Conservation movement

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conservation efforts and holds them accountable for their direct effects on its preservation. While conservation-far drills visuals and sight as being the main interaction medium between people and the environment, conservation near includes a hands-on, full sensory experience permitted by conservation-near methodologies. An emphasis on observation only stems from a deeper association with intellect and observation. The alternative to this is more of a bodily or "primitive" consciousness, which is associated with lower-intelligence and people of color. A new, integrated approach to conservation is being investigated in recent years by institutions such as WWF. The socionatural relationships centered on the interactions based in reciprocity and empathy, making conservation efforts being accountable to the local community and ways of life, changing in response to values, ideals, and beliefs of the locals. Japanese seascapes are often integral to the identity of the residents and includes historical memories and spiritual engagements which need to be recognized and considered. The involvement of communities gives residents a stake in the issue, leading to a long-term solution which emphasizes sustainable resource usage and the empowerment of the communities. Conservation efforts are able to take into consideration cultural values rather than the foreign ideals that are often imposed by foreign activists.

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radical theory as it focuses on the structural political-economy of modern nation states and the need to create structural change. Convivial conservation creates a more integrated approach which reconfigures the nature-human configuration to create a world in which humans are recognized as a part of nature. The emphasis on nature as for and by humans creates a human responsibility to care for the environment as a way of caring for themselves. It also redefines nature as not only being pristine and untouched, but cultivated by humans in everyday formats. The theory is a long-term process of structural change to move away from capitalist valuation in favor of a system emphasizing everyday and local living. Convivial conservation creates a nature which includes humans rather than excluding them from the necessity of conservation. While other conservation theories integrate some of the elements of convivial conservation, none move away from both dichotomies and capitalist valuation principles.

2093: 1230:, were motivated by the wanton waste that was taking place at the hand of market forces, including logging and hunting. This practice resulted in placing a large number of North American game species on the edge of extinction. Roosevelt believed that the laissez-faire approach of the U.S. Government was too wasteful and inefficient. In any case, they noted, most of the natural resources in the western states were already owned by the federal government. The best course of action, they argued, was a long-term plan devised by national experts to maximize the long-term economic benefits of natural resources. To accomplish the mission, Roosevelt and Grinnell formed the 1469:, was a well known American eugenicist and conservationist. Grant worked alongside Roosevelt in the American conservation movement and was even secretary and president of the Boone and Crockett Club. In 1916, Grant published the book "The Passing of the Great Race, or The Racial Basis of European History", which based its premise on eugenics and outlined a hierarchy of races, with white, "Nordic" men at the top, and all other races below. The German translation of this book was used by Nazi Germany as the source for many of their beliefs and was even proclaimed by Hitler to be his "Bible". 1364: 6298: 2021: 1506: 2057: 745: 1064: 7159: 5180: 2117: 1981:

participation by local hunters who perform self-monitoring techniques and keep records of their hunts. The information obtained by the hunters participating in the program has provided CABI with important data required to make educated decisions about the use of the land. Hunters have been willing participants in this program because of pride in their traditional activities, encouragement by their communities and expectations of benefits to the area.

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Sea Near: Satoumi and Coral Reef Conservation in Okinawa", expands on this approach, called "conservation far", in which access to lands is open to external foreign entities, such as researchers or tourists, but prohibited to local populations. The conservation initiatives are therefore taking place "far" away. This entity is largely unaware of the customs and values held by those within the territory surrounding nature and their role within it.

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were overtaking the wilderness and threatening the native plants and animals were also consuming and threatening the racial vigor that they believed white Americans held which made them superior. Roosevelt was a big believer that white male virility depended on wildlife for its vigor, and that, consequently, depleting wildlife would result in a racially weaker nation. This lead Roosevelt to support the passing of many immigration restrictions,

2069: 1150: 2002:, the first area to be set aside by tribal people rather than governmental forces. Moremi National Park is home to a variety of wildlife, including lions, giraffes, elephants, buffalo, zebra, cheetahs and antelope, and covers an area of 3,000 square kilometers. Most of the groups involved with establishing this protected land were involved with hunting and were motivated by their personal observations of declining wildlife and habitat. 2105: 5192: 871: 2081: 2033: 1948:

decline in the beaver population was due to the fur trade. In reality however, the decline in beaver numbers was because of habitat destruction and deforestation, as well as its continued persecution as a pest (it causes flooding). In Cree lands, however, where the population valued the animal for meat and fur, it continued to thrive. The Inuit defend their relationship with the seal in response to outside critics.

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Democrats from the Coastal states. Conservatives drew on new organizational networks of think tanks, industry groups, and citizen-oriented organizations, and they began to deploy new strategies that affirmed the rights of individuals to their property, protection of extraction rights, to hunt and recreate, and to pursue happiness unencumbered by the federal government at the expense of resource conservation.

1915: 2045: 1288: 1523: 1384:. The debates over the public lands and environmental politics played a supporting role in the decline of liberalism and the rise of modern environmentalism. Although Americans consistently rank environmental issues as "important", polling data indicates that in the voting booth voters rank the environmental issues low relative to other political concerns. 1476:. Founded in 1905, its priority was to protect and conserve various waterbird species. However, the first state-level Audubon group was created in 1896 by Harriet Hemenway and Minna B. Hall to convince women to refrain from buying hats made with bird feathers- a common practice at the time. The organization is named after 1551:(Ministry of Environment, Energy and Telecommunications) and its responsible for many conservation efforts in Costa Rica it achieves through its many agencies, including SINAC (National System of Conservation Areas), FONAFIFO (national forest fund), and CONAGEBIO (National Commission for Biodiversity Management). 1997:

The FPS promotes habitat conservation and provides local education for preservation of wildlife. Conservation initiatives were met with strong opposition from the Botswana government because of the monies tied to big-game hunting. In 1963, BaTawanga Chiefs and tribal hunter/adventurers in conjunction

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and or practitioner experience often disregarding other forms of evidence of successes and failures (e.g. scientific information). This has led to costly and poor outcomes. Evidence-based conservation provides access to information that will support decision making through an evidence-based framework

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combined hosting over 500,000 species of plants and animals. Despite this, Costa Rica is only 250 miles long and 150 miles wide. A widely accepted theory for the origin of this unusual density of species is the free mixing of species from both North and South America occurring on this "inter-oceanic"

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While Theodore Roosevelt was one of the leading activists for the conservation movement in the United States, he also believed that the threats to the natural world were equally threats to white Americans. Roosevelt and his contemporaries held the belief that the cities, industries and factories that

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and structural change to create a post-capitalist approach to conservation. Convivial conservation rejects both human-nature dichotomies and capitalistic political economies. Built on a politics of equity, structural change and environmental justice, convivial conservation is considered a

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tribals. He introduced the "taungya" system, in which Karen villagers provided labor for clearing, planting and weeding teak plantations. After seven years in Burma, Brandis was appointed Inspector General of Forests in India, a position he served in for 20 years. He formulated new forest legislation

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Institutions such as the WWF have historically been the cause of the displacement and divide between Indigenous populations and the lands they inhabit. The reason is the organization's historically colonial, paternalistic, and neoliberal approaches to conservation. Claus, in her article "Drawing the

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It is also the only country in the world that generates more than 99% of its electricity from renewable sources, relying on hydropower (72%), wind (13%), geothermal energy (15%), biomass and solar (1%). Critics have pointed out however, that in achieving this milestone, the country has built several

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legislations and wildlife preservation laws. For instance, Roosevelt established the first national parks through the Antiquities Act of 1906 while also endorsing the removal of Indigenous Americans from their tribal lands within the parks. This move was promoted and endorsed by other leaders of the

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for case study of the conservation of an animal through fur trade.) Similarly, in the case of the beaver, hunting and fur trade were thought to bring about the animal's demise, when in fact they were an integral part of its conservation. For many years children's books stated and still do, that the

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In Japan, the town of Shiraho had traditional ways of tending to nature that were lost due to colonization and militarization by the United States. The return to traditional sustainability practices constituted a “conservation near” approach. This engages those near in proximity to the lands in the

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The growth of the Republican party's political power in the inland West (apart from the Pacific coast) was facilitated by the rise of popular opposition to public lands reform. Successful Democrats in the inland West and Alaska typically take more conservative positions on environmental issues than

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and Yosemite Valley to the federal government. While Muir wanted nature preserved for its own sake, Roosevelt subscribed to Pinchot's formulation, "to make the forest produce the largest amount of whatever crop or service will be most useful, and keep on producing it for generation after generation

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The idea of incentive conservation is a modern one but its practice has clearly defended some of the sub Arctic wildernesses and the wildlife in those regions for thousands of years, especially by indigenous peoples such as the Evenk, Yakut, Sami, Inuit and Cree. The fur trade and hunting by these

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The laissez-faire position held that owners of private property, including lumber and mining companies, should be allowed to do anything they wished on their properties. Environmental protection therefore becomes their choice. Businesses are pressured somewhat by the incentive of occupational

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began lobbying for and implementing conservation practices in the 1960s. The Fauna Preservation Society of Ngamiland (FPS) was formed in 1962 by the husband and wife team: Robert Kay and June Kay, environmentalists working in conjunction with the Batawana tribes to preserve wildlife habitat.

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are issues affecting all regions of the world. The consequent destruction of wildlife habitat has prompted the creation of conservation groups in other countries, some founded by local hunters who have witnessed declining wildlife populations first hand. Also, it was highly important for the

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joined forces with CABI to institute wildlife and hunting monitoring programs in 23 Izoceño communities. The partnership combines traditional beliefs and local knowledge with the political and administrative tools needed to effectively manage habitats. The programs rely solely on voluntary

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had been appointed by McKinley as chief of Division of Forestry in the Department of Agriculture. In 1905, his department gained control of the national forest reserves. Pinchot promoted private use (for a fee) under federal supervision. In 1907, Roosevelt designated 16 million acres

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The ideology of the conservation movement in Germany paralleled that of the U.S. and England. Early German naturalists of the 20th century turned to the wilderness to escape the industrialization of cities. However, many of these early conservationists became part of and influenced the

1563:(Ministry of Environment, Energy and Telecommunications). SINAC has subdivided the country into various zones depending on the ecological diversity of that region - as seen in figure 1. The country has used this ecological diversity to its economic advantage in the form of a thriving 1976:. They are responsible for the creation of the 34,000 square kilometre Kaa-Iya del Gran Chaco National Park and Integrated Management Area (KINP). The KINP protects the most biodiverse portion of the Gran Chaco, an ecoregion shared with Argentina, Paraguay and Brazil. In 1996, the 978:

was prominent in promoting this ideology, publishing many medico-topographical reports that demonstrated the scale of damage wrought through large-scale deforestation and desiccation, and lobbying extensively for the institutionalization of forest conservation activities in

2342:, accessed 29 Dec 2012. This source (John Nisbet) states: "There can be no doubt that John Evelyn, both during his own lifetime and throughout the two centuries which have elapsed since his death in 1706, has exerted more individual influence, through his charming 1234:, whose members were some of the best minds and influential men of the day. Its contingency of conservationists, scientists, politicians, and intellectuals became Roosevelt's closest advisers during his march to preserve wildlife and habitat across North America. 1554:

Costa Rica has made conservation a national priority, and has been at the forefront of preserving its natural environment with 28% of its land protected in the form of national parks, reserves, and wildlife refuges, which is under the administrative control of

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Conservation was revived in the mid-19th century, with the first practical application of scientific conservation principles to the forests of India. The conservation ethic that began to evolve included three core principles: that human activity damaged the

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with over five million supporters worldwide, working in more than 100 countries, supporting around 1,300 conservation and environmental projects. They have invested over $ 1 billion in more than 12,000 conservation initiatives since 1995. WWF is a

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You know, when we first set up WWF, our objective was to save endangered species from extinction. But we have failed completely; we haven't managed to save a single one. If only we had put all that money into condoms, we might have done some

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ever published. Timbre resources in England were becoming dangerously depleted at the time, and Evelyn advocated the importance of conserving the forests by managing the rate of depletion and ensuring that the cut down trees get replenished.

