1656:(district military replacement office), which had discretion to either approve or reject a conscientious objection, which had to consist of a detailed written statement by an applicant giving reasons as to why the applicant was conscientiously objecting. This was generally just a formality, and objections were not often rejected. In later years in particular however, with the rise of the Internet, conscientious objections fell into disrepute because of the ease of being able to simply download existing example objections. It earned some conscientious objections the suspicion of an applicant simply attempting an easy way out of military service. On the other hand, certain organizations within the German peace movement had been offering pamphlets for decades giving suggestions to applicants as to the proper wording and structure of an objection which would have the greatest chances of success.
1500:
non-military nature. Persons who declare themselves to be conscientious objectors only after a crisis has started must, however, prove their conviction before a special board. Before the new legislation, the right to conscientious objection was acknowledged only in peacetime. The changes to the service term and to the legal status of objectors during a crisis situation were made as a response to human rights concerns voiced by several international bodies, who are overseeing the implementation of human rights agreements. These organisations had demanded
Finland to take measures to improve its legislation concerning conscientious objectors, which they considered discriminatory. None of these organisations have yet raised concerns on the current legislation.
1852:
2284:
2450:. About 5,500 objectors were imprisoned, most charged with refusal to attend a medical examination as a necessary preliminary to call-up after being refused exemption, and some charged with non-compliance with the terms of conditional exemption. A further 1,000 were court-martialled by the armed forces and sent to military detention barracks or civil prisons. Unlike the First World War, most sentences were relatively short, and there was no pattern of continually repeated sentences. The social stigma attached to 'conchies' (as they were called) was considerable; regardless of the genuineness of their motives, cowardice was often imputed.
1496:
duration of the service was shortened to 13 months and the board of inspection was abolished. In 2008, the term was further shortened to 12 months to match the duration of the longest military service (that of officer trainees and technical crew). Today, a person subject to conscription may apply for civilian service at any time before or during his military service, and the application is accepted as a matter of course. A female performing voluntary military service can quit her service anytime during the first 45 days, however, if she wants to quit after those 45 days she would be treated like a male and assigned to civilian service.
2113:"the state's anti-human rights violence" and "its acts of brutality" during the 1970s that continued into the mid-1980s. This decision is significant since it is the first one recognizing the state's responsibility for deaths resulting from violence within the military. According to the commission's decision, "the beatings and acts of brutality committed against them by military officials were attempts to compel and coerce them to act against their conscience (religion) and were unconstitutional, anti-human rights acts that infringed severely upon the freedom of conscience (religion) guaranteed in the Constitution."
2426:
applicants succeeded at the
Appellate Tribunal, sometimes after a "qualifying" sentence of three-months' imprisonment for an offence deemed to have been committed on grounds of conscience. Of those directed to non-combatant military service almost 7,000 were allocated to the Non-Combatant Corps, re-activated in mid-1940; its companies worked in clothing and food stores, in transport, or any military project not requiring the handling of "material of an aggressive nature". In November 1940 it was decided to allow troops in the NCC to volunteer for work in
72:
1719:
countered by the argument that women usually gave up their careers either temporarily or permanently to raise their children. With the end of the Cold War and the German military's primary purpose of defending its home territory increasingly looking doubtful, draft also began to become more arbitrary, as only certain portions of a particular birth year were drafted (usually those in very healthy physical condition), while others were not. This was seen as a problem of
1022:
655:
8175:
1383:, Canadian conscientious objectors were given the options of noncombatant military service, serving in the medical or dental corps under military control or working in parks and on roads under civilian supervision. Over 95% chose the latter and were placed in Alternative Service camps. Initially the men worked on road building, forestry and firefighting projects. After May 1943, as the labour shortage developed within the nation and another
711:: "Article 18 of the Covenant does put some limits on the right , stating that manifestations must not infringe on public safety, order, health or morals. Some states argue that such limitations would permit them to make conscientious objection during time of war a threat to public safety, or mass conscientious objection a disruption to public order, ... even that it is a 'moral' duty to serve the state in its military."
2421:, there were nearly 60,000 registered Conscientious Objectors. Testing by tribunals resumed, this time by special Conscientious Objection Tribunals chaired by a judge, and the effects were much less harsh. If objectors were not a member of the Quakers or some similar pacifist organisation, it was generally enough to say that they objected to "warfare as a means of settling international disputes", a phrase from the
1277:(CoE) regard and promote conscientious objection as a human right, as of 2004, it still does not have a legal basis in most countries. Among the roughly one-hundred countries that have conscription, only thirty countries have some legal provisions, 25 of them in Europe. In Europe, most countries with conscription more or less fulfill international guidelines on conscientious objection legislation (except for
3277:"Selective Conscientious Objection; Editor Note: An address given at Western Maryland College, June 4, 1967. First published as pamphlet entitled "Selective Conscientious Objection" by Our Sunday Visitor (Huntington, IN: Our Sunday Visitor, Inc.). Republished as "War and Conscience" in A Conflict of Loyalties: The Case for Selective Conscientious Objected, 19–30, ed. by James Finn, (New York: Gegasus, 1968)"
552:
1247:. Alternatives to military or civilian service include serving an imprisonment or other punishment for refusing conscription, falsely claiming unfitness for duty by feigning an allergy or a heart condition, delaying conscription until the maximum drafting age, or seeking refuge in a country which does not extradite those wanted for military conscription. Avoiding military service is sometimes labeled
1270:) such as hospital work, farming, forestry, road construction and similar occupations. Their objection is in being part in any military capacity whether noncombatant or regular service. During World War II and the Korean, Vietnam war eras they served in many such capacities in alternative I-W service programs initially through the Mennonite Central Committee and now through their own alternatives.
1512:
1009:, participating in research to help others. The Church preferred to call them "conscientious participants", because they were willing to risk their lives as test subjects in potentially life-threatening research. Over 2,200 Seventh-day Adventists volunteered in experiments involving various infectious agents during the 1950s through the 1970s in Fort Detrick, MD." Earlier, a
3921:: Das Verhältnis der Partei- und Staatsführung der DDR zu den Bausoldaten a) die agitatorische Diskriminierung der Bausoldaten b) die substantielle Diskriminierung der Bausoldaten. pp. 115–125. in: Kriegsdienstverweigerung in der DDR – ein Friedensdienst? Genesis, Befragung, Analyse, Dokumente. 190 Seiten + Anhang. Hrsg. Haag + Herchen, Frankfurt 1978.
2127:
objections other than religious reasons. Since 1950, there have been more than 16,000 Jehovah's
Witnesses sentenced to a combined total of 31,256 years for refusing to perform military service. If alternative service is not provided, some 500 to 900 young men will continue to be added each year to the list of conscientious objectors criminalized in Korea.
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objector's application, he could be summoned to appear before a panel at the
Kreiswehrersatzamt to explain his reasons in person. An approved conscientious objection in any case then meant that an applicant was required by law to perform Wehrersatzdienst. Complete objection both to military and replacement service was known as
2363:, were taken to France as conscripts and given military orders, the disobedience of which would warrant a death sentence. These men, known as "The Frenchmen", refused; the four ringleaders were formally sentenced to death by court-martial but immediately reprieved, with commutation to ten-years' penal servitude.
2370:, acting as nursing/paramedic assistants, the majority of non-combatants served in the Non-Combatant Corps on non-lethal stores, road and railway building and general labouring in the UK and France. Conscientious objectors who were deemed not to have made any useful contribution to the state were formally
2508:
As of 2005, conscientious objectors in several countries may serve as field paramedics in the army (although some do not consider this a genuine alternative, as they feel it merely helps to make war more humane instead of preventing it). Alternatively, they may serve without arms, although this, too,
2425:
of 1928. The tribunals could grant full exemption, exemption conditional on alternative service, exemption only from combatant duties, or dismiss the application. Of the 61,000 who were registered, 3,000 were given complete exemption; 18,000 applications were initially dismissed, but a number of such
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South Korea's stance has drawn criticism from The U.N. Human Rights
Committee, which argues that South Korea is violating article 18 of the ICCPR, which guarantees freedom of thought and conscience. In 2006, 2010, and again in 2011 the U.N. Human Rights Committee, after reviewing petitions from South
1978:
units in South Russia in lieu of their military obligation. The program was under church control from 1881 through 1918, reaching a peak of seven thousand conscientious objectors during World War I. An additional five thousand
Mennonites formed complete hospital units and transported wounded from the
1064:
was developed in order to reconcile warfare with
Christian belief. After Theodosius I made Christianity an official religion of the Empire, this position slowly developed into the official position of the Western Church. In the 11th century, there was a further shift of opinion in the Latin-Christian
784:
At least two state constitutions have recognized an individual right not to bear arms. Pennsylvania's
Constitution of 1790 states "Those who conscientiously scruple to bear arms, shall not be compelled to do so; but shall pay an equivalent for personal service." New Hampshire's Constitution of 1784
733:
In 1998, the Human Rights
Commission reiterated previous statements and added "states should ... refrain from subjecting conscientious objectors ... to repeated punishment for failure to perform military service". It also encouraged states "to consider granting asylum to those conscientious objectors
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is one and one-half times longer than military service. In 2005, the Swiss parliament considered whether willingness to serve one and a half times longer than an army recruit was sufficient proof of sincerity, citing that the cost of judging the state of conscience of a few thousand men per year was
2133:
In June 2018, the
Constitutional Court ruled 6–3 that Article 5 of the country's Military Service Act is unconstitutional because it fails to provide an alternative civilian national service for conscientious objectors. As of 2018, 19,300 South Korean conscientious objectors had gone to prison since
1718:
Military service and draft were controversial during much of their existence. Reasons included the consideration that Germans could be made to fight against their fellow Germans in East Germany. Moreover, draft only applied to men, which was seen as gender based discrimination by some, but was often
1238:
Some conscientious objectors are unwilling to serve the military in any capacity, while others accept noncombatant roles. While conscientious objection is usually the refusal to collaborate with military organizations, as a combatant in war or in any supportive role, some advocate compromising forms
1100:
Regardless of nationality, all men are brothers. God is "our Father who art in heaven". The commandment "Thou shalt not kill" is unconditional and inexorable. ... The lowly Nazarene taught us the doctrine of non-resistance, and so convinced was he of the soundness of that doctrine that he sealed his
975:
Militarism is contrary to the spirit of the New Testament and the teachings of Jesus Christ. Even from humanitarian principles alone, it is utterly indefensible. It is our profound and God-given conviction that none of our people be required to participate in war of any form and that these God-given
572:
Many conscientious objectors have been executed, imprisoned, or otherwise penalized when their beliefs led to actions conflicting with their society's legal system or government. The legal definition and status of conscientious objection has varied over the years and from nation to nation. Religious
2112:
On 15 January 2009 the Korean Presidential Commission on Suspicious Deaths in the Military released its decision acknowledging that the government was responsible for the deaths of five young men, who were Jehovah's Witnesses and had forcibly been conscripted into the army. The deaths resulted from
2108:
The government argues that introducing an alternative service would jeopardize national security and undermine social equality and cohesion. This is amid an increasing number of countries which retain compulsory service have introduced alternatives. In addition, some countries, including those with
2084:
The terminology conscientious objector technically has not existed in Korean dictionary until recently. In fact, significant majority of Korean citizens simply associate conscientious objectors with draft dodging, and are unaware of the fact that conscientious objector draftees in other westernized
1730:
said in a 1994 speech (which was frequently cited as an argument for draft abolition) that only the necessity for national defense, not any other arguments can justify draft. On the other hand, this logic tended to not be extended to men serving Wehrersatzdienst, as they usually worked in fields of
1710:
Wehrersatzdienst was for a long time considerably longer than military service, by up to a third, even when the duration of service was gradually reduced following reunification and the end of the Cold War. This was held by some as a violation of constitutional principles, but was upheld in several
1546:
considerably improved this status, simplifying the conditions under which the status would be granted. Conscientious objectors were then free to choose an activity in the social realm where they would spend their civil service time. However, in order to avoid too many applications for civil service
2346:
Around 16,000 men were recorded as conscientious objectors, with Quakers, traditionally pacifist, forming a large proportion: 4,500 objectors were exempted on condition of doing civilian "work of national importance", such as farming, forestry or social service; and 7,000 were conscripted into the
2035:
Serbia introduced civil service for Conscientious objectors in 2009. the service lasted 9 months and people serving were task to help out in government facilities such as post offices, kindergartens, hospitals etc. In 2020 during covid-19 they were called to help prepare military hospitals for the
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students should be exempt from military service. This derives from the Jewish tradition that if a man wants to dedicate his life to religious study, society must allow him to do so. The request of orthodox political parties to "prevent neglect of studying the Torah" was granted by the authorities.
