government were returned with a massive majority. This led to much speculation among
Whitlam's supporters as to whether this use of the Governor-General's reserve powers was appropriate, and whether
2778:
was the last monarch to exercise real personal power, but this diminished over the course of her reign. In 1839, she became the last sovereign to keep a prime minister in power against the will of
Parliament when the
3263:
in his place. Acting quickly before all parliamentarians became aware of the government change, Fraser and his allies secured passage of the appropriation bills, and the
Governor-General dissolved Parliament for a
5764:
4815:
appointed by her, for the first fourteen years of independence from 31 August 1962 to the declaration of the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago on 1 August 1976. Republic Day is celebrated every year on 24
3276:
In Thailand's constitutional monarchy, the monarch is recognized as the Head of State, Head of the Armed Forces, Upholder of the Buddhist Religion, and Defender of the Faith. The immediate former King,
4741:
in 1569 and lasting until the final partition of the state in 1795, operated much like many modern European constitutional monarchies (into which it was officially changed by the establishment of the
4625:
as Queen of Malta, represented by a Governor-General appointed by her, for the first ten years of independence from 21 September 1964 to the declaration of the Republic of Malta on 13 December 1974.
3072:
needed no parliamentary vote of confidence and ruled solely by the imperial mandate. However, this model of constitutional monarchy was discredited and abolished following Germany's defeat in the
5559:
5557:
4367:, with parliamentary structures and a responsible khedival ministry developing in the 1860s and 1870s. The constitutional system continued through the Khedivate period and developed during the
4899:. Historically, several defunct constitutional monarchies followed this model; the Belgian formulation is recognized to have been modelled on the title "King of the French" granted by the
2979:
There exist at least two different types of constitutional monarchies in the modern world – executive and ceremonial. In executive monarchies, the monarch wields significant (though not
2311:
2533:. While most monarchs may hold formal authority and the government may legally operate in the monarch's name, in the form typical in Europe the monarch no longer personally sets
6050:
3223:
In nearly all cases, the monarch is still the nominal chief executive, but is bound by convention to act on the advice of the Cabinet. However, a few monarchies (most notably
4438:, which took effect on 1 October of that year. This first French constitutional monarchy was short-lived, ending with the overthrow of the monarchy and establishment of the
4550:
united with Denmark under a common king. Iceland abolished the monarchy and became a republic on 17 June 1944 after the Icelandic constitutional referendum, 24 May 1944.
2783:
resulted in the retention of Lord Melbourne's administration. By the end of her reign, however, she could do nothing to block the unacceptable (to her) premierships of
4450:
proclaimed himself Emperor of the French in what was ostensibly a constitutional monarchy, though modern historians often call his reign as an absolute monarchy. The
2177:(in which a monarch is the only decision-maker) in that they are bound to exercise powers and authorities within limits prescribed by an established legal framework.
2351:
4380:
544:
4682:
Nigeria was a constitutional monarchy from its independence in 1960 till it became a Republic in 1963. It's only monarch was Queen Elizabeth II, Queen of Nigeria.
4726:(or Pakistan Day) is celebrated every year on 23 March to commemorate the adoption of its Constitution and the transition of the Dominion of Pakistan to the
2173:
in which the monarch exercises their authority in accordance with a constitution and is not alone in making decisions. Constitutional monarchies differ from
3033:
The present-day concept of a constitutional monarchy developed in the United Kingdom, where they democratically elected parliaments, and their leader, the
4774:
4133:
2141:
4392:
5967:
5186:
4561:
3013:, it came as a surprise because the prince had not vetoed any law for over 30 years (in the end, this was moot, as the proposal was not approved).
2822:
4793:
from 1882 until 1918, when it merged with the State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs into the unitary Yugoslav Kingdom, that was led by the Serbian
2469:
5306:
3077:
2344:: Executive president is independent of the legislature; head of government is appointed by the president and is accountable to the legislature
4749:
calls "the first constitution of its kind in Europe"). The legislators of the unified state truly did not see it as a monarchy at all, but as
3092:, surviving European monarchies almost invariably adopted some variant of the constitutional monarchy model originally developed in Britain.
3828:
3148:
Other privileges may be nominal or ceremonial (e.g., where the executive, judiciary, police or armed forces act on the authority of or owe
4264:
of the United Kingdom, but with its own elected parliament and a written constitution guaranteeing local autonomy and democratic rights.
4946:
4759:, had a bicameral parliament, and a collection of entrenched legal documents amounting to a constitution along the lines of the modern
4518:
2672:
came from scattered noble families who worked as representatives of their subjects in an adjutant or subaltern federal-type landscape.
3392:
2947:
5596:
4522:
1358:
17:
6058:
4478:) were also constitutional monarchies, although the power of the monarch varied considerably between them and sometimes within them.
3364:
2919:
4318:
4193:
3678:
3345:
2900:
1572:
4485:
from 1871 to 1918, (as well as earlier confederations, and the monarchies it consisted of) was also a constitutional monarchy—see
4812:
2134:
1185:
5500:
4425:
3371:
2926:
1151:
2626:" to differentiate them from semi-constitutional monarchies. Strongly limited constitutional monarchies, such as those of the
6029:
5816:
5282:
5000:
4823:
4115:
4095:
3243:
778:
752:
6021:
5115:
5004:
2807:
2787:, although she still exercised power in appointments to the Cabinet. For example, in 1886 she vetoed Gladstone's choice of
1321:
6038:
2864:(1820), gave the concept a philosophical justification that concurred with evolving contemporary political theory and the
2762:
as prime minister in 1801. The sovereign's influence on the choice of prime minister gradually declined over this period.
6150:
4500:
4434:
to a new constitutional system. France formally became an executive constitutional monarchy with the promulgation of the
3378:
2933:
2860:
2818:
2771:
2462:
737:
337:
6079:
5988:
5939:
5917:
5401:
4734:
4388:
2261:
2127:
5647:
460:
6127:
5882:
5838:
5735:
4591:
4486:
4219:
3804:
3630:
3411:
3061:
2966:
2842:
2622:. As a result, constitutional monarchies where the monarch has a largely ceremonial role may also be referred to as "
4201:
3360:
2915:
5085:
4699:
4513:, which was an absolute monarchy from its founding in 1810, transitioned to a constitutional monarchy in 1840 when
3088:
under a constitution. This eventually discredited the Italian monarchy and led to its abolition in 1946. After the
2803:
2763:
2755:
5187:"Semi presidential systems and semi constitutional monarchies: A historical assessment of executive power-sharing"
3444:
2012:
1192:
783:
4769:
was a monarchy since 1139 and a constitutional monarchy from 1822 to 1828, and again from 1834 until 1910, when
3069:
579:
5484:
5451:
5426:
5376:
4443:
4384:
4197:
3900:
3349:
3160:
3010:
2904:
2627:
2455:
1819:
1774:
907:
500:
4451:
4399:
4376:
3286:
3282:
2855:
1645:
128:
58:
4395:
to the Egyptian royal court but actually able to overrule any decision of the monarch or elected government.
2208:, where the constitution grants substantial discretionary powers to the sovereign, to countries such as the
6089:
5017:
4808:
4715:
4350:
4275:
3792:
3564:
2792:
2743:
2733:
2611:
619:
4695:
4600:
until 2 June 1946, when a referendum proclaimed the end of the Kingdom and the beginning of the Republic.
4435:
3840:
3756:
3168:
2354:: Head of government (president or directory) is elected by the legislature, but is not accountable to it
1839:
1354:
969:
5997:
5190:
5874:
4742:
3316:
3270:
2838:
2341:
2217:
1660:
1141:
964:
773:
653:
4694:
was a constitutional monarchy for a brief period between gaining its independence from the British on
322:
5314:
5213:
4565:
4283:
4083:
4035:
3385:
3192:
2940:
1146:
1001:
747:
407:
352:
4569:
4496:
4311:
4257:
4182:
2759:
2655:
2619:
2610:
identifies constitutional monarchies where the monarch retains substantial powers, on a par with a
2563:
1410:
1314:
490:
440:
247:
2998:
2668:, which was the equivalent to a modern-day deliberative assembly or a legislature. Members of the
589:
5798:
4723:
4421:
4271:
4186:
4129:
3816:
3768:
3468:
3338:
3231:) have amended their constitutions so that the monarch is no longer the nominal chief executive.
3096:
3006:
2893:
2826:
2784:
2750:. However Hanoverian monarchs continued to selectively dictate government policies. For instance
2737:
2530:
2068:
863:
470:
5476:
4521:. This constitutional form of government continued until the monarchy was overthrown in an 1893
2413:: Committee of military leaders controls the government; constitutional provisions are suspended
5701:
5037:
4831:
4644:
4504:
4245:
4234:
3618:
3184:
3138:
3053:
2721:
2511:
2420:
2370:
2301:
2083:
1650:
1234:
981:
742:
549:
205:
6071:
5931:
4636:
2841:; it was the second single-document constitution in the world just after the first republican
6119:
6070:, translated by Seitzer, Jeffrey (illustrated ed.), Duke University Press, pp. 313–
5830:
5769:
5705:
5348:
5022:
4962:
4942:
4852:
4827:
4819:
4770:
4666:
4658:
4587:
4573:
4439:
4403:
4322:
3963:
3456:
2747:
2631:
2553:
2078:
1941:
1538:
1067:
1011:
643:
86:
5980:
5945:– England and the Netherlands in the 17th and 18th centuries were parliamentary democracies.
3216:
following a parliamentary election, while in Norway the King chairs special meetings of the
574:
362:
5949:
5709:
4988:
4784:
4703:
4691:
4648:
4640:
4632:
4577:
4471:
4354:
4279:
4253:
4147:
4111:
3876:
3738:
3504:
3295:
3217:
3213:
3204:
3105:
3027:
2684:
2592:
2588:
2507:
2280:
1094:
724:
713:
663:
624:
614:
2746:
was the last monarch to veto an Act of Parliament when, on 11 March 1708, she blocked the
564:
554:
372:
8:
5225:
4888:
4860:
4800:
4719:
4547:
4514:
4459:
4338:
4307:
4238:
3578:
3540:
3528:
3480:
3299:
3180:
3172:
3002:
2729:
2717:
2713:
2615:
2596:
2580:
2317:
2002:
1911:
1868:
1655:
1420:
1307:
1239:
697:
684:
671:
195:
397:
347:
5469:
5143:
4780:
4546:. The Act of Union, a 1 December 1918 agreement with Denmark, established Iceland as a
4529:
4447:
4368:
4364:
4326:
4301:
4270:
from gaining its independence in 1966 until 2021, was a constitutional monarchy in the
4249:
4047:
3999:
3947:
3888:
3864:
3780:
3726:
3666:
3516:
3492:
3278:
3265:
3239:
3196:
3188:
3176:
3130:
2850:
2837:
Poland developed the first constitution for a monarchy in continental Europe, with the
2814:: on behalf of the monarch and through powers still formally possessed by the monarch.
