60:
682:
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420:
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53:
468:
1637:, which allow enacting amendments by a simple majority vote in a referendum. Since its enactment, the California constitution has been amended an average of five times each year. As a result, if California were a sovereign state, its constitution would rank the second or third-longest in the world by total number of words. This has led politicians and political scientists to argue the procedures for amending the California constitution are too lax, creating a state constitution that is filled with irrelevant detail and incoherent policies created by
652:
1469:
2297:
1457:
2283:
1481:
197:
1660:
1813:. UC is one of only nine state-run public universities in the United States whose independence from political interference is expressly guaranteed by the state constitution. Since 1900, Stanford has enjoyed the benefit of a constitutional clause shielding Stanford-owned property from taxes as long as it is used for educational purposes.
1693:
The constitution gradually became increasingly bloated, leading to abortive efforts towards a third constitutional convention in 1897, 1914, 1919, 1930, 1934 and 1947. By 1962, the constitution had grown to 75,000 words, which at that time was longer than any other state constitution but
Louisiana's.
1749:
Article 4, Section 8(d) defines an "urgency statute" as one "necessary for immediate preservation of the public peace, health, or safety"; any proposed bill including such a provision includes a "statement of facts constituting the necessity" and a two-thirds majority of each house is required to
1741:
Unlike other state constitutions, the
California Constitution strongly protects the corporate existence of cities and counties and grants them broad plenary home rule powers. The constitution gives charter cities, in particular, supreme authority over municipal affairs, even allowing such cities'
1697:
That year, the electorate approved the creation of a
California Constitution Revision Commission, which worked on a comprehensive revision of the constitution from 1964 to 1976. The electorate ratified the commission's revisions in 1966, 1970, 1972, and 1974, but rejected the 1968 revision, whose
1855:
but today may be passed with the approval of both two-thirds of the
Legislature and approval by a majority of voters; while simplified since its beginnings, the revision process is considered more politically charged and difficult to successfully pass than an amendment. Voters exercising the
1689:
politicians pioneered the concept of aggressively amending the state constitution by initiative in order to remedy perceived evils. From 1911, the height of the U.S. Progressive Era, to 1986, the
California Constitution was amended or revised over 500 times.
1794:
unusual". The constitution also confers upon women equality of rights in "entering or pursuing a business, profession, vocation, or employment." This is the earliest state constitutional equal rights provision on record.
1831:
and constitutional revisions, the latter of which is considered to be a "substantial change to the entire constitution, rather than ... a less extensive change in one or more of its provisions". Both require passage of a
1677:
The constitution has undergone numerous changes since its original drafting. It was rewritten from scratch several times before the drafting of the current 1879 constitution, which has itself been amended or revised (see
2841:
1786:, 6 Cal. 3d 628. This noted that under California's state constitution a stronger protection applies than under the U.S. Constitution's Eighth Amendment; the former prohibits punishments that are "cruel
2032:
1844:
through the exercise of the initiative power by the voters. The signature requirement for constitutional amendments is among the lowest thresholds for similar measures of any
1742:
local laws to trump state law. By specifically enabling cities to pay counties to perform governmental functions for them, Section 8 of
Article XI resulted in the rise of the
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2107:
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1872:
Many of the signatories to the state's original 1849 constitution were themselves prominent in their own right, and are listed below. The list notably includes several
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2117:
1710:
The
California Constitution is one of the longest in the world. The length has been attributed to a variety of factors, such as the influence of previous Mexican
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In response to widespread public disgust with the powerful railroads that controlled
California's politics and economy at the start of the 20th century,
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1934:
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take the form of a constitutional amendment. Several amendments involved the authorization of the creation of state government agencies, including the
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by the voters, but they differ in how they may be proposed. A constitutional amendment may be placed on the ballot by either a two-thirds vote in the
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were found in the
California Constitution by the California courts. One of California's most significant prohibitions is against "cruel
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783:
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As of 2023, this was 874,641 signatures compared to a 2020 population of 39,538,223. A constitutional revision originally required a
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645:
447:
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483:
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1988:
1702:
into an appointed rather than an elected official. The
Commission ultimately removed about 40,000 words from the constitution.