1659:
Following a 1985 Federal Constitution Court decision, Wehrersatzdienst could be no simple choice of convenience for an applicant, but he had to cite veritable conflict of conscience which made him unable to perform any kind of military service at all. If there was doubt about the true nature of an
1338:
males until 1994, when it was suspended. Civilian service was possible since 1963. Objectors could apply for the status of conscience objector. When granted, they did an alternative service with the civil service or with a socio-cultural organisation. The former would last 1.5 times as long as the
718:
general comment 22, Paragraph 11: "The Covenant does not explicitly refer to a right to conscientious objection, but the Committee believes that such a right can be derived from article 18, inasmuch as the obligation to use lethal force may seriously conflict with the freedom of conscience and the
1825:
and tried by a military tribunal; after 1972, objectors could choose an alternative civilian service, which was eight months longer than standard military service (fifteen months, then twelve, as for Army and Air Force, 24 months, then eighteen, then twelve as for the Navy). Since such length was
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now solely relies on service members who deliberately choose it as a career path. Neither Article 12a (establishing the possibility of draft) nor Article 4 (3) (permitting conscientious objection) have been removed from the German Constitution. In theory, this makes a full reversion to draft (and
3998:
entry: "from 800 men in 1968 to 41,450 in 2005 compared to 7 million for the entire population of Israel. In percentage terms, 2.4% of the soldiers enlisting to the army in 1974 were benefiting from Torato Omanuto compared to 9.2% in 1999, when it was projected that the number would reach 15% by
2460:
until the last call-up in 1960 and the last discharge in 1963. The use of all volunteer soldiers was hoped to remove the need to consider conscientious objectors. Ever since the First World War, there have been volunteer members of the armed forces who have developed a conscientious objection to
2116:
The records of conscientious objectors to military service are kept by a governmental investigative body as criminal files for five years. As a consequence, conscientious objectors are not allowed to enter a government office and apply for any type of national certification exam. It is also very
2104:
In September 2007, the government announced a program to give conscientious objectors an opportunity to participate in alternative civilian service. The program stipulates three years of civilian service that is not connected with the military in any way. However, that program has been postponed
1047:
In as much as they ruled out as illicit all use of violence and injury against others, clearly implied the illegitimacy of participation in war ... The early Christians took Jesus at his word, and understood his inculcations of gentleness and non-resistance in their literal sense. They closely
2261:
announced a draft proposal to legalise conscientious objection in Turkey and that it was to take effect two weeks after approval by the President to the change. This decision to legalize by the Turkish government was because of pressure from the European Court of Human Rights. The ECHR gave the
1847:
Conscription was mandatory to all able-bodied Dutch males until 1 May 1997, when it was suspended. The Law on conscientious objections military services is active since 27 September 1962. Objectors have to work a third time longer in civil service than is normal for military service. The civil
1495:
After the war, a conscientious objector's civilian service lasted 16 months, whereas military service was 8 months at its shortest. To qualify for civilian service, an objector had to explain his conviction before a board of inspection that included military officers and clergymen. In 1987, the
1004:
The varied experiences of non-combatants are illustrated by those of Seventh-day Adventists when there was mandatory military service: "Many Seventh-day Adventists refuse to enter the army as combatants, but participate as medics, ambulance drivers, etc. During World War II in Germany, many SDA
2355:
was called up in 1916: he and many other Quaker activists took the unconditionalist stand, refusing both military and alternative service, and on enforced enlistment were court-martialled and imprisoned for disobedience. Conscientious objectors formed only a tiny proportion of Military Service
1908:
During World War Two, conscription was re-introduced in 1940 and 5000 men applied for an exemption on the grounds of conscientious objection. Of these, 800 were imprisoned for the length of the war, and were barred from voting for ten years when they were released following the end of the war.
1684:
status was usually only granted if a person had physical or mental disabilities or was otherwise significantly impaired, such as due to very poor eyesight or debilitating chronic illnesses. However, in the last years of the draft, T5 was increasingly given to potential recruits with only minor
2126:
From 2000 to 2008, Korean Military Manpower Administration said that at least 4,958 men have objected to service in the military because of religious beliefs. Among those, 4,925 were Jehovah's Witnesses, 3 were Buddhists, and the other 30 refused the mandatory service because of conscientious
1499:
Persons who have completed their civilian service during peacetime have, according to the legislation enacted in 2008, the right to serve in non-military duties also during a crisis situation. They may be called to serve in various duties with the rescue services or other necessary work of a
1667:
Nearly the only legal way to get both out of military service and replacement service was to be deemed physically unfit for military service. Both men who entered military service and those who wanted to go into replacement service had to pass a military physical examination at the military
3851:
Jean-Paul Cahn, Françoise Knopper, Anne-Marie Saint-Gille, De la Guerre juste à la paix juste: Aspects confessionnels de la construction de la paix dans l'espace franco-allemand (XVIe-XXe siècle), Collection Histoire et civilisations, Presses Universitaires Septentrion, 2008, 313 pages,
1715:, while somebody who had served out his replacement service could not. Moreover, work conditions under military service typically involved more hardship and inconvenience than Wehrersatzdienst. In 2004, military service and Wehrersatzdienst were then made to last equal lengths of time.
765:
or draft-evasion. It is not enough for a person to be in disagreement with his government regarding the political justification for a particular military action. Where, however, the type of military action, with which an individual does not wish to be associated, is condemned by the
1607:, there was no official right to conscientious objection. Nevertheless, and uniquely among the Eastern bloc, objections were accepted and the objectors assigned to construction units. They were however part of the military, so that a fully civilian alternative did not exist. Also, "
642:
Everyone has the right to freedom of thought, conscience and religion; this right includes freedom to change his religion or belief, and freedom, either alone or in community with others and in public or private, to manifest his religion or belief in teaching, practice, worship and
532:
resolution 1995/83 stated that "persons performing military service should not be excluded from the right to have conscientious objections to military service". This was re-affirmed on April 22, 1998, when resolution 1998/77 recognized that "persons performing military service may
2356:
Tribunals' cases over the conscription period, estimated at 2 per cent. Tribunals were notoriously harsh towards conscientious objectors, reflecting widespread public opinion that they were lazy, degenerate, ungrateful 'shirkers' seeking to benefit from the sacrifices of others.
1699:'s special status between the end of the Second World War and 1990 as a city governed by foreign military powers, draft did not apply within its borders. This made Berlin a safe haven for many young people who chose to move to the city to prevent criminal court repercussions for
2176:(non-submittants) publicly refused the PSS, and hundreds were imprisoned. In addition a number of those in the military decided to refuse further duties. A number of people not liable for military service made declarations of self-incrimination, stating that they had encouraged
2517:, there is the option of performing an alternative civilian service, subject to the review of a written application or after a hearing about the state of conscience. In Greece, the alternative civilian service is twice as long as the corresponding military service; in Austria
1095:
described him as a "spy suspect". The US military (in which he was never inducted) charged him with desertion and spreading propaganda, then sentenced him to death (this was later revised to 25 years hard labor). On June 5, 1917, Salmon wrote in a letter to President Wilson:
868:) raises the burning issue of selective conscientious objection: While it is universally accepted that an individual cannot be compelled against conscience to war in general, does the same hold for an individual who objects, in the depths of the soul, to a particular war?"
2856:"Conscientious objection to military service, Commission on Human Rights resolution 1998/77, Navigation to document: press "next" four times, see bottom listing, and at the right choose letter for language ("E" for English) Document: CHR 54th 4/22/1998E/CN.4/RES/1998/77"
1577:, conscientious objection was not recognized in the law. In theory, objectors would be drafted and then court-martialled for desertion. The practice was even harsher: going beyond the letter of an already extremely flexible law, conscientious objection was considered
2121:
Conscientious objectors ... often spend the rest of their lives tainted by their decision... Criminal records from draft dodging make it difficult for objectors to find good jobs and the issue of army service is often raised by potential employers during job
2026:
In the present day, Russian draft legislation allows people to choose an alternative civilian service for religious or ideological reasons. Most objectors are employed in healthcare, construction, forestry and post industries, serving 18 to 21 months.
2137:
On 1 November 2018, the Supreme Court of Korea decided that conscientious objection is a valid reason to refuse mandatory military service, and vacated and remanded the appellate court's decision finding a Jehovah's Witness guilty of the objection.
1790:
But in recent years this exemption practice has become the subject of debate in Israeli society, as the absolute and the relative numbers of the men who received this exemption rose sharply. In 2012, the Israeli Supreme Court ruled in the case of
1826:
judged too punitive, an arrangement was made to make the civilian service as long as the military service. Since 2004, Italian males no longer need to object because military service has been turned into volunteer for both males and females.
580:, was conscripted into the Roman Army in the year 295, but "told the Proconsul in Numidia that because of his religious convictions he could not serve in the military". He was executed for this, and was later canonized as Saint Maximilian.
1013:
arose during and after World War I between Seventh-day Adventists in Germany who agreed to serve in the military if conscripted and those who rejected all participation in warfare—the latter group eventually forming a separate church (the
1473:
in 1918, conscription was reintroduced for all able-bodied men. In 1922, the option of noncombatant military service was introduced, but service in the military remained compulsory on pain of imprisonment. After the struggle of pacifist
1889:
having automatic exemption from the conscription. During the First World War, between 1,500 and 2,000 objectors and defaulters were convicted, or came under state control, for their opposition to war. At least 64 of these were still at
1101:
belief with death on the cross. When human law conflicts with Divine law, my duty is clear. Conscience, my infallible guide, impels me to tell you that prison, death, or both, are infinitely preferable to joining any branch of the Army.