2799:
2709:
2680:
2584:
2503:
2322:
Head of government (president) is popularly elected and independent of the legislature
2264:, which affords the monarch substantial, if limited, legislative and executive powers.
2213:
1640:
1425:
1400:
1259:
1136:
1077:
1006:
804:
791:
765:
422:
267:
133:
5977:
Queenship in Britain, 1660–1837: Royal Patronage, Court Culture, and Dynastic Politics
4375:, which established an essentially democratic liberal constitutional regime under the
2545:, has defined a constitutional monarch as "A sovereign who reigns but does not rule".
6145:
6123:
6075:
6025:
5984:
5961:
5935:
5913:
5878:
5834:
5812:
5749:
5731:
5684:
5480:
5447:
5422:
5397:
5372:
5288:
5278:
5147:
5135:
4996:
4938:
4790:
4688:
from 1876 until 1878 and again from 1908 until the dissolution of the empire in 1922.
4662:
4652:
4553:
4510:
4411:
4297:
4119:
3852:
3251:
3200:
3199:. However, the two most populous constitutional monarchies in the world are in Asia:
3164:
3127:, under which the monarch may exercise power under certain very limited circumstances
3124:
3057:
2980:
2846:
2811:
2780:
2600:
2390:
2174:
2073:
1794:
1625:
1577:
1405:
1338:
1264:
1249:
1168:
858:
729:
676:
658:
604:
584:
569:
559:
392:
377:
327:
307:
175:
123:
118:
96:
91:
43:
31:
2798:
Today, the role of the British monarch is by convention effectively ceremonial. The
2521:
may refer to a system in which the monarch acts as a non-party political ceremonial
2480:
5905:
5778:
5221:
5127:
5094:
4952:
4914:
4884:
4856:
4372:
4334:
4321:
were constitutional monarchies for some period after their independence, including
4293:
4151:
3690:
3594:
3089:
3085:
3046:
3022:
2635:
2366:
1906:
1829:
1799:
1673:
1415:
1395:
1276:
1175:
1124:
609:
524:
220:
190:
143:
4430:
5806:
5760:
4900:
4738:
4608:
4604:
4533:
4346:
4059:
3987:
3702:
3654:
3642:
3606:
3073:
3060:
rejected the British model. In the constitutional monarchy established under the
2751:
2542:
2538:
2400:
2285:
Head of government is elected or nominated by and accountable to the legislature
2117:
2090:
1946:
1936:
1733:
1630:
1297:
868:
796:
760:
692:
599:
594:
539:
412:
387:
332:
5848:
5786:
5247:"64. The British Empire in 1914. Wells, H.G. 1922. A Short History of the World"
4590:
was a constitutional monarchy, which had been originally established during the
2650:
The oldest constitutional monarchy dating back to ancient times was that of the
6118:(with essays by John Dunn, Ruth W. Grant and Ian Shapiro ed.), New Haven:
5897:
5866:
5099:
5080:
4982:
4794:
4760:
4685:
4676:
4467:
4391:, and overall political control was in the hands of British colonial officials
4342:
4023:
4011:
3714:
3303:
widely believed that this and many of the monarch's other political powers are
3260:
3208:
3156:
3112:
3034:
2775:
2767:
2568:
2549:
2410:
2209:
2095:
2026:
1931:
1764:
1678:
1106:
1028:
534:
292:
215:
170:
4420:, several times from 1789 through the 19th century. The transformation of the
4140:
appointed and is the head of government. The president and prime minister are
3144:
The immunity of the monarch from some taxation or restrictions on property use
2716:
of 1688 furthered the constitutional monarchy, restricted by laws such as the
6139:
5292:
5139:
5042:
4974:
4966:
4904:
4874:
4746:
4482:
4463:
4071:
3247:
3099:
that is a constitutional monarchy is considered to differ from one that is a
3081:
3042:
2865:
2788:
2688:
2573:
2534:
2522:
2331:
2181:
1982:
1877:
1779:
1769:
1610:
1224:
1119:
1099:
1089:
902:
427:
417:
357:
317:
312:
153:
4804:
4763:. The King was elected and had the duty of maintaining the people's rights.
4711:
4622:
4583:
4475:
3304:
2557:
2526:
2031:
1958:
1952:
1926:
1921:
1897:
1887:
1824:
1713:
1533:
1457:
1084:
959:
924:
708:
529:
402:
367:
225:
5909:
5782:
5584:
5272:
5131:
4568:, for a brief period between gaining its independence from the British on
2845:. Constitutional monarchy also occurred briefly in the early years of the
2766:
was the last monarch to dismiss a prime minister, when in 1834 he removed
1018:
5753:
4978:
4455:
3285:.) Among the powers retained by the Thai monarch under the constitution,
3235:
2725:
2639:
2036:
2021:
1963:
1834:
1698:
1497:
1492:
1472:
1462:
1452:
1254:
1219:
991:
949:
895:
853:
823:
648:
382:
262:
163:
4830:) until 1945 when the communist government abolished the monarchy under
4773:
was overthrown by a military coup. From 1815 to 1825 it was part of the
4643:
and conservatives, with the help of the Austrian and Spanish crowns and
3080:
could also be considered a constitutional monarchy, in that there was a
2112:
1292:
6111:
5220:. Max Planck Encyclopedia of Comparative Constitutional Law (MPECCoL).
5032:
5027:
4992:
4934:
4924:
4920:
4679:
was deposed, and the Federal Democratic Republic of Nepal was declared.
4612:
4261:
3352: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
3149:
3116:
2907: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
2659:
2273:
2041:
1997:
1992:
1987:
1973:
1814:
1605:
1487:
1482:
1346:
1111:
1062:
986:
480:
302:
230:
81:
5246:
5060:
2267:
917:
5396:(1st ed.). London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson. pp. 169–170.
5007:, each of whom is a hereditary absolute monarch in their own emirate.
4707:
4655:. This constitutional monarchy lasted three years, from 1864 to 1867.
4557:
4407:
4330:
3959:
3552:
2692:
2676:
2362:
1844:
1738:
1728:
1723:
1708:
1703:
1693:
1567:
1528:
1517:
1512:
1502:
1467:
1435:
1379:
1374:
1244:
1229:
1180:
1131:
1040:
996:
976:
944:
888:
878:
833:
828:
450:
257:
240:
210:
5580:
5356:. Translated by George Rawlinson. Penguin Random House. p. 304.
4171:
3327:
3155:
Today slightly more than a quarter of constitutional monarchies are
3111:
However, three important factors distinguish monarchies such as the
2882:
5189:. European Consortium for Political Research (ECPR). Archived from
4930:
4766:
4727:
4267:
4142:
3100:
2993:
2817:
No person may accept significant public office without swearing an
2662:
whose king had to share his authority with an assembly, called the
2651:
2587:
of constitutional governance. Two constitutional monarchies –
2446:
2253:
2249:
2245:
2170:
1916:
1477:
1447:
1390:
1214:
1158:
1023:
883:
252:
185:
50:
5930:(2nd, illustrated ed.), Barron's Educational Serie, pp.
5627:
4363:
was a constitutional monarchy starting from the later part of the
3021:
As originally conceived, a constitutional monarch was head of the
2484:
The three constitutional monarchs of the Scandinavian kingdoms of
4880:
4866:
4848:
4844:
4543:
4537:
4428:
initiated an ad-hoc transition from the absolute monarchy of the
4292:
from 1822, with the proclamation of independence and rise of the
4124:
2493:
2438:
2241:
2229:
2225:
2201:
2189:
1718:
1555:
1545:
1271:
1163:
1072:
954:
912:
873:
342:
200:
180:
148:
76:
2872:
5530:
4870:
4628:
4492:
4417:
4289:
3255:
3246:, the Governor-General dismissed the Australian Prime Minister
3228:
3065:
3038:
2664:
2489:
2485:
2237:
2233:
2205:
2197:
2193:
2185:
1882:
1202:
235:
6116:
Two Treatises of Government and A Letter Concerning Toleration
4977:(Article 56). Article 1, Section 2, states that "the national
4540:
remained a constitutional monarchy without a reigning monarch.
3049:
was styled "King of the French" rather than "King of France".
3001:, which is why their countries are generally considered to be
2403:: Power is constitutionally linked to a single political party
5979:(illustrated ed.), Manchester University Press, p.
4958:
4910:
4672:
4618:
4597:
4360:
3224:
3009:
of Liechtenstein threatened to veto a possible approval of a
2257:
2221:
1207:
1197:
297:
158:
5928:
Barron's how to Prepare for the AP World History Examination
3310:
3084:
as the titular head of state while actual power was held by
30:"Ceremonial monarchies" redirects here. For other uses, see
3115:
from systems where greater power might otherwise rest with
2724:, although the first form of constitution was enacted with
2703:
2497:
1035:
5685:"The Imperial Institution – The Imperial Household Agency"
5166:
4777:
which was a constitutional monarchy for the years 1820–23.
4387:
coup in 1952. For most of this period, however, Egypt was
2552:, a constitutional monarch may hold formal powers such as
2429: Dependent territories and places without governments
2383:: Monarch holds significant executive or legislative power
5888:– originally published as Georg Friedrich Wilhelm Hegel,
5371:(1st ed.). London: HarperCollins. pp. 469–472.
2599:, in which the ruler is periodically selected by a small
5748:, vol. 1, Boston: Little, Brown, pp. 267–268,
5744:
Blum, Jerome; Cameron, Rondo; Barnes, Thomas G. (1970),
5114:
Stepan, Alfred; Linz, Juan J.; Minoves, Juli F. (2014).
4118:
functions as the head of state of a federation of seven
3068:
retained considerable actual executive power, while the
2740:, which placed similar limits on the Scottish monarchy.
5446:. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 241–242.
4949:
rulers who are also constitutional monarchs themselves.
4286:
movements, a republic was declared on 30 November 2021.
3427:
3234:
There are fifteen constitutional monarchies under King
2698:
2180:
Constitutional monarchies range from countries such as
6049:
6037:
5633:
5328:
3973:
5665:
2423:: No constitutionally defined basis to current regime
5730:, Ankara: Turkish Ministry of Culture, p. 118,
5003:, being selected from among the rulers of the seven
4838:
5996:
5597:"Liechtenstein prince threatens to veto referendum"
5536:
4775:
United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves
4161:
5475:. London: Constable and Company Limited. pp.
5468:
5421:. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 147.
4753:. Poland–Lithuania also followed the principle of
3966:, has a special region with a monarch as its head.
2537:or chooses political leaders. Political scientist
2312:Parliamentary republic with an executive president
5743:
5542:
5113:
5066:
4379:. This system persisted until the declaration of
3016:
2579:The Commonwealth realms share the same person as
2576:, and may also play an important political role.
2373:holds significant executive and legislative power
6137:
5518:
4402:was a constitutional monarchy though its ruler,
3943:
3941:
3939:
3937:
3935:
6066:Schmitt, Carl (2008) , Seitzer, Jeffrey (ed.),
4783:from its establishment in 1881 until 1947 when
4635:lasted from 19 May 1822 to 19 March 1823, with
4607:was a constitutional monarchy until 1975, when
3950:, which share the same person as their monarch.