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peoples have preserved these regions for thousands of years. Ironically, the pressure now upon them comes from non-renewable resources such as oil, sometimes to make synthetic clothing which is advocated as a humane substitute for fur. (See

1972:, is a tribe of hunters who were influential in establishing the Capitania del Alto y Bajo Isoso (CABI). CABI promotes economic growth and survival of the Izoceno people while discouraging the rapid destruction of habitat within Bolivia's 1174:(1817–1862) made key philosophical contributions that exalted nature. Thoreau was interested in peoples' relationship with nature and studied this by living close to nature in a simple life. He published his experiences in the book 1484:

tales in his books. Despite his views of racial inequality, Audubon did find black and Indigenous people to be scientifically useful, often using their local knowledge in his books and relying on them to collect specimens for him.

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and began managing the forests with measures to reduce the risk of wildfire in order to protect the "household" of nature, as it was then termed. This early ecological idea was in order to preserve the growth of delicate

931:; this pressure led to the first formal conservation Act, which prohibited the felling of small teak trees. The first forestry officer was appointed in 1806 to regulate and preserve the trees necessary for shipbuilding. 1344:, who had a very different view of conservation, and tried to minimize commercial use of water resources and forests. Working through the Sierra Club he founded, Muir succeeded in 1905 in having Congress transfer the 1275:

of 1902 to promote federal construction of dams to irrigate small farms and placed 230 million acres (360,000 sq mi; 930,000 km) under federal protection. Roosevelt set aside more federal land for

2795: 1437:, while hunting by Indigenous groups, laborers and the working class, and poor citizens - especially for the express use of sustenance - was vigorously monitored. Scholars have shown that the establishment of the 4152:

Coates, Peter. "Emerging from the Wilderness (or, from Redwoods to Bananas): Recent Environmental History in the United States and the Rest of the Americas," Environment and History, 10 (2004), pp. 407–38

1244:(1838–1914), argued that the conservation policies were not strong enough to protect the interest of the natural world because they continued to focus on the natural world as a source of economic production. 1567:, putting its commitment to nature, on display to visitors from across the globe. The tourism market in Costa Rica is estimated to grow by USD 1.34 billion from 2023 to 2028, growing at a CAGR of 5.76%. 800:, including animal, fungus, and plant species as well as their habitat for the future. Conservationists are concerned with leaving the environment in a better state than the condition they found it in. 1216:

preservation which requires that they not wholly destroy or consume the resources they rely upon. Said businesses need to innovate or pivot in the event that the exhaustion of a resource is imminent.

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is the application of evidence in conservation biology and environmental management actions and policy making. It is defined as systematically assessing scientific information from published,

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knowledge on a specific conservation topic. This includes assessing the current effectiveness of different management interventions, threats and emerging problems and economic factors.

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and "inter-continental" landscape. Preserving the natural environment of this fragile landscape, therefore, has drawn the attention of many international scholars and scientists.

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as a country has been heralded its champion in the current times. Costa Rica hosts an astonishing number of species, given its size, having more animal and plant species than the

2796:"U.S. Statutes at Large, Vol. 26, Chap. 1263, pp. 650-52. "An act to set apart certain tracts of land in the State of California as forest reservations." [H.R. 12187]" 1357: 1441:, while setting aside land for preservation, was also a continuation of preserving the land for the recreation and enjoyment of elite white hunters and nature enthusiasts. 3344:

Troëng, Sebastian; Rankin, Eddy (2005-01-01). "Long-term conservation efforts contribute to positive green turtle Chelonia mydas nesting trend at Tortuguero, Costa Rica".

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The early years of the environmental and conservation movements were rooted in the safeguarding of game to support the recreation activities of elite white men, such as

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authorised the building of many large-scale dams and water projects, as well as the expansion of the National Forest System to buy out sub-marginal farms. In 1937, the

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in the parks, which included allowing some Indigenous Americans to remain so that the tourists could get what was to be considered the full "wilderness experience".

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held in the White House, with a focus on natural resources and their most efficient use. Roosevelt delivered the opening address: "Conservation as a National Duty".

1056:, became the definitive work on the subject and was widely used by forest assistants in the subcontinent. In 1861, the Forest Department extended its remit into the 6474: 2542:. Vol. v.27 (Original from Harvard University, Digitized Apr 4, 2008 ed.). Allahabad: R. P. Sharma, Business Manager, Indian Forester. pp. 617–623. 1111:

brought new methods to Indian conservation, the latter becoming the Inspector-General in 1883 after Brandis stepped down. Schlich helped to establish the journal

1560: 1548: 1458:, a leading eugenicist and conservationist. Furthering the economic exploitation of the environment and national parks for wealthy whites was the beginning of 831:. The contemporary conservation movement has broadened from the early movement's emphasis on use of sustainable yield of natural resources and preservation of 1007:

who systematically adopted a forest conservation program based on scientific principles. This was the first case of state management of forests in the world.

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to maintain the environment for future generations, and that scientific, empirically based methods should be applied to ensure this duty was carried out. Sir

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In 2019, convivial conservation was an idea proposed by Bram Büscher and Robert Fletcher. Convivial conservation draws on social movements and concepts like

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put conservationist issues high on the national agenda. He worked with all the major figures of the movement, especially his chief advisor on the matter,

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The American movement received its inspiration from 19th century works that exalted the inherent value of nature, quite apart from human usage. Author

2346:, ... than can be ascribed to any other individual." Nisbet adds that "Evelyn was by no means the first who wrote on . That honour belongs to Master 1010:

These local attempts gradually received more attention by the British government as the unregulated felling of trees continued unabated. In 1850, the

6334: 6010: 1323:, the nation's first. The area of the United States that he placed under public protection totals approximately 230,000,000 acres (930,000 km). 6582: 4193: 3091: 6577: 5859: 1810: 1782: 1493:. Like elite and influential Americans of the early 20th century, they embraced eugenics and racism and promoted the idea that Nordic people are 1570:

dams (providing the bulk of its electricity) some of which have negatively impacted indigenous communities as well as the local flora and fauna.

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Schlich, in the middle of the seated row, with students from the forestry school at Oxford, on a visit to the forests of Saxony in the year 1892

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WWF aims to "stop the degradation of the planet's natural environment and to build a future in which humans live in harmony with nature." The

4418: 4112: 2833: 2478: 1201:, relied heavily upon Brandis' advice for introducing professional forest management in the U.S. and on how to structure the Forest Service. 1033: 1029:

in 1847 and gave several lectures at the Association on the failure of agriculture in India. These lectures influenced the government under

6979: 1260:, declared that the valley must be preserved for the sake of its beauty: "No holier temple has ever been consecrated by the heart of man." 6811: 6015: 5031: 720: 3313: 2648: 7029: 5251: 4778: 2364: 7147: 6080: 5995: 3575:

Sutherland, William J; Pullin, Andrew S.; Dolman, Paul M.; Knight, Teri M. (June 2004). "The need for evidence-based conservation".

3260: 7081: 4228: 2825:* Turner, James Morton, "The Specter of Environmentalism": Wilderness, Environmental Politics, and the Evolution of the New Right. 1989:

In order to discourage illegal South African hunting parties and ensure future local use and sustainability, indigenous hunters in

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Turner, James Morton, "The Specter of Environmentalism": Wilderness, Environmental Politics, and the Evolution of the New Right.

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Barca, Stefania, and Ana Delicado. "Anti-nuclear mobilisation and environmentalism in Europe: A view from Portugal (1976–1986)."

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to introduce the first permanent and large-scale forest conservation program in the world in 1855, a model that soon spread to

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Concerns over teak depletion were raised as early as 1799 and 1805 when the Navy was undergoing a massive expansion during the

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The debate between conservation and preservation reached its peak in the public debates over the construction of California's

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and it is generally a conservative school of thought which aims to preserve natural resources expressly for their continued

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Bolaane, Maitseo. "Chiefs, Hunters & Adventurers: The Foundation of the Okavango/Moremi National Park, Botswana".

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King KFS (1968). "Agro-silviculture (the taungya system)". University of Ibadan / Dept. of Forestry, Bulletin no. 1, 109

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Carruthers, Jane. "Africa: Histories, Ecologies, and Societies," Environment and History, 10 (2004), pp. 379–406;

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Evidence-based conservation was organized based on the observations that decision making in conservation was based on

1678:, and its current work is organized around these six areas: food, climate, freshwater, wildlife, forests, and oceans. 7076: 6454: 6203: 5939: 5889: 4677: 3797:

Johnson, Erik W., Saito, Yoshitaka, and Nishikido, Makoto. "Organizational Demography of Japanese Environmentalism,"

3693: 3244: 2679: 2461: 2399: 2284: 1837: 1717: 1304: 1249: 1165: 2915:"The Rise of the American Conservation Movement: Power, Privilege and Environmental Protection by Dorceta E. Taylor" 2649:

America has been the context for both the origins of conservation history and its modern form, environmental history

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conservation movement to solve problems of living conditions in the cities and the overpopulation of such places.

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forester, joined the British service in 1856 as superintendent of the teak forests of Pegu division in eastern

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Green states and social movements: environmentalism in the United States, United Kingdom, Germany, and Norway

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and France where scientific forestry methods were developed. These methods were first applied rigorously in

843:, while others argue that they differ both in ideology and practice. Conservation is seen as differing from 7124: 6867: 6662: 6657: 6535: 6109: 5668: 5619: 5607: 5541: 5412: 4953: 4221: 3108: 1296: 1045: 766: 169: 2337:

Sylva, Or A Discourse of Forest Trees ... with an Essay on the Life and Works of the Author by John Nisbet

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Forests, Peasants and Revolutionaries: Forest Conservation & Organization in Soviet Russia, 1917–1929

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Noss, Andrew and Imke Oetting. "Hunter Self-Monitoring by the Izoceño -Guarani in the Bolivian Chaco".

2339:, Fourth Edition (1706), reprinted London: Doubleday & Co., 1908, V1, p. lxv; online edn, March 2007 1864: 1795: 1706: 1613: 1000: 801: 6984: 6592: 6384: 5678: 5321: 4763: 4384: 4263: 2423: 2207: 2130: 2011: 1825: 1805: 1635: 1609: 1596: 1580: 1515: 1153: 712: 4053: 938:

economics and complaints from private landowners brought these early conservation attempts to an end.

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An Unexpected Environment: National Park Creation, Resource Custodianship, and the Mexican Revolution

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The movement away from the spectacle of nature and instead focusing on the mundane ‘everyday nature’

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was signed into law, providing funding for state agencies to carry out their conservation efforts.

1320: 1272: 1186: 1108: 954: 430: 361: 2830: 2515:(Original from the University of Michigan, Digitized Feb 10, 2006 ed.). London: W. H. Allen. 2488: 1526: 6994: 6896: 6843: 6602: 6525: 6104: 5839: 5798: 5475: 5417: 5357: 5184: 4958: 4801: 4611: 4583: 4306: 4296: 4214: 4145:

Bess, Michael, Mark Cioc, and James Sievert, "Environmental History Writing in Southern Europe,"

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Crabgrass Crucible: Suburban Nature and the Rise of Environmentalism in Twentieth-Century America

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The evidence-based approach to conservation is based on evidence-based practice which started in

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publications and texts, practitioners' experiences, independent expert assessment, and local and

1820: 1772: 1725: 1480:, a naturalist and legendary bird painter. Audubon was also a slaveholder who also included many 1454:, a leading landscape architect, conservationist, and supporter of the national park system, and 1414:

Emphasis on the long-term democratic engagement with nature rather than elite access and tourism,

1334: 1231: 1141:, and forest utilization, which became the standard and enduring textbook for forestry students. 895:

in 1662. Published as a book two years later, it was one of the most highly influential texts on

759: 385: 3909: 3168:"How Brown were the Conservationists? Naturism, Conservation, and National Socialism, 1900–1945" 7059: 7054: 6974: 6969: 6964: 6954: 6936: 6921: 6775: 6434: 6283: 6147: 5834: 5763: 5713: 5624: 5306: 5301: 5210: 5203: 5023: 4978: 4933: 4748: 4712: 4702: 4497: 4472: 4456: 4441: 4423: 2165: 1890: 1777: 1640: 1253: 1093: 1057: 875:

Sylva, or A Discourse of Forest-Trees and the Propagation of Timber in His Majesty's Dominions,

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The early conservation movement evolved out of necessity to maintain natural resources such as

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The Rise of the American Conservation Movement: Power, Privilege, and Environmental Protection

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Bates, J. Leonard. "Fulfilling American Democracy: The Conservation Movement, 1907 to 1921",

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Benjamin Redekop, "Embodying the Story: The Conservation Leadership of Theodore Roosevelt" in

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with 55% of funding from individuals and bequests, 19% from government sources (such as the

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Germans were prominent in the forestry administration of British India. As well as Brandis,

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Conservation and the Gospel of Efficiency: The Progressive Conservation Movement, 1890-1920

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founded in 1961, working in the field of the wilderness preservation, and the reduction of

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seeks to use high quality scientific evidence to make conservation efforts more effective.