1820:
males. Those who were born in the last months of the year typically used to serve in the Navy, unless judged unable for ship service (in this case they could be sent back to Army or Air Force). Until 1972, objectors were considered as
1411:, those not willing to enter mandatory military service could avoid it by signing a contract for work lasting years in unattractive occupations, such as mining. Those who did not sign were imprisoned. Both numbers were tiny. After the
2493:. The United States recognizes religious and moral objections, but not selective objections. Conscientious objectors in the United States may perform either civilian work or noncombatant service in lieu of combatant military service.
2541:
In the United States, military personnel who come to a conviction of conscientious objection during their tour of duty must appear in front of a panel of experts, which consists of psychiatrists, military chaplains and officers.
2187:
Fronting the decreasing birth rate and the popular opposition to an army seen as a continuating institution of one of the pillars of the dictatorship's regime, the Spanish government tried to modernise the model carried from the
1120:, young Jehovah's Witnesses were imprisoned because of their conscientious objection to military service; this was discontinued in November 2013. The government of South Korea also imprisons hundreds for refusing the draft. In
2378:
at the insistence of back-bench MPs) for the five years 1 September 1921 – 31 August 1926, but as it was a last-minute amendment there was no administrative machinery to enforce it, which was admitted to be a "dead letter".
1838:
no person can be conscripted if, after being afforded a reasonable opportunity to do so, he has established that he is a conscientious objector to participation in war (Marshall Islands Constitution Article II Section 11).
1769:
and permanent residents are liable to military service. However, the Ministry of Defense has used its discretion under article 36 of this law to automatically exempt all non-Jewish women and all Arab men, except for the
2245:
As of March 2011, there were 125 objectors including 25 female objectors in Turkey. Another 256 people of Kurdish origin also had announced their conscientious objection to military service. Conscientious objector
2014:. The law was not applied uniformly and hundreds of objectors were imprisoned and over 200 were executed.The United Council was forced to cease activity in December 1920, but alternative service was available under the
1848:
service have to be provided by government services, or by institutions designated for employment of conscientious objectors designated by the Secretary of Social Affairs and Employment, who work in the public interest.
1312:
In some cases, conscientious objectors have been interned in concentration-camp-like conditions, which would be coercive for objectors to "volunteer" for quasi-ethical experimentation. Such a technique was used in the
2390:. In 1918 the Army's manpower shortage led to passing a further act enabling conscription in Ireland if and when the government saw fit. In the event, the government never saw fit, although the legislation led to the
2018:
until it was abolished in 1936. Unlike the earlier forestry and hospital service, later conscientious objectors were classified "enemies of the people" and their alternative service was performed in remote areas in a
1550:
The effect of these laws was suspended in 2001 when compulsory military service was abolished in France. The special prison at Strasbourg for Jehovah's Witnesses, who refuse to join any military, was also abolished.
1805:, the Supreme Court reiterated its position that selective conscientious objection was not permitted, adding that conscientious objection could only be recognized in cases of general objection to military service.
828:
concerning a more specific type of conscientious objection: "the issue of selective conscientious objection, conscientious objection to particular wars, or as it is sometimes called, discretionary armed service."
700:. It was based on the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, and was originally created in 1966. Nations that have signed this treaty are bound by it. Its Article 18 begins: "Everyone shall have the right to
1735:, medical assistance or assistance for the disabled. Their relatively low-paid work was seen as an ever more important backbone of a health sector which was grappling with rapidly increasing costs of care.
5308:
3130:"Out of the margins: The right to conscientious objection to military service in Europe. An announcement of amnesty international's forthcoming campaign and briefing for the UN commission on Human Rights"
2036:
influx of military and civilian patients. When civil service was introduced the mandatory military service period was reduced from 12 months to 6 months. Mandatory military service was abolished in 2011.
996:
which states, "...neither shall they learn war anymore". Other objections can stem from a deep sense of responsibility toward humanity as a whole, or from simple denial that any government possesses the
2334:
of January 1916, which came into full effect on 2 March 1916. The Act allowed for objectors to be absolutely exempted, to perform alternative civilian service or to serve as a non-combatant in the army
2100:
for the Promotion and Protection of Human Rights has not shown a clear stance on the pressing human rights issues such as, among other things, the rights of conscientious objectors to military service.
842:
that "the exemption for those who oppose 'participation in war in any form' applies to those who oppose participating in all war and not to those who object to participation in a particular war only."
3433:
The doctrine of the Emmanuel Association is similar to that of the Pilgrim Holiness Church, but it has a very rigid behavior code called Principles of Holy Living. Members are conscientious objectors.
7146:
7136:
4553:
1751:
Conscription was suspended in Hungary in 2004. Before being drafted anyone can apply for the status of conscientious objector and fulfill his duties in unarmed military service or civilian service.
3702:
Peter Dueck; Conrad Stoesz; Grant Klassen; Lynette Wiebe; Elsie Rempel; Lawrence Klippenstein; Alf Redekopp; Dan Dyck; John C. Klassen; Grant Klassen; Edward Enns; Jake K. Wiens; David Schroeder.
1808:
Women can claim exemption from military service on grounds of conscience under arts. 39 (c) and 40 of the Defense Service Law, according to which religious reasons can be grounds for exemption.
1581:, a crime normally punished with death. On 15 September 1939, August Dickmann, a Jehovah's Witness, and the first conscientious objector of the war to be executed, died by a firing squad at the
1107:
Public authorities should make equitable provision for those who for reasons of conscience refuse to bear arms; these are nonetheless obliged to serve the human community in some other way.
770:
as contrary to basic rules of human conduct, punishment for desertion or draft-evasion could, in the light of all other requirements of the definition, in itself be regarded as persecution.
3733:
2192:
era, professionalizing it and thus bringing an end to conscription by the end of 2001. The new army tried to provide an education for civilian life and participated in peace operations in
2093:
Korean conscientious objectors, declared that the government was violating Article 18 of the ICCPR, the provision that guarantees the right to freedom of thought, conscience and religion.
1149:
is "Pānātipātā veramaṇi sikkhāpadam samādiyāmi", or "I undertake the precept to refrain from destroying living creatures", which is in obvious opposition to the practice of warfare. The
2089:, thousands of conscientious objectors had no choice but to be imprisoned as criminals. Every year about 500 young men, mostly Jehovah's Witnesses, are arrested for refusing the draft.
730:
included this quote: "The right to conscientious objection to military service is not a marginal concern outside the mainstream of international human rights protection and promotion."
2882:"THE STATUS OF CONSCIENTIOUS OBJECTION UNDER ARTICLE 4 OF THE EUROPEAN CONVENTION ON HUMAN RIGHTS, 33 N.Y.U. J. INT'L L. & POL. 379 (2000); See pages 412–424, (or PDF pages 34–36)"
886:
Cases of behavior which could be considered as religiously motivated conscientious objection are historically attested long before the modern term appeared. For example, the Medieval
2727:
1648:) until the abolition of draft in 2011. Initially, each conscientious objector had to appear in person to a panel hearing at the draft office (or contest a negative decision at the
1525:
The creation of a legal status for conscientious objectors in France was the subject of a long struggle involving for instance or the much-publicised trials of Protestant activists
1153:
has stated that war "should be relegated to the dustbin of history". On the other hand, many Buddhist sects, especially in Japan, have been thoroughly militarized, warrior monks (
2414:
had their own laws: in general, all the larger countries of the Empire participated, and some were, in proportion to their population, major participants in the First World War.
1112:
Because of their conscientious objection to participation in military service, whether armed or unarmed, Jehovah's Witnesses have often faced imprisonment or other penalties. In
5340:
The Right to Refuse to Bear Arms – the most authoritative recent world survey on provisions for conscientious objection to military service, by War Resisters' International
2230:(ECHR) found Turkey had violated article 3 of the European Convention on Human Rights (prohibition of degrading treatment) in a case dealing with the conscientious objection of
1913:
719:
right to manifest one's religion or belief." In 2006, the committee has found for the first time a right to conscientious objection under article 18, although not unanimously.
2150:. Conscientious objectors usually refused to serve on religious grounds, such as being Jehovah's Witnesses, and were placed in prison for the duration of their sentences. The
1116:, for example, before the introduction of alternative civilian service in 1997, hundreds of Witnesses were imprisoned, some for three years or even more for their refusal. In
2311:
were used to strengthen army and navy rolls on occasions from the 16th to the early 19th centuries. Pressed men did have the right of appeal, in the case of sailors, to the
1503:
There are a small number of total objectors who refuse even civilian service, and are imprisoned for six months. This is not registered into the person's criminal record.
1435:
Any male getting drafted, but unwilling to serve, has the possibility to avoid military service by instead serving community service for the duration of the conscription.
984:
have been known as non-combatants, and have done work in hospitals or to give medical care rather than combat roles, and the church has upheld the non-combative position.
4601:
3166:
2807:
2538:
Only two European Union countries – Germany and the Netherlands – recognize the right to conscientious objection for contract and professional military personnel.
6129:
1652:). The suspension of the procedure (1977), allowing to "object with a post card", was ruled unconstitutional in 1978. Beginning in 1983, competence was shifted to the
1304:
In 1991, The Peace Abbey established the National Registry for Conscientious Objection where people can publicly state their refusal to participate in armed conflict.
2269:
to write a new constitution in 2012. The commission is still in negotiations on various articles and conscientious objection is one of the most controversial issues.
1948:
voted to abolish conscription in October 2005, with the vote formalizing one of many military modernization and reform programs that Romania agreed to when it joined
1371:
of 1873 yet initially, many were imprisoned until the matter was again resettled. With pressure of public opinion, the Canadian government barred entry of additional
687:
2545:
In Switzerland, the panel consists entirely of civilians, and military personnel have no authority whatsoever. In Germany, the draft has been suspended since 2011.
6178:
2347:
specially-created Non-Combatant Corps. Six thousand were refused any exemption and forced into main army regiments; if they then refused to obey orders, they were
5016:. Telford, PA: Cascadia Publishing/Herald Press. A history and analysis of conscientious objection in the Assemblies of God, the largest Pentecostal denomination.
4672:
4210:
The National Registry of Conscientious Objectors launched in 1989, listed some 700 plus objectors for that year alone. Source: Argus, Thursday, September 21, 1989
992:, refuse to participate in the armed services on the grounds that they believe they should be neutral in worldly conflicts and often cite the latter portion of
896: – the future Saint Magnus – had a reputation for piety and gentleness, and because of his religious convictions refused to fight in a Viking raid on
2066:. Most lived in a state of internal exile, forced to go underground within the borders of the country until a moratorium on conscription was declared in 1993.
1380:
1005:
conscientious objectors were sent to concentration camps or mental institutions; some were executed. Some Seventh-day Adventists volunteered for the US Army's
240:
1707:
were often part of the far-left political spectrum, this was one factor which spawned a politically active left-wing and left-wing radical scene in the city.
6188:
5581:
3204:
Source: Handbook on Procedures and Criteria for Determining Refugee Status under the 1951 Convention and the 1967 Protocol relating to the Status of Refugees
2097:
1251:, particularly if the goal is accomplished through dishonesty or evasive maneuvers. However, many people who support conscription will distinguish between "
6163:
2671:
1925:
694:
236:
1785:
In discussing the status of the armed forces shortly after the founding of the State of Israel, representatives of orthodox religious parties argued that
6017:
3191:
738:
6103:
2833:
853:. These specific missions included "civilian population centers" in "the territories". These pilots clarified: "We ... shall continue to serve in the
31:
4849:
2680:
6757:
5240:
5236:
4505:
2226:
are the only two countries refusing to recognize conscientious objection and sustain their membership in the Council of Europe. In January 2006, the
1905:
No. 1, which "involved being tethered tightly by the wrists to a sloping pole to ensure their bodies hung with their hands taking all their weight."