1604:
Many of the individual rights clauses in the state constitution have been construed as protecting rights even broader than the
689:
607:
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1734:; the purpose of such amendments was to insulate the agencies from being attacked as an unconstitutionally broad exercise of
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745:
165:
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Many of the individual rights clauses in the state constitution have been construed as protecting rights broader than the
3022:
2608:
1763:
1614:
1574:
2377:
Linda Greenhouse, "Petitioning Upheld at Shopping Malls: High Court Says States May Order Access to Back Free Speech,"
2142:
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1723:
1626:
unusual punishment," a stronger prohibition than the U.S. Constitution's Eighth Amendment prohibition against "cruel
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The Constitution of California is among the longest in the world. This is predominantly due to additions by
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1983:
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551:
461:
354:
2779:
Report of the Debates in the Convention of California on the Formation of the State Constitution
1864:
362:
70:
Title pages of the original English (left) and Spanish (right) versions of the 1849 Constitution
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52:
8:
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1973:
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486:
84:
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16:
Principles, institutions and law of political governance in the U.S. state of California
2379:
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1993:
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1807:
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2018:
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94:
35:
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2003:
1925:
1772:
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829:
1775:, and (2) the first decision in America in 1972 found that the death penalty is
1597:
in 1850. The constitution was amended and ratified on 7 May 1879, following the
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2180:
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1319:
1053:
1025:
801:
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519:
501:
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703:
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438:
321:
253:
116:
2665:. Congressional Research Service – The Library of Congress. Archived from
2008:
1873:
1856:
initiative power are not permitted to propose a constitutional revision.
1768:
1663:
1417:
1403:
1263:
1235:
1165:
1109:
941:
857:
815:
507:
383:
2804:
2341:"California Secretary of State -1849 California Constitution Fact Sheet"
1456:
2302:
2204:
1939:
1845:
1578:
1570:
1546:
1542:
1375:
1333:
969:
913:
401:
1790:
unusual", while the latter only prohibits punishments that are "cruel
2862:
Grodin, Joseph R.; Massey, Calvin R.; Cunningham, Richard B. (1993).
1910:
1641:
attempting to impose their will on each other by the ballot process.
1249:
983:
927:
310:
277:
196:
2404:(2 ed.). Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc. p. 27.
2402:
Democracy in California: Politics and Government in the Golden State
2296:
2889:(Third ed.). Boston, Massachusetts: Houghton Mifflin Company.
1193:
1081:
773:
299:
1798:
Two universities are expressly mentioned in the constitution: the
1549:, describing the duties, powers, structures and functions of the
2579:"Charter Cities: A Quick Summary for the Press and Researchers"
2432:"Op-Ed: It's time to declutter California's messy Constitution"
1659:
1618:, in which "free speech" rights beyond those addressed by the
2831:"Profiles of the Signers of the 1849 California Constitution"
1840:
or by signatures equal to 8% of the votes cast in the last
175:
3021:
1859:
2946:
Official current text of the California Constitution
2864:
The California State Constitution: A Reference Guide
2559:
2278:
1433:
Invalid California congressional district number: 53
2653:
2516:
2514:
1728:
California Department of Alcoholic Beverage Control
1698:primary substantive effect would have been to make
1655:
An Act for the Admission of the State of California
2986:1878–1879 Constitutional Convention Working Papers
2882:
2720:
2499:
2475:
2395:
1827:The California Constitution distinguishes between
2696:
2684:
2589:
2547:
2456:Center, California Constitution (June 24, 2017).
1750:also separately pass the bill's urgency section.
1620:First Amendment to the United States Constitution
3346:
2951:Records of the Constitutional Convention of 1849
2635:
2526:
2511:
1553:. California's constitution was drafted in both
2487:
1876:(California-born, Spanish-speaking residents).
2828:
2458:"California's Constitution is Not the Longest"
1868:Signatures of the 1849 California Constitution
3007:
2829:Wayne, R. Shepard; George R., Dorman (2020).
2396:Janiskee, Brian; Ken Masugi (July 27, 2007).
1679:
1506:
27:
3360:Amendments to the Constitution of California
2758:
2708:
2906:"The Revision of California's Constitution"
2656:"Equal Rights Amendments: State Provisions"
1816:
3014:
3000:
2866:. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press.
1583:1849 Constitutional Convention of Monterey
1513:
1499:
2391:
2389:
3410:State constitutions of the United States
1863:
1658:
2654:Leslie W. Gladstone (August 23, 2004).
24:Constitution of the State of California
3347:
2455:
2386:
2995:
2969:ConstituciĂłn del Estado de California
2847:from the original on August 19, 2023.
