399:, or keeping the lights off during the day are some examples of sustainable living. However, sustainable living is not a simple and uncomplicated approach. A 1987 Brundtland Report expounds on the notion of sustainability as a process of change that looks different for everyone: "It is not a fixed state of harmony, but rather a process of change in which the exploitation of resources, the direction of investments, the orientation of technological development, and institutional change are made consistent with future as well as present needs. We do not pretend that the process is easy or straightforward." Simply put, sustainable living does make a difference by compiling many individual actions that encourage the protection of
514:. The Adopt A Ranger Foundation has calculated that worldwide about 140,000 rangers are needed for the protected areas in developing and transition countries. There are no data on how many rangers are employed at the moment, but probably less than half the protected areas in developing and transition countries have any rangers at all and those that have them are at least 50% short. This means that there would be a worldwide ranger deficit of 105,000 rangers in the developing and transition countries.
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national parks. They are meant to keep the flora and fauna away from human influence and have become a staple method in the west. Conservation-near however is conservation via connection. The method of reconnecting people to nature through traditions and beliefs to foster a desire to protect nature. The basis is that instead of forcing compliance to separate from nature onto the people, instead conservationists work with locals and their traditions to find conservation efforts that work for all.
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and/or practitioner experience often disregarding other forms of evidence of successes and failures (e.g. scientific information). This has led to costly and poor outcomes. Evidence-based conservation provides access to information that will support decision making through an evidence-based framework
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The consumer conservation ethic has been defined as the attitudes and behaviors held and engaged in by individuals and families that ultimately serve to reduce overall societal consumption of energy. The conservation movement has emerged from the advancements of moral reasoning. Increasing numbers of
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Conservation and preservation are closely linked and may indeed seem to mean the same thing. Both terms involve a degree of protection, but how that protection is carried out is the key difference. Conservation is generally associated with the protection of natural resources, while preservation is
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which calls for greater use of scientific evidence to improve the effectiveness of conservation efforts. As of 2018 15% of land and 7.3% of the oceans were protected. Many environmentalists set a target of protecting 30% of land and marine territory by 2030. In 2021, 16.64% of land and 7.9% of the
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Protected areas in developing countries, where probably as many as 70â80 percent of the species of the world live, still enjoy very little effective management and protection. Some countries, such as Mexico, have non-profit civil organizations and landowners dedicated to protecting vast private
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C. Anne Claus presents a distinction for conservation practices. Claus divides conservation into conservation-far and conservation-near. Conservation-far is the means of protecting nature by separating it and safeguarding it from humans. Means of doing this include the creation of preserves or
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is occurring at. The origins of this ethic can be traced back to many different philosophical and religious beliefs; that is, these practices has been advocated for centuries. In the past, conservationism has been categorized under a spectrum of views, including
502:. Nowadays, officially more than 10 percent of the world is legally protected in some way or the other, and in practice, private fundraising is insufficient to pay for the effective management of so much land with protective status.
182:, now and to posterity. How such values are assessed and exchanged among people determines the social, political and personal restraints and imperatives by which conservation is practiced. This is a view common in the modern
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The principal value underlying many expressions of the conservation ethic is that the natural world has intrinsic and intangible worth along with utilitarian value – a view carried forward by parts of the scientific
494:, the Scottish-born founder of the National Park movement (and hence of government-sponsored conservation) did his sterling work in the US, where he was the motor force behind the establishment of such national parks as
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and County
Naturalists' Trusts (dating back to 1889, 1895, and 1912 respectively) Natuurmonumenten, Provincial Conservation Trusts for each Dutch province, Vogelbescherming, etc. â a long time before there were
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More recently, the three major movements has been grouped to become what we now know as conservation ethic. The person credited with formulating the conservation ethic in the United States is former president,
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In the United States of
America, the year 1864 saw the publication of two books which laid the foundation for Romantic and Utilitarian conservation traditions in America. The posthumous publication of
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oceans were protected. The 2022 IPCC report on climate impacts and adaptation, underlines the need to conserve 30% to 50% of the Earth's land, freshwater and ocean areas â echoing the 30% goal of the
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Wallach, Arian D.; Batavia, Chelsea; Bekoff, Marc; Alexander, Shelley; Baker, Liv; BenâAmi, Dror; Boronyak, Louise; Cardilini, Adam P. A.; Carmel, Yohay; Celermajer, Danielle; Coghlan, Simon (2020).