3933:
3931:
3929:
3927:
3925:
3923:
3921:
3919:
3917:
3915:
2821:. With few exceptions, the monarch is bound by
2695:had become an unstable state, in about 548 BC.
4260:. Corsica became an independent kingdom under
2758:, eventually precipitating the resignation of
5184:
4877:are the only countries with reigning princes.
4576:on 26 January 1950, henceforth celebrated as
3424:There are currently 43 monarchies worldwide.
2873:Executive monarchy versus ceremonial monarchy
2548:In addition to acting as a visible symbol of
2463:
2135:
1315:
5966:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
4698:and becoming a republic when it adopted the
3912:
5948:
5695:
5621:
5471:CB - A life of Sir Henry Campbell-Bannerman
4754:
4751:a republic under the presidency of the King
4200:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
2683:created a constitutional monarchy for King
2444:
2436:
6097:Official website of the British Parliament
6002:Official website of the British Parliament
5811:, Annandale: Federation Press, p. 1,
5081:"Constitutional monarchy as power sharing"
2470:
2456:
2142:
2128:
1322:
1308:
5648:"Thai King Bhumibol Adulyadej dies at 88"
5346:
5340:
5098:
4787:was forced to abdicate by the communists.
4220:Learn how and when to remove this message
4146:the rulers of the absolute monarchies of
3953:
3412:Learn how and when to remove this message
3311:List of current constitutional monarchies
3254:had threatened to block the Government's
3005:and not undemocratic. For instance, when
2967:Learn how and when to remove this message
1359:List of countries by system of government
6055:Official website of the British Monarchy
6043:Official website of the British Monarchy
5925:
5759:
5441:
5416:
5410:
5277:. Sydney, NSW: UNSW Press. p. 105.
5172:
5078:
4611:was forced to abdicate by the communist
4572:and becoming a republic when it adopted
4532:. In 1848–1849 and 1867–1918 as part of
4319:republics in the Commonwealth of Nations
2991:absolute monarchs and have very limited
2704:England, Scotland and the United Kingdom
2479:
2266:
6065:
6015:
5725:
5334:
5270:
4252:(1794–1796) when the island broke with
3011:referendum to legalize abortion in 2011
14:
6138:
5895:
5824:
5671:
5585:http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4454620
5466:
5185:Anckar, Carsten; Akademi, Åbo (2016).
5160:
4913:is the only country remaining with an
4314:was deposed by the communist assembly.
3259:he installed leader of the opposition
2272:World's states coloured by systems of
753:Proclamation of the Republic in Brazil
5902:The Encyclopedia of Political Science
5865:
5804:
5728:The Hattian and Hittite civilizations
5645:
5574:
5572:
5563:
5366:
5211:
5116:"Democratic Parliamentary Monarchies"
4923:is the only country remaining with a
4824:Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes
4536:. In the interwar period (1920–1944)
3244:1975 Australian constitutional crisis
3030:account of the separation of powers.
2832:
2770:as a result of Melbourne's choice of
6087:
5950:Montesquieu, Charles-Louis, Baron de
5846:
5548:
5524:
5391:
4556:was a constitutional monarchy, with
4256:and sought military protection from
4237:was a constitutional monarchy under
4198:adding citations to reliable sources
4165:
3428:Ceremonial constitutional monarchies
3350:adding citations to reliable sources
3321:
2905:adding citations to reliable sources
2876:
2808:Prime Minister of the United Kingdom
2699:Constitutional and absolute monarchy
5974:
5871:Elements of the Philosophy of Right
5829:, Oxford University Press, p.
5765:"The Monarchy and the Constitution"
5313:, 12 September 2008, archived from
4803:was a constitutional monarchy with
4621:was a constitutional monarchy with
4503:. The decision was formalized by a
4104:
3974:Executive constitutional monarchies
3315:For a more comprehensive list, see
2861:Elements of the Philosophy of Right
2849:, but much more widely afterwards.
2774:as Leader of the House of Commons.
685:Establishment of the Dutch monarchy
24:
6104:
6057:, 12 December 2015, archived from
6039:"What is constitutional monarchy?"
5569:
3271:Australia should become a republic
2262:constitution of the United Kingdom
25:
6162:
5795:The Monarchy and the Constitution
5646:Dewan, Angela (13 October 2016).
5581:https://ssrn.com/abstract=4454620
4839:Unusual constitutional monarchies
4592:Persian Constitutional Revolution
4487:Constitution of the German Empire
4393:nominally accredited as diplomats
3062:Constitution of the German Empire
2843:Constitution of the United States
5226:10.1093/law:mpeccol/e408.013.408
5086:Constitutional Political Economy
4446:. Several years later, in 1804,
4282:. After an extensive history of
4170:
4162:Former constitutional monarchies
4089:
4077:
4065:
4053:
4041:
4029:
4017:
4005:
3993:
3981:
3894:
3882:
3870:
3858:
3846:
3834:
3829:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
3822:
3810:
3798:
3786:
3774:
3762:
3750:
3732:
3720:
3708:
3696:
3684:
3672:
3660:
3648:
3636:
3624:
3612:
3600:
3588:
3572:
3558:
3546:
3534:
3522:
3510:
3498:
3486:
3474:
3462:
3450:
3438:
3326:
2881:
2111:
1291:
654:Foundation of the Ottoman Empire
57:
6051:"What is a Commonwealth realm?"
5873:, translated by Nisbet, H. B.,
5869:(1991) , Wood, Allen W. (ed.),
5677:
5639:
5589:
5493:
5460:
5435:
5385:
5360:
5299:
5067:Blum, Cameron & Barnes 1970
4883:is the only remaining explicit
4826:) until 1929 and from 1931 (as
4661:until 1918 when it merged with
4304:was deposed by a military coup.
3337:needs additional citations for
2892:needs additional citations for
2443:systems of government, not the
784:Spanish transition to democracy
461:Les Six livres de la République
5896:Kurian, George Thomas (2011),
5264:
5239:
5205:
5178:
5107:
5072:
4735:Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth
4700:first Constitution of Pakistan
4639:elected as emperor. Then, the
4444:Insurrection of 10 August 1792
4389:occupied by the United Kingdom
3133:, under which the monarch may
3017:Modern constitutional monarchy
2819:oath of allegiance to the King
2812:"royal (or Crown) prerogative"
2810:– exercise their powers under
2791:as War Secretary in favour of
2728:of 1215. At the same time, in
1820:Intergovernmental organisation
1775:Separation of church and state
501:Democracy: The God That Failed
13:
1:
6114:(2003) , Shapiro, Ian (ed.),
5048:
4706:had a total of two monarchs (
4400:Grand Principality of Finland
4377:Egyptian Constitution of 1923
3141:is instead deemed accountable
3064:which Bismarck inspired, the
2856:Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel
2567:, British political theorist
2496:gathered in November 1917 in
2393:: Monarch has unlimited power
2352:Assembly-independent republic
779:Birth of the Italian Republic
5053:
5018:Australian Monarchist League
4965:does not even recognize the
4945:is selected from among nine
4809:Queen of Trinidad and Tobago
4728:Islamic Republic of Pakistan
3565:Special Region of Yogyakarta
2793:Sir Henry Campbell-Bannerman
2381:Semi-constitutional monarchy
1617:(socio-political ideologies)
7:
5975:Orr, Campbell, ed. (2002),
5634:Royal Household staff 2015b
5011:
4436:French Constitution of 1791
2806:– chiefly in the office of
2634:, have been referred to as
2608:semi-constitutional monarch
2327: Presidential republic
2304:with a ceremonial president
1685:(socio-economic ideologies)
1355:List of forms of government
738:Austro-Hungarian Compromise
664:Birth of the Dutch Republic
10:
6167:
6151:Constitutional state types
5875:Cambridge University Press
5718:
5100:10.1007/s10602-021-09336-8
4887:: the formal title of its
4756:Rex regnat et non gubernat
4743:Constitution of 3 May 1791
4588:Mohammad Reza Shah Pahlavi
4517:promulgated the kingdom's
4248:was a brief period in the
3746:
3584:
3434:
3317:List of current monarchies
3314:
3207:. In these countries, the
3137:under the law because the
2839:Constitution of 3 May 1791
2645:
2342:Semi-presidential republic
774:Siamese revolution of 1932
29:
5898:"Constitutional Monarchy"
5793:Bogdanor, Vernon (1995),
5394:Robert Peel – a biography
5218:Oxford Constitutional Law
5079:Tridimas, George (2021).
4631:was twice an Empire. The
3361:"Constitutional monarchy"
3159:countries, including the
2916:"Constitutional monarchy"
2823:constitutional convention
2294:with a ceremonial monarch
1806:(geo-cultural ideologies)
748:5 October 1910 Revolution
644:Birth of the Roman Empire
18:Constitutional monarchies
5956:, Legal Classics Library
5808:The Queen's Other Realms
5537:Parliamentary staff 2010
5444:Lord Melbourne 1779–1848
5419:Lord Melbourne 1779–1848
5369:William Pitt the Younger
5214:"Parliamentary Monarchy"
4675:until 28 May 2008, when
4665:and other areas to form
4406:, was simultaneously an
2760:William Pitt the Younger
2656:ancient Anatolian people
2624:parliamentary monarchies
2620:semi-presidential system
2564:The English Constitution
491:Considerations on France
6090:"Research Paper 01/116"
6016:Patmore, Glenn (2009),
5926:McCannon, John (2006),
5849:"Monarchy – Background"
5847:Dunt, Ian, ed. (2015),
5825:Davies, Norman (1996),
5799:Oxford University Press
5726:Akurgal, Ekrem (2001),
5601:San Diego Union-Tribune
5442:Mitchell, L.G. (1997).
5417:Mitchell, L.G. (1997).
5367:Hague, William (2004).
5271:Patmore, Glenn (2009).
4422:Estates General of 1789
4272:Commonwealth of Nations
3097:parliamentary democracy
3007:Hereditary Prince Alois
2738:Claim of Right Act 1689
2519:Constitutional monarchy
2292:Constitutional monarchy
2155:Constitutional monarchy
2069:Administrative division
2013:International relations
1107:Emperor system of Japan
6020:, UNSW Press, p.
5890:Philosophie des Rechts
5501:"Parliament and Crown"
5392:Hurd, Douglas (2007).
5212:Grote, Rainer (2016).
5069:, pp. 2Nnk67–268.
5038:Parliamentary republic
4755:
4702:on 23 March 1956. The
4645:Napoleon III of France
4385:Free Officers Movement
4246:Anglo-Corsican Kingdom
4235:Kingdom of Afghanistan
3139:responsible government
3054:unification of Germany
2997:power compared to the
2722:Act of Settlement 1701
2658:that lived during the
2529:, whether codified or
2515:
2477:
2445:
2437:
2435:this chart represents
2421:Provisional government
2302:Parliamentary republic
2163:parliamentary monarchy
982:Enlightened absolutism
6120:Yale University Press
6068:Constitutional Theory
6018:Choosing the Republic
5910:10.4135/9781608712434
5805:Boyce, Peter (2008),
5770:Parliamentary Affairs
5706:Constitution of Spain
5467:Wilson, John (1973).