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Vanishing America : species extinction, racial peril, and the origins of conservation

8: 6916: 6891: 6884: 6806: 6728: 6449: 6439: 6409: 6218: 5793: 5778: 5688: 5460: 4998: 4881: 4876: 4621: 4540: 4359: 4339: 4329: 3268: 2564:"Conservation, Exploitation, and Cultural Change in the Indian Forest Service, 1875-1927" 2347: 2257: 2217: 2212: 2155: 1670:

calculation. In addition, WWF has launched several notable worldwide campaigns including

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Defending the master race : conservation, eugenics, and the legacy of Madison Grant

3013: 6872: 6746: 6677: 6469: 6302: 6233: 6168: 5551: 4943: 4938: 4573: 4535: 4492: 4411: 3623: 3534: 3085: 2417: 2242: 2140: 2025: 1438: 1291:

Roosevelt was a leader in conservation, fighting to end the waste of natural resources.

1264: 1223: 942: 653: 612: 547: 465: 277: 150: 80: 71: 4006:

Beauty, Health, and Permanence: Environmental Politics in the United States, 1955–1985

1623:. It was formerly named the "World Wildlife Fund", which remains its official name in 796:, is a political, environmental, and social movement that seeks to manage and protect 7129: 6838: 6796: 6682: 6565: 6238: 6031: 5723: 5576: 5440: 5382: 5296: 5152: 5135: 5106: 4901: 4785: 4591: 4344: 4281: 3689: 3592: 3522: 3512: 3469: 3361: 3318: 3240: 3187: 3073: 3063: 3033: 2976: 2966: 2934: 2864: 2675: 2626: 2563: 2516: 2457: 2405: 2395: 2315: 2227: 2222: 2192: 1138: 1134: 470: 445: 90: 55: 4165:

McNeill, John R. "Observations on the Nature and Culture of Environmental History,"

3705:

Jones, Eric L. "The History of Natural Resource Exploitation in the Western World,"

1961: 1957: 1363: 1204:

Both conservationists and preservationists appeared in political debates during the

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which argued that people should become intimately close with nature. The ideas of

839:. Some say the conservation movement is part of the broader and more far-reaching 6587: 6278: 6268: 6213: 6173: 6152: 5978: 5773: 5546: 5521: 5491: 5291: 4911: 4821: 4806: 4672: 4637: 4446: 4094: 4042: 4029:

The Conservation Fight, From Theodore Roosevelt to the Tennessee Valley Authority

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The movement away from the concept of conservation as saving only nonhuman nature

1326: 1300: 1281: 1268: 1205: 1194: 1190: 1113: 992: 946: 749: 678: 673: 593: 567: 562: 542: 480: 440: 435: 62: 44:"Conservationism" redirects here. For biological conservationism management, see 3958:

Models of Nature: Ecology, Conservation and Cultural Revolution in Soviet Russia

3554: 3421: 1299:, signed into law the creation of five national parks, and signed the year 1906 6617: 6243: 5906: 5824: 5748: 5571: 5506: 5392: 4836: 4753: 4687: 4682: 4401: 4379: 4314: 4237: 3992:

Federal Land, Western Anger: The Sagebrush Rebellion and Environmental Politics

3944:

An Environmental History of Great Britain: From 10,000 Years Ago to the Present

3588: 2930: 2232: 2073: 2037: 1472:

One of the first established conservation agencies in the United States is the

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Something New Under the Sun: An Environmental History of the Twentieth Century

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in Edinburgh formed a committee to study forest destruction at the behest of

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With Broadax and Firebrand: The Destruction of the Brazilian Atlantic Forest

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Nature and the Orient: The Environmental History of South and Southeast Asia

2409: 1532:

Although the conservation movement developed in Europe in the 18th century,

1352:

Theodore Roosevelt's view on conservationism remained dominant for decades;

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and was deeply committed to conserving natural resources. He encouraged the

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The Greening of a Nation? Environmentalism in the United States since 1945

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Jehlicka, Petr. "Environmentalism in Europe: an east-west comparison." in

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Scritti scelti di Erminio Sipari sul Parco Nazionale d'Abruzzo (1922–1933)

3847:

From Rainforest to Cane Field in Cuba: An Environmental History since 1492

3686:

The End of the Line: How overfishing is changing the world and what we eat

3508:

Drawing the sea near : Satoumi and coral reef conservation in Okinawa

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The democratic management of nature, with nature as commons and in context

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Robin, Libby, and Tom Griffiths, "Environmental History in Australasia,"

3828: 2860: 2389: 2332: 1944: 1868: 1749: 1434: 1330:(65,000 km) of new national forests just minutes before a deadline. 1257: 953:

that has sentimental value. The poem was set to music later that year by

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from the early 19th century. The government was interested in the use of

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California Greenin': How the Golden State Became an Environmental Leader

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Purdy, Jedediah (August 13, 2015). "Environmentalism's Racist History".

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Environmental reemerged on the national agenda in 1970, with Republican

1063: 744: 6273: 6193: 6114: 6041: 5556: 5511: 4856: 4841: 4667: 4647: 4138:, and Matt Osborn, "Environmental History Writing in Northern Europe," 3982:

The Wilderness Warrior: Theodore Roosevelt and the Crusade for America,

3854:

A Plague of Sheep: Environmental Consequences of the Conquest of Mexico

2849:

Büscher, Bram; Dressler, Wolfram; Fletcher, Robert, eds. (2014-05-29).

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Board of Revenue started local conservation efforts in 1842, headed by

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The Wilderness Warrior: Theodore Roosevelt and the Crusade for America

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Defending the Land of the Jaguar: A History of Conservation in Mexico

3290:"Costa Rica runs entirely on renewable energy for 300 days this year" 3057: 2960: 2783:

Seeking the Greatest Good: The Conservation Legacy of Gifford Pinchot

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Political Landscapes: Forests, Conservation, and Community in Mexico

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Büscher, B. and Fletcher, R., 2019. Towards convivial conservation.

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Another long-term supporter, partner, and inspiration to Roosevelt,

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which supplies the water supply of San Francisco. Muir, leading the

1149: 6687: 6414: 5869: 5743: 5229: 4918: 4181:

The Ends of the Earth: Perspectives on Modern Environmental History

3778:

The River Runs Black: The Environmental Challenge to China's Future

3610:

Sutherland, William J. (July 2003). "Evidence-based Conservation".

2394:. Martin Gardner. New York: Dover Publications. 1992. p. 118. 1990: 1446: 1118: 1097: 934:

This promising start received a setback in the 1820s and 30s, when

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Spoils and Spoilers: Australians Make Their Environment, 1788-1980

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Burley, Jeffery, et al. 2009. "A History of Forestry at Oxford",

2145: 2104: 1969: 1919: 1662:

is published every two years by WWF since 1998; it is based on a

1509:

Figure 1. Costa Rica divided into different areas of conservation

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Land of the Tiger: A Natural History of the Indian Subcontinent

3785:

The Retreat of the Elephants: An Environmental History of China

2279: 1914: 1624: 1541: 1481: 1176: 1026: 1004: 996: 410: 3951:

The greenest nation?: A new history of German environmentalism

3638:"Inuit Ask Europeans to Support Its Seal Hunt and Way of Life" 1399: 960: 27:

Social and political advocacy for protecting natural resources

3223: 2044: 1490: 1092:

and helped establish research and training institutions. The

957:. Lines from the song have been quoted by environmentalists. 816: 3790:

Grove, Richard H.; Damodaran, Vinita Jain; Sangwan, Satpal.

3574: 1901:

and other fields. It is part of the larger movement towards

1287: 4202:, a Canadian documentary on conservation and national parks 1084: 917: 903:

The field developed during the 18th century, especially in

820: 3757:

Imperial Gullies: Soil Erosion and Conservation in Lesotho

1522: 1380:

playing a major role, especially with his creation of the

1208:(the 1890s–early 1920s). There were three main positions. 1690: 1358:

Pittman–Robertson Federal Aid in Wildlife Restoration Act

950: 3840:

The Green Republic: A Conservation History of Costa Rica

3236:

The Green Republic: A Conservation History of Costa Rica

1922:

forest. It says, "A conservation area protected by law".

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UN Conference on the Human Environment (Stockholm 1972)

3740:

Conservation in Africa: People, Policies & Practice

2848: 1559:(National System of Conservation Areas) a division of 1424: 1117:

in 1874, and became the founding director of the first

3679:

Empire, Forestry and the Origins of Environmentalism,

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Dreamers & Defenders: American Conservationists.

3014:"Shades of Darkness: Race and Environmental History" 2609:, Vol. 1, No. 2., pp.236-261. Accessed: May 6, 2012. 1144: 3207:"Costa Rica recognised for biodiversity protection" 2770:

President Theodore Roosevelt's Conservations Legacy

2453:

Empire Forestry and the Origins of Environmentalism

3733:Myth of Wild Africa: Conservation without Illusion 2594:This Fissured Land: An Ecological History of India 1340:In 1903 Roosevelt toured the Yosemite Valley with 4038:(3rd ed. 1982), the standard intellectual history 2800:Evolution of the Conservation Movement, 1850-1920 2658:. Asiaticsociety.org.bd. Retrieved on 2011-09-01. 2314:. Coral Gables, Florida: Glade House. p. 8. 2182:Evolution of the Conservation Movement, 1850–1920 7175: 6583:Other effective area-based conservation measures 4097:, good biographical studies of the major leaders 3391: 3389: 2958: 2618: 1018:a pioneer in the nascent conservation movement. 881:The conservation movement can be traced back to 6578:Integrated Conservation and Development Project 5860:Environmental, social, and corporate governance 1937: 920:trees, which was an important resource for the 5120:Rio Declaration on Environment and Development 4157:Main Currents in Western Environmental Thought 4013:A History of Environmental Politics since 1945 3450:. World Wide Fund for Nature. 2014. p. 37 1699: 1222:The conservationists, led by future President 6328: 6161: 5245: 4222: 3470:"WWF's Mission, Guiding Principles and Goals" 3386: 1845: 1574: 1500: 1408:The promotion of nature for, to and by humans 767: 3380:"WWF conservation projects around the world" 3343: 3090:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 6342: 1400:The five elements of convivial conservation 1044:. In the same year, Cleghorn organised the 961:Origins of the modern conservation movement 6335: 6321: 5252: 5238: 5191: 4229: 4215: 4070:The Shaping of Environmentalism in America 3937:Social change and political transformation 3609: 3539:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 3261:"Estado de la Biodiversidad en Costa Rica" 2456:. Cambridge University Press. p. 48. 1951: 1852: 1838: 1048:and in 1860 the department banned the use 774: 760: 5131:Convention on Biological Diversity (1992) 4022:Conservation and the Gospel of Efficiency 3972:The Mississippi Valley Historical Review, 3861:An Environmental History of Latin America 2912: 2732:"Archives of the Boone and Crockett Club" 945:published "Woodman, Spare that Tree!", a 5159:UN Conference on Sustainable Development 4194:A history of conservation in New Zealand 3011: 2711:(2015). DOI: 10.1177/1742715014546875. 2508: 2000:Moremi National Park and Wildlife Refuge 1913: 1521: 1504: 1362: 1286: 1148: 1062: 869: 37:For specific types of conservation, see 6264:Barriers to pro-environmental behaviour 4041: 4008:(1987), the standard scholarly history 3731:Adams, Jonathan S.; McShane, Thomas O. 3397:"WWF - Endangered Species Conservation" 2502: 2476: 2309: 1284:than all of his predecessors combined. 14: 7176: 4729:Corporate environmental responsibility 3923:The Rhine: An Eco-Biography, 1815–2000 3165: 3133: 3131: 3129: 3103: 3101: 3055: 2533: 2512:The Forests and Gardens of South India 2509:Cleghorn, Hugh Francis Clarke (1861). 2449: 2280:"Conservationist or Environmentalist?" 1367:Theodore Roosevelt with trophy killing 1054:The forests and gardens of South India 877:title page of the first edition (1664) 6316: 5233: 4210: 3884:. University of Arizona Press (2011). 3801:Nov 2009, Vol. 79 Issue 4, pp 481–504 3504: 3500: 3498: 3496: 3494: 3339: 3337: 3335: 3333: 3232: 3204: 3161: 3159: 3051: 3049: 3047: 2994: 2992: 2990: 2954: 2952: 2950: 2948: 2908: 2906: 2904: 2902: 2884: 2882: 2880: 2667: 2354:was published in 1534" (V1, p. lxvi). 1333:In May 1908, Roosevelt sponsored the 1125:in 1885. He authored the five-volume 949:poem urging a lumberjack to avoid an 5259: 5102:Brundtlandt Commission Report (1983) 3888: 2913:Hellegers, Desiree (December 2017). 2674:. Indus Publishing. pp. 85–88. 2592:Madhav Gadgil and Ramachandra Guha, 2561: 1984: 1655:) and 8% from corporations in 2014. 1425:Racism and the Conservation Movement 1087:forests were controlled by militant 4159:(2002), standard scholarly history 3939:(Routledge, 2018) pp. 112–131. 3842:. University of Texas Press. (1999) 3720: 3126: 3098: 2277: 2203:List of environmental organizations 1909: 1307:. He also established the first 51 1303:, under which he proclaimed 18 new 24: 4744:Environmental full-cost accounting 4236: 3960:(2000) 324pp; covers 1917 to 1939. 3666: 3624:10.1111/j.1526-4629.2003.tb00068.x 3491: 3330: 3156: 3044: 2987: 2945: 2899: 2877: 1918:A conservation area's sign in the 25: 7205: 6455:Conservation biology of parasites 5890:Environmental resource management 4678:Run-of-the-river hydroelectricity 4187: 4128: 4036:Wilderness and the American Mind, 3738:Anderson, David; Grove, Richard. 3735:(1992) 266p; covers 1900 to 1980s 2285:Mackinac Center for Public Policy 1883:of "what works" in conservation. 1450:conservation movement, including 1166:Conservation in the United States 1145:Conservation in the United States 835:areas to include preservation of 7158: 7157: 6571:Tropical rainforest conservation 6475:Vulnerability and susceptibility 6296: 5190: 5179: 5178: 5148:UN Millennium Declaration (2000) 4015:(2000), shorter standard history 3964: 3815: 3747:Journal of Historical Geography. 3444:WWFN-International Annual Review 3139:"The Myth of John James Audubon" 3056:Peter., Spiro, Jonathan (2009). 3012:Merchant, Carolyn (2003-07-01). 2115: 2103: 2091: 2079: 2067: 2055: 2043: 2031: 2019: 1811:Library and information practice 1705:This section is an excerpt from 1514:This section is an excerpt from 865: 861:Timeline of environmental events 743: 7120:NatureServe conservation status 6405:Conservation-induced extinction 5332:Human impact on the environment 5317:List of environmental conflicts 4734:Corporate social responsibility 4663:Ocean thermal energy conversion 4602:Community-supported agriculture 4287:Human impact on the environment 4109:The Journal of American History 3868:Biodiversity & Conservation 3763: 3630: 3603: 3577:Trends in Ecology and Evolution 3547: 3480:from the original on 2019-01-13 3462: 3414: 3372: 3306: 3282: 3253: 3198: 3062:. University of Vermont Press. 3005: 2855:. University of Arizona Press. 2842: 2827:The Journal of American History 2819: 2806: 2788: 2775: 2762: 2749: 2724: 2701: 2688: 2661: 2642: 2612: 2599: 2586: 2562:Weil, Benjamin (1 April 2006). 2555: 2546: 2527: 2292:from the original on 2008-12-03 1621:human impact on the environment 1382:Environmental Protection Agency 6511:Conservation management system 6395:Conservation-dependent species 6355:Index of conservation articles 5651:List of environmental killings 4974:Socially responsible marketing 3825:. Duke University Press (2015) 3698:Haq, Gary, and Alistair Paul. 3688:. (2004) Ebury Press, London. 3643:. 6 March 2006. Archived from 3233:Evans, Sterling (2010-06-28). 3205:Watts, Jonathan (2010-10-25). 3166:Landry, Marc (February 2010). 2671:Indian Forestry: A Perspective 2470: 2443: 2430: 2382: 2357: 2326: 2303: 2271: 891:, presented as a paper to the 13: 1: 6737:Assisted natural regeneration 6541:Ecoregion conservation status 5497:Bright green environmentalism 5165:Sustainable Development Goals 4969:Socially responsible business 4113:online at History Cooperative 3974:(1957), 44#1 pp. 29–57. 3709:1991 Supplement 6, pp 235–252 3707:Research in Economic History, 3681:(2002), covers British Empire 3322:. 13 May 2010. Archived from 3239:. University of Texas Press. 3172:Contemporary European History 2831:online at History Cooperative 2365:"History of forests in India" 2264: 1978:Wildlife Conservation Society 1617:non-governmental organization 1371: 983:through the establishment of 39:Conservation (disambiguation) 7125:Special Area of Conservation 6663:Landscape-scale conservation 6658:High conservation value area 6536:Community-based conservation 5669:Environmentalism of the poor 5542:Free-market environmentalism 3358:10.1016/j.biocon.2004.04.014 2965:. Harvard University Press. 1938:Boreal forest and the Arctic 1691:"Conservation near" approach 1297:United States Forest Service 1021:He had become interested in 7: 7143:List of conservation issues 6551:Evidence-based conservation 6445:Mutualisms and conservation 5885:Natural resource management 5804:Sustainability organization 5275:Outline of environmentalism 4994:Sustainability organization 4779:Standards and certification 4370:Social return on investment 4104:(Duke U.P. 2016) x, 486 pp. 4048:"Conservation Policy" 4024:(1959), on Progressive Era. 3700:Environmentalism since 1945 2919:Canadian Journal of History 2477:MUTHIAH, S. (Nov 5, 2007). 2005: 1865:Evidence-based conservation 1707:Evidence-based conservation 1700:Evidence-based conservation 1682:"Conservation Far" approach 1634:WWF is the world's largest 1193:were also very influential— 1083:. During that time Burma's 802:Evidence-based conservation 726:Political parties by region 516:Party convention/conference 10: 7210: 7184:Environmental conservation 6593:Roadless area conservation 6385:Compassionate conservation 5679:Hairshirt environmentalism 4419:Systemic change resistance 4176:10 (2004), pp. 439–74 4149:5 (2000), pp. 545–56; 4142:5 (2000), pp. 396–406 3870:. 14.11 (2005): 2679–2693. 3749:31.2 (Apr. 2005): 241–259. 3589:10.1016/j.tree.2004.03.018 2931:10.3138/cjh.ach.52.3.rev22 2890:Conservation & Society 2668:Rawat, Ajay Singh (1993). 