1345:
Since conscription was suspended in 1994 and military service is voluntary, the status of conscience objector can not be granted anymore in Belgium.
4367:
613:, conscientious objection was permitted from the country's founding, although regulation was left to individual states prior to the introduction of
4491:
686:
said, in his Nobel Lecture, "To the rights enshrined in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights one more might, with relevance, be added. It is '
5076:
3741:
3683:
also barred immigrants and objectors from voting. This bar on entry was overturned in the 1920s, allowing immigrants to escape Soviet repression.
3763:
3329:
1692:, which stated that if two older brothers had already served in the military, any following male children of a family were exempt from service.
1174:
are advised to do social service instead of active army service, but when this is not possible because of obligations in certain countries, the
3649:"THE STATUS OF CONSCIENTIOUS OBJECTION UNDER ARTICLE 4 OF THE EUROPEAN CONVENTION ON HUMAN RIGHTS, 33 N.Y.U. J. INT'L L. & POL. 379 (2000)"
4613:
Ordás García, Carlos Ángel (May 2022). "The Antimilitarist Campaign against Compulsory Military Service in Spain during the 1970s and 1980s".
4109:
714:
On 30 July 1993, explicit clarification of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights Article 18 was made in the United Nations
707:
However, the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights left the issue of conscientious objection inexplicit, as in this quote from
7161:
6032:
2560:
1364:
750:
2164:
was the only important organisation employing objectors. Because of this, the waiting lists for the PSS were long, especially in areas like
6608:
6236:
6210:
3797:
2575:
2470:
255:
5218:
Rick Tejada-Flores, Judith Ehrlich (2000), "The good war and those who refused to fight it"; Paradigm Productions in association with the
5109:
4527:
2735:
2299:
The United Kingdom recognised the right of individuals not to fight in the 18th century following major problems with attempting to force
2242:
was tried by a Turkish court for supporting Tarhan and advocating conscientious objection as a human right; but later, she was acquitted.
1940:, as of 23 October 2006 conscription was suspended, therefore, the status of conscience objector does not apply. This came about due to a
1798:
the authority of the Minister of Defence, and that it violated Basic Law: Human Dignity and Liberty and was, therefore, unconstitutional.
1342:
After their service, objectors are not allowed to take jobs that require them to carry weapons, such as police jobs, until the age of 42.
1091:
was a Catholic conscientious objector during World War I and outspoken critic of Just War theology. The Catholic Church denounced him and
7258:
4783:
These strange criminals: an anthology of prison memoirs by conscientious objectors to military service from the Great War to the Cold War
4295:
3648:
2881:
2570:
2387:
341:
4012:
3941:[ * Sergej Kaledin: Das Baubataillon.Übersetzung der russischen Originalausgabe "Strojbat" (1991). Verlag Volk & Welt. Berlin 1992.
8108:
6168:
2496:
Historically, conscientious objectors have been persecuted in the United States. After the Selective Service System was founded during
1424:
3276:
2238:
was sentenced to four years in a military prison as a conscientious objector (he was unexpectedly released in March 2006). Journalist
1488:, Pekurinen and other conscientious objectors were imprisoned, and Pekurinen was eventually executed at the front in 1941, during the
6173:
5985:
3587:
2063:
1623:: "No person may be forced against their conscience to perform armed military service. Details shall be regulated by a federal law."
1387:
burgeoned, men were shifted into agriculture, education and industry. The 10,700 Canadian objectors were mostly Mennonites (63%) and
850:
529:
6134:
6099:
4692:
3079:
2418:
416:
6276:
6205:
5323:
5298:
2210:
There is the possibility of avoiding military service by instead serving civilian services for the duration of the conscription.
2054:
During the 1980s, hundreds of South African white males dodged the draft, refused the call-up or objected to conscription in the
1598:
799:, of the British Royal Air Force (RAF), served in the military from 1898 to 1928. In 1923 he selectively refused to serve in the
734:
compelled to leave their country of origin because they fear persecution owing to their refusal to perform military service ..."
679:
606:
as a professional national military reserve, a clause in the Militia Ballot Act allowed Quakers exemption from military service.
17:
7111:
6251:
5803:
5717:
2079:
481:
4285:
3170:
2811:
2785:"UN Commission on Human Rights, Conscientious objection to military service., 8 March 1995, E/CN.4/RES/1995/83 (See point #2)"
1451:– and those who refuse the draft are imprisoned. Some Jehovah's Witness conscientious objectors have been in jail since 1994.
7193:
6634:
5904:
5471:
5178:
5149:
5007:
4941:
3426:
2375:
2331:
2262:
Turkish government a deadline until the end of 2011 to legalize conscientious objection. The draft was withdrawn afterwards.
1921:
1015:
915:
object to war in their sixth principle "The goal of world community with peace, liberty and justice for all". Members of the
635:
5349:
7588:
7005:
6256:
6109:
6061:
525:
A number of organizations around the world celebrate the principle on May 15 as International Conscientious Objection Day.
5344:
3053:
1167:. Both Sikhs and Hindus believe war should be a last resort and should be fought to sustain life and morality in society.
321:
7748:
7688:
6332:
4319:
2490:
1917:
1554:
Since 1986, the associations defending conscientious objection in France have chosen to celebrate their cause on 15 May.
1547:
at the expense of the military, the duration of the civil service is however kept twice as long as the military service.
35:
3027:
785:
states "No person, who is conscientiously scrupulous about the lawfulness of bearing arms, shall be compelled thereto."
7183:
6286:
6266:
5852:
5748:
5394:
5090:
4669:
2453:
2278:
2219:
833:
421:
176:
171:
5134:
Robb, Linsey. "The 'Conchie Corps': Conflict, Compromise and Conscientious Objection in the British Army, 1940–1945."
4351:
4199:
3302:
2978:
1998:
issued a decree allowing alternative service for religious objectors whose sincerity was determined upon examination.
1738:
In 2011 the mandatory draft was abolished in Germany, mainly due to a perceived lack of aforementioned necessity. The
1711:
court decisions based on the reasoning that former service personnel could be redrafted for military exercises called
911:
The reasons for refusing to perform military service are varied. Many conscientious objectors cite religious reasons.
6114:
5778:
5436:
5225:
Catherine Ryan, Gary Weimberg (2008), "Soldiers of Conscience"; Luna Productions. Aired on the PBS nonfiction series
5192:
5125:
5104:
5049:
4895:
4589:
4401:
3946:
3926:
3857:
2808:"Conscientious objection to military service; Commission on Human Rights resolution 1998/77; see preamble "Aware...""
2625:
2480:
2266:
960:
893:
426:
71:
4055:
2485:
There are currently legal provisions in the United States for recognizing conscientious objection, both through the
1427:
in both countries now guarantees the right to refuse military service on grounds on conscience or religious belief.
8214:
6472:
6193:
6183:
5798:
4417:
4377:
4220:
3966:"Conscientious objection to military service in Israel: an unrecognised human right – War Resisters' International"
2134:
1953. The Defense Ministry said it would honor the ruling by introducing alternative services as soon as possible.
1835:
1582:
1298:
952:
181:
4739:
4439:
3477:
1626:
According to Article 12a, a law may be passed to require every male from the age of 18 to military service called
8023:
7738:
5566:
5561:
5303:
5239:(2019), "Objector"; Java Films. A documentary about Israeli conscientious objector Atalya Ben-Abba, premiered at
4948:
3965:
3870:
3771:
2757:
2645:
2200:
2070:, was rife in English-speaking campuses, and later the war in the townships became the focus of these groupings.
2045:
1680:, meant that a person was rejected for military service and thus also did not need to enter replacement service.
1539:
The legal status law was passed in December 1963, 43 years (and many prison sentences) after the first requests.
1314:
631:
511:
366:
336:
48:
3005:
2707:"International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights; of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights"
1363:
Mennonites and other similar peace churches in Canada were automatically exempt from any type of service during
8028:
6141:
5481:
5431:
5219:
4982:
4790:
2947:
2784:
2227:
1912:
In the contemporary setting, there is no statute or case law which deal with conscientious objection. But, the
1358:
1321:
where objectors were deliberately exposed to biological weapons and would gain their freedom if they survived.
948:
5139:
2160:) as an alternative to the Army. In spite of this, a strong movement appeared that refused both services. The
1478:
a law was passed providing for a peacetime-only alternative to military service, or civilian service (Finnish
431:
326:
7603:
7578:
7042:
6902:
6281:
6156:
5743:
4615:
3871:"15 mai – Journée internationale de l'objection de conscience – Internationale des Résistant(e)s à la Guerre"
3601:
3500:
2935:
2565:
1354:
727:
381:
5272:
4470:
3463:
3080:"Special Rapporteur on freedom of religion or belief. Framework for communications. Conscientious Objection"
2914:
2681:"Special Rapporteur on freedom of religion or belief. Framework for communications. Conscientious Objection"
7938:
7898:
7614:
7583:
6872:
6779:
6584:
6492:
5887:
5808:
5788:
5571:
5491:
5476:
5441:
4254:
3827:
2434:. For conscientious objectors exempted conditional upon performing civil work, acceptable occupations were
2258:
2151:
1886:
993:
981:
821:
749:
The Handbook on Procedures and Criteria for Determining Refugee Status (the Handbook) of the Office of the
599:
386:
93:
3167:"Conscientious objection to military service; Commission on Human Rights resolution 1998/77; see point *7"
2684:
1851:
1589:
was executed after his conscientious objection, on the grounds that he could not fight for an evil force.
651:
during the General Assembly on 10 December 1948 by a vote of 48 in favour, 0 against, with 8 abstentions.
30:
This article is about freedom of conscience in the military. For conscientious objection in medicine, see
8219:
8078:
7598:
6952:
6679:
6593:
6231:
6055:
5773:
5456:
5201:
4911:
3680:
2391:
2303:
into military service. The Militia Ballot Act of 1757 allowed Quakers to be excluded from service in the
2055:
1760:
1384:
708:
514:
due to a crisis of conscience. In some countries, conscientious objectors are assigned to an alternative
401:
316:
311:
6897:
6767:
5120:. Revised and expanded by Cornelius Krahn. Newton, Kansas: Faith and Life Press. pp. 299–300, 311.
2283:
8148:
7788:
7573:
7218:
7076:
6964:
6299:
6146:
6124:
5823:
5783:
5501:
5421:
4632:
2590:
2447:
2340:
2312:
1991:
956:
865:
474:
361:
211:
39:
7503:
4334:
4125:
2461:
service; a procedure was devised for them in the Second World War and with adaptations, it continues.
1163:) participating in the civil wars. Hindu beliefs do not go against the concept of war, as seen in the
1048:
identified their religion with peace; they strongly condemned war for the bloodshed which it involved.