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Evidence-based conservation is the application of evidence in conservation management actions and policy making. It is defined as systematically assessing scientific information from published,
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philosophers and scientists have made its maturation possible by considering the relationships between human beings and organisms with the same rigor. This social ethic primarily relates to
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knowledge on a specific conservation topic. This includes assessing the current effectiveness of different management interventions, threats and emerging problems, and economic factors.
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of the early 20th century, two opposing factions emerged: conservationists and preservationists. Conservationists sought to regulate human use while preservationists sought to eliminate
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225:, later subtitled "The Earth as Modified by Human Action", catalogued his observations of man exhausting and altering the land from which his sustenance derives.
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Distinct trends exist regarding conservation development. The need for conserving land has only recently intensified during what some scholars refer to as the
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which lists all vertebrates, decapod crustaceans and cephalopods as sentient beings. Branches of conservation ethics focusing on sentient individuals include
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will eventually accumulate into the proliferation of biological diversity. Regulating the ecolabeling of products from fisheries, controlling for
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In common usage, the term refers to the activity of systematically protecting natural resources such as forests, including biological diversity.
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The conservation of natural resources is the fundamental problem. Unless we solve that problem, it will avail us little to solve all others.
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Sutherland, William J; Pullin, Andrew S.; Dolman, Paul M.; Knight, Teri M. (June 2004). "The need for evidence-based conservation".
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have been government-led, those in the North
Western Europe tended to arise out of the middle-class and aristocratic interest in
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486:. This in part reflects the absence of wilderness areas in heavily cultivated Europe, as well as a longstanding interest in
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coordination (preservation of animals' genetic material). These are often summarized as the priority to respect diversity.
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offers the following explanation of the important ways in which these two terms represent very different conceptions of
106:, environmental ideologies that inform ecocultural practices and identities. There has recently been a movement towards
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Sutherland, W.; et al. (2015). Sutherland, William J; Dicks, Lynn V; Ockendon, Nancy; Smith, Rebecca K (eds.).
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are frequently conflated outside the academic, scientific, and professional kinds of literature. The United States'
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1935:
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Milstein, T. & Castro-Sotomayor, J. (2020). Routledge
Handbook of Ecocultural Identity. London, UK: Routledge.
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established the grandeur of unspoiled nature as a citadel to nourish the spirit of man. A very different book from
163:. Philosophers have attached intrinsic value to different aspects of nature, whether this is individual organisms (
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2019:
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While this usage is not new, the idea of biological conservation has been applied to the principles of ecology,
245:, the moderation of destructive use of finite resources, and the prevention of harm to common resources such as
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2009:
1969:
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186:. There is increasing interest in extending the responsibility for human wellbeing to include the welfare of
35:
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Green
Imperialism: Colonial Expansion, Tropical Island Edens, and the Origins of Environmentalism, 1600â1860
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Hawkins, Ronnie Zoe (1998). "Ecofeminism and
Nonhumans: Continuity, Difference, Dualism, and Domination".
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Satellite photograph of industrial deforestation in the
Tierras Bajas project in eastern Bolivia, using
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1999:
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is a lifestyle that people are beginning to adopt, promoting to make decisions that would help protect
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1582:"Conservation, Preservation, and the National Park Service - Teachers (U.S. National Park Service)"
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conservation seeks the proper use of nature, while preservation seeks protection of nature from use
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a philosophy of managing the environment in a manner that does not despoil, exhaust or extinguish.
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The evidence-based approach to conservation is based on evidence-based practice which started in
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publications and texts, practitioners' experiences, independent expert assessment, and local and
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Ecology, climate, and empire : colonialism and global environmental history, 1400-1940
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31:
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Glacken, C.J. (1967) Traces on the
Rhodian Shore. University of California Press. Berkeley
8:
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206:
147:. Different philosophical outlooks guide conservationists towards these different goals.
132:
1989:
1358:
Cities, Sustainable
Development Solutions Network Thematic Group on Sustainable (2013).