2238:U.S. National Park Service 2208:List of environment topics 2131:Australian Grains Genebank 1704: 1610:World Wide Fund for Nature 1597:World Wide Fund for Nature 1581:World Wide Fund for Nature 1578: 1575:World Wide Fund for Nature 1516:Conservation in Costa Rica 1513: 1501:Conservation in Costa Rica 1295:Roosevelt established the 1163: 1052:. Cleghorn's 1861 manual, 858: 854: 713:Lists of political parties 43: 36: 29: 7138: 7092: 6947: 6784: 6727: 6696: 6616: 6483: 6363: 6350: 6292: 6256: 6135: 6024: 5967:Anti-incinerator movement 5932: 5830:Climate change mitigation 5812: 5739:Cultural environmentalism 5706: 5674:Environmental stewardship 5659: 5633: 5590: 5484: 5471:Resacralization of nature 5433: 5426: 5340: 5284: 5269: 5174: 5085: 5022: 4794: 4721: 4630: 4597:Climate-smart agriculture 4582: 4554: 4511: 4465: 4432: 4305: 4262: 4244: 4169:42 (2003), pp. 5–43. 3999:Nixon and the Environment 3845:Funes Monzote, Reinaldo. 3725: 3184:10.1017/S0960777309990208 2959:Powell, Miles A. (2016). 2310:Gifford, John C. (1945). 1636:conservation organization 1240:Preservationists, led by 1197:, the first chief of the 1158:Yellowstone National Park 721:Ruling parties by country 694:National unity government 6980:Central African Republic 6628:Conservation designation 6546:Environmental protection 6531:Conspicuous conservation 6521:Conservation photography 6496:Conservation development 6491:Conservation agriculture 6049:Conspicuous conservation 5865:Environmentally friendly 5850:Environmental protection 5845:Environmental personhood 5694:Radical environmentalism 5646:Environmental skepticism 5446:Environmental philosophy 4739:Environmental accounting 4488:Sustainable architecture 4478:Environmental technology 4174:Environment and History, 3994:(1993), on conservatives 3928:Dryzek, John S., et al. 3671: 3612:Conservation in Practice 3109:"The History of Audubon" 2171:Environmental protection 1903:evidence-based practices 1726:Evidence-based practices 1474:National Audubon Society 1321:Shoshone National Forest 1273:Newlands Reclamation Act 1187:Sir William P.D. Schlich 1109:Sir William P.D. Schlich 1046:Madras Forest Department 731:Banned political parties 431:Leader of the Opposition 399:Leaders and organization 362:Parliamentary opposition 30:Not to be confused with 7194:Environmental movements 6719:Human–wildlife conflict 6603:Site-based conservation 6526:Conservation psychology 6344:Conservation of species 5840:Ecological civilization 4612:Sustainable agriculture 4161:excerpt and text search 4054:Encyclopædia Britannica 3986:excerpt and text search 3906:Environment and History 3859:Miller, Shawn William. 3852:Melville, Elinor G. K. 3557:. Conservation Evidence 3505:Claus, C. Anne (2020). 3346:Biological Conservation 2580:10.1093/envhis/11.2.319 1952:Latin America (Bolivia) 1335:Conference of Governors 1232:Boone and Crockett Club 941:In 1837, American poet 6776:Species reintroduction 6435:Latent extinction risk 6303:Environment portal 6284:Tragedy of the commons 6148:Environmental defender 5835:Conservation community 5764:Environmental defender 5714:Anti-fracking movement 5625:Stewardship (theology) 5307:Environmental movement 5302:Environmental conflict 5155:(Rio+10, Johannesburg) 5024:Sustainable management 5009:Urban drainage systems 4749:Environmental planning 4713:Water recycling shower 4703:Tidal stream generator 4498:Sustainable industries 4457:Sustainable population 4442:Demographic transition 4424:Tragedy of the commons 4200:For Future Generations 4147:Environmental History, 4140:Environmental History, 4075:Sellers, Christopher. 3990:Cawley, R. McGreggor. 3908:22.4 (2016): 497–520. 3895:Arnone Sipari, Lorenzo 2896:(3), pp.283-296. 2802:. Library of Congress. 2619:Thoreau, Henry David, 2422:: CS1 maint: others ( 2166:Environmental movement 1923: 1606: 1529: 1510: 1368: 1292: 1254:Yosemite National Park 1161: 1094:Imperial Forest School 1068: 878: 841:environmental movement 7148:List of organisations 6802:Hawaiian honeycreeper 6742:Ecosystem restoration 6714:Habitat fragmentation 6709:Fortress conservation 6668:Marine protected area 6638:Conservation easement 6633:Conservation district 6598:Roadside conservation 6516:Conservation movement 6460:Species translocation 6400:Conservation genetics 6390:Conservation behavior 6082:The Lord of the Rings 5902:Short-haul flight ban 5769:Environmental justice 5734:Conservation movement 5719:Anti-nuclear movement 5641:Anti-environmentalism 5327:Environmental studies 5047:Humanistic capitalism 4862:Environmental finance 4503:Sustainable packaging 4179:Worster, Donald, ed. 3980:Brinkley, Douglas G. 3799:Sociological Inquiry, 3018:Environmental History 2755:Douglas G. Brinkley, 2568:Environmental History 2534:Oliver, J.W. (1901). 2479:"A life for forestry" 2450:Barton, Greg (2002). 2436:Stebbing, E.P. (1922) 2391:Best remembered poems 2253:Wildlife conservation 2161:Environmental history 1998:with the FPS founded 1966:Santa Cruz Department 1917: 1584: 1527:Tapantí National Park 1525: 1508: 1452:Frederick Law Olmsted 1393:environmental justice 1366: 1354:Franklin D. Roosevelt 1290: 1152: 1121:school in England at 1066: 989:Edward Percy Stebbing 873: 788:conservation movement 664:Confidence and supply 521:Leadership convention 372:Official party status 328:Entrepreneurial party 7189:Environmental ethics 7110:Planetary boundaries 7100:Conservation officer 6704:Conservation refugee 6653:Habitat conservation 6643:Conservation reserve 6608:Wetland conservation 6506:Conservation grazing 6501:Conservation finance 6465:Conservation welfare 6430:In-situ conservation 6425:Extinction threshold 6420:Ex-situ conservation 5855:Environmental policy 5664:Biophilia hypothesis 5567:Green libertarianism 5014:Urban infrastructure 4708:Water heat recycling 4531:Conservation biology 4375:Steady-state economy 4350:Micro-sustainability 4335:Ecological footprint 4292:Planetary boundaries 4111:96.1 (2009): 123-47 4082:Strong, Douglas H. 4068:Scheffer, Victor B. 3997:Flippen, J. Brooks. 3821:Boyer, Christopher. 3776:Economy, Elizabeth. 3677:Barton, Gregory A. 3314:"A plague of people" 2861:10.2307/j.ctt183pdh2 2829:96.1 (2009): 123-47 2814:Breaking New Ground, 2438:The forests of India 2248:Wetland conservation 2198:Habitat conservation 2136:Conservation biology 1889:and later spread to 1676:Debt-for-Nature Swap 1668:ecological footprint 1660:Living Planet Report 1228:George Bird Grinnell 1100:was founded by him. 1050:shifting cultivation 829:sustainable forestry 669:Consensus government 659:Coalition government 451:Parliamentary leader 258:Classical radicalism 46:Conservation biology 6450:Nature conservation 6440:Marine conservation 6410:Conservation status 6219:Seyyed Hossein Nasr 5794:Product stewardship 5779:Ethical consumerism 5689:Nature conservation 5461:Earth jurisprudence 5115:Earth Summit (1992) 4769:Metrics and indices 4622:Sustainable fishery 4541:Holocene extinction 4360:Product stewardship 4330:Earth Overshoot Day 4167:History and Theory, 4100:Taylor, Dorceta E. 3956:Weiner, Douglas R. 3401:World Wildlife Fund 3326:on 6 November 2016. 2540:The Indian Forester 2536:"Forestry in India" 2491:on November 8, 2007 2258:Wildlife management 2218:Natural environment 2213:Marine conservation 2156:Energy conservation 1664:Living Planet Index 1565:ecotourism industry 1439:U.S. national parks 1349:of men and trees." 1226:and his close ally 1199:USDA Forest Service 1172:Henry David Thoreau 1105:Berthold Ribbentrop 1023:forest conservation 1012:British Association 976:James Ranald Martin 970:, that there was a 813:wildlife management 793:nature conservation 750:Politics portal 699:Rotation government 689:Minority government 684:Majority government 649:Parliamentary group 506:Leadership election 188:Christian democracy 6747:Island restoration 6678:Open space reserve 6470:Threatened species 6234:Theodore Roosevelt 6169:Sunderlal Bahuguna 5552:Green conservatism 4574:Sustainable energy 4536:Endangered species 4493:Sustainable design 4407:Consumer behaviour 4093:2007-12-01 at the 3953:(MIT Press, 2014). 3932:(Oxford UP, 2003). 3769:Bolton, Geoffrey. 3702:(Routledge, 2013). 3684:Clover, Charles. 2836:2009-07-03 at the 2718:2016-01-14 at the 2654:2012-03-13 at the 2352:Boke of Husbandrie 2312:Living by the Land 2243:Water conservation 2141:Conservation ethic 1924: 1530: 1511: 1369: 1305:national monuments 1293: 1224:Theodore Roosevelt 1162: 1127:Manual of Forestry 1069: 985:Forest Departments 943:George Pope Morris 879: 654:Divided government 548:Crossing the floor 494:Internal elections 466:Party spokesperson 377:Single-issue party 72:Political Spectrum 7171: 7170: 7130:Soil conservation 6683:Wildlife corridor 6566:Forest protection 6561:Forest management 6310: 6309: 6252: 6251: 6136:Environmentalists 5955:Rio Grande do Sul 5724:Car-free movement 5702: 5701: 5577:Green syndicalism 5441:Political ecology 5297:Ecological crisis 5227: 5226: 5153:Earth Summit 2002 5136:Lisbon Principles 5108:Our Common Future 4786:Sustainable yield 4592:Civic agriculture 4345:Green consumption 4282:Global governance 4020:Hays, Samuel P. 3949:Uekotter, Frank. 3914:Bonhomme, Brian. 