2429:
1700:the state's superintendent of schools
1651:California Constitutional Conventions
29:ConstituciĂłn del Estado de California
2425:
2423:
2421:
1879:
1860:Signatories of the 1849 Constitution
3400:Pre-statehood history of California
3023:State constitutions (United States)
1767:case involving an implied right to
1764:Pruneyard Shopping Center v. Robins
1615:Pruneyard Shopping Center v. Robins
13:
2861:
2726:
2702:
2690:
2641:
2595:
2565:
2553:
2532:
2520:
2505:
2493:
2481:
14:
3421:
3395:1879 establishments in California
3390:1849 establishments in California
2939:
2880:
2744:Elections & Voter Information
2418:
1724:State Compensation Insurance Fund
1672:Constitutional Convention of 1849
2295:
2281:
1599:Sacramento Convention of 1878–79
1479:
1467:
1455:
680:
650:
466:
418:
361:
195:
95:Supreme law of the United States
58:
51:
2903:
2838:California Genealogical Society
2822:
2797:
2770:
2764:
2746:. California Secretary of State
2732:
2714:
2647:
2601:
2571:
2538:
1761:. Two examples include (1) the
1593:and in advance of California's
3365:California ballot propositions
2978:1879 California Constitution,
2963:1849 California Constitution (
2956:1849 California Constitution,
2740:"How to Qualify an Initiative"
2617:California Legislative Counsel
2585:. League of California Cities.
2449:
2371:
2359:
2333:
1635:California ballot propositions
1:
2855:
2430:Gatto, Mike (June 19, 2014).
2366:1879 California constitution.
1834:California ballot proposition
1823:California ballot proposition
1705:
1450:Politics of the United States
2980:original unamended full text
1838:California State Legislature
1738:or inherent judicial power.
1612:. An example is the case of
1606:United States Bill of Rights
7:
2988:, California State Archives
2982:, California State Archives
2975:, California State Archives
2960:, California State Archives
2953:, California State Archives
2805:"California's Constitution"
2274:
2143:District of San Luis Obispo
330:Supt. of Public Instruction
166:Monterey Convention of 1849
10:
3426:
2973:full original Spanish text
2958:full original English text
2368:Retrieved January 3, 2018.
2108:John McHenry Hollingsworth
1820:
1648:
1644:
1535:ConstituciĂłn de California
1527:Constitution of California
593:American Independent Party
216:United States Constitution
3304:
3290:
3029:
2249:Mariano Guadalupe Vallejo
2167:District of Santa Barbara
2043:District of San Francisco
1853:constitutional convention
1829:constitutional amendments
1585:, following the American
171:
161:
152:California Capitol Museum
147:
137:
132:
115:
104:13 October 1849
100:
90:
80:
75:
44:
23:
3324:Northern Mariana Islands
2326:
2311:Government of California
1817:Amendments and revisions
1804:University of California
1551:government of California
1474:United States portal
608:Political party strength
2904:Lee, Eugene C. (1991).
2881:Korey, John L. (2002).
2663:CRS Report for Congress
2613:California Constitution
2609:"Article 4 Legislative"
2099:District of San Joaquin
1984:Morton Matthew McCarver
1887:District of Los Angeles
1732:State Bar of California
1718:and the fact that many
598:Peace and Freedom Party
223:California Constitution
2316:Politics of California
2152:JosĂ© MarĂa Covarrubias
2118:Benjamin S. Lippincott
2082:William Morris Stewart
1965:District of Sacramento
1869:
1842:gubernatorial election
1783:California v. Anderson
1674:
1639:conflicting majorities
1595:Admission to the Union
1587:Conquest of California
1539:primary organizing law
1534:
659:United States Senators
621:Inferior jurisdictions
603:National minor parties
319:Insurance Commissioner
188:Politics of California
156:Sacramento, California
28:
3405:History of California
2885:California Government
2019:District of San Diego
1896:José Antonio Carrillo
1867:
1714:, a lack of faith in
1662:
1630:unusual punishment."
1581:) and adopted at the
1486:California portal
3385:1879 in American law
3380:1849 in American law
2926:on December 26, 2016
2210:Kimball Hale Dimmick
2191:District of San José
1999:Winfield S. Sherwood
1926:District of Monterey
1906:Stephen Clark Foster
1759:federal constitution
1610:Federal Constitution
1591:Mexican–American War
1208:Sydney Kamlager-Dove
690:U.S. Representatives
210:Constitution and law
121:7 May 1879
3334:U.S. Virgin Islands
2919:(3). Archived from
2785:. 1850. p. 498
2623:on January 10, 1997
2383:, 10 June 1980, A1.
2347:on November 9, 2017
2028:Miguel de Pedrorena
1974:Elisha Oscar Crosby
1955:Henry Wager Halleck
1811:Stanford University
1462:Politics portal
487:Tani Cantil-Sakauye
264:Lieutenant Governor
85:State of California
3375:1879 in California
3370:1849 in California
2568:, pp. 170–92.