963:, object to war from the conviction that Christian life is incompatible with military action, because
757:
171. Not every conviction, genuine though it may be, will constitute a sufficient reason for claiming
7978:
7593:
7273:
7268:
6747:
6735:
6613:
6557:
6532:
6482:
6419:
6349:
6198:
6151:
6119:
5813:
5758:
5033:
Brennan, Jason. "Conscientious tax objection: why the liberal state must accommodate tax resisters."
3775:
3326:
2855:
2059:
2049:
1975:
1526:
838:
391:
206:
201:
2180:. The government, fearing popular reaction, reduced the length of service and instead of sentencing
7993:
7953:
7903:
7768:
7358:
7263:
7188:
7177:
7071:
7020:
6712:
6598:
6399:
6074:
6007:
5877:
5857:
5840:
5496:
5367:
4016:
3215:
2912:
2486:
2431:
2367:
2130:
In 2015, Lee Yeda was the first conscientious objector to be allowed to live in France via asylum.
2067:
825:
595:
7393:
3704:"Alternative Service in the Second World War: Conscientious Objectors in Canada: 1939 – 1945"
1317:
whereby objectors agreed to be starved to near-death conditions in exchange for their freedom and
573:
beliefs were a starting point in many nations for legally granting conscientious objector status.
8063:
7753:
7723:
7668:
7663:
6892:
6672:
6650:
6603:
6325:
6067:
5753:
5556:
5486:
4577:
4554:"South Korea Supreme Court allows conscientious objection to military service in landmark ruling"
2585:
2422:
2411:
2307:. It then ceased to be a major issue, since Britain's armed forces were generally all-volunteer.
2304:
1941:
1775:
1766:
1630:; also, a law can require conscientious objectors to perform non-military service instead called
1586:
1563:
1448:
1290:
1213:
936:
912:
877:
767:
603:
454:
436:
331:
291:
286:
276:
271:
261:
7438:
3805:
3105:
2109:
national security concerns have shown that alternative service can be successfully implemented.
8038:
7973:
7908:
7833:
7813:
7808:
7653:
7643:
7488:
6990:
6807:
6789:
6742:
6689:
6623:
6618:
6497:
6487:
6477:
6044:
6038:
5867:
5768:
5387:
4888:
Danger UXB The Remarkable Story of the Disposal of Unexploded Bombs During the Second World War
4187:
2706:
2675:
2525:
2519:
2352:
2251:
2193:
1961:
1294:
1286:
1282:
1278:
1036:
985:
944:
804:
715:
411:
406:
396:
376:
371:
356:
351:
346:
301:
296:
281:
251:
226:
221:
4080:
3655:
2888:
2500:, such persecutions decreased in frequency, and recognition for conscientious objectors grew.
2359:
In an attempt to press the issue, in May 1916 a group of thirty-five objectors, including the
1465:
Finland introduced conscription in 1881, but its enforcement was suspended in 1903 as part of
8138:
7948:
7928:
7888:
7873:
7718:
7698:
7478:
7253:
7228:
7171:
7121:
6567:
6512:
6379:
6369:
6364:
6012:
5862:
5627:
5334:
5283:
5144:
Tinnelly CM, Joseph T. "The Conscientious Objector Under the Selective Service Act of 1940."
4717:
3535:
3518:
2834:"Conscientious objection to military service; E/CN.4/RES/1998/77; See introductory paragraph"
1230:
in 2007 for dying for his beliefs, and is viewed as a symbol of self-sacrificing resistance.
940:
854:
723:
577:
503:
467:
266:
231:
3264:
2348:
8193:
8054:
8043:
8033:
8018:
8008:
7958:
7913:
7893:
7843:
7823:
7818:
7798:
7793:
7778:
7773:
7758:
7743:
7728:
7683:
7678:
7673:
7658:
7648:
7638:
7633:
7628:
7564:
7378:
7348:
7338:
7092:
7066:
5882:
5793:
5358:" A film about conscientious objector, Desmond T.Doss who received 'Medal of Honor' in WW2.
3377:
Random, Jack (25 May 2005). "Just Say No: The Case for Selective Conscientious Objection".
3280:
2650:
2476:
2154:
acknowledged conscientious objectors. The Spanish parliament established a longer service (
1649:
1608:
814:
594:
Formal legislation to exempt objectors from fighting was first granted in mid-18th-century
306:
246:
216:
5330:
Watch His Conscience: A Short History Of The Conscientious Objector. By Michael D. Peabody
5028:
Radical Pacifism: The War Resisters League and Gandhian Nonviolence in America, 1915–1963.
4713:
4157:
3129:
3106:"HRC views in case Yoon and Choi v. Republic of Korea, communications nos. 1321-1322/2004"
1171:
8:
8128:
8013:
8003:
7988:
7968:
7963:
7943:
7923:
7918:
7883:
7878:
7868:
7848:
7803:
7783:
7703:
7693:
7623:
7518:
7408:
7289:
7203:
7166:
7141:
7106:
7081:
7048:
7037:
6857:
6847:
6762:
6730:
6643:
6572:
6241:
6215:
5955:
5940:
5935:
5925:
5892:
5682:
5677:
5615:
3392:
2963:
2600:
2580:
2336:
2015:
2010:, which successfully freed 8000 conscientious objectors from military service during the
1945:
1578:
1318:
1273:
Despite the fact that international institutions such as the United Nations (UN) and the
1267:
1266:
Conservative Mennonites do not object to serving their country in peaceful alternatives (
1074:
1006:
932:
881:
507:
148:
113:
108:
5294:
Alternative Service in the Second World War: Conscientious Objectors in Canada 1939–1945
4873:
4689:
3083:
2292:
2231:
2117:
unlikely that they will be employed by any company that inquires about criminal records.
2085:
countries are required to serve in alternative services. Since the establishment of the
1175:
8186:
7998:
7983:
7863:
7858:
7853:
7828:
7763:
7713:
7708:
7493:
7418:
7233:
7223:
7126:
7060:
7026:
6980:
6318:
6001:
5975:
5930:
5763:
5722:
5642:
4652:
2615:
2169:
1078:
968:
701:
584:
118:
98:
7363:
6246:
5171:
A Pacifist at War: Military Memoirs of a Conscientious Objector in Palestine 1917–1918
4942:"Professional Soldiers and the Right to Conscientious Objection in the European Union"
3143:
1664:; it was illegal and could be punished with a fine or a suspended custodial sentence.
191:
8158:
8088:
7933:
7838:
7733:
7448:
7318:
7101:
7054:
6817:
6694:
6547:
6409:
6261:
5647:
5426:
5403:
5380:
5188:
5174:
5121:
5100:
5086:
5045:
5011:
4891:
4786:
4656:
4644:
4585:
4485:
3942:
3922:
3853:
3703:
3422:
2943:
2858:. United Nations Human Rights, Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights. 1998
2595:
2086:
2011:
1999:
1971:
1470:
1412:
1274:
1227:
1010:
744:
697:
559:
546:
5326:: conscientious objection and human rights in World War I. Peace Pledge Union, 2006.
4037:
3908:
3631:
2239:
1297:) today. In many countries outside Europe, especially in armed conflict areas (e.g.
133:
8179:
8068:
7508:
7453:
7368:
7238:
7213:
7156:
7131:
7032:
6974:
6942:
6927:
6862:
6802:
6772:
6752:
6720:
6684:
6667:
6655:
6562:
6522:
6432:
6427:
6271:
5995:
5950:
5828:
5622:
5605:
5541:
5521:
5516:
5461:
5329:
5314:"Making a Choice: Conscientious Objection or Refusing to Register" (Resisters.info)
5083:
Smoke Jumping on the Western Fire Line: Conscientious Objectors during World War II
4636:
4200:
https://www.paragraf.rs/propisi/odluka_o_obustavi_obaveze_sluzenja_vojnog_roka.html
3572:
2620:
2457:
2399:
2395:
2371:
2360:
2288:
2189:
2062:, an anti-war movement banned in 1988, while others fled into exile and joined the
1902:
1898:
1882:
1489:
1368:
1244:
1128:
989:
818:
800:
515:
499:
143:
138:
5287:
5276:
4952:
860:
On 25 May 2005, journalist Jack Random wrote the following: "The case of Sergeant
683:
8118:
7528:
7428:
7423:
7403:
7373:
7328:
7323:
7313:
7278:
7151:
7000:
6822:
6797:
6725:
6502:
6384:
5531:
5205:
4865:
4696:
4676:
4405:
4355:
4323:
3918:
3504:
3333:
3164:
3082:. Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights. Archived from
3030:. Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights. Archived from
2805:
2683:. Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights. Archived from
2327:
2320:
2247:
2147:
1771:
1475:
1460:
1150:
1061:
998:
888:
861:
807:
796:
7483:
7303:
5021:
Conscience, government and war: Conscientious objection in Great Britain 1939–45
4828:
2172:
and a low unemployment rate discouraged young males from the army. Thousands of
1778:
may volunteer to perform military service, but very few do so (except among the
591:
in 1575. They could refuse military service in exchange for a monetary payment.
8133:
8123:
7383:
7298:
7208:
6922:
6917:
6907:
6842:
6812:
6527:
6457:
6414:
6394:
6389:
6080:
5899:
5662:
5632:
5536:
5526:
5511:
5466:
5407:
4528:"South Korea Must Offer Civilian Alternatives to Military Service, Court Rules"
3995:
3627:
3350:
3256:
3236:
3203:
3144:"Conscientious objection to military service; E/CN.4/RES/1998/77; See Point #5"
3057:
2630:
2610:
2555:
2407:
2023:-like environment in order to break their resistance and encourage enlistment.
1967:
1416:
1408:
1216:, who was executed on August 9, 1943, for openly refusing to serve in the Nazi
1209:
1082:
1029:
916:
602:
into military service. In 1757, when the first attempt was made to establish a
5372:
4640:
4316:
3701:
1021:
851:
27 reserve pilots and former pilots refused to serve in only specific missions
8208:
7543:
7498:
7463:
7443:
7398:
7353:
7248:
7198:
7116:
6937:
6882:
6467:
6462:
6442:
6027:
5965:
5945:
5872:
5847:
5652:
4648:
4628:
4349:
Korean government held responsible for deaths of five conscientious objectors
3481:
3474:
3031:
2427:
2326:
A more general right to refuse military service was not introduced until the
2235:
1984:
1779:
1529:, Philippe Vernier and Camille Rombault in 1932–1933 or the hunger strike of
1466:
1240:
1223:
1198:
1146:
1070:
793:
610:
123:
5339:
3654:. New York University School of Law, Issues – Volume 33. Archived from
3475:"The Seventh-day Adventist Church: Controversies, books and other resources"
2913:
The Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights (2012).
2887:. New York University School of Law, Issues – Volume 33. Archived from
1894:
Prison on 5 March 1919 – some of whom had gone on hunger strike in protest.
1794:. that the blanket exemption granted to ultra-Orthodox yeshiva students was
8083:
8073:
7548:
7473:
7413:
7388:
7333:
6985:
6947:
6912:
6437:
6374:
5980:
5818:
5672:
5610:
5576:
5546:
5232:
5164:
Army GI, Pacifist CO: The World War II Letters of Frank and Albert Dietrich
4801:
Adrian Gregory, 'Military Service Tribunals, 1916–1918' in J. Harris (ed.)