3889:Europe and Russia 3755:Showers, Kate B. 3712:McNeill, John R. 3518:978-1-4529-5947-4 3422:"How is WWF run?" 3069:978-1-58465-715-6 2972:978-0-674-97295-7 2870:978-0-8165-9885-4 2812:Gifford Pinchot, 2440:vol. 1, pp. 72-81 2228:Soil conservation 2223:Natural landscape 2193:Forest protection 1985:Africa (Botswana) 1862: 1861: 1595:, Founder of the 1238:Preservationists: 1220:Conservationists: 1139:forest protection 1135:forest management 1003:, a professional 798:natural resources 784: 783: 630: 629: 446:Political faction 159: 158: 16:(Redirected from 7201: 7161: 7160: 7045:Papua New Guinea 6937:Cryopreservation 6902:Gray nurse shark 6556:Flagship species 6380:Captive breeding 6337: 6330: 6323: 6314: 6313: 6301: 6300: 6189:Jacques Cousteau 6159: 6158: 6143:Environmentalist 5897:Rights of nature 5820:Circular economy 5789:Impact investing 5759:Ecological grief 5729:Climate movement 5562:Green liberalism 5431: 5430: 5276: 5263: 5262:Environmentalism 5254: 5247: 5240: 5231: 5230: 5194: 5193: 5182: 5181: 5126:Agenda 21 (1992) 5097: 5062:Natural resource 4949:Organic movement 4924:Impact investing 4643:Hydroelectricity 4617:Sustainable diet 4569:Renewable energy 4564:Carbon footprint 4546:Invasive species 4483:Natural building 4434:World population 4395:Marketing myopia 4355:Over-consumption 4325:Circular economy 4320:Anti-consumerism 4277:Environmentalism 4231: 4224: 4217: 4208: 4207: 4136:Björn-Ola Linnér 4061:Rothmun, Hal K. 4058: 4057:(12th ed.). 4050: 4043:Pinchot, Gifford 4034:Nash, Roderick. 4011:Hays, Samuel P. 4004:Hays, Samuel P. 3873:Simonian, Lane. 3721:Regional studies 3660: 3659: 3657: 3655: 3649: 3642: 3634: 3628: 3627: 3607: 3601: 3600: 3572: 3566: 3565: 3563: 3562: 3551: 3545: 3544: 3538: 3530: 3502: 3489: 3488: 3486: 3485: 3466: 3460: 3459: 3457: 3455: 3449: 3439: 3433: 3432: 3430: 3428: 3418: 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Archived from 3257: 3251: 3250: 3230: 3221: 3220: 3218: 3217: 3202: 3196: 3195: 3163: 3154: 3153: 3151: 3150: 3135: 3124: 3123: 3121: 3120: 3105: 3096: 3095: 3089: 3081: 3053: 3042: 3041: 3009: 3003: 2996: 2985: 2984: 2956: 2943: 2942: 2910: 2897: 2886: 2875: 2874: 2846: 2840: 2823: 2817: 2810: 2804: 2803: 2792: 2786: 2779: 2773: 2768:W. Todd Benson, 2766: 2760: 2753: 2747: 2746: 2744: 2743: 2734:. Archived from 2728: 2722: 2705: 2699: 2694:Samuel P. Hays, 2692: 2686: 2685: 2665: 2659: 2646: 2640: 2639: 2638: 2637: 2616: 2610: 2603: 2597: 2590: 2584: 2583: 2559: 2553: 2550: 2544: 2543: 2531: 2525: 2524: 2506: 2500: 2499: 2497: 2496: 2487:. Archived from 2474: 2468: 2467: 2447: 2441: 2434: 2428: 2427: 2421: 2413: 2386: 2380: 2379: 2377: 2376: 2367:. Archived from 2361: 2355: 2330: 2324: 2323: 2307: 2301: 2300: 2298: 2297: 2275: 2176:Environmentalism 2151:Ecology movement 2122:Renewable energy 2120: 2119: 2108: 2107: 2096: 2095: 2094: 2084: 2083: 2072: 2071: 2060: 2059: 2048: 2047: 2036: 2035: 2034: 2024: 2023: 2015: 1910:Areas of concern 1854: 1847: 1840: 1713: 1712: 1604: 1435:deplete wildlife 1317:national forests 1282:nature preserves 1250:Hetch Hetchy dam 1073:Dietrich Brandis 1031:Governor-General 1001:Alexander Gibson 845:environmentalism 790:, also known as 776: 769: 762: 748: 747: 587: 586: 553:Party discipline 535:Party discipline 501:Primary election 357:Opposition party 268:Social democracy 203:Environmentalism 77: 76: 51: 50: 21: 7209: 7208: 7204: 7203: 7202: 7200: 7199: 7198: 7174: 7173: 7172: 7167: 7134: 7088: 6943: 6861:Indian elephant 6780: 6723: 6692: 6688:30 by 30 target 6619: 6612: 6588:Riparian buffer 6479: 6366: 6359: 6346: 6341: 6311: 6306: 6295: 6288: 6279:Lifeboat ethics 6269:Business ethics 6248: 6214:Wangari Maathai 6174:Murray Bookchin 6157: 6153:Water protector 6131: 6020: 5979:Chipko movement 5928: 5808: 5774:Ethical banking 5698: 5655: 5629: 5586: 5547:Green anarchism 5522:Eco-nationalism 5492:Bioconservatism 5480: 5422: 5336: 5292:Climate justice 5280: 5274: 5265: 5261: 5258: 5228: 5223: 5170: 5095: 5087: 5086:Agreements and 5081: 5018: 4822:Climate finance 4790: 4717: 4673:Reclaimed water 4626: 4578: 4550: 4507: 4461: 4447:Family planning 4428: 4301: 4258: 4240: 4235: 4190: 4131: 4121:(2018) 280 pp 4095:Wayback Machine 3967: 3891: 3880:Wakild, Emily. 3818: 3766: 3728: 3723: 3674: 3669: 3667:Further reading 3664: 3663: 3653: 3651: 3650:on 28 June 2007 3647: 3640: 3636: 3635: 3631: 3608: 3604: 3573: 3569: 3560: 3558: 3553: 3552: 3548: 3532: 3531: 3519: 3511:. Minneapolis. 3503: 3492: 3483: 3481: 3468: 3467: 3463: 3453: 3451: 3447: 3441: 3440: 3436: 3426: 3424: 3420: 3419: 3415: 3405: 3403: 3395: 3394: 3387: 3378: 3377: 3373: 3342: 3331: 3312: 3311: 3307: 3298: 3296: 3294:The Independent 3288: 3287: 3283: 3274: 3272: 3259: 3258: 3254: 3247: 3231: 3224: 3215: 3213: 3203: 3199: 3164: 3157: 3148: 3146: 3137: 3136: 3127: 3118: 3116: 3107: 3106: 3099: 3083: 3082: 3070: 3054: 3045: 3030:10.2307/3986200 3010: 3006: 2997: 2988: 2973: 2957: 2946: 2911: 2900: 2887: 2878: 2871: 2847: 2843: 2838:Wayback Machine 2824: 2820: 2811: 2807: 2794: 2793: 2789: 2780: 2776: 2767: 2763: 2754: 2750: 2741: 2739: 2730: 2729: 2725: 2720:Wayback Machine 2706: 2702: 2693: 2689: 2682: 2666: 2662: 2656:Wayback Machine 2647: 2643: 2635: 2633: 2617: 2613: 2607:British Scholar 2604: 2600: 2591: 2587: 2560: 2556: 2551: 2547: 2532: 2528: 2507: 2503: 2494: 2492: 2475: 2471: 2464: 2448: 2444: 2435: 2431: 2415: 2414: 2402: 2388: 2387: 2383: 2374: 2372: 2363: 2362: 2358: 2331: 2327: 2308: 2304: 2295: 2293: 2278:Harding, Russ. 2276: 2272: 2267: 2262: 2126: 2114: 2102: 2092: 2090: 2078: 2066: 2054: 2042: 2032: 2030: 2018: 2010: 2008: 1987: 1954: 1940: 1912: 1907: 1906: 1858: 1792: 1759: 1710: 1702: 1693: 1684: 1605: 1601:Cosmos Magazine 1593:Sir Peter Scott 1591: 1583: 1577: 1572: 1571: 1519: 1503: 1456:Gifford Pinchot 1427: 1402: 1374: 1327:Gifford Pinchot 1301:Antiquities Act 1269:Gifford Pinchot 1206:Progressive Era 1195:Gifford Pinchot 1191:Carl A. Schenck 1168: 1147: 1114:Indian Forester 993:desertification 963: 929:Napoleonic Wars 868: 863: 857: 851:use by humans. 780: 742: 737: 736: 735: 715: 705: 704: 703: 679:Hung parliament 674:Grand coalition 643: 642:between parties 632: 631: 626: 617: 598: 584: 574: 573: 572: 568:Party switching 563:Party-line vote 543:Conscience vote 537: 527: 526: 525: 495: 487: 486: 485: 441:Minority leader 436:Majority leader 400: 392: 391: 390: 323:Catch-all party 297: 289: 288: 287: 172: 161: 160: 155: 130: 100: 74: 56:Politics series 49: 42: 35: 28: 23: 22: 18:Conservationism 15: 12: 11: 5: 7207: 7197: 7196: 7191: 7186: 7169: 7168: 7166: 7165: 7155: 7153:List of people 7150: 7145: 7139: 7136: 7135: 7133: 7132: 7127: 7122: 7117: 7112: 7107: 7102: 7096: 7094: 7090: 7089: 7087: 7086: 7085: 7084: 7074: 7073: 7072: 7065:United Kingdom 7062: 7057: 7052: 7047: 7042: 7037: 7032: 7027: 7022: 7017: 7012: 7007: 7002: 6997: 6992: 6987: 6982: 6977: 6972: 6967: 6962: 6957: 6951: 6949: 6945: 6944: 6942: 6941: 6940: 6939: 6934: 6926: 6925: 6924: 6919: 6914: 6912:Painted turtle 6909: 6904: 6899: 6889: 6888: 6887: 6882: 6881: 6880: 6870: 6865: 6864: 6863: 6853: 6848: 6847: 6846: 6836: 6831: 6829:American bison 6823: 6818: 6817: 6816: 6815: 6814: 6804: 6794: 6788: 6786: 6782: 6781: 6779: 6778: 6773: 6772: 6771: 6761: 6760: 6759: 6749: 6744: 6739: 6733: 6731: 6725: 6724: 6722: 6721: 6716: 6711: 6706: 6700: 6698: 6694: 6693: 6691: 6690: 6685: 6680: 6675: 6670: 6665: 6660: 6655: 6650: 6645: 6640: 6635: 6630: 6624: 6622: 6614: 6613: 6611: 6610: 6605: 6600: 6595: 6590: 6585: 6580: 6575: 6574: 6573: 6568: 6558: 6553: 6548: 6543: 6538: 6533: 6528: 6523: 6518: 6513: 6508: 6503: 6498: 6493: 6487: 6485: 6481: 6480: 6478: 6477: 6472: 6467: 6462: 6457: 6452: 6447: 6442: 6437: 6432: 6427: 6422: 6417: 6412: 6407: 6402: 6397: 6392: 6387: 6382: 6377: 6371: 6369: 6361: 6360: 6358: 6357: 6351: 6348: 6347: 6340: 6339: 6332: 6325: 6317: 6308: 6307: 6293: 6290: 6289: 6287: 6286: 6281: 6276: 6271: 6266: 6260: 6258: 6257:Related topics 6254: 6253: 6250: 6249: 6247: 6246: 6244:Greta Thunberg 6241: 6236: 6231: 6226: 6221: 6216: 6211: 6206: 6201: 6196: 6191: 6186: 6181: 6176: 6171: 6165: 6163: 6162:Notable people 6156: 6155: 6150: 6145: 6139: 6137: 6133: 6132: 6130: 6129: 6124: 6123: 6122: 6112: 6107: 6102: 6097: 6096: 6095: 6085: 6078: 6073: 6072: 6071: 6066: 6061: 6051: 6046: 6045: 6044: 6034: 6028: 6026: 6022: 6021: 6019: 6018: 6013: 6011:United Kingdom 6008: 6003: 5998: 5993: 5988: 5983: 5982: 5981: 5971: 5970: 5969: 5959: 5958: 5957: 5947: 5942: 5936: 5934: 5930: 5929: 5927: 5926: 5925: 5924: 5914: 5909: 5907:Sustainability 5904: 5899: 5894: 5893: 5892: 5882: 5877: 5872: 5867: 5862: 5857: 5852: 5847: 5842: 5837: 5832: 5827: 5825:Climate action 5822: 5816: 5814: 5810: 5809: 5807: 5806: 5801: 5796: 5791: 5786: 5781: 5776: 5771: 5766: 5761: 5756: 5751: 5749:Earth Optimism 5746: 5741: 5736: 5731: 5726: 5721: 5716: 5710: 5708: 5704: 5703: 5700: 5699: 5697: 5696: 5691: 5686: 5681: 5676: 5671: 5666: 5660: 5657: 5656: 5654: 5653: 5648: 5643: 5637: 5635: 5631: 5630: 5628: 5627: 5622: 5617: 5612: 5611: 5610: 5600: 5594: 5592: 5588: 5587: 5585: 5584: 5579: 5574: 5572:Green politics 5569: 5564: 5559: 5554: 5549: 5544: 5539: 5534: 5529: 5524: 5519: 5514: 5509: 5507:Eco-capitalism 5504: 5499: 5494: 5488: 5486: 5482: 5481: 5479: 5478: 5476:Social ecology 5473: 5468: 5463: 5458: 5453: 5448: 5443: 5437: 5435: 5428: 5424: 5423: 5421: 5420: 5415: 5413:Social science 5410: 5405: 5400: 5395: 5390: 5385: 5380: 5375: 5370: 5365: 5360: 5355: 5350: 5344: 5342: 5338: 5337: 5335: 5334: 5329: 5324: 5319: 5314: 5309: 5304: 5299: 5294: 5288: 5286: 5282: 5281: 5279: 5278: 5270: 5267: 5266: 5257: 5256: 5249: 5242: 5234: 5225: 5224: 5222: 5221: 5214: 5207: 5200: 5188: 5175: 5172: 5171: 5169: 5168: 5162: 5161:(Rio+20, 2012) 5156: 5150: 5145: 5139: 5133: 5128: 5123: 5117: 5112: 5104: 5099: 5091: 5089: 5083: 5082: 5080: 5079: 5074: 5069: 5064: 5059: 5054: 5049: 5044: 5039: 5034: 5028: 5026: 5020: 5019: 5017: 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4380:Sustainability 4377: 4372: 4367: 4362: 4357: 4352: 4347: 4342: 4337: 4332: 4327: 4322: 4317: 4315:Anthropization 4311: 4309: 4303: 4302: 4300: 4299: 4294: 4289: 4284: 4279: 4274: 4268: 4266: 4260: 4259: 4257: 4256: 4251: 4245: 4242: 4241: 4238:Sustainability 4234: 4233: 4226: 4219: 4211: 4205: 4204: 4196: 4189: 4188:External links 4186: 4185: 4184: 4177: 4170: 4163: 4153: 4150: 4143: 4130: 4129:Historiography 4127: 4126: 4125: 4117:Vogel, David. 