1306:
Theodore
Roosevelt, Address to the Deep Waterway Convention Memphis, TN, October 4, 1907
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property, such is the case of Hacienda Chichen's Maya Jungle Reserve and Bird Refuge in
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465:. Thus countries like Britain, the Netherlands, Germany, etc. had what would be called
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309:
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schools of conservation have an anthropocentric outlook and seek a proper valuation of
83:
837:"New Australian Marine Parks Protect an Area Twice the Size of the Great Barrier Reef"
511:
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30:"Natural conservation" redirects here. For the study of biodiversity management, see
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associated with the protection of buildings, objects, and landscapes. Put simply,
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1735:
692:
672:
596:
462:
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305:
250:
48:
1917:, a Canadian documentary on how the conservation ethic influenced national parks
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1832:
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461:, expressed at the level of the individual and the national, regional or local
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60:
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government in some countries, like the UK, leaving it as no coincidence that
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435:
370:
366:
246:
128:
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2406:
1740:"Nature Conservation and Music Sustainability: Fields with Shared Concerns"
1695:
1493:
1467:
1428:
1114:"Measuring a Consumer Energy Conservation Ethic: An Analysis of Components"
1098:
717:
507:
427:
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336:
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quality, the natural functions of a living earth, and cultural values in a
59:
Much attention has been given to preserving the natural characteristics of
43:
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1927:
1615:
Drawing the sea near : satoumi and coral reef conservation in Okinawa
1262:
1245:
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is a consequence of rejecting these as moral priorities, and embracing a
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156:
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1145:
1113:
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1192:
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1112:
HALDEMAN, VIRGINIA A.; PETERS, JEANNE M.; TRIPPLE, PATRICIA A. (1987).
1071:
1031:
807:"To keep the planet flourishing, 30% of Earth needs protection by 2030"
620:
419:
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Much recent movement in conservation can be considered a resistance to
258:
257:. These practices are used to slow down the accelerating rate in which
136:
75:
1865:
1456:
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences
1317:
Major problems in American environmental history: documents and essays
978:"Animals to be formally recognised as sentient beings in domestic law"
912:"Key takeaways from the IPCC report on climate impacts and adaptation"
411:
2546:
2378:
1508:
491:
374:
359:
187:
1403:
2302:
2029:
1845:) is a two-page article in the December 2007 issue of the magazine
1709:
Sutherland, William J. (July 2003). "Evidence-based Conservation".
1176:
732:
495:
454:
355:
1379:"The Role of Ecolabeling in Fisheries Management and Conservation"
167:) or ecological wholes such as species or ecosystems (ecoholism).
90:. A range of values underlie conservation, which can be guided by
1286:"The Conservation Ethic & The Founding the US Forest Service"
450:
55:
2287:
1846:
1549:, Wildlife Preservation Society of Australia (published 1968),
1333:
Replacing Quantity With Quality As a Goal for Global Management
859:"Governments achieve target of protecting 17% of land globally"
211:
623:, and other fields. It is part of the larger movement towards
342:
The term "conservation" itself may cover the concepts such as
1055:"Recognizing animal personhood in compassionate conservation"
1052:
1673:
1450:
Bale, J.S; van Lenteren, J.C; Bigler, F (6 September 2007).
312:
who used it for a national conference of governors in 1908.
1541:
708:
Relationship between animal ethics and environmental ethics
1781:
Grove, R.H. (1992) 'Origins of Western Environmentalism',
1507:
Development., World Commission on Environment and (1991).
937:"Negotiators agree to historic biodiversity deal at COP15"
595:
conservation was organized based on the observations that
308:
in 1907. He told his close friend United States President
1161:"Voluntary Simplicity Lifestyles and Energy Conservation"
751:
644:, recent term for controlled-growth land use development
1595:
National Park Service: Conservation versus preservation
1449:
1111:
961:
1452:"Biological control and sustainable food production"
1376:
190:animals. In 2022 the United Kingdom introduced the
1764:. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.
1330:
1377:Kaiser, Michel J.; Edwards-Jones, Gareth (2006).
3054:
2198:Other effective area-based conservation measures
2193:Integrated Conservation and Development Project
63:, Australia, while allowing access for visitors
1852:
1158:
570:
442:that has led to global land change as well as
2804:
1943:
1360:"Resiliency and Environmental Sustainability"
1759:
1506:
885:"2021's top ocean news stories (commentary)"
778:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
648:Cryoconservation of animal genetic resources
2818:
1957:
1744:Canadian Journal of Environmental Education
964:The Oxford Handbook of Environmental Ethics
391:. The small lifestyle changes that promote
2811:
2797:
1950:
1936:
1760:Frankel, O. H.; Soulé, Michael E. (1981).