4447:
4372:
4348:
4290:
4198:
Decision on the suspension of the obligation to serve the military service
2982:
2640:
2635:
2443:
1995:
1732:
1727:
1640:. These laws were applicable and demanded compulsory service in the German
1604:
1574:
1533:
1248:
1141:, or on an explicit prohibition of violence by their religion, e.g., for a
1057:
1053:
663:
614:
519:
153:
63:
5364:– a 2019 documentary about Israeli conscientious objector Atalya Ben-Abba.
4398:
2761:
7553:
7523:
7513:
7468:
7343:
6932:
6887:
6852:
6542:
6452:
5990:
5727:
5692:
5657:
5637:
5551:
5304:
International Conscientious Objectors' Day (War Resisters' International)
5245:
2605:
2514:
2497:
2308:
2003:
1874:
1696:
1636:
1620:
1543:
1415:
in 1989, alternative civil service was established. As of 2006, both the
1263:, which they view as evasion of military service without a valid excuse.
1194:
1138:
1121:
659:
128:
5313:
5064:
Krahn, Cornelius, Gingerich, Melvin & Harms, Orlando (Eds.) (1955).
5052:
4228:
2875:
2873:
2366:
Although a few objectors were accepted for non-combatant service in the
967:
enjoins his followers to love their enemies and to refuse violence. The
857:
and the Air Force for every mission in defense of the state of Israel."
47:"Objector" redirects here. For the 1966 Australian television play, see
8113:
8098:
8093:
7538:
7010:
6660:
6537:
6507:
6404:
6022:
5834:
5712:
5697:
5687:
5506:
5350:
You have no enemies. A Call for Conscientious Objection. By Dieter Duhm
4747:
3355:
3346:
2351:
and sent to prison. Thus, the well-known pacifist and religious writer
2316:
2223:
1641:
1485:
1197:, which states "An it harm none, do what ye will" (or variations). The
1131:, the opposition to warfare may be based on either the general idea of
1124:, virtually every Jehovah's Witness is exempted from military service.
1088:
924:
564:
77:
5355:
5071:
Magelssen, Morten. "When should conscientious objection be accepted?"
3973:
3878:
3533:
2105:
indefinitely after the succeeding administration took office in 2008.
1379:
immigrants, rescinding the privileges of the Order in Council. During
630:
In 1948, the issue of the right to "conscience" was dealt with by the
8153:
8103:
7433:
6995:
6552:
6447:
6341:
5960:
5446:
4624:
4440:"Ruling allows Korea to continue imprisoning conscientious objectors"
2870:
2728:"Confessions of a Military Industrial Complex Conscientious Objector"
2161:
1530:
1388:
1376:
1372:
1252:
1218:
1205:
762:
667:
654:
588:
5293:
3646:
2879:
1944:
which allowed the parliament to make military service optional. The
1443:
There is no right to conscientious objection to military service in
7458:
7015:
6699:
6517:
6049:
5702:
5288:
1914-1918-online. International Encyclopedia of the First World War
5277:
1914-1918-online. International Encyclopedia of the First World War
4850:
Silence in castle to honour First World War conscientious objectors
3169:. United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights. Archived from
3165:
United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights (22 April 1998).
2810:. United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights. Archived from
2806:
United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights (22 April 1998).
2403:
1891:
1855:
1668:
replacement office. Five categories/levels of physical fitness, or
1420:
1186:
1142:
897:
648:
5185:
Writing Peace: The Unheard Voices of Great War Mennonite Objectors
4740:"NTV Haber – Türkiye ve Dünya Gündemi Güncel Son Dakika Haberleri"
3606:
Selected Topics of Comparison in Christianity and the Baháʼí Faith
3497:
2406:
volunteered to fight in both world wars. The various parts of the
1159:
745:
Handbook on Procedures and Criteria for Determining Refugee Status
510:. The term has also been extended to objecting to working for the
8143:
6359:
5059:
Service for Peace, A History of Mennonite Civilian Public Service
4054:
Taonga, New Zealand Ministry for Culture and Heritage Te Manatu.
2533:
2510:
2430:
and over 350 men volunteered. Other non-combatants worked in the
2383:
2300:
2165:
1937:
1928:
creates a legal framework which enables conscientious objection.
1878:
1822:
1786:
1444:
1335:
1117:
1066:
920:
758:
498:
is an "individual who has claimed the right to refuse to perform
5309:
of Human Rights factsheet on case law on conscientious objection
5042:
The CPS Story: An Illustrated History of Civilian Public Service
4158:"Forsteidienst, Global Anabaptist Mennonite Encyclopedia Online"
3559:
Unsung Hero of the Great War: The Life and Witness of Ben Salmon
3054:"A Conscientious Objector's Guide to the UN Human Rights System"
7308:
7243:
5970:
5920:
5667:
5597:
4335:
Conscientious Objectors to Get Non-Armed Services for 36 Months
2439:
1980:
1611:" were discriminated against in their later professional life.
1239:
of conscientious objection. One compromising form is to accept
1133:
1113:
1040:
846:
671:
583:
An early recognition of conscientious objection was granted by
551:
5345:
A Conscientious Objector's Guide to the UN Human Rights System
5199:
Conscientious Objection and Alternative Service: Who Qualifies
5198:
4919:
4107:
1897:
Also during the First World War fourteen objectors, including
1743:
Wehrersatzdienst) possible, if it is thought to be necessary.
7533:
5707:
3453:. The Sound of Trumpet Ministries. 17 March 1960. p. 14.
2782:
2020:
1817:
1511:
1190:
964:
928:
905:
901:
6310:
5361:
4241:
Imprisonment of conscientious objectors to military service]
4188:
https://www.paragraf.rs/propisi/zakon_o_civilnoj_sluzbi.html
2382:
Britain's conscription legislation of 1916 did not apply to
2058:. Some simply deserted, or joined organisations such as the
1901:, were forcibly sent to the front lines and were subject to
1634:, literally "military replacement service", or colloquially
1484:). The law was dubbed "Lex Pekurinen" after him. During the
5249:
5013:
Peace to War: Shifting Allegiances in the Assemblies of God
4156:
Braun, Abraham; Block, Th.; Klippenstein, Lawrence (1989).
2435:
1949:
1774:, from military service ever since Israel was established.
1324:
1164:
4280:
4278:
4276:
1803:
David Zonschein et al. v. Military Advocate General et al.
5318:
4255:"South Korea military objectors say don't jail pacifists"
3303:"FindLaw's United States Supreme Court case and opinions"
3216:"Constitution of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania – 1790"
2758:"Campaigns: International Day on Conscientious Objection"
2456:
was retained, with rights of conscientious objection, as
2339:, according to the extent to which they could convince a
1816:
Until 2004 conscription was mandatory to all able-bodied
1542:
In 1983, a new law passed by socialist Interior Minister
5068:, Volume I, pp. 76–78. Mennoniite Publishing House.
3647:
D. CHRISTOPHER DECKER; AND LUCIA FRESA (29 March 2001).
2880:
D. CHRISTOPHER DECKER; AND LUCIA FRESA (29 March 2001).
2509:
has its problems. In certain European countries such as
1801:
As for conscientious objection, in 2002, in the case of
1073:. Objectors became a minority. Some theologians see the
625:
4977:
4273:
3734:"Objecion conciencia cuando y donde se puede practicar"
2979:"Questions and answers about the Universal Declaration"
1109:" (point 2311 of the Catechism of the Catholic Church)
4155:
3351:"In Fact... (THE ISRAELI PEACE MOVEMENT TAKES FLIGHT)"
3028:"International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights"
1204:
A notable example of a conscientious objector was the
1182:, and the individual should perform the army service.
4785:, p. 14, Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2004,
4317:
Second Session of the Universal Periodic Review (UPR)
4146:
The decree was issued in October 1918. Smith, p. 329.
3498:"Origin of the Seventh Day Adventist Reform Movement"
1688:
Another way to get out of service completely was the
1614:
1339:
shortest military service, the latter twice as long.
1222:, consciously accepting the penalty of death. He was
2672:
International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights
1926:
International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights
788:
695:
International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights
6018:
Non Violent Resistance (psychological intervention)
3588:
Armenia Releases All Imprisoned Jehovah's Witnesses
3419:
The Encyclopedia of Cults, Sects, and New Religions
3192:
Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union
2995:
under "Who are the signatories of the Declaration?"
1399:Conscientious objection is recognised in Colombia.
739:
Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union
38:. For the documentary film about Desmond Doss, see
5582:Women's International League for Peace and Freedom
4714:"Prisoner of conscience escapes and is rearrested"
2184:to prison declared them unfit for public service.
2008:United Council of Religious Fellowships and Groups
32:Conscience clause in medicine in the United States
5299:The National Registry for Conscientious Objection
5110:Quakers in Britain — Conscientious Objectors
4912:"Conscientious Objection and Alternative Service"
4606:
4446:(Press release). 2 September 2011. Archived from
1301:), conscientious objection is punished severely.
741:recognised the right to conscientious objection.
27:Person refusing military service on moral grounds
8206:
4506:"News & Stories – Amnesty International USA"
3451:Discipline of the Reformed Free Methodist Church
2670:On July 30, 2001, explicit clarification of the
2218:Conscientious objection is highly controversial
5402:
5319:The European Bureau for Conscientious Objection
4843:
3907:by Florida Center for Instructional Technology
3534:Staff of the Catholic Peace Fellowship (2007).
1001:to command warlike behavior from its citizens.
971:of the Reformed Free Methodist Church teaches:
3960:
3958:
3726:
3279:. Woodstock Theological Center. Archived from
3146:. UN Commission on Human Rights. 22 April 1998
2836:. UN Commission on Human Rights. 22 April 1998
2783:UN Commission on Human Rights (8 March 1995).
2534:Conscientious objection in professional forces
1518:Centre de défense des objecteurs de conscience
1334:Conscription was mandatory to all able-bodied
1307:
1069:, strengthening the idea and acceptability of
576:The earliest recorded conscientious objector,
6326:
6033:Refusal to serve in the Israel Defense Forces
5388:
4128:, United Press International, 23 October 2006
4110:"New Zealand Law and Conscientious Objection"
4015:(in Hebrew). 21 February 2012. Archived from
4013:"בבית המשפט העליון בשבתו כבית משפט גבוה לצדק"
3516:
3488:, Ontario Consultants on Religious Tolerance.
3056:. War Resisters International. Archived from
2915:"Conscientious objection to military service"
2561:Central Committee for Conscientious Objectors
2155:
2146:Conscientious objection was not permitted in
1479:
1233:
947:), as well as Holiness Pacifists such as the
751:United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees
726:'s forthcoming campaign and briefing for the
475:
4612:
4584:. Syracuse University Press, New York, 1999
4490:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
4368:"Abuse blamed for mysterious deaths in army"
3556:
2576:Conscientious objection to military taxation
2471:Conscientious objection in the United States
1516:
1105:Nowadays, the Catholic Church teaches that "
904:, instead staying on board his ship singing
598:following problems with attempting to force
5097:Troublesome People: Enemies of War, 1916–86
4444:Jehovah’s Witnesses Official Media Web Site
4286:"Should conscientious objectors be jailed?"