5274:Choosing the Republic
5132:10.1353/jod.2014.0032
5023:Criticism of monarchy
4963:Constitution of Spain
4943:Yang di-Pertuan Agong
4828:Kingdom of Yugoslavia
4649:Maximilian of Austria
4560:as head of state and
4440:French First Republic
3964:presidential republic
3805:Saint Kitts and Nevis
3238:, which are known as
3106:Members of Parliament
2756:Catholic Emancipation
2748:Scottish Militia Bill
2734:Convention of Estates
2554:dissolving parliament
2483:
2451:degree of democracy.
2281:Parliamentary systems
2270:
2079:Democratic transition
1942:Self-governing colony
1539:Military dictatorship
87:Divine right of kings
6088:Sear, Chris (2001),
5710:Congress of Deputies
5120:Journal of Democracy
4989:United Arab Emirates
4893:King of the Belgians
4704:Dominion of Pakistan
4633:First Mexican Empire
4562:the Earl Mountbatten
4280:Monarchy of Barbados
4254:Revolutionary France
4194:improve this section
4112:United Arab Emirates
4096:United Arab Emirates
3346:improve this article
3300:political scientists
3214:coalition government
2901:improve this article
2502:From left to right:
725:Unification of Italy
714:Second French Empire
5998:"Crown Prerogative"
5783:10.1093/pa/49.3.407
5193:on 14 December 2019
5175:, pp. 407–422.
4861:president of France
4811:, represented by a
4801:Trinidad and Tobago
4737:, formed after the
4720:Muhammad Ali Jinnah
4641:Mexican monarchists
4515:King Kamehameha III
4501:military government
4499:was deposed by the
4452:Bourbon Restoration
4351:Trinidad and Tobago
4308:Kingdom of Bulgaria
4239:Mohammad Zahir Shah
4120:absolute monarchies
4110:In the case of the
3948:Commonwealth realms
3445:Antigua and Barbuda
3240:Commonwealth realms
3070:Imperial Chancellor
3003:liberal democracies
2829:of the government.
2754:constantly blocked
2718:Bill of Rights 1689
2714:Glorious Revolution
2642:and Glenn Patmore.
2597:elective monarchies
2581:hereditary monarchy
2318:Presidential system
2214:Commonwealth realms
2175:absolute monarchies
2167:democratic monarchy
2118:Politics portal
2003:Supranational union
1912:Dependent territory
1825:National government
1298:Politics portal
698:First French Empire
672:Glorious Revolution
6061:on 2 December 2010
6045:, 12 December 2015
5954:The Spirit of Laws
5789:on 20 October 2017
5746:The European World
5603:. 8 September 2011
5347:Herodotus (1997).
5317:on 20 October 2017
5001:President or Ra'is
4973:, but just as the
4903:to monarch of the
4851:, being headed by
4781:Kingdom of Romania
4745:, which historian
4722:being the first).
4530:Kingdom of Hungary
4519:first constitution
4448:Napoleon Bonaparte
4250:history of Corsica
4241:from 1964 to 1973.
3290:the royal family.
3279:Bhumibol Adulyadej
3266:double dissolution
3131:Sovereign immunity
2851:Napoleon Bonaparte
2833:Continental Europe
2800:British Parliament
2710:Kingdom of England
2585:Westminster system
2516:
2478:
1137:List of monarchies
938:Related ideologies
805:Nepalese Civil War
792:Iranian Revolution
766:Russian Revolution
761:Chinese Revolution
743:German unification
27:Form of government
6031:978-1-74223-015-3
5827:Europe: A History
5818:978-1-86287-700-9
5791:– excerpted from
5284:978-1-74223-200-3
4997:elective monarchy
4981:is vested in the
4939:elective monarchy
4791:Kingdom of Serbia
4716:Governor-Generals
4653:Emperor of Mexico
4609:Sisavang Vatthana
4548:sovereign kingdom
4426:National Assembly
4353:(1962–1976), and
4298:Pedro I of Brazil
4278:representing the
4230:
4229:
4222:
3908:
3907:
3422:
3421:
3414:
3396:
3298:goal, while some
3252:Australian Senate
3125:royal prerogative
3058:Otto von Bismarck
2977:
2976:
2969:
2951:
2847:French Revolution
2785:William Gladstone
2781:Bedchamber crisis
2772:Lord John Russell
2636:crowned republics
2601:electoral college
2391:Absolute monarchy
2152:
2151:
2103:
2102:
2074:Democracy indices
2049:
2048:
1852:
1851:
1661:Semi-presidential
1586:
1585:
1332:
1331:
730:Meiji Restoration
677:French Revolution
659:Tsarist autocracy
620:Popescu-Tăriceanu
119:Abdication system
97:Royal prerogative
92:Mandate of Heaven
32:crowned republics
16:(Redirected from
6158:
6132:
6099:
6094:
6084:
6062:
6046:
6034:
6012:
6011:
6009:
5993:
5971:
5965:
5957:
5944:
5922:
5887:
5862:
5861:
5859:
5843:
5821:
5801:
5790:
5785:, archived from
5761:Bogdanor, Vernon
5756:
5740:
5712:
5699:
5693:
5692:
5681:
5675:
5669:
5663:
5662:
5660:
5658:
5643:
5637:
5631:
5625:
5622:Montesquieu 1924
5619:
5613:
5612:
5610:
5608:
5593:
5587:
5576:
5567:
5561:
5552:
5546:
5540:
5534:
5528:
5522:
5516:
5515:
5513:
5511:
5497:
5491:
5490:
5474:
5464:
5458:
5457:
5439:
5433:
5432:
5414:
5408:
5407:
5389:
5383:
5382:
5364:
5358:
5357:
5355:
5344:
5338:
5332:
5326:
5325:
5324:
5322:
5303:
5297:
5296:
5268:
5262:
5261:
5259:
5257:
5243:
5237:
5236:
5234:
5232:
5209:
5203:
5202:
5200:
5198:
5182:
5176:
5170:
5164:
5158:
5152:
5151:
5111:
5105:
5104:
5102:
5076:
5070:
5064:
4995:country with an
4953:Papua New Guinea
4937:country with an
4885:popular monarchy
4857:bishop of Urgell
4813:Governor-General
4758:
4574:its constitution
4566:governor-general
4507:8 December 1974.
4495:until 1973 when
4373:Kingdom of Egypt
4310:until 1946 when
4294:Empire of Brazil
4276:Governor-General
4225:
4218:
4214:
4211:
4205:
4174:
4166:
4155:
4108:
4094:
4093:
4092:
4082:
4081:
4080:
4070:
4069:
4068:
4058:
4057:
4056:
4046:
4045:
4044:
4034:
4033:
4032:
4022:
4021:
4020:
4010:
4009:
4008:
3998:
3997:
3996:
3986:
3985:
3984:
3967:
3957:
3951:
3945:
3899:
3898:
3897:
3887:
3886:
3885:
3875:
3874:
3873:
3863:
3862:
3861:
3851:
3850:
3849:
3839:
3838:
3837:
3827:
3826:
3825:
3815:
3814:
3813:
3803:
3802:
3801:
3793:Papua New Guinea
3791:
3790:
3789:
3779:
3778:
3777:
3767:
3766:
3765:
3755:
3754:
3753:
3737:
3736:
3735:
3725:
3724:
3723:
3713:
3712:
3711:
3701:
3700:
3699:
3689:
3688:
3687:
3677:
3676:
3675:
3665:
3664:
3663:
3653:
3652:
3651:
3641:
3640:
3639:
3629:
3628:
3627:
3617:
3616:
3615:
3605:
3604:
3603:
3593:
3592:
3591:
3577:
3576:
3575:
3563:
3562:
3561:
3551:
3550:
3549:
3539:
3538:
3537:
3527:
3526:
3525:
3515:
3514:
3513:
3503:
3502:
3501:
3491:
3490:
3489:
3479:
3478:
3477:
3467:
3466:
3465:
3455:
3454:
3453:
3443:
3442:
3441:
3432:
3431:
3417:
3410:
3406:
3403:
3397:
3395:
3354:
3330:
3322:
3157:Western European
3090:Second World War
3086:Benito Mussolini
3047:Louis-Philippe I
3023:executive branch
2999:Islamic monarchs
2972:
2965:
2961:
2958:
2952:
2950:
2909:
2885:
2877:
2472:
2465:
2458:
2450:
2442:
2428:
2418:
2408:
2398:
2388:
2378:
2360:
2349:
2339:
2326:
2309:
2299:
2289:
2159:limited monarchy
2157:, also known as
2144:
2137:
2130:
2116:
2115:
2063:
2062:
1907:Associated state
1865:
1864:
1840:Internationalism
1830:World government
1807:
1686:
1618:
1599:
1598:
1573:Free association
1560:
1521:
1440:
1383:
1371:
1370:
1334:
1333:
1324:
1317:
1310:
1296:
1295:
1176:Philosopher king
506:
496:
486:
476:
466:
456:
446:
408:Kuehnelt-Leddihn
144:Crowned republic
129:Chinese Legalist
68:Central concepts
61:
39:
38:
21:
6166:
6165:
6161:
6160:
6159:
6157:
6156:
6155:
6136:
6135:
6130:
6110:
6107:
6105:Further reading
6102:
6092:
6082:
6032:
6007:
6005:
6004:, 21 April 2010
5991:
5959:
5958:
5942:
5920:
5885:
5867:Hegel, G. W. F.
5857:
5855:
5841:
5819:
5792:
5738:
5721:
5716:
5715:
5700:
5696:
5683:
5682:
5678:
5670:
5666:
5656:
5654:
5644:
5640:
5632:
5628:
5620:
5616:
5606:
5604:
5595:
5594:
5590:
5577:
5570:
5562:
5555:
5547:
5543:
5535:
5531:
5523:
5519:
5509:
5507:
5499:
5498:
5494:
5487:
5465:
5461:
5454:
5440:
5436:
5429:
5415:
5411:
5404:
5390:
5386:
5379:
5365:
5361:
5353:
5345:
5341:
5333:
5329:
5320:
5318:
5305:
5304:
5300:
5285:
5269:
5265:
5255:
5253:
5245:
5244:
5240:
5230:
5228:
5210:
5206:
5196:
5194:
5183:
5179:
5171:
5167:
5159:
5155:
5112:
5108:
5077:
5073:
5065:
5061:
5056:
5051:
5014:
4901:Charter of 1830
4897:King of Belgium
4841:
4739:Union of Lublin
4605:Kingdom of Laos
4534:Austria-Hungary
4333:) (1948–1972),
4226:
4215:
4209:
4206:
4191:
4175:
4164:
4159:
4158:
4154:, respectively.