1708:
1667:
1637:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
658:Environmental history of the United States
449:While many countries' efforts to preserve
176:local and global impacts of human activity
1864:
1483:
1402:
1261:
1088:
1070:
471:Royal Society for the Protection of Birds
379:slower and more locally focused lifestyle
51:and replacement of forests by agriculture
410:
54:
42:
1001:
430:epoch. This era marks the beginning of
178:upon nature in their effect upon human
14:
3055:
1922:Category List --- Religion-Online.org
1357:
1328:
1205:
909:
804:
358:curation (preservation of seeds), and
304:The term "conservation" was coined by
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1931:
1788:
1612:
1608:
1606:
1604:
1602:
794:https://doi.org/10.4324/9781351068840
335:, economy, and sociology to maintain
1793:. Cambridge, UK: White Horse Press.
1535:
1212:Journal of the Royal Society of Arts
319:defines biological conservation as:
1839:"Why Care for Earth's Environment?"
688:List of environmental organizations
550:United States National Park Service
74:focused on protecting species from
24:
1906:Dictionary of the History of ideas
1753:
1723:10.1111/j.1526-4629.2003.tb00068.x
1599:
1130:10.1111/j.1745-6606.1987.tb00188.x
1016:10.1111/j.1527-2001.1998.tb01356.x
25:
3104:
2070:Conservation biology of parasites
1910:Conservation of Natural Resources
1889:
839:. Mongabay. Ecowatch. 14 May 2021
752:Newman, Varner, Lunquist (2018).
604:of "what works" in conservation.
113:U.N.'s Convention on Biodiversity
27:Movement to protect the biosphere
2893:Democratic Republic of the Congo
2773:
2772:
2186:Tropical rainforest conservation
2090:Vulnerability and susceptibility
1896:Protected Areas and Conservation
1571:, "The Importance of Eco-Design"
1395:10.1111/j.1523-1739.2006.00319.x
1159:Leonard-Barton, Dorothy (1981).
805:MARRIS, EMMA (31 January 2019).
2735:NatureServe conservation status
2020:Conservation-induced extinction
1729:
1702:
1676:Trends in Ecology and Evolution
1645:
1588:
1574:
1562:
1500:
1443:
1370:
1351:
1322:
1309:
1300:
1278:
1238:
1199:
1152:
1118:The Journal of Consumer Affairs
1105:
1046:
995:
970:
910:Januta, Andrea (1 March 2022).
678:Index of environmental articles
350:, and the concept of movements
118:
2126:Conservation management system
2010:Conservation-dependent species
1970:Index of conservation articles
1288:. Alpha Steward. 10 April 2020
1208:"Towards a Conservation Ethic"
962:Gardiner and Thompson (2017).
955:
929:
903:
877:
851:
829:
798:
786:
758:. Cambridge University Press.
745:
467:non-governmental organizations
285:
192:Animal Welfare (Sentience) Act
13:
1:
2352:Assisted natural regeneration
2156:Ecoregion conservation status
738:
599:in conservation was based on
270:conservationism, and radical
36:Conservation (disambiguation)
2740:Special Area of Conservation
2278:Landscape-scale conservation
2273:High conservation value area
2151:Community-based conservation
1165:Journal of Consumer Research
683:List of environmental issues
78:, maintaining and restoring
70:is the moral philosophy and
7:
3078:Natural resource management
2758:List of conservation issues
2166:Evidence-based conservation
2060:Mutualisms and conservation
1547:Nature protection in Europe
1543:Webb, L. J. (Leonard James)
1513:. Oxford University Press.
889:Mongabay Environmental News
653:Dark green environmentalism
630:
577:Evidence-based conservation
571:Evidence-based conservation
406:
397:sustainable food production
274:green eco-political views.
123:Conservation goals include
108:evidence-based conservation
10:
3109:
2208:Roadless area conservation
2000:Compassionate conservation
1856:What Works in Conservation
1829:The Fight for Conservation
1813:Cambridge University Press
1762:Conservation and evolution
1688:10.1016/j.tree.2004.03.018
574:
352:environmental conservation
200:compassionate conservation
29:
2824:
2753:
2707:
2562:
2399:
2342:
2311:
2231:
2098:
1978:
1965:
3088:Environmental protection
2873:Central African Republic
2595:Central African Republic
2243:Conservation designation
2161:Environmental protection
2146:Conspicuous conservation
2136:Conservation photography
2111:Conservation development
2106:Conservation agriculture
1859:. Open Book Publishers.
1711:Conservation in Practice
1319:(1993) pp. 340, 356â357.