4115: 4105: 4098: 4088:online edition 4080: 4073: 4066: 4059: 4039: 4032: 4027:King, Judson. 4025: 4018: 4017: 4016: 4002: 3995: 3988: 3978: 3966: 3963: 3962: 3961: 3954: 3947: 3942:Simmons, I.G. 3940: 3933: 3926: 3919: 3912: 3902: 3901:(2011), 360pp. 3890: 3887: 3886: 3885: 3878: 3871: 3864: 3857: 3850: 3843: 3836: 3826: 3817: 3814: 3813: 3812: 3805:Thapar, Valmik 3802: 3795: 3788: 3781: 3774: 3765: 3762: 3761: 3760: 3753: 3750: 3743: 3736: 3727: 3724: 3722: 3719: 3718: 3717: 3710: 3703: 3696: 3682: 3673: 3670: 3668: 3665: 3662: 3661: 3629: 3602: 3583:(6): 305–308. 3567: 3546: 3517: 3490: 3461: 3434: 3413: 3385: 3371: 3352:(1): 111–116. 3329: 3305: 3281: 3252: 3245: 3222: 3197: 3155: 3125: 3097: 3068: 3043: 3024:(3): 380–394. 3004: 3000:The New Yorker 2986: 2971: 2944: 2925:(3): 609–611. 2898: 2876: 2869: 2841: 2818: 2805: 2787: 2774: 2761: 2748: 2723: 2700: 2687: 2680: 2660: 2641: 2611: 2598: 2585: 2574:(2): 319–343. 2554: 2545: 2526: 2501: 2469: 2462: 2442: 2429: 2400: 2381: 2356: 2325: 2302: 2269: 2268: 2266: 2263: 2261: 2260: 2255: 2250: 2245: 2240: 2235: 2233:Sustainability 2230: 2225: 2220: 2215: 2210: 2205: 2200: 2195: 2190: 2185: 2178: 2173: 2168: 2163: 2158: 2153: 2148: 2143: 2138: 2133: 2127: 2125: 2124: 2112: 2100: 2098:Earth sciences 2088: 2076: 2064: 2052: 2040: 2028: 2007: 2004: 1986: 1983: 1953: 1950: 1939: 1936: 1931:overpopulation 1911: 1908: 1860: 1859: 1857: 1856: 1849: 1842: 1834: 1831: 1830: 1829: 1828: 1823: 1818: 1813: 1808: 1803: 1798: 1791: 1790: 1785: 1780: 1775: 1770: 1768:Medical ethics 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The 962: 959: 913:forest produce 867: 864: 856: 853: 782: 781: 779: 778: 771: 764: 756: 753: 752: 739: 738: 734: 733: 728: 723: 717: 716: 711: 710: 707: 706: 702: 701: 696: 691: 686: 681: 676: 671: 666: 661: 656: 651: 645: 644: 638: 637: 634: 633: 628: 627: 625: 624: 618: 616: 615: 610: 605: 603:Dominant-party 599: 597: 596: 590: 585: 580: 579: 576: 575: 571: 570: 565: 560: 555: 550: 545: 539: 538: 533: 532: 529: 528: 524: 523: 518: 513: 508: 503: 497: 496: 493: 492: 489: 488: 484: 483: 478: 476:Shadow cabinet 473: 468: 463: 458: 453: 448: 443: 438: 433: 428: 426:Lead candidate 423: 418: 413: 408: 402: 401: 398: 397: 394: 393: 389: 388: 379: 374: 369: 367:Party of power 364: 359: 354: 349: 344: 335: 330: 325: 320: 315: 310: 305: 299: 298: 295: 294: 291: 290: 286: 285: 280: 275: 270: 265: 260: 255: 250: 245: 240: 235: 233:Libertarianism 230: 225: 220: 218:Green politics 215: 210: 205: 200: 195: 190: 185: 180: 174: 173: 167: 166: 163: 162: 157: 156: 154: 153: 148: 142: 139: 138: 132: 131: 129: 128: 123: 121:Radical Centre 118: 112: 109: 108: 102: 101: 99: 98: 93: 87: 84: 83: 75: 70: 69: 66: 65: 63:Party politics 59: 58: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7206: 7195: 7192: 7190: 7187: 7185: 7182: 7181: 7179: 7164: 7156: 7154: 7151: 7149: 7146: 7144: 7141: 7140: 7137: 7131: 7128: 7126: 7123: 7121: 7118: 7116: 7115:IUCN Red List 7113: 7111: 7108: 7106: 7105:De-extinction 7103: 7101: 7098: 7097: 7095: 7091: 7083: 7080: 7079: 7078: 7077:United States 7075: 7071: 7068: 7067: 7066: 7063: 7061: 7058: 7056: 7053: 7051: 7048: 7046: 7043: 7041: 7038: 7036: 7033: 7031: 7028: 7026: 7023: 7021: 7018: 7016: 7013: 7011: 7008: 7006: 7003: 7001: 6998: 6996: 6993: 6991: 6988: 6986: 6983: 6981: 6978: 6976: 6973: 6971: 6968: 6966: 6963: 6961: 6958: 6956: 6953: 6952: 6950: 6946: 6938: 6935: 6933: 6930: 6929: 6927: 6923: 6920: 6918: 6915: 6913: 6910: 6908: 6905: 6903: 6900: 6898: 6895: 6894: 6893: 6890: 6886: 6883: 6879: 6876: 6875: 6874: 6871: 6869: 6866: 6862: 6859: 6858: 6857: 6854: 6852: 6849: 6845: 6842: 6841: 6840: 6837: 6835: 6832: 6830: 6827: 6826: 6824: 6822: 6819: 6813: 6810: 6809: 6808: 6805: 6803: 6800: 6799: 6798: 6795: 6793: 6790: 6789: 6787: 6783: 6777: 6774: 6770: 6767: 6766: 6765: 6762: 6758: 6757:afforestation 6755: 6754: 6753: 6752:Reforestation 6750: 6748: 6745: 6743: 6740: 6738: 6735: 6734: 6732: 6730: 6726: 6720: 6717: 6715: 6712: 6710: 6707: 6705: 6702: 6701: 6699: 6695: 6689: 6686: 6684: 6681: 6679: 6676: 6674: 6671: 6669: 6666: 6664: 6661: 6659: 6656: 6654: 6651: 6649: 6646: 6644: 6641: 6639: 6636: 6634: 6631: 6629: 6626: 6625: 6623: 6621: 6615: 6609: 6606: 6604: 6601: 6599: 6596: 6594: 6591: 6589: 6586: 6584: 6581: 6579: 6576: 6572: 6569: 6567: 6564: 6563: 6562: 6559: 6557: 6554: 6552: 6549: 6547: 6544: 6542: 6539: 6537: 6534: 6532: 6529: 6527: 6524: 6522: 6519: 6517: 6514: 6512: 6509: 6507: 6504: 6502: 6499: 6497: 6494: 6492: 6489: 6488: 6486: 6482: 6476: 6473: 6471: 6468: 6466: 6463: 6461: 6458: 6456: 6453: 6451: 6448: 6446: 6443: 6441: 6438: 6436: 6433: 6431: 6428: 6426: 6423: 6421: 6418: 6416: 6413: 6411: 6408: 6406: 6403: 6401: 6398: 6396: 6393: 6391: 6388: 6386: 6383: 6381: 6378: 6376: 6373: 6372: 6370: 6368: 6362: 6356: 6353: 6352: 6349: 6345: 6338: 6333: 6331: 6326: 6324: 6319: 6318: 6315: 6305: 6304: 6299: 6291: 6285: 6282: 6280: 6277: 6275: 6272: 6270: 6267: 6265: 6262: 6261: 6259: 6255: 6245: 6242: 6240: 6237: 6235: 6232: 6230: 6227: 6225: 6222: 6220: 6217: 6215: 6212: 6210: 6207: 6205: 6202: 6200: 6197: 6195: 6192: 6190: 6187: 6185: 6184:Rachel Carson 6182: 6180: 6177: 6175: 6172: 6170: 6167: 6166: 6164: 6160: 6154: 6151: 6149: 6146: 6144: 6141: 6140: 6138: 6134: 6128: 6125: 6121: 6118: 6117: 6116: 6113: 6111: 6108: 6106: 6103: 6101: 6098: 6094: 6093:Ecomusicology 6091: 6090: 6089: 6086: 6084: 6083: 6079: 6077: 6074: 6070: 6067: 6065: 6062: 6060: 6057: 6056: 6055: 6052: 6050: 6047: 6043: 6040: 6039: 6038: 6035: 6033: 6030: 6029: 6027: 6023: 6017: 6016:United States 6014: 6012: 6009: 6007: 6004: 6002: 5999: 5997: 5994: 5992: 5989: 5987: 5984: 5980: 5977: 5976: 5975: 5972: 5968: 5965: 5964: 5963: 5960: 5956: 5953: 5952: 5951: 5948: 5946: 5943: 5941: 5938: 5937: 5935: 5931: 5923: 5920: 5919: 5918: 5915: 5913: 5912:Vegetarianism 5910: 5908: 5905: 5903: 5900: 5898: 5895: 5891: 5888: 5887: 5886: 5883: 5881: 5878: 5876: 5875:Green economy 5873: 5871: 5868: 5866: 5863: 5861: 5858: 5856: 5853: 5851: 5848: 5846: 5843: 5841: 5838: 5836: 5833: 5831: 5828: 5826: 5823: 5821: 5818: 5817: 5815: 5811: 5805: 5802: 5800: 5799:Slow movement 5797: 5795: 5792: 5790: 5787: 5785: 5782: 5780: 5777: 5775: 5772: 5770: 5767: 5765: 5762: 5760: 5757: 5755: 5752: 5750: 5747: 5745: 5742: 5740: 5737: 5735: 5732: 5730: 5727: 5725: 5722: 5720: 5717: 5715: 5712: 5711: 5709: 5705: 5695: 5692: 5690: 5687: 5685: 5682: 5680: 5677: 5675: 5672: 5670: 5667: 5665: 5662: 5661: 5658: 5652: 5649: 5647: 5644: 5642: 5639: 5638: 5636: 5632: 5626: 5623: 5621: 5618: 5616: 5613: 5609: 5606: 5605: 5604: 5601: 5599: 5596: 5595: 5593: 5589: 5583: 5580: 5578: 5575: 5573: 5570: 5568: 5565: 5563: 5560: 5558: 5555: 5553: 5550: 5548: 5545: 5543: 5540: 5538: 5535: 5533: 5532:Eco-terrorism 5530: 5528: 5527:Eco-socialism 5525: 5523: 5520: 5518: 5515: 5513: 5510: 5508: 5505: 5503: 5502:Disinvestment 5500: 5498: 5495: 5493: 5490: 5489: 5487: 5483: 5477: 5474: 5472: 5469: 5467: 5464: 5462: 5459: 5457: 5454: 5452: 5449: 5447: 5444: 5442: 5439: 5438: 5436: 5434:Philosophical 5432: 5429: 5425: 5419: 5416: 5414: 5411: 5409: 5406: 5404: 5401: 5399: 5396: 5394: 5391: 5389: 5386: 5384: 5381: 5379: 5376: 5374: 5371: 5369: 5366: 5364: 5361: 5359: 5356: 5354: 5351: 5349: 5348:Communication 5346: 5345: 5343: 5339: 5333: 5330: 5328: 5325: 5323: 5322:Organizations 5320: 5318: 5315: 5313: 5310: 5308: 5305: 5303: 5300: 5298: 5295: 5293: 5290: 5289: 5287: 5283: 5277: 5272: 5271: 5268: 5264: 5255: 5250: 5248: 5243: 5241: 5236: 5235: 5232: 5220: 5219: 5215: 5213: 5212: 5208: 5206: 5205: 5201: 5199: 5198: 5189: 5187: 5186: 5177: 5176: 5173: 5166: 5163: 5160: 5157: 5154: 5151: 5149: 5146: 5143: 5142:Earth Charter 5140: 5137: 5134: 5132: 5129: 5127: 5124: 5121: 5118: 5116: 5113: 5111: 5109: 5105: 5103: 5100: 5098: 5093: 5092: 5090: 5084: 5078: 5075: 5073: 5070: 5068: 5065: 5063: 5060: 5058: 5055: 5053: 5050: 5048: 5045: 5043: 5040: 5038: 5035: 5033: 5032:Environmental 5030: 5029: 5027: 5025: 5021: 5015: 5012: 5010: 5007: 5005: 5002: 5000: 4997: 4995: 4992: 4990: 4987: 4985: 4982: 4980: 4977: 4975: 4972: 4970: 4967: 4965: 4964:Refurbishment 4962: 4960: 4957: 4955: 4954:Organizations 4952: 4950: 4947: 4945: 4942: 4940: 4937: 4935: 4932: 4930: 4927: 4925: 4922: 4920: 4917: 4913: 4910: 4908: 4905: 4903: 4900: 4899: 4898: 4895: 4893: 4890: 4888: 4885: 4883: 4880: 4878: 4875: 4873: 4870: 4868: 