4130:Supreme Council
4128:elected by the
4109:
4105:
4100:
4090:
4088:
4078:
4076:
4066:
4064:
4054:
4052:
4042:
4040:
4030:
4028:
4018:
4016:
4006:
4004:
3994:
3992:
3982:
3980:
3976:
3971:
3970:
3958:
3954:
3946:
3913:
3895:
3893:
3883:
3881:
3871:
3869:
3859:
3857:
3847:
3845:
3841:Solomon Islands
3835:
3833:
3823:
3821:
3811:
3809:
3799:
3797:
3787:
3785:
3775:
3773:
3763:
3761:
3757:The Netherlands
3751:
3749:
3733:
3731:
3721:
3719:
3709:
3707:
3697:
3695:
3685:
3683:
3679:Negeri Sembilan
3673:
3671:
3661:
3659:
3649:
3647:
3637:
3635:
3625:
3623:
3613:
3611:
3601:
3599:
3589:
3587:
3573:
3571:
3559:
3557:
3547:
3545:
3535:
3533:
3523:
3521:
3511:
3509:
3499:
3497:
3487:
3485:
3475:
3473:
3463:
3461:
3451:
3449:
3439:
3437:
3430:
3418:
3407:
3401:
3398:
3355:
3353:
3343:
3331:
3320:
3313:
3152:to the Crown).
3074:First World War
3019:
2973:
2962:
2956:
2953:
2910:
2908:
2898:
2886:
2875:
2835:
2764:King William IV
2752:King George III
2706:
2701:
2654:. They were an
2648:
2606:The concept of
2543:Thomas Macaulay
2541:, paraphrasing
2539:Vernon Bogdanor
2501:
2476:
2431:
2430:
2426:
2424:
2416:
2414:
2406:
2404:
2401:One-party state
2396:
2394:
2386:
2384:
2376:
2374:
2358:
2356:
2355:
2347:
2345:
2337:
2329:
2328:
2324:
2315:
2314:
2307:
2305:
2297:
2295:
2287:
2278:
2169:, is a form of
2148:
2110:
2105:
2104:
2091:Democratisation
2084:Autocratization
2060:
2052:
2051:
2050:
2007:
1968:
1947:Tributary state
1937:Satellite state
1892:
1862:
1861:Power structure
1854:
1853:
1805:
1804:
1786:
1757:
1743:
1734:Totalitarianism
1684:
1683:
1665:
1616:
1615:
1596:
1588:
1587:
1582:
1558:
1550:
1515:
1507:
1438:
1430:
1377:
1368:
1367:Source of power
1345:Basic forms of
1339:Politics series
1328:
1290:
1285:
1284:
1283:
1057:
1049:
1048:
1047:
939:
931:
930:
929:
848:
840:
839:
838:
818:
810:
809:
801:
797:Modern Cambodia
770:
734:
718:
702:
693:Trienio Liberal
681:
639:
631:
630:
629:
519:
511:
510:
509:
504:
494:
484:
474:
464:
454:
444:
282:
274:
273:
272:
248:Self-proclaimed
113:
105:
104:
101:
69:
44:Politics series
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
6164:
6154:
6153:
6148:
6134:
6133:
6128:
6106:
6103:
6101:
6100:
6085:
6081:978-0822340119
6080:
6063:
6047:
6035:
6030:
6013:
5994:
5990:978-0719057694
5989:
5972:
5946:
5941:978-0764132711
5940:
5923:
5919:978-1933116440
5918:
5893:
5883:
5863:
5853:politics.co.uk
5844:
5839:
5822:
5817:
5802:
5777:(3): 407–422,
5757:
5741:
5736:
5722:
5720:
5717:
5714:
5713:
5694:
5689:kunaicho.go.jp
5676:
5674:, p. 699.
5664:
5638:
5626:
5614:
5588:
5568:
5553:
5541:
5529:
5517:
5492:
5485:
5459:
5452:
5434:
5427:
5409:
5403:978-0297848448
5402:
5384:
5377:
5359:
5339:
5337:, p. 118.
5327:
5307:"The Hittites"
5298:
5283:
5263:
5238:
5204:
5177:
5165:
5153:
5106:
5093:(4): 431–461.
5071:
5058:
5057:
5055:
5052:
5050:
5047:
5046:
5045:
5040:
5035:
5030:
5025:
5020:
5013:
5010:
5009:
5008:
4986:
4983:Spanish people
4956:
4950:
4928:
4918:
4908:
4878:
4864:
4853:two co-princes
4840:
4837:
4836:
4835:
4822:from 1918 (as
4817:
4798:
4795:Karadjordjevic
4788:
4778:
4764:
4761:United Kingdom
4731:
4696:14 August 1947
4689:
4686:Ottoman Empire
4683:
4680:
4677:King Gyanendra
4670:
4656:
4626:
4616:
4601:
4595:
4581:
4570:15 August 1947
4551:
4541:
4526:
4508:
4497:Constantine II
4490:
4479:
4468:Louis-Philippe
4415:
4412:absolute ruler
4396:
4358:
4315:
4305:
4300:to 1889, when
4287:
4265:
4242:
4228:
4227:
4178:
4176:
4169:
4163:
4160:
4157:
4156:
4134:prime minister
4102:
4101:
4099:
4098:
4086:
4074:
4062:
4050:
4038:
4026:
4014:
4002:
3990:
3977:
3975:
3972:
3969:
3968:
3952:
3910:
3909:
3906:
3905:
3904:
3903:
3901:United Kingdom
3891:
3879:
3867:
3855:
3843:
3831:
3819:
3807:
3795:
3783:
3771:
3759:
3745:
3744:
3743:
3742:
3741:
3729:
3717:
3705:
3693:
3681:
3669:
3657:
3645:
3621:
3609:
3597:
3583:
3582:
3581:
3569:
3568:
3567:
3543:
3531:
3519:
3507:
3495:
3483:
3471:
3459:
3447:
3429:
3426:
3420:
3419:
3334:
3332:
3325:
3312:
3309:
3261:Malcolm Fraser
3209:prime minister
3161:United Kingdom
3146:
3145:
3142:
3128:
3113:United Kingdom
3052:Following the
3035:prime minister
3018:
3015:
2975:
2974:
2957:September 2024
2889:
2887:
2880:
2874:
2871:
2858:, in his work
2834:
2831:
2825:to act on the
2776:Queen Victoria
2768:Lord Melbourne
2705:
2702:
2700:
2697:
2647:
2644:
2628:United Kingdom
2574:reserve powers
2569:Walter Bagehot
2550:national unity
2475:
2474:
2467:
2460:
2452:
2425:
2415:
2411:Military junta
2405:
2395:
2385:
2375:
2371:Supreme Leader
2357:
2346:
2336:
2332:Hybrid systems
2323:
2306:
2296:
2286:
2210:United Kingdom
2150:
2149:
2147:
2146:
2139:
2132:
2124:
2121:
2120:
2107:
2106:
2101:
2100:
2099:
2098:
2096:Hybrid regimes
2093:
2088:
2087:
2086:
2076:
2071:
2061:
2058:
2057:
2054:
2053:
2047:
2046:
2045:
2044:
2039:
2034:
2029:
2027:Regional power
2024:
2016:
2015:
2009:
2008:
2006:
2005:
2000:
1995:
1990:
1985:
1977:
1976:
1970:
1969:
1967:
1966:
1961:
1956:
1949:
1944:
1939:
1934:
1932:Puppet monarch
1929:
1924:
1919:
1914:
1909:
1901:
1900:
1894:
1893:
1891:
1890:
1885:
1880:
1872:
1871:
1863:
1860:
1859:
1856:
1855:
1850:
1849:
1848:
1847:
1842:
1837:
1832:
1827:
1822:
1817:
1809:
1808:
1803:
1802:
1797:
1791:
1788:
1787:
1785:
1784:
1783:
1782:
1777:
1767:
1765:State religion
1759:
1758:
1756:
1755:
1752:
1748:
1745:
1744:
1742:
1741:
1736:
1731:
1726:
1721:
1716:
1711:
1706:
1701:
1696:
1688:
1687:
1682:
1681:
1676:
1670:
1667:
1666:
1664:
1663:
1658:
1653:
1648:
1643:
1638:
1636:Constitutional
1633:
1628:
1620:
1619:
1614:
1613:
1608:
1602:
1597:
1595:Power ideology
1594:
1593:
1590:
1589:
1584:
1583:
1581:
1580:
1575:
1570:
1562:
1561:
1559:(rule by none)
1552:
1551:
1549:
1548:
1543:
1542:
1541:
1531:
1523:
1522:
1509:
1508:
1506:
1505:
1500:
1495:
1490:
1485:
1480:
1475:
1470:
1465:
1460:
1455:
1450:
1442:
1441:
1432:
1431:
1429:
1428:
1423:
1418:
1413:
1411:Representative
1408:
1403:
1398:
1393:
1385:
1384:
1369:
1366:
1365:
1362:
1361:
1350:
1349:
1342:
1341:
1330:
1329:
1327:
1326:
1319:
1312:
1304:
1301:
1300:
1287:
1286:
1282:
1281:
1280:
1279:
1269:
1268:
1267:
1262:
1257:
1252:
1247:
1237:
1232:
1227:
1222:
1217:
1212:
1211:
1210:
1205:
1195:
1190:
1189:
1188:
1178:
1173:
1172:
1171:
1166:
1156:
1155:
1154:
1149:
1144:
1134:
1129:
1128:
1127:
1122:
1114:
1109:
1104:
1103:
1102:
1097:
1092:
1082:
1081:
1080:
1070:
1065:
1059:
1058:
1056:Related topics
1055:
1054:
1051:
1050:
1046:
1045:
1044:
1043:
1033:
1032:
1031:
1021:
1016:
1015:
1014:
1009:
999:
994:
989:
984:
979:
974:
973:
972:
970:Traditionalist
967:
957:
952:
947:
941:
940:
937:
936:
933:
932:
928:
927:
922:
921:
920:
915:
910:
900:
899:
898:
893:
892:
891:
886:
881:
871:
866:
864:Great Officers
861:
850:
849:
847:Administration
846:
845:
842:
841:
837:
836:
831:
826:
820:
819:
816:
815:
812:
811:
808:
807:
802:
800:
799:
794:
788:
786:
781:
776:
771:
769:
768:
763:
757:
755:
750:
745:
740:
735:
733:
732:
727:
721:
719:
717:
716:
711:
705:
703:
701:
700:
695:
689:
687:
682:
680:
679:
674:
668:
666:
661:
656:
651:
646:
640:
637:
636:
633:
632:
628:
627:
622:
617:
612:
607:
602:
597:
592:
587:
582:
577:
572:
567:
562:
557:
552:
547:
542:
537:
532:
527:
521:
520:
517:
516:
513:
512:
508:
507:
497:
487:
477:
467:
457:
447:
431:
430:
425:
420:
415:
410:
405:
400:
395:
390:
385:
380:
375:
370:
365:
360:
355:
353:Crétineau-Joly
350:
345:
340:
335:
330:
325:
320:
315:
310:
305:
300:
295:
284:
283:
280:
279:
276:
275:
271:
270:
265:
260:
255:
250:
245:
244:
243:
233:
228:
223:
218:
216:Personal union
213:
208:
203:
198:
193:
188:
183:
178:
173:
171:Dynastic union
168:
167:
166:
156:
151:
146:
141:
139:Constitutional
136:
131:
126:
121:
115:
114:
111:
110:
107:
106:
103:
102:
100:
99:
94:
89:
84:
79:
73:
70:
67:
66:
63:
62:
54:
53:
47:
46:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6163:
6152:
6149:
6147:
6144:
6143:
6141:
6131:
6129:0-300-10017-5
6125:
6121:
6117:
6113:
6109:
6108:
6098:
6091:
6086:
6083:
6077:
6073:
6069:
6064:
6060:
6056:
6052:
6048:
6044:
6040:
6036:
6033:
6027:
6023:
6019:
6014:
6003:
5999:
5995:
5992:
5986:
5982:
5978:
5973:
5969:
5963:
5955:
5951:
5947:
5943:
5937:
5933:
5929:
5924:
5921:
5915:
5911:
5907:
5903:
5899:
5894:
5891:
5886:
5884:0-521-34438-7
5880:
5876:
5872:
5868:
5864:
5854:
5850:
5845:
5842:
5840:0-19-820171-0
5836:
5832:
5828:
5823:
5820:
5814:
5810:
5809:
5803:
5800:
5796:
5788:
5784:
5780:
5776:
5772:
5771:
5766:
5762:
5758:
5755:
5751:
5747:
5742:
5739:
5737:975-17-2756-1
5733:
5729:
5724:
5723:
5711:
5707:
5703:
5698:
5690:
5686:
5680:
5673:
5668:
5653:
5649:
5642:
5635:
5630:
5623:
5618:
5602:
5598:
5592:
5586:
5582:
5575:
5573:
5565:
5560:
5558:
5550:
5545:
5538:
5533:
5526:
5521:
5506:
5505:UK Parliament
5502:
5496:
5488:
5482:
5478:
5473:
5472:
5463:
5455:
5449:
5445:
5438:
5430:
5424:
5420:
5413:
5405:
5399:
5395:
5388:
5380:
5374:
5370:
5363:
5352:
5351:
5350:The histories
5343:
5336:
5331:
5316:
5312:
5308:
5302:
5294:
5290:
5286:
5280:
5276:
5275:
5267:
5252:
5248:
5242:
5227:
5223:
5219:
5215:
5208:
5192:
5188:
5181:
5174:
5173:Bogdanor 1996
5169:
5162:
5157:
5149:
5145:
5141:
5137:
5133:
5129:
5125:
5121:
5117:
5110:
5101:
5096:
5092:
5088:
5087:
5082:
5075:
5068:
5063:
5059:
5044:
5043:Reserve power
5041:
5039:
5036:
5034:
5031:
5029:
5026:
5024:
5021:
5019:
5016:
5015:
5006:
5002:
4998:
4994:
4990:
4987:
4984:
4980:
4976:
4975:head of state
4972:
4968:
4964:
4960:
4957:
4954:
4951:
4948:
4944:
4940:
4936:
4932:
4929:
4926:
4922:
4919:
4916:
4912:
4909:
4906:
4905:July Monarchy
4902:
4898:
4894:
4890:
4886:
4882:
4879:
4876:
4875:Liechtenstein
4872:
4868:
4865:
4862:
4858:
4854:
4850:
4846:
4843:
4842:
4833:
4829:
4825:
4821:
4818:
4814:
4810:
4806:
4802:
4799:
4796:
4792:
4789:
4786:
4782:
4779:
4776:
4772:
4768:
4765:
4762:
4757:
4752:
4748:
4747:Norman Davies
4744:
4740:
4736:
4732:
4729:
4725:
4721:
4717:
4713:
4709:
4705:
4701:
4697:
4693:
4690:
4687:
4684:
4681:
4678:
4674:
4671:
4668:
4664:
4660:
4657:
4654:
4650:
4646:
4642:
4638:
4634:
4630:
4627:
4624:
4620:
4617:
4614:
4610:
4606:
4602:
4599:
4596:
4593:
4589:
4585:
4582:
4579:
4575:
4571:
4567:
4563:
4559:
4555:
4552:
4549:
4545:
4542:
4539:
4535:
4531:
4527:
4524:
4520:
4516:
4512:
4509:
4506:
4502:
4498:
4494:
4491:
4488:
4484:
4483:German Empire
4480:
4477:
4473:
4472:Second Empire
4469:
4465:
4464:July Monarchy
4461:
4457:
4453:
4449:
4445:
4441:
4437:
4433:
4432:
4431:Ancien Régime
4427:
4423:
4419:
4416:
4413:
4409:
4405:
4401:
4397:
4394:
4390:
4386:
4382:
4378:
4374:
4370:
4366:
4362:
4359:
4356:
4352:
4349:(1966–1970),
4348:
4345:(1957–1960),
4344:
4341:(1965–1970),
4340:
4337:(1970–1987),
4336:
4332:
4328:
4325:(1910–1961),
4324:
4320:
4316:
4313:
4309:
4306:
4303:
4299:
4295:
4291:
4288:
4285:
4281:
4277:
4273:
4269:
4266:
4263:
4259:
4258:Great Britain
4255:
4251:
4247:
4243:
4240:
4236:
4232:
4231:
4224:
4221:
4213:
4210:December 2015
4203:
4199:
4195:
4189:
4188:
4184:
4179:This section
4177:
4173:
4168:
4167:
4153:
4149:
4145:
4144:
4139:
4135:
4131:
4127:
4126:
4121:
4117:
4113:
4107:
4103:
4097:
4087:
4085:
4075:
4073:
4063:
4061:
4051:
4049:
4039:
4037:
4036:Liechtenstein
4027:
4025:
4015:
4013:
4003:
4001:
3991:
3989:
3979:
3978:
3965:
3961:
3956:
3949:
3944:
3942:
3940:
3938:
3936:
3934:
3932:
3930:
3928:
3926:
3924:
3922:
3920:
3918:
3916:
3911:
3902:
3892:
3890:
3880:
3878:
3868:
3866:
3856:
3854:
3844:
3842:
3832:
3830:
3820:
3818:
3808:
3806:
3796:
3794:
3784:
3782:
3772:
3770:
3760:
3758:
3748:
3747:
3740:
3730:
3728:
3718:
3716:
3706:
3704:
3694:
3692:
3682:
3680:
3670:
3668:
3658:
3656:
3646:
3644:
3634:
3633:
3632:
3622:
3620:
3610:
3608:
3598:
3596:
3586:
3585:
3580:
3570:
3566:
3556:
3555:
3554:
3544:
3542:
3532:
3530:
3520:
3518:
3508:
3506:
3496:
3494:
3484:
3482:
3472:
3470:
3460:
3458:
3448:
3446:
3436:
3435:
3433:
3425:
3416:
3413:
3405:
3402:December 2022
3394:
3391:
3387:
3384:
3380:
3377:
3373:
3370:
3366:
3363: –
3362:
3358:
3357:Find sources:
3351:
3347:
3341:
3340:
3335:This section
3333:
3329:
3324:
3323:
3318:
3308:
3306:
3305:lapsed powers
3301:
3297:
3291:
3288:
3284:
3283:Thai Politics
3280:
3274:
3272:
3267:
3262:
3257:
3253:
3249:
3248:Gough Whitlam
3245:
3241:
3237:
3232:
3230:
3226:
3221:
3219:
3215:
3210:
3206:
3202:
3198:
3194:
3193:Liechtenstein
3190:
3186:
3182:
3178:
3174:
3170:
3166:
3162:
3158:
3153:
3151:
3143:
3140:
3136:
3132:
3129:
3126:
3122:
3121:
3120:
3119:. These are:
3118:
3114:
3109:
3107:
3102:
3098:
3093:
3091:
3087:
3083:
3079:
3078:Fascist Italy
3075:
3071:
3067:
3063:
3059:
3055:
3050:
3048:
3044:
3043:July Monarchy
3040:
3036:
3031:
3029:
3028:Montesquieu's
3024:
3014:
3012:
3008:
3004:
3000:
2996:
2995:
2990:
2984:
2982:
2971:
2968:
2960:
2949:
2946:
2942:
2939:
2935:
2932:
2928:
2925:
2921:
2918: –
2917:
2913:
2912:Find sources:
2906:
2902:
2896:
2895:
2890:This section
2888:
2884:
2879:
2878:
2870:
2867:
2863:
2862:
2857:
2852:
2848:
2844:
2840:
2830:
2828:
2824:
2820:
2815:
2813:
2809:
2805:
2801:
2796:
2794:
2790:
2789:Hugh Childers
2786:
2782:
2777:
2773:
2769:
2765:
2761:
2757:
2753:
2749:
2745:
2741:
2739:
2735:
2731:
2727:
2723:
2719:
2715:
2711:
2696:
2694:
2690:
2687:the Lame, of
2686:
2682:
2678:
2675:According to
2673:
2671:
2667:
2666:
2661:
2657:
2653:
2643:
2641:
2637:
2633:
2629:
2625:
2621:
2617:
2613:
2609:
2604:
2602:
2598:
2594:
2590:
2586:
2582:
2577:
2575:
2570:
2566:
2565:
2559:
2555:
2551:
2546:
2544:
2540:
2536:
2535:public policy
2532:
2528:
2524:
2523:head of state
2520:
2513:
2509:
2505:
2499:
2495:
2491:
2487:
2482:
2473:
2468:
2466:
2461:
2459:
2454:
2453:
2449:
2448:
2441:
2440:
2434:
2422:
2412:
2402:
2392:
2382:
2372:
2368:
2364:
2353:
2343:
2335:
2333:
2321:
2319:
2313:
2303:
2293:
2284:
2282:
2276:
2275:
2269:
2265:
2263:
2259:
2255:
2251:
2247:
2243:
2239:
2235:
2231:
2227:
2223:
2219:
2215:
2211:
2207:
2203:
2199:
2195:
2191:
2187:
2183:
2182:Liechtenstein
2178:
2176:
2172:
2168:
2164:
2160:
2156:
2145:
2140:
2138:
2133:
2131:
2126:
2125:
2123:
2122:
2119:
2114:
2109:
2108:
2097:
2094:
2092:
2089:
2085:
2082:
2081:
2080:
2077:
2075:
2072:
2070:
2067:
2066:
2065:
2064:
2056:
2055:
2043:
2040:
2038:
2035:
2033:
2030:
2028:
2025:
2023:
2020:
2019:
2018:
2017:
2014:
2011:
2010:
2004:
2001:
1999:
1996:
1994:
1991:
1989:
1986:
1984:
1983:Confederation
1981:
1980:
1979:
1978:
1975:
1972:
1971:
1965:
1962:
1960:
1957:
1955:
1954:
1950:
1948:
1945:
1943:
1940:
1938:
1935:
1933:
1930:
1928:
1925:
1923:
1920:
1918:
1915:
1913:
1910:
1908:
1905:
1904:
1903:
1902:
1899:
1896:
1895:
1889:
1886:
1884:
1881:
1879:
1878:Unitary state
1876:
1875:
1874:
1873:
1870:
1867:
1866:
1858:
1857:
1846:
1843:
1841:
1838:
1836:
1833:
1831:
1828:
1826:
1823:
1821:
1818:
1816:
1813:
1812:
1811:
1810:
1801:
1798:
1796:
1793:
1792:
1790:
1789:
1781:
1780:State atheism
1778:
1776:
1773:
1772:
1771:
1770:Secular state
1768:
1766:
1763:
1762:
1761:
1760:
1753:
1750:
1749:
1747:
1746:
1740:
1737:
1735:
1732:
1730:
1727:
1725:
1722:
1720:
1717:
1715:
1712:
1710:
1707:
1705:
1702:
1700:
1697:
1695:
1692:
1691:
1690:
1689:
1680:
1677:
1675:
1674:Authoritarian
1672:
1671:
1669:
1668:
1662:
1659:
1657:
1654:
1652:
1651:Parliamentary
1649:
1647:
1644:
1642:
1639:
1637:
1634:
1632:
1629:
1627:
1624:
1623:
1622:
1621:
1612:
1609:
1607:
1604:
1603:
1601:
1600:
1592:
1591:
1579:
1576:
1574:
1571:
1569:
1566:
1565:
1564:
1563:
1557:
1554:
1553:
1547:
1544:
1540:
1537:
1536:
1535:
1532:
1530:
1527:
1526:
1525:
1524:
1519:
1514:
1511:
1510:
1504:
1501:
1499:
1496:
1494:
1491:
1489:
1486:
1484:
1481:
1479:
1476:
1474:
1471:
1469:
1466:
1464:
1461:
1459:
1456:
1454:
1451:
1449:
1446:
1445:
1444:
1443:
1439:(rule by few)
1437:
1434:
1433:
1427:
1424:
1422:
1419:
1417:
1414:
1412:
1409:
1407:
1404:
1402:
1399:
1397:
1394:
1392:
1389:
1388:
1387:
1386:
1381:
1376:
1373:
1372:
1364:
1363:
1360:
1357:
1356:
1352:
1351:
1348:
1344:
1343:
1340:
1336:
1335:
1325:
1320:
1318:
1313:
1311:
1306:
1305:
1303:
1302:
1299:
1294:
1289:
1288:
1278:
1275:
1274:
1273:
1270:
1266:
1263:
1261:
1258:
1256:
1253:
1251:
1248:
1246:
1243:
1242:
1241:
1238:
1236:
1233:
1231:
1228:
1226:
1225:Regnal number
1223:
1221:
1218:
1216:
1213:
1209:
1206:
1204:
1201:
1200:
1199:
1196:
1194:
1191:
1187:
1184:
1183:
1182:
1179:
1177:
1174:
1170:
1167:
1165:
1162:
1161:
1160:
1157:
1153:
1152:Non-sovereign
1150:
1148:
1145:
1143:
1140:
1139:
1138:
1135:
1133:
1130:
1126:
1123:
1121:
1118:
1117:
1115:
1113:
1110:
1108:
1105:
1101:
1098:
1096:
1093:
1091:
1088:
1087:
1086:
1083:
1079:
1076:
1075:
1074:
1071:
1069:
1066:
1064:
1061:
1060:
1053:
1052:
1042:
1039:
1038:
1037:
1034:
1030:
1027:
1026:
1025:
1022:
1020:
1017:
1013:
1010:
1008:
1005:
1004:
1003:
1000:
998:
995:
993:
990:
988:
985:
983:
980:
978:
975:
971:
968:
966:
965:Authoritarian
963:
962:
961:
958:
956:
953:
951:
948:
946:
943:
942:
935:
934:
926:
923:
919:
916:
914:
911:
909:
908:Crown Council
906:
905:
904:
903:Privy council
901:
897:
894:
890:
887:
885:
882:
880:
877:
876:
875:
872:
870:
867:
865:
862:
860:
857:
856:
855:
852:
851:
844:
843:
835:
832:
830:
827:
825:
822:
821:
814:
813:
806:
803:
798:
795:
793:
790:
789:
787:
785:
782:
780:
777:
775:
772:
767:
764:
762:
759:
758:
756:
754:
751:
749:
746:
744:
741:
739:
736:
731:
728:
726:
723:
722:
720:
715:
712:
710:
707:
706:
704:
699:
696:
694:
691:
690:
688:
686:
683:
678:
675:
673:
670:
669:
667:
665:
662:
660:
657:
655:
652:
650:
647:
645:
642:
641:
635:
634:
626:
625:Zourabichvili
623:
621:
618:
616:
613:
611:
608:
606:
603:
601:
598:
596:
593:
591:
588:
586:
583:
581:
578:
576:
573:
571:
568:
566:
563:
561:
558:
556:
553:
551:
548:
546:
543:
541:
538:
536:
533:
531:
528:
526:
523:
522:
515:
514:
503:
502:
498:
493:
492:
488:
483:
482:
478:
473:
472:
468:
463:
462:
458:
453:
452:
448:
443:
442:
438:
437:
436:
435:
429:
426:
424:
421:
419:
416:
414:
411:
409:
406:
404:
401:
399:
396:
394:
391:
389:
386:
384:
381:
379:
376:
374:
371:
369:
366:
364:
361:
359:
356:
354:
351:
349:
346:
344:
341:
339:
338:Chateaubriand
336:
334:
331:
329:
326:
324:
321:
319:
316:
314:
311:
309:
306:
304:
301:
299:
296:
294:
291:
290:
289:
288:
278:
277:
269:
266:
264:
261:
259:
256:
254:
251:
249:
246:
242:
239:
238:
237:
234:
232:
229:
227:
224:
222:
219:
217:
214:
212:
209:
207:
206:Non-sovereign
204:
202:
199:
197:
194:
192:
189:
187:
184:
182:
179:
177:
174:
172:
169:
165:
162:
161:
160:
157:
155:
152:
150:
147:
145:
142:
140:
137:
135:
132:
130:
127:
125:
122:
120:
117:
116:
109:
108:
98:
95:
93:
90:
88:
85:
83:
80:
78:
75:
74:
72:
71:
65:
64:
60:
56:
55:
52:
49:
48:
45:
41:
40:
37:
33:
19:
6115:
6096:
6067:
6059:the original
6054:
6042:
6017:
6008:13 September
6006:, retrieved
6001:
5976:
5953:
5927:
5904:, CQ Press,
5901:
5889:
5870:
5858:13 September
5856:, retrieved
5852:
5826:
5807:
5794:
5787:the original
5774:
5768:
5745:
5727:
5697:
5688:
5679:
5667:
5655:. Retrieved
5652:CNN Regions+
5651:
5641:
5629:
5617:
5607:12 September
5605:. Retrieved
5600:
5591:
5551:, p. 3.
5544:
5532:
5520:
5508:. Retrieved
5504:
5495:
5470:
5462:
5443:
5437:
5418:
5412:
5393:
5387:
5368:
5362:
5349:
5342:
5335:Akurgal 2001
5330:
5319:, retrieved
5315:the original
5310:
5301:
5273:
5266:
5254:. Retrieved
5251:bartleby.com
5250:
5241:
5229:. Retrieved
5217:
5207:
5195:. Retrieved
5191:the original
5180:
5168:
5156:
5126:(2): 35–36.
5123:
5119:
5109:
5090:
5084:
5074:
5062:
4970:
4896:
4895:rather than
4892:
4805:Elizabeth II
4750:
4724:Republic Day
4712:Elizabeth II
4623:Elizabeth II
4584:Pahlavi Iran
4578:Republic Day
4476:Napoleon III
4429:
4357:(1966–2021).
4323:South Africa
4216:
4207:
4192:Please help
4180:
4141:
4137:
4123:
4106:
3955:
3423:
3408:
3399:
3389:
3382:
3375:
3368:
3356:
3344:Please help
3339:verification
3336:
3292:
3287:lèse majesté
3275:
3233:
3222:
3154:
3147:
3134:
3110:
3094:
3051:
3032:
3020:
2992:
2988:
2985:
2978:
2963:
2954:
2944:
2937:
2930:
2923:
2911:
2899:Please help
2894:verification
2891:
2859:
2836:
2816:
2797:
2742:
2736:enacted the
2707:
2674:
2669:
2663:
2649:
2623:
2616:presidential
2607:
2605:
2595: – are
2578:
2562:
2558:royal assent
2547:
2527:constitution
2518:
2517:
2432:
2380:
2330:
2316:
2291:
2279:
2271:
2179:
2166:
2162:
2158:
2154:
2153:
2032:Middle power
1959:Vassal state
1953:Buffer state
1951:
1927:Puppet state
1922:Protectorate
1898:Client state
1888:Principality
1714:Distributism
1656:Presidential
1635:
1534:Dictatorship
1458:Gerontocracy
1380:rule by many
1353:
1337:Part of the
1100:Illegitimate
1095:Family trees
960:Conservatism
925:Royal assent
709:Liberal Wars
499:
489:
479:
469:
459:
449:
439:
433:
432:
287:Philosophers
286:
285:
226:Principality
138:
42:Part of the
36:
6112:Locke, John
5672:Davies 1996
5624:, p. .
5566:, p. .
5510:22 February
5321:21 November
5163:, p. .
5161:Kurian 2011
4979:sovereignty
4714:) and four
4470:), and the
4456:Louis XVIII
4404:Alexander I
4312:Tsar Simeon
3817:Saint Lucia
3769:New Zealand
3469:The Bahamas
3236:Charles III
3169:Netherlands
3135:do no wrong
3095:Nowadays a
2726:Magna Carta
2640:H. G. Wells
2638:by writers
2512:Christian X
2218:Netherlands
2037:Great power
2022:Small power
1964:Viceroyalty
1835:Nationalism
1699:Colonialism
1679:Libertarian
1641:Directorial
1518:rule by one
1498:Technocracy
1493:Stratocracy
1473:Meritocracy
1463:Kleptocracy
1453:Aristocracy
1255:Interregnum
1220:Regnal list
1125:presumptive
950:Bonapartism
896:Royal guard
859:Appointment
824:Aristocracy
649:Magna Carta
615:Zhirinovsky
518:Politicians
445:(1265-1266)
373:Kierkegaard
6140:Categories
5657:13 October
5564:Hegel 1991
5486:009458950X
5453:0198205929
5428:0198205929
5378:0007147198
5049:References
5033:Figurehead
5028:Monarchism
4925:grand duke
4921:Luxembourg
4820:Yugoslavia
4816:September.
4667:Yugoslavia
4659:Montenegro
4647:, elected
4613:Pathet Lao
4505:plebiscite
4442:after the
4414:in Russia.