663:Environmental protection
625:evidence-based practices
531:environmental protection
484:national nature reserves
3083:Sustainable development
2819:Conservation by country
2334:Humanâwildlife conflict
2218:Site-based conservation
2141:Conservation psychology
1959:Conservation of species
1843:"The Bible's Viewpoint"
1823:Oxford University Press
1789:Grove, Richard (1997).
1655:. Conservation Evidence
1613:Claus, C. Anne (2020).
713:Sustainable agriculture
241:, and efficient use of
2391:Species reintroduction
2050:Latent extinction risk
1915:For Future Generations
1885:textbook for download.
1468:10.1098/rstb.2007.2182
1315:Carolyn Merchant, ed.
1206:VERNEY, RALPH (1984).
755:Defending Biodiversity
642:Conservation community
557:environmental movement
553:
469:â in the shape of the
423:
325:
294:
184:environmental movement
155:and some of the older
64:
52:
34:. For other uses, see
2763:List of organisations
2417:Hawaiian honeycreeper
2357:Ecosystem restoration
2329:Habitat fragmentation
2324:Fortress conservation
2283:Marine protected area
2253:Conservation easement
2248:Conservation district
2213:Roadside conservation
2131:Conservation movement
2075:Species translocation
2015:Conservation genetics
2005:Conservation behavior
1924:"Ecology/Environment"
1819:A Sand County Almanac
1364:The Urban Opportunity
1329:Jordan, Carl (1995).
728:Wildlife conservation
538:
527:National Park Service
440:Industrial Revolution
414:
321:
290:
153:conservation movement
72:conservation movement
58:
46:
3093:Environmental ethics
2725:Planetary boundaries
2715:Conservation officer
2319:Conservation refugee
2268:Habitat conservation
2258:Conservation reserve
2223:Wetland conservation
2121:Conservation grazing
2116:Conservation finance
2080:Conservation welfare
2045:In-situ conservation
2040:Extinction threshold
2035:Ex-situ conservation
1383:Conservation Biology
1263:10.14813/ibra.2017.v
1059:Conservation Biology
916:World Economic Forum
637:Conservation biology
611:and later spread to
401:biological diversity
217:George Perkins Marsh
88:biological diversity
32:Conservation biology
3068:Natural environment
3063:Nature conservation
2065:Nature conservation
2055:Marine conservation
2025:Conservation status
1827:Pinchot, G. (1910)
1817:Leopold, A. (1966)
1807:Grove, R.H. (1995)
1783:Scientific American
1569:Haciendachichen.com
811:National Geographic
698:Natural environment
668:Forest conservation
416:Daintree Rainforest
243:renewable resources
207:Henry David Thoreau
133:soil organic matter
68:Nature conservation
18:Conservation ethics
2362:Island restoration
2293:Open space reserve
2085:Threatened species
1072:10.1111/cobi.13494
943:. 19 December 2022
891:. 28 December 2021
723:Water conservation
424:
385:Sustainable living
344:cultural diversity
310:Theodore Roosevelt
298:Theodore Roosevelt
280:Theodore Roosevelt
135:, halting species
125:conserving habitat
84:ecosystem services
65:
53:
3050:
3049:
2786:
2785:
2745:Soil conservation
2298:Wildlife corridor
2181:Forest protection
2176:Forest management
1900:Our World in Data
1876:978-1-78374-157-1
1866:10.11647/OBP.0060
1624:978-1-5179-0662-7
1556:978-0-909971-01-4
1510:Our common future
1462:(1492): 761â776.
1218:(5336): 501â512.
348:genetic diversity
255:built environment
143:, and mitigating
86:, and protecting
16:(Redirected from
3100:
2978:Papua New Guinea
2813:
2806:
2799:
2790:
2789:
2776:
2775:
2660:Papua New Guinea
2552:Cryopreservation
2517:Gray nurse shark
2171:Flagship species
1995:Captive breeding
1952:
1945:
1938:
1929:
1928:
1880:
1868:
1804:
1775:
1747:
1746:, 25, p.175â189.