4225:Jehovah’s Witnesses Official Media Web Site
3955:
3445:
3443:
3441:
2571:Conscientious Objectors Commemorative Stone
2330:. Britain introduced conscription with the
8109:Definition of anarchism and libertarianism
6333:
6319:
5395:
5381:
5368:International Conscientious Objectors' Day
4471:"A Korean Conscientious Objector in Paris"
3345:
2674:Article 18 was made in the United Nations
1425:Charter of Fundamental Rights and Freedoms
482:
468:
5986:Global Day of Action on Military Spending
4951:. October 2008. p. 6. Archived from
4872:(Oxford University Press, 1990), p. 116;
4344:
4342:
4249:
4247:
4126:Romania drops compulsory military service
3798:"Suomi syrjii aseistakieltäytyjiä! – AKL"
3410:
2933:
2064:Committee on South African War Resistance
666:stated "I ain't got no quarrel with them
530:United Nations Commission on Human Rights
4772:(Oxford University Press, 1990), p. 116.
4525:
4213:
3438:
2419:National Service (Armed Forces) Act 1939
2282:
1850:
1723:, or equal justice of military service.
1510:
1325:Conscientious objection around the world
1020:
976:convictions of our members be respected.
824:and theologian, delivered an address at
653:
550:
4007:
4005:
2417:In the Second World War, following the
1873:In 1916 conscription was introduced in
1599:Conscientious objection in East Germany
680:Secretary-General of the United Nations
14:
8207:
7112:Spanish Regional Federation of the IWA
5718:Soviet influence on the peace movement
4879:
4339:
4244:
3376:
3274:
3268:
2096:The government's National Action Plan
2080:Conscientious objection in South Korea
6314:
5905:World March for Peace and Nonviolence
5376:
5115:
4885:
4103:
4101:
4049:
4047:
4045:
4038:Wet gewetensbezwaren militaire dienst
3599:
3416:
3275:Murray, John Courtney (4 June 1967).
3237:"State Constitution - Bill of Rights"
2929:
2927:
2523:is one-third times longer, the Swiss
2376:Representation of the People Act 1918
1922:Universal Declaration of Human Rights
1016:Seventh Day Adventist Reform Movement
636:Universal Declaration of Human Rights
626:Universal Declaration of Human Rights
6062:Third Party Non-violent Intervention
4818:(Manchester University Press, 2009).
4468:
4108:United Nations Human Rights Office.
4002:
3536:"The Life and Witness of Ben Salmon"
2942:. Greenwood Press. pp. 99–102.
2386:, despite it then being part of the
2265:A commission was founded within the
1792:Ressler et al. v. The Knesset et al.
1381:Canada's involvement in World War II
871:
620:
4670:"Chamber Judgement Ulke vs. Turkey"
4551:
4294:. 19 September 2011. Archived from
3845:
3626:
3620:
3520:The Early Christian Attitude to War
2343:of the quality of their objection.
2287:Conscientious Objector memorial in
1829:
1365:Canada's involvement in World War I
1201:may also be grounds for objection.
1193:, may object on the grounds of the
36:Conscientious objection to abortion
24:
6287:Peacebuilding in Jammu and Kashmir
6184:Anti-war protests in Russia (2014)
5472:Greenham Common Women's Peace Camp
5212:
5156:
5001:
4706:
4098:
4053:
4042:
3905:A Teacher's Guide to the Holocaust
2924:
2503:
2464:
2454:Conscription in the United Kingdom
2374:(through a clause inserted in the
2279:Conscription in the United Kingdom
1842:
1615:West Germany and reunified Germany
834:Supreme Court of the United States
25:
8231:
5779:International Day of Non-Violence
5437:Boycott, Divestment and Sanctions
5265:
5136:Twentieth Century British History
4602:Spanish Constitution section 30.2
4582:Pacifism in the Twentieth Century
4399:Restrictions on Religious Freedom
4376:. 17 January 2009. Archived from
3421:. Prometheus Books. p. 304.
2940:An Encyclopedia of War and Ethics
2626:Selective conscientious objection
2481:Conscription in the United States
2319:last took pressed men during the
2272:
2267:National Assembly of the Republic
1619:According to Article 4(3) of the
1423:have abolished conscription. The
1402:
961:Church of God (Guthrie, Oklahoma)
894:Magnus Erlendsson, Earl of Orkney
789:Selective conscientious objection
8173:
7147:International Conference of Rome
7137:International Conference of Rome
6189:2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine
5085:, University of Oklahoma Press.
4970:
4934:
4904:
4859:
4803:Civil Society in British History
3574:Catechism of the Catholic Church
1836:Republic of the Marshall Islands
1583:Sachsenhausen concentration camp
1299:Democratic Republic of the Congo
953:Emmanuel Association of Churches
803:. (He later went on to serve as
779:
70:
5562:Social Democratic Party (Japan)
5183:Mock, Melanie Springer (2003).
5118:Smith's Story of the Mennonites
4890:. Channel 4 books. p. 92.
4821:
4808:
4795:
4775:
4762:
4732:
4690:pages of the "opponents to war"
4682:
4663:
4595:
4571:
4552:Lee, Joyce (30 December 2018).
4545:
4526:Sang-Hun, Choe (28 June 2018).
4519:
4498:
4462:
4432:
4410:
4392:
4360:
4328:
4310:
4204:
4192:
4180:
4171:
4149:
4140:
4131:
4119:
4073:
4031:
3988:
3935:
3912:
3893:
3863:
3820:
3790:
3756:
3717:
3695:
3686:
3673:
3640:
3593:
3581:
3565:
3550:
3527:
3510:
3491:
3468:
3457:
3393:"Bruderhof Communities – GAMEO"
3385:
3370:
3339:
3320:
3295:
3263:), 1999, relevant quotation at
3261:Nu dog du: bombernas århundrade
3250:
3229:
3208:
3197:
3185:
3158:
3136:
3122:
3098:
3072:
3046:
3020:
2998:
2970:
2956:
2934:Churchill, Robert Paul (1996).
2906:
2787:. UN Commission on Human Rights
2201:Insubordinate movement in Spain
2046:South African resistance to war
2039:
1592:
1579:subversion of military strength
1568:
1315:Minnesota Starvation Experiment
774:
632:United Nations General Assembly
7259:Australian Anarchist Centenary
7184:German Revolution of 1918–1919
5482:List of pacifist organisations
5220:Independent Television Service
5061:, Mennonite Central Committee.
5044:, pp. 75–79. Good Books.
4983:Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung
2848:
2826:
2799:
2776:
2750:
2720:
2699:
2678:general comment 22, Para. 11:
2664:
2566:Center on Conscience & War
2394:. British conscription in the
2228:European Court of Human Rights
2157:Prestación Social Sustitutoria
2073:
1868:
1685:physical or mental handicaps.
1413:communist party lost its power
1359:War Resisters Support Campaign
980:Since the American Civil War,
949:Reformed Free Methodist Church
13:
1:
6898:Decentralized planned economy
6340:
5187:, Cascadia Publishing House.
5173:Anastasia Press, Much Hadham
4978:"Aktuelle Nachrichten online"
4616:Contemporary European History
3006:"The Imperatives of Survival"
2657:
2291:Gardens, London—dedicated on
2068:Opposition to the Angolan War
1942:2003 constitutional amendment
1859:
1355:Canada and Iraq War resisters
1243:roles during conscription or
728:UN Commission on Human Rights
6493:Proletarian internationalism
5888:World Peace Bell Association
5789:Dialogue Among Civilizations
5492:New Socialist Party of Japan
5477:Iraq War resisters in Canada
5442:Coalition of Women for Peace
5095:Moorehead, Caroline (1987).
4949:War Resisters' International
4876:at spartacus-educational.com
3772:War Resisters' International
3608:(MA thesis). Landegg Academy
2938:. In Donald K. Wells (ed.).
2646:War Resisters' International
2152:Spanish Constitution of 1978
1780:Bedouin population of Israel
722:In 1997, an announcement of
704:, conscience and religion."
94:Alternative civilian service
7:
7194:1919 United States bombings
6056:The whole world is watching
5824:Peace & Love (festival)
5774:Imagine Piano Peace Project
3802:aseistakieltaytyjaliitto.fi
3681:Conscription Crisis of 1917
2548:
2392:Conscription Crisis of 1918
2056:South African Defence Force
1761:Refusal to serve in the IDF
1394:
1308:Informed Consent Violations
1180:loyalty to one's government
1026:Blessed are the Peacemakers
709:War Resisters International
688:The Right to Refuse to Kill
537:conscientious objections".
512:military–industrial complex
10:
8236:
8149:Situationist International
7219:Spanish Revolution of 1936
7077:Self-managed social center
6179:2011 intervention in Libya
5799:List of places named Peace
5784:International Day of Peace
5502:Peace and conflict studies
5422:Anti-nuclear organizations
5162:Bennett, Scott H. (2005).
5066:The Mennonite Encyclopedia
5057:Gingerich, Melvin (1949),
5026:Bennett, Scott H. (2003).
4870:English History, 1914–1945
4856:, accessed 19 October 2014
4770:English History, 1914–1945
4703:), accessed on 15 May 2011
4633:Cambridge University Press
3259:, "A History of Bombing" (
2474:
2468:
2276:
2254:by Amnesty International.
2198:
2077:
2043:
1992:Russian Revolution of 1917
1959:
1931:
1858:Prison for WW1 objectors,
1758:
1746:
1596:
1561:
1557:
1458:
1454:
1438:
1430:
1352:
1329:
1234:Alternatives for objectors
957:Immanuel Missionary Church
875:
544:
540:
46:
41:The Conscientious Objector
29:
8168:
8053:
7613:
7563:
7288:
7274:Really Really Free Market
7269:1999 Seattle WTO protests
7091:
6963:
6871:
6835:
6788:
6711:
6642:
6633:
6583:
6558:Temporary autonomous zone
6483:Permanent autonomous zone
6420:Consensus decision-making
6348:
6295:
6224:
6089:
5913:
5814:Nobel Peace Prize Concert
5809:Mother's Day Proclamation
5759:Dances of Universal Peace
5736:
5590:
5572:The Women's Peace Crusade
5414:
5335:Catholic Peace Fellowship
5197:U.S. Selective Service, "
5073:Journal of Medical Ethics
4641:10.1017/S0960777322000224
4469:Diplomat, Yena Lee, The.
4056:"Conscientious objection"
2964:"Conscientious Objection"
2936:"Conscientious Objection"
2341:Military Service Tribunal
2257:On 14 November 2011, the
2213:
2205:
2060:End Conscription Campaign
2050:End Conscription Campaign
2030:
1955:
1754:
1506:
1348:
1043:refused to take up arms.
845:On 14 September 2003, in
839:Gillette v. United States
670:... They never called me
658:Refusing to serve in the
7264:Carnival Against Capital
7189:Bavarian Soviet Republic
7178:Manifesto of the Sixteen
7072:Radical environmentalism
7021:Independent Media Center
6953:Workers' self-management
6400:Autonomous social center
6075:Violence begets violence
6008:Non-aggression principle
5878:The Non-Violence Project
5858:Promoting Enduring Peace
5841:Promoting Enduring Peace
5497:Pacifist Socialist Party
5116:Smith, C. Henry (1981).
5040:Keim, Albert N. (1990).