4383:after the
4381:a republic
4284:republican
4262:George III
3739:Terengganu
3619:Luxembourg
3372:newspapers
3185:Luxembourg
3150:allegiance
3117:Parliament
2927:newspapers
2866:Protestant
2804:Government
2744:Queen Anne
2685:Battus III
2660:Bronze Age
2583:under the
2556:or giving
2531:uncodified
2525:under the
2508:Haakon VII
2365:republic (
2363:Theocratic
2274:government
2212:and other
2042:Superpower
1998:Superstate
1993:Federation
1988:Devolution
1974:Federalism
1815:City-state
1488:Plutocracy
1483:Particracy
1347:government
1240:Succession
1112:Figurehead
1063:Coronation
1012:Luxembourg
992:Legitimism
987:Jacobitism
550:Metternich
481:Patriarcha
378:Dostoevsky
308:Bellarmine
281:Philosophy
231:Real union
196:Hereditary
82:Monarchism
5549:Sear 2001
5525:Dunt 2015
5293:635291529
5231:17 August
5197:14 August
5148:154555066
5140:1086-3214
5054:Citations
4971:sovereign
4785:Michael I
4771:Manuel II
4708:George VI
4637:Agustin I
4558:George VI
4460:Charles X
4424:into the
4371:and then
4369:Sultanate
4365:Khedivate
4331:Sri Lanka
4181:does not
4148:Abu Dhabi
4122:, and is
4116:president
3960:Indonesia
3553:Indonesia
3457:Australia
3076:. Later,
2693:Cyrenaica
2677:Herodotus
2632:Australia
2612:president
1869:Unitarism
1845:Globalism
1751:Religious
1739:Tribalism
1729:Socialism
1724:Feudalism
1709:Despotism
1704:Communism
1694:Anarchism
1631:Communist
1578:Stateless
1568:Anarchism
1529:Despotism
1513:Autocracy
1503:Theocracy
1468:Kritarchy
1436:Oligarchy
1421:Socialist
1375:Democracy
1260:Rebellion
1245:Anti-king
1230:Sovereign
1181:Pretender
1132:Kingmaker
1068:Criticism
1019:Orléanism
997:Miguelism
977:Despotism
945:Alfonsism
889:Favourite
879:Camarilla
869:Household
834:Oligarchy
829:Autocracy
605:Churchill
471:Leviathan
451:Monarchia
393:Bainville
268:Universal
241:Coregency
211:Pentarchy
134:Composite
6146:Monarchy
5962:citation
5952:(1924),
5763:(1996),
5256:27 April
5012:See also
5005:emirates
4931:Malaysia
4859:and the
4832:Peter II
4797:dynasty.
4767:Portugal
4692:Pakistan
4594:in 1906.
4408:autocrat
4355:Barbados
4302:Pedro II
4268:Barbados
4143:de facto
3877:Thailand
3727:Selangor
3667:Kelantan
3631:Malaysia
3505:Cambodia
3296:partisan
3205:Thailand
3101:republic
2994:de facto
2981:absolute
2802:and the
2730:Scotland
2720:and the
2652:Hittites
2593:Cambodia
2589:Malaysia
2504:Gustaf V
2447:de facto
2254:Cambodia
2250:Thailand
2246:Malaysia
2171:monarchy
1917:Dominion
1646:Legalist
1626:Absolute
1611:Republic
1606:Monarchy
1478:Noocracy
1448:Anocracy
1401:Economic
1391:Demarchy
1215:Regicide
1159:Nobility
1120:apparent
1024:Royalism
1002:Orangism
884:Courtier
610:Renouvin
585:Bismarck
580:Castillo
570:Disraeli
560:Polignac
540:Consalvi
441:De Regno
413:Bogdanor
263:Triarchy
258:Tetrarch
253:Signoria
186:Ethnarch
176:Elective
124:Absolute
51:Monarchy
5719:Sources
5477:161–162
5311:smie.co
4993:federal
4967:monarch
4935:federal
4915:emperor
4881:Belgium
4867:Andorra
4849:diarchy
4845:Andorra
4544:Iceland
4538:Hungary
4474:(under
4466:(under
4462:), the
4454:(under
4274:with a
4202:removed
4187:sources
4138:de jure
4125:de jure
4060:Morocco
3988:Bahrain
3962:, as a
3607:Lesotho
3579:Jamaica
3541:Grenada
3529:Denmark
3481:Belgium
3386:scholar
3218:cabinet
3181:Denmark
3173:Belgium
2941:scholar
2708:In the
2691:, when
2681:Demonax
2646:History
2494:Denmark
2439:de jure
2242:Lesotho
2230:Denmark
2226:Belgium
2202:Bahrain
2190:Morocco
2059:Related
1754:Secular
1719:Fascism
1556:Anarchy
1546:Tyranny
1406:Liberal
1272:Usurper
1164:Peerage
1142:Current
1090:Descent
1073:Dynasty
1036:Toryism
1007:Belgium
955:Carlism
918:Riksråd
913:Makhzen
874:Retinue
638:History
600:Metaxas
595:Maurras
565:Decazes
555:Villèle
545:Plessis
530:Pius VI
525:Mazarin
418:Scruton
388:Maurras
343:Novalis
328:Maistre
323:Bossuet
293:Aquinas
236:Regency
221:Popular
201:Khanate
191:Federal
181:Emirate
149:Diarchy
77:Monarch
6126:
6078:
6028:
5987:
5938:
5934:–178,
5916:
5881:
5837:
5815:
5752:
5734:
5483:
5450:
5425:
5400:
5375:
5291:
5281:
5146:
5138:
4999:, the
4961:. The
4941:: the
4871:Monaco
4855:: the
4663:Serbia
4629:Mexico
4586:under
4511:Hawaii
4493:Greece
4418:France
4347:Guyana
4339:Gambia
4327:Ceylon
4290:Brazil
4132:; the
4114:, the
4048:Monaco
4024:Kuwait
4012:Jordan
4000:Bhutan
3889:Tuvalu
3865:Sweden
3781:Norway
3715:Perlis
3691:Pahang
3517:Canada
3493:Belize
3388:
3381:
3374:
3367:
3359:
3256:budget
3250:. The
3229:Sweden
3197:Sweden
3189:Monaco
3177:Norway
3167:, the
3066:Kaiser
3039:France
2943:
2936:
2929:
2922:
2914:
2827:advice
2732:, the
2712:, the
2689:Cyrene
2490:Norway
2486:Sweden
2427:
2419:
2417:
2409:
2407:
2399:
2397:
2389:
2387:
2379:
2377:
2361:
2359:
2350:
2348:
2340:
2338:
2325:
2310:
2308:
2300:
2298:
2290:
2288:
2256:, and
2238:Sweden
2234:Norway
2216:, the
2206:Bhutan
2198:Kuwait
2194:Jordan
2186:Monaco
1883:Empire
1795:Global
1426:Others
1416:Social
1396:Direct
1250:Crisis
1203:Empire
1147:Former
1085:Family
817:Polity
575:Cortés
505:(2001)
495:(1796)
485:(1680)
475:(1651)
465:(1576)
455:(1313)
428:Yarvin
383:Youwei
368:Balmes
363:Cortés
348:Balzac
333:Bonald
318:Hobbes
313:Filmer
6093:(PDF)
5754:76819
5702:Index
5354:(PDF)
5144:S2CID
4991:is a
4959:Spain
4947:state
4933:is a
4911:Japan
4847:is a
4673:Nepal
4619:Malta
4598:Italy
4554:India
4361:Egypt
4343:Ghana
4329:(now
4317:Many
4152:Dubai
4084:Tonga
4072:Qatar
3853:Spain
3703:Perak
3655:Kedah
3643:Johor
3595:Japan
3393:JSTOR
3379:books
3225:Japan
3201:Japan
3165:Spain
2948:JSTOR
2934:books
2670:Panku
2665:Panku
2614:in a
2433:Note:
2258:Japan
2222:Spain
1800:Local
1235:Style
1208:Reich
1198:Realm
1169:Realm
1116:Heir
1078:Lists
1029:Ultra
854:Court
590:Mella
535:Ruffo
434:Works
423:Hoppe
403:Evola
358:Gogol
303:Bodin
298:Dante
164:Grand
159:Duchy
112:Types
6124:ISBN
6076:ISBN
6026:ISBN
6010:2011
5985:ISBN
5968:link
5936:ISBN
5914:ISBN
5879:ISBN
5860:2011
5835:ISBN
5813:ISBN
5750:OCLC
5732:ISBN
5659:2016
5609:2024
5512:2024
5481:ISBN
5448:ISBN
5423:ISBN
5398:ISBN
5373:ISBN
5323:2015
5289:OCLC
5279:ISBN
5258:2021
5233:2019
5199:2019
5136:ISSN
4889:king
4873:and
4733:The
4710:and
4603:The
4528:The
4523:coup
4481:The
4458:and
4410:and
4398:The
4335:Fiji
4244:The
4233:The
4185:any
4183:cite
4150:and
3365:news
3227:and
3203:and
3195:and
3123:The
3082:king
2920:news
2630:and
2591:and
2510:and
2498:Oslo
2492:and
2367:Iran
2204:and
1277:list
1193:Rank
1186:List
1041:High
398:Seca
154:Dual
6072:314
6022:105
5932:177
5906:doi
5831:699
5779:doi
5583:or
5222:doi
5128:doi
5095:doi
4969:as
4891:is
4807:as
4651:as
4564:as
4296:by
4196:by
4136:is
3348:by
3041:'s
2989:not
2903:by
2618:or
2369:):
2165:or
1265:War
6142::
6122:,
6095:,
6074:,
6053:,
6041:,
6024:,
6000:,
5983:,
5964:}}
5960:{{
5912:,
5900:,
5877:,
5851:,
5833:,
5797:,
5775:49
5773:,
5767:,
5708:,
5704:.
5687:.
5650:.
5599:.
5571:^
5556:^
5503:.
5479:.
5309:,
5287:.
5249:.
5216:.
5142:.
5134:.
5124:25
5122:.
5118:.
5091:32
5089:.
5083:.
4985:".
4869:,
3914:^
3307:.
3220:.
3191:,
3187:,
3183:,
3179:,
3175:,
3171:,
3163:,
3108:.
3056:,
3045:,
2795:.
2679:,
2603:.
2506:,
2488:,
2277::
2252:,
2248:,
2244:,
2240:,
2236:,
2232:,
2228:,
2224:,
2220:,
2200:,
2196:,
2192:,
2188:,
2184:,
2161:,
5981:3
5970:)
5908::
5892:.
5781::
5691:.
5661:.
5636:.
5611:.
5539:.
5527:.
5514:.
5489:.
5456:.
5431:.
5406:.
5381:.
5295:.
5260:.
5235:.
5224::
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5150:.
5130::
5103:.
5097::
4927:.
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4907:.
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4718:(
4669:.
4615:.
4580:.
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4217:(
4212:)
4208:(
4204:.
4190:.
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3409:(
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3400:(
3390:·
3383:·
3376:·
3369:·
3342:.
3319:.
2970:)
2964:(
2959:)
2955:(
2945:·
2938:·
2931:·
2924:·
2897:.
2514:.
2500:.
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