1733:
1727:
1726:
1706:
1700:
1699:
1671:
1665:
1664:
1662:
1660:
1649:
1643:
1642:
1636:
1628:
1610:
1597:
1592:
1586:
1585:
1578:
1572:
1566:
1560:
1559:
1539:
1533:
1532:
1504:
1498:
1497:
1487:
1447:
1441:
1440:
1406:
1374:
1368:
1367:
1355:
1349:
1348:
1336:
1326:
1320:
1313:
1307:
1304:
1298:
1297:
1295:
1293:
1282:
1276:
1275:
1265:
1246:"BIOPHILIA 2017"
1242:
1236:
1235:
1203:
1197:
1196:
1156:
1150:
1149:
1109:
1103:
1102:
1092:
1074:
1065:(5): 1097â1106.
1050:
1044:
1043:
999:
993:
992:
990:
988:
974:
968:
967:
959:
953:
952:
950:
948:
933:
927:
926:
924:
922:
907:
901:
900:
898:
896:
881:
875:
874:
872:
870:
855:
849:
848:
846:
844:
833:
827:
826:
824:
822:
813:. Archived from
802:
796:
790:
784:
783:
777:
769:
749:
703:Natural resource
551:
300:
235:moral purchasing
231:local purchasing
161:ecology movement
96:anthropocentrism
21:
3108:
3107:
3103:
3102:
3101:
3099:
3098:
3097:
3053:
3052:
3051:
3046:
2963:North Macedonia
2820:
2817:
2787:
2782:
2749:
2703:
2558:
2476:Indian elephant
2395:
2338:
2307:
2303:30 by 30 target
2234:
2227:
2203:Riparian buffer
2094:
1981:
1974:
1961:
1956:
1892:
1877:
1841:(in the series
1801:
1772:
1756:
1754:Further reading
1751:
1750:
1736:David G. Hebert
1734:
1730:
1707:
1703:
1672:
1668:
1658:
1656:
1651:
1650:
1646:
1630:
1629:
1625:
1617:. Minneapolis.
1611:
1600:
1593:
1589:
1580:
1579:
1575:
1567:
1563:
1557:
1540:
1536:
1521:
1505:
1501:
1448:
1444:
1375:
1371:
1356:
1352:
1345:
1327:
1323:
1314:
1310:
1305:
1301:
1291:
1289:
1284:
1283:
1279:
1244:
1243:
1239:
1204:
1200:
1157:
1153:
1110:
1106:
1051:
1047:
1000:
996:
986:
984:
976:
975:
971:
960:
956:
946:
944:
935:
934:
930:
920:
918:
908:
904:
894:
892:
883:
882:
878:
868:
866:
857:
856:
852:
842:
840:
835:
834:
830:
820:
818:
817:on 3 March 2021
803:
799:
791:
787:
771:
770:
766:
750:
746:
741:
693:Natural capital
673:Geoconservation
633:
597:decision making
579:
573:
552:
549:
463:learned society
459:natural history
409:
306:Gifford Pinchot
302:
296:
288:
264:anthropocentric
159:schools of the
121:
49:skyline logging
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3106:
3096:
3095:
3090:
3085:
3080:
3075:
3070:
3065:
3048:
3047:
3045:
3040:
3035:
3033:United Kingdom
3030:
3025:
3020:
3015:
3010:
3005:
3000:
2995:
2990:
2985:
2980:
2975:
2970:
2965:
2960:
2955:
2950:
2945:
2940:
2935:
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2915:
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2890:
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2865:
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2822:
2821:
2816:
2815:
2808:
2801:
2793:
2784:
2783:
2781:
2780:
2770:
2768:List of people
2765:
2760:
2754:
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2748:
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2742:
2737:
2732:
2727:
2722:
2717:
2711:
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2701:
2700:
2699:
2689:
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2687:
2680:United Kingdom
2677:
2672:
2667:
2662:
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2652:
2647:
2642:
2637:
2632:
2627:
2622:
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2559:
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2549:
2541:
2540:
2539:
2534:
2529:
2527:Painted turtle
2524:
2519:
2514:
2504:
2503:
2502:
2497:
2496:
2495:
2485:
2480:
2479:
2478:
2468:
2463:
2462:
2461:
2451:
2446:
2444:American bison
2438:
2433:
2432:
2431:
2430:
2429:
2419:
2409:
2403:
2401:
2397:
2396:
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2255:
2250:
2245:
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2220:
2215:
2210:
2205:
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2195:
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2173:
2168:
2163:
2158:
2153:
2148:
2143:
2138:
2133:
2128:
2123:
2118:
2113:
2108:
2102:
2100:
2096:
2095:
2093:
2092:
2087:
2082:
2077:
2072:
2067:
2062:
2057:
2052:
2047:
2042:
2037:
2032:
2027:
2022:
2017:
2012:
2007:
2002:
1997:
1992:
1986:
1984:
1976:
1975:
1973:
1972:
1966:
1963:
1962:
1955:
1954:
1947:
1940:
1932:
1926:
1925:
1919:
1911:
1902:
1891:
1890:External links
1888:
1887:
1886:
1875:
1850:
1836:
1833:Harcourt Brace
1825:
1815:
1805:
1799:
1786:
1785:267(1): 22â27.