2380:The New York Times
2240:District of Sonoma
2225:Antonio MarĂa Pico
2176:Pablo de la Guerra
2128:Thomas L. Vermeule
2113:James McHall Jones
2072:Francis J. Lippitt
2052:Alfred James Ellis
1994:William E. Shannon
1870:
1675:
646:Federal delegation
381:President Pro Temp
286:Secretary of State
3342:
3341:
2896:978-0-618-12284-4
2873:978-0-313-27228-8
2508:, pp. 18–19.
2484:, pp. 16–17.
2436:Los Angeles Times
2411:978-0-7425-4836-7
2321:Law of California
2289:California portal
2271:
2270:
2238:Representing the
2220:Jacob David Hoppe
2189:Representing the
2181:Jacinto RodrĂguez
2165:Representing the
2141:Representing the
2133:Oliver Wozencraft
2123:Benjamin F. Moore
2097:Representing the
2041:Representing the
2017:Representing the
1979:Lansford Hastings
1963:Representing the
1924:Representing the
1885:Representing the
1778:unconstitutional.
1716:elected officials
1563:American pioneers
1523:
1522:
588:Libertarian Party
559:Political parties
514:Patricia Guerrero
230:Law of California
181:
180:
3417:
3298:Washington, D.C.
3292:Federal district
3016:
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2736:
2730:
2729:, pp. 1, 3.
2724:
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2700:
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2682:
2681:
2679:
2677:
2671:
2660:
2651:
2645:
2639:
2633:
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2630:
2628:
2619:. Archived from
2605:
2599:
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2587:
2586:
2575:
2569:
2563:
2557:
2551:
2545:
2542:
2536:
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2416:
2415:
2393:
2384:
2375:
2369:
2363:
2357:
2356:
2354:
2352:
2343:. Archived from
2337:
2305:
2300:
2299:
2291:
2286:
2285:
2284:
2254:Robert B. Semple
2230:Pedro Sainsevain
1945:Thomas O. Larkin
1935:Charles T. Botts
1901:Manuel DomĂnguez
1880:
1773:shopping centers
1515:
1508:
1501:
1484:
1483:
1482:
1472:
1471:
1470:
1460:
1459:
1435:
1306:Nanette Barragán
1124:Grace Napolitano
684:
667:Dianne Feinstein
654:
633:Cities and Towns
574:Republican Party
567:Democratic Party
534:Courts of appeal
470:
446:Minority Leader
437:Majority Leader
422:
400:Minority Leader
393:Robert Hertzberg
391:Majority Leader
373:Eleni Kounalakis
365:
308:State Controller
275:Attorney General
267:Eleni Kounalakis
199:
183:
182:
128:
126:
111:
109:
62:
55:
40:
39:
31:
21:
20:
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2852:
2844:
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2771:
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2738:
2737:
2733:
2725:
2721:
2713:
2709:
2701:
2697:
2689:
2685:
2675:
2673:
2672:on May 17, 2014
2669:
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2640:
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2602:
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2062:William M. Gwin
2004:Jacob R. Snyder
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1687:Progressive Era
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2695:
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3329:Puerto Rico
3237:South Dakota
3227:Rhode Island
3222:Pennsylvania
3202:North Dakota
3056:
2968:
2930:September 3,
2928:. Retrieved
2921:the original
2916:
2912:
2884:
2863:
2837:
2824:
2812:. Retrieved
2808:
2799:
2787:. Retrieved
2778:
2772:
2767:, p. 7.
2760:
2748:. Retrieved
2743:
2734:
2722:
2717:, p. 1.
2710:
2698:
2686:
2674:. Retrieved
2667:the original
2662:
2649:
2637:
2625:. Retrieved
2621:the original
2612:
2603:
2591:
2583:cacities.org
2582:
2573:
2561:
2549:
2540:
2528:
2501:
2489:
2477:
2465:. Retrieved
2461:
2451:
2439:. Retrieved
2435:
2401:
2378:
2373:
2361:
2349:. Retrieved
2345:the original
2335:
2265:
2215:Julian Hanks
2077:Myron Norton
1916:Abel Stearns
1871:
1850:
1826:
1797:
1791:
1787:
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2009:John Sutter
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1771:in private
1769:free speech
1720:initiatives
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1571:Californios
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1404:Sara Jacobs
1264:Ken Calvert
1236:Mark Takano
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732:Kevin Kiley
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2856:References
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1940:Lewis Dent
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1911:Hugo Reid
1712:civil law
1575:Hispanics
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928:Ro Khanna
552:Elections
462:Judiciary
370:President
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2965:Spanish
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133:History
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