4867:Green economy 4865: 4863: 4860: 4858: 4855: 4853: 4852:Eco-socialism 4850: 4848: 4847:Eco-investing 4845: 4843: 4840: 4838: 4835: 4833: 4832:Disinvestment 4830: 4828: 4825: 4823: 4820: 4818: 4815: 4813: 4810: 4808: 4805: 4803: 4800: 4799: 4797: 4793: 4787: 4784: 4780: 4777: 4775: 4772: 4770: 4767: 4765: 4762: 4760: 4757: 4756: 4755: 4752: 4750: 4747: 4745: 4742: 4740: 4737: 4735: 4732: 4730: 4727: 4726: 4724: 4720: 4714: 4711: 4709: 4706: 4704: 4701: 4699: 4696: 4694: 4691: 4689: 4686: 4684: 4681: 4679: 4676: 4674: 4671: 4669: 4666: 4664: 4661: 4659: 4656: 4654: 4653:Marine energy 4651: 4649: 4646: 4644: 4641: 4639: 4636: 4635: 4633: 4629: 4623: 4620: 4618: 4615: 4613: 4610: 4608: 4607:Cultured meat 4605: 4603: 4600: 4598: 4595: 4593: 4590: 4589: 4587: 4585: 4581: 4575: 4572: 4570: 4567: 4565: 4562: 4561: 4559: 4557: 4553: 4547: 4544: 4542: 4539: 4537: 4534: 4532: 4529: 4527: 4524: 4522: 4519: 4518: 4516: 4514: 4510: 4504: 4501: 4499: 4496: 4494: 4491: 4489: 4486: 4484: 4481: 4479: 4476: 4474: 4471: 4470: 4468: 4464: 4458: 4455: 4453: 4450: 4448: 4445: 4443: 4440: 4439: 4437: 4435: 4431: 4425: 4422: 4420: 4417: 4413: 4410: 4408: 4405: 4404: 4403: 4400: 4396: 4393: 4391: 4388: 4386: 4383: 4382: 4381: 4378: 4376: 4373: 4371: 4368: 4366: 4365:Simple living 4363: 4361: 4358: 4356: 4353: 4351: 4348: 4346: 4343: 4341: 4338: 4336: 4333: 4331: 4328: 4326: 4323: 4321: 4318: 4316: 4313: 4312: 4310: 4308: 4304: 4298: 4295: 4293: 4290: 4288: 4285: 4283: 4280: 4278: 4275: 4273: 4270: 4269: 4267: 4265: 4261: 4255: 4252: 4250: 4247: 4246: 4243: 4239: 4232: 4227: 4225: 4220: 4218: 4213: 4212: 4209: 4203: 4201: 4197: 4195: 4192: 4191: 4182: 4178: 4175: 4171: 4168: 4164: 4162: 4158: 4154: 4151: 4148: 4144: 4141: 4137: 4133: 4132: 4124: 4123:online review 4120: 4116: 4114: 4110: 4106: 4103: 4099: 4096: 4092: 4089: 4085: 4081: 4078: 4074: 4071: 4067: 4064: 4060: 4056: 4055: 4049: 4044: 4040: 4037: 4033: 4030: 4026: 4023: 4019: 4014: 4010: 4009: 4007: 4003: 4000: 3996: 3993: 3989: 3987: 3983: 3979: 3977: 3973: 3969: 3968: 3965:United States 3959: 3955: 3952: 3948: 3945: 3941: 3938: 3934: 3931: 3927: 3924: 3920: 3918:(2005) 252pp. 3917: 3913: 3911: 3907: 3903: 3900: 3896: 3893: 3892: 3883: 3879: 3876: 3872: 3869: 3865: 3862: 3858: 3855: 3851: 3848: 3844: 3841: 3837: 3834: 3830: 3827: 3824: 3820: 3819: 3816:Latin America 3810: 3806: 3803: 3800: 3796: 3794:(1998) 1036pp 3793: 3789: 3786: 3783:Elvin, Mark. 3782: 3779: 3775: 3772: 3768: 3767: 3758: 3754: 3751: 3748: 3744: 3742:(1988), 355pp 3741: 3737: 3734: 3730: 3729: 3715: 3711: 3708: 3704: 3701: 3697: 3695: 3694:0-09-189780-7 3691: 3687: 3683: 3680: 3676: 3675: 3646: 3639: 3633: 3625: 3621: 3617: 3613: 3606: 3598: 3594: 3590: 3586: 3582: 3578: 3571: 3556: 3550: 3542: 3536: 3528: 3524: 3520: 3514: 3510: 3509: 3501: 3499: 3497: 3495: 3479: 3475: 3471: 3465: 3446: 3445: 3438: 3423: 3417: 3402: 3398: 3392: 3390: 3381: 3375: 3367: 3363: 3359: 3355: 3351: 3347: 3340: 3338: 3336: 3334: 3325: 3321: 3320: 3315: 3309: 3295: 3291: 3285: 3271:on 2010-03-01 3270: 3266: 3262: 3256: 3248: 3246:9780292789289 3242: 3238: 3237: 3229: 3227: 3212: 3208: 3201: 3193: 3189: 3185: 3181: 3177: 3173: 3169: 3162: 3160: 3144: 3140: 3134: 3132: 3130: 3114: 3110: 3104: 3102: 3093: 3087: 3079: 3075: 3071: 3065: 3061: 3060: 3052: 3050: 3048: 3039: 3035: 3031: 3027: 3023: 3019: 3015: 3008: 3001: 2995: 2993: 2991: 2982: 2978: 2974: 2968: 2964: 2963: 2955: 2953: 2951: 2949: 2940: 2936: 2932: 2928: 2924: 2920: 2916: 2909: 2907: 2905: 2903: 2895: 2891: 2885: 2883: 2881: 2872: 2866: 2862: 2858: 2854: 2853: 2845: 2839: 2835: 2832: 2828: 2822: 2816:(1947) p. 32. 2815: 2809: 2801: 2797: 2791: 2784: 2781:Char Miller, 2778: 2771: 2765: 2758: 2752: 2738:on 2014-04-07 2737: 2733: 2727: 2721: 2717: 2714: 2710: 2704: 2697: 2691: 2683: 2681:9788185182780 2677: 2673: 2672: 2664: 2657: 2653: 2650: 2645: 2632: 2628: 2624: 2623: 2615: 2608: 2602: 2595: 2589: 2581: 2577: 2573: 2569: 2565: 2558: 2549: 2541: 2537: 2530: 2522: 2518: 2514: 2513: 2505: 2490: 2486: 2485: 2480: 2473: 2465: 2463:9781139434607 2459: 2455: 2454: 2446: 2439: 2433: 2425: 2419: 2411: 2407: 2403: 2401:0-486-27165-X 2397: 2393: 2392: 2385: 2371:on 2018-09-04 2370: 2366: 2360: 2353: 2349: 2345: 2341: 2338: 2334: 2329: 2321: 2317: 2313: 2306: 2291: 2287: 2286: 2281: 2274: 2270: 2259: 2256: 2254: 2251: 2249: 2246: 2244: 2241: 2239: 2236: 2234: 2231: 2229: 2226: 2224: 2221: 2219: 2216: 2214: 2211: 2209: 2206: 2204: 2201: 2199: 2196: 2194: 2191: 2189: 2186: 2184: 2183: 2179: 2177: 2174: 2172: 2169: 2167: 2164: 2162: 2159: 2157: 2154: 2152: 2149: 2147: 2144: 2142: 2139: 2137: 2134: 2132: 2129: 2128: 2123: 2118: 2113: 2111: 2106: 2101: 2099: 2089: 2087: 2082: 2077: 2075: 2070: 2065: 2063: 2058: 2053: 2051: 2046: 2041: 2039: 2029: 2027: 2022: 2017: 2016: 2013: 2003: 2001: 1995: 1992: 1982: 1979: 1975: 1971: 1967: 1963: 1959: 1949: 1946: 1935: 1932: 1928: 1927:Deforestation 1921: 1916: 1904: 1900: 1896: 1892: 1888: 1884: 1881: 1876: 1874: 1870: 1869:peer-reviewed 1866: 1855: 1850: 1848: 1843: 1841: 1836: 1835: 1833: 1832: 1827: 1824: 1822: 1819: 1817: 1814: 1812: 1809: 1807: 1804: 1802: 1799: 1797: 1794: 1793: 1789: 1786: 1784: 1781: 1779: 1776: 1774: 1771: 1769: 1766: 1764: 1761: 1760: 1756: 1753: 1751: 1748: 1746: 1743: 1741: 1738: 1736: 1733: 1732: 1731: 1730: 1727: 1724: 1723: 1719: 1715: 1714: 1708: 1697: 1688: 1679: 1677: 1673: 1669: 1665: 1661: 1656: 1654: 1650: 1646: 1642: 1637: 1632: 1630: 1629:United States 1626: 1622: 1618: 1615: 1614:international 1611: 1602: 1598: 1594: 1588: 1582: 1568: 1566: 1562: 1558: 1552: 1550: 1546: 1543: 1539: 1535: 1528: 1524: 1517: 1507: 1498: 1496: 1492: 1486: 1483: 1479: 1475: 1470: 1468: 1467:Madison Grant 1463: 1461: 1457: 1453: 1448: 1442: 1440: 1436: 1432: 1431:sport hunting 1419: 1416: 1413: 1410: 1407: 1406: 1405: 1397: 1394: 1389: 1385: 1383: 1379: 1378:Richard Nixon 1365: 1361: 1359: 1355: 1350: 1347: 1343: 1338: 1336: 1331: 1328: 1324: 1322: 1318: 1314: 1310: 1309:bird reserves 1306: 1302: 1298: 1289: 1285: 1283: 1279: 1274: 1270: 1266: 1261: 1259: 1255: 1251: 1243: 1239: 1236: 1233: 1229: 1225: 1221: 1218: 1214: 1211: 1210: 1209: 1207: 1202: 1200: 1196: 1192: 1188: 1184: 1180: 1178: 1173: 1167: 1159: 1155: 1151: 1142: 1140: 1136: 1132: 1129:(1889–96) on 1128: 1124: 1123:Cooper's Hill 1120: 1116: 1115: 1110: 1106: 1101: 1099: 1095: 1090: 1086: 1082: 1078: 1074: 1065: 1061: 1059: 1055: 1051: 1047: 1043: 1042:United States 1039: 1035: 1032: 1028: 1024: 1019: 1017: 1016:Hugh Cleghorn 1013: 1008: 1006: 1002: 998: 994: 990: 986: 982: 981:British India 977: 973: 969: 958: 956: 955:Henry Russell 952: 948: 944: 939: 937: 936:laissez-faire 932: 930: 925: 923: 919: 914: 910: 909:British India 906: 901: 898: 894: 893:Royal Society 890: 889: 884: 876: 872: 866:Early history 862: 852: 850: 846: 842: 838: 834: 830: 826: 823:, as well as 822: 818: 814: 810: 805: 803: 799: 795: 794: 789: 777: 772: 770: 765: 763: 758: 757: 755: 754: 751: 746: 741: 740: 732: 729: 727: 724: 722: 719: 718: 714: 709: 708: 700: 697: 695: 692: 690: 687: 685: 682: 680: 677: 675: 672: 670: 667: 665: 662: 660: 657: 655: 652: 650: 647: 646: 641: 636: 635: 623: 620: 619: 614: 611: 609: 606: 604: 601: 600: 595: 592: 591: 589: 588: 583: 582:Party systems 578: 577: 569: 566: 564: 561: 559: 556: 554: 551: 549: 546: 544: 541: 540: 536: 531: 530: 522: 519: 517: 514: 512: 509: 507: 504: 502: 499: 498: 491: 490: 482: 479: 477: 474: 472: 469: 467: 464: 462: 459: 457: 454: 452: 449: 447: 444: 442: 439: 437: 434: 432: 429: 427: 424: 422: 419: 417: 414: 412: 409: 407: 404: 403: 396: 395: 387: 386:International 383: 382:Transnational 380: 378: 375: 373: 370: 368: 365: 363: 360: 358: 355: 353: 350: 348: 345: 343: 339: 336: 334: 331: 329: 326: 324: 321: 319: 316: 314: 311: 309: 306: 304: 301: 300: 293: 292: 284: 281: 279: 276: 274: 271: 269: 266: 264: 263:Republicanism 261: 259: 256: 254: 253:Progressivism 251: 249: 246: 244: 241: 239: 236: 234: 231: 229: 226: 224: 221: 219: 216: 214: 211: 209: 206: 204: 201: 199: 196: 194: 191: 189: 186: 184: 181: 179: 176: 175: 171: 165: 164: 152: 149: 147: 144: 143: 141: 140: 137: 134: 133: 127: 124: 122: 119: 117: 114: 113: 111: 110: 107: 104: 103: 97: 94: 92: 89: 88: 86: 85: 82: 79: 78: 73: 68: 67: 64: 61: 60: 57: 53: 52: 47: 40: 33: 19: 6878:Bengal Tiger 6834:Arabian oryx 6825:Land mammal 6812:Golden eagle 6648:Gap analysis 6515: 6375:Biodiversity 6365:Conservation 6294: 6239:Shōzō Tanaka 6224:Chico Mendes 6209:Aldo Leopold 6199:Tim Flannery 6179:David Brower 6127:Publications 6081: 6001:South Africa 5922:Tree sitting 5880:Greenwashing 5784:Flight shame 5733: 5603:Christianity 5537:Ecomodernism 5456:Deep ecology 5216: 5209: 5202: 5195: 5183: 5107: 4872:Construction 4795:Applications 4513:Biodiversity 4272:Anthropocene 4199: 4180: 4173: 4166: 4156: 4155:Hay, Peter. 4146: 4139: 4134:Cioc, Mark, 4118: 4108: 4101: 4083: 4076: 4069: 4062: 4052: 4035: 4028: 4021: 4012: 4005: 3998: 3991: 3981: 3971: 3957: 3950: 3943: 3936: 3929: 3922: 3921:Cioc, Mark. 3915: 3905: 3898: 3881: 3877:(1995) 326pp 3874: 3867: 3860: 3853: 3846: 3839: 3832: 3829:Dean, Warren 3822: 3811:(1998) 288pp 3808: 3798: 3791: 3784: 3777: 3773:(1981) 197pp 3770: 3764:Asia-Pacific 3759:(2005) 346pp 3756: 3746: 3739: 3732: 3713: 3706: 3699: 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