1779:
1776:
1770:
1755:
1752:
1749:
1748:
1728:
1701:
1682:(6): 305â308.
1666:
1644:
1623:
1598:
1587:
1573:
1561:
1555:
1534:
1519:
1499:
1442:
1389:(2): 392â398.
1369:
1350:
1343:
1321:
1308:
1299:
1277:
1256:(3): v. 2017.
1237:
1198:
1177:10.1086/208861
1171:(3): 243â252.
1151:
1104:
1045:
1010:(1): 158â197.
994:
969:
954:
928:
902:
876:
850:
828:
797:
785:
764:
743:
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660:
655:
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645:
639:
632:
629:
593:Evidence-based
575:Main article:
572:
569:
547:
480:national parks
475:National Trust
444:climate change
408:
405:
393:sustainability
317:Carl F. Jordan
289:
287:
284:
222:Man and Nature
145:climate change
131:, maintaining
120:
117:
61:Hopetoun Falls
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3105:
3094:
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3038:United States
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2731:
2730:IUCN Red List
2728:
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2723:
2721:
2720:De-extinction
2718:
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2692:United States
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2398:
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2377:
2373:
2372:afforestation
2370:
2369:
2368:
2367:Reforestation
2365:
2363:
2360:
2358:
2355:
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2349:
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1800:9781874267188
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1520:0-19-282080-X
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1344:0-471-59515-2
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865:. 19 May 2021
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584:
583:peer-reviewed
578:
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563:altogether."
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488:laissez-faire
485:
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436:globalization
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371:globalization
368:
367:commercialism
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130:
129:deforestation
127:, preventing
126:
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81:
77:
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69:
62:
57:
50:
45:
41:
37:
33:
19:
3023:Turkmenistan
2493:Bengal Tiger
2449:Arabian oryx
2440:Land mammal
2427:Golden eagle
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2344:Restoration
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555:During the
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432:colonialism
422:, Australia
286:Terminology
272:eco-centric
268:utilitarian
196:ecofeminism
172:utilitarian
165:biocentrism
141:overfishing
139:, reducing
104:sentientism
100:ecocentrism
92:biocentrism
3057:Categories
2933:Madagascar
2888:Costa Rica
2838:Bangladesh
2600:Costa Rica
2563:By country
2483:Slow loris
2459:Polar bear
2312:Key issues
2099:Approaches
1831:New York:
1821:New York:
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987:1 December
739:References
621:psychology
587:indigenous
517:The terms
453:and their
438:, and the
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259:extinction
137:extinction
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2575:Australia
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2379:Rewilding
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1633:cite book
1529:732496026
1476:0962-8436
1413:0888-8892
1337:. Wiley.
1272:2186-8433
1250:Biophilia
1224:0035-9114
1185:0093-5301
1138:0022-0078
1081:1523-1739
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1024:0887-5367
774:cite book
617:education
601:intuition
492:John Muir
375:Slow Food
360:gene bank
239:sustained
180:wellbeing
3008:Thailand
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2938:Malaysia
2863:Cameroon
2858:Cambodia
2848:Botswana
2778:Category
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2635:Malaysia
2471:Elephant
2400:By taxon
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455:habitats
407:Practice
356:seedbank
188:sentient
157:Romantic
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3043:Vietnam
2983:Romania
2948:Namibia
2913:Ireland
2898:Iceland
2708:Related
2697:forests
2645:Namibia
2625:Ireland
2610:Iceland
2522:Manatee
2512:Dolphin
2466:Cheetah
1982:biology
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613:nursing
512:YucatĂĄn
451:species
3028:Uganda
3018:Turkey
2998:Sweden
2988:Rwanda
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2853:Brazil
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2670:Sweden
2590:Canada
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2928:Libya
2918:Italy
2903:India
2883:Chile
2630:Italy
2615:India
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2436:Fungi
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1433:S2CID
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2412:Bird
1883:free
1871:ISBN
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