5035:Public Affairs Quarterly
4916:Selective Service System
4679:, Accessed June 7, 2006.
4186:Law about civil service
3417:Lewis, James R. (2001).
3008:. Nobel Foundation. 1974
2487:Selective Service System
2432:Royal Army Medical Corps
2368:Royal Army Medical Corps
2141:
1920:and the ratification of
1811:
826:Western Maryland College
8215:Conscientious objection
6893:Cost the limit of price
6169:Military action in Iran
5804:Monuments and memorials
5754:Concert Yutel for Peace
5557:React, Include, Recycle
5487:List of peace activists
5452:Conscientious objectors
5273:Conscientious Objectors
5099:, Hamish Hamilton Ltd,
5081:Matthews, Mark (2006).
5030:(Syracuse Univ. Press).
4816:Telling Tales About Men
4081:"Field punishment No 1"
2591:Friends' Ambulance Unit
1918:Bill of Rights Act 1990
1564:Conscription in Germany
1257:conscientious objection
937:Conservative Mennonites
917:Historic Peace Churches
913:Unitarian Universalists
878:List of pacifist faiths
768:international community
678:In 1974, the Assistant
18:Conscientious objection
7689:Bosnia and Herzegovina
6498:Propaganda of the deed
6488:Prefigurative politics
6478:Participatory politics
6424:Conscientious objector
6090:Opposition to specific
6045:Swords to ploughshares
6039:Soldiers are murderers
5432:Anti-war organizations
5169:McNair, Donald (2008)
5166:(Fordham Univ. Press).
5138:29.3 (2018): 411–434.
4852:dated 25 June 2013 at
3517:C John Cadoux (1919).
3486:religioustolerance.org
2676:Human Rights Committee
2353:Stephen Henry Hobhouse
2296:
2252:prisoner of conscience
2156:
2124:
1962:Conscription in Russia
1887:Seventh-day Adventists
1865:
1726:Then-German President
1603:After World War II in
1522:
1517:
1480:
1185:Some practitioners of
1103:
1050:
1037:early Christian Church
1032:
982:Seventh-day Adventists
978:
945:Church of the Brethren
805:Air Officer Commanding
772:
716:Human Rights Committee
675:
645:
569:
528:On March 8, 1995, the
496:conscientious objector
104:Conscientious objector
8139:Libertarian socialism
7254:Kate Sharpley Library
7229:Red inverted triangle
7172:High Treason Incident
7162:Congress of Amsterdam
6568:Voluntary association
6380:Anti-authoritarianism
6370:Anarchist criminology
6365:Anarchist Black Cross
6092:wars or their aspects
6013:Nonviolent resistance
5863:Show of Peace Concert
5628:Anti-nuclear movement
5282:Patterson, David S.:
5146:St. John's Law Review
5037:26.2 (2012): 141–159.
4854:thenorthernecho.co.uk
4829:"The Men Who Said No"
4718:Amnesty International
4418:"Objectors Top 5,000"
3738:gobiernobogota.gov.co
3602:"1. The Moral Domain"
3600:Mazal, Peter (1999).
3557:Torin Finney (1989).
3480:11 September 2012 at
3349:(23 September 2003).
2491:Department of Defense
2286:
2277:Further information:
2119:
1854:
1609:construction soldiers
1515:Stamp created by the
1514:
1367:by provisions of the
1098:
1045:
1024:
973:
941:Bruderhof Communities
855:Israel Defense Forces
836:ruled in the case of
832:On 8 March 1971, the
755:
724:Amnesty International
657:
647:The proclamation was
640:
634:in Article 18 of the
554:
545:Further information:
522:or military service.
504:freedom of conscience
163:By historical country
76:1780 caricature of a
8180:Anarchism portal
7584:Fictional characters
7067:Radical cheerleading
6174:Sri Lankan Civil War
6068:Turn the other cheek
5883:University for Peace
5794:List of peace prizes
5075:38.1 (2012): 18–21.
4886:Jappy, M. J (2001).
4831:. Peace Pledge Union
4688:See the list on the
2985:on 12 September 2012
2651:War Resisters League
2477:New York Draft Riots
2332:Military Service Act
1974:to run and maintain
1674:Tauglichkeitsstufe 5
1650:administrative court
1056:officially embraced
815:John Courtney Murray
518:as a substitute for
502:" on the grounds of
446:By geographical area
417:United Arab Emirates
51:Australian Playhouse
8129:Left-libertarianism
7204:Kronstadt rebellion
7142:Trial of the Thirty
7107:Revolutions of 1848
7049:No gods, no masters
6858:Synthesis anarchism
6848:Anarcho-syndicalism
6836:Types of federation
6216:Nuclear disarmament
6199:in Russian Far East
5956:Department of Peace
5941:Counter-recruitment
5936:Conflict resolution
5926:Central Park be-ins
5914:Slogans and tactics
5893:Japanese Peace Bell
5683:Non-interventionism
5678:Modern-war pacifism
5616:Christian anarchism
4019:on 31 December 2013
3899:September 17, 1939
3679:Smith, p. 321. The
3661:on 22 November 2011
3636:. pp. 134–135.
3561:. pp. 118–119.
3173:on 19 November 2018
2894:on 22 November 2011
2814:on 19 November 2018
2601:Medical Cadet Corps
2581:Counter-recruitment
2423:Kellogg–Briand Pact
2337:Non-Combatant Corps
2259:Ministry of Justice
2016:New Economic Policy
1946:Romanian Parliament
1670:Tauglichkeitsstufen
1621:German constitution
1385:Conscription Crisis
1319:Operation Whitecoat
1268:alternative service
1075:Constantinian shift
1065:tradition with the
1007:Operation Whitecoat
986:Jehovah's Witnesses
933:Old Order Mennonite
882:Freedom of religion
149:Penal military unit
114:Counter-recruitment
109:Conscription crisis
8220:Military sociology
8079:Anti-globalization
7749:Dominican Republic
7574:Anarcho-punk bands
7234:Labadie Collection
7224:Barcelona May Days
7127:Cantonal rebellion
7061:Property is theft!
7027:The Internationale
6981:Anarchist bookfair
6780:Without adjectives
6635:Schools of thought
6110:American Civil War
6002:Make love, not war
5976:Economic sanctions
5931:Civil disobedience
5764:Festival for Peace
5737:Media and cultural
5723:Testimony of peace
5643:Christian pacifism
5204:2017-04-27 at the
5023:(Routledge, 2021).
4958:on 18 January 2012
4750:on 5 November 2013
4695:2011-06-04 at the
4675:2006-10-09 at the
4532:The New York Times
4404:2010-02-18 at the
4354:2010-01-11 at the
4322:2008-07-26 at the
4298:on 25 January 2013
4261:. 2 September 2008
3976:on 21 January 2013
3901:The New York Times
3778:on 31 October 2018
3744:on 21 October 2022
3503:2010-08-15 at the
3332:2010-03-08 at the
2616:Peace Pledge Union
2586:Franz Jägerstätter
2297:
2170:Basque nationalism
2168:, where pacifism,
1972:Russian Mennonites
1916:believes that the
1866:
1654:Kreiswehrersatzamt
1587:Franz Jägerstätter
1523:
1214:Franz Jägerstätter
1093:The New York Times
1079:Christian pacifism
1033:
969:Book of Discipline
702:freedom of thought
698:entered into force
676:
585:William the Silent
570:
119:Draft-card burning
99:Civil conscription
8202:
8201:
8159:Spontaneous order
8089:Anti-war movement
7594:Jewish anarchists
7102:French Revolution
7055:Popular education
6831:
6830:
6548:Spontaneous order
6410:Classless society
6308:
6307:
6211:Military taxation
6081:War tax resisters
5648:Deterrence theory
5427:Anti-war movement
5179:978-0-9536396-1-8
4805:. (Oxford, 2003).
4768:A. J. P. Taylor,
4580:and Nigel Young,
4450:on 7 October 2011
4380:on 11 August 2011
4085:nzhistory.govt.nz
3881:on 15 August 2016
3723:Krahn, pp. 76–78.
3692:Gingerich p. 420.
3633:Unfolding Destiny
3428:978-1-61592-738-8
3327:Courage to Refuse
2687:on 6 January 2020
2596:GI Rights Network
2448:ambulance service
2398:did not apply to
2087:Republic of Korea
2012:Russian Civil War
2000:Vladimir Chertkov
1721:Wehrgerechtigkeit
1701:Totalverweigerung
1690:two brothers rule
1662:Totalverweigerung
1471:Finnish Civil War
1449:indefinite length
1447:– which is of an
1275:Council of Europe
1228:Pope Benedict XVI
1170:Followers of the
1127:For believers in
1083:the great failing
872:Religious motives
866:Iraq War Resister
621:International law
560:Boardman Robinson
547:Anti-war movement
492:
491:
192:By modern country
16:(Redirected from
8227:
8178:
8177:
8176:
8069:Anti-consumerism
8064:Anti-corporatism
7214:Amakasu Incident
7157:Strandza Commune
7132:Haymarket affair
7033:Jewish anarchism
6975:A las Barricadas
6943:Social ownership
6928:Market socialism
6903:Free association
6863:Union of egoists
6640:
6639:
6573:Workers' council
6563:Union of egoists
6523:Security culture
6433:Decentralization
6428:Critique of work
6335:
6328:
6321:
6312:
6311:
6135:list of protests
5996:Lesson of Munich
5951:Demilitarisation
5829:Peace journalism
5623:Anti-imperialism
5606:Anarcho-pacifism
5542:Peace psychology
5522:Peace conference
5517:Peace commission
5462:Culture of Peace
5397:
5390:
5383:
5374:
5373:
5324:Refusing to Kill
5261:
5259:
5257:
5148:15.2 (2013): 6+
5131:
5019:Barker, Rachel.
4995:
4994:
4992:
4990:
4974:
4968:
4967:
4965:
4963:
4957:
4946:
4938:
4932:
4931:
4929:
4927:
4922:on 27 April 2017
4918:. Archived from
4908:
4902:
4901:
4883:
4877:
4863:
4857:
4847:
4841:
4840:
4838:
4836:
4825:
4819:
4812:
4806:
4799:
4793:
4779:
4773:
4766:
4760:
4759:
4757:
4755:
4746:. Archived from
4736:
4730:
4729:
4727:
4725:
4710:
4704:
4701:savaş karşıtları
4686:
4680:
4667:
4661:
4660:
4610:
4604:
4599:
4593:
4592:(pp. 96–7, 311).
4575:
4569:
4568:
4566:
4564:
4549:
4543:
4542:
4540:
4538:
4523:
4517:
4516:
4514:
4512:
4502:
4496:
4495:
4489:
4481:
4479:
4477:
4466:
4460:
4459:
4457:
4455:
4436:
4430:
4429:
4427:
4425:
4420:. 8 January 2009
4414:
4408:
4396:
4390:
4389:
4387:
4385:
4364:
4358:
4346:
4337:
4332:
4326:
4314:
4308:
4307:
4305:
4303:
4282:
4271:
4270:
4268:
4266:
4251:
4242:
4240:
4238:
4236:
4227:. Archived from
4217:
4211:
4208:
4202:
4196:
4190:
4184:
4178:
4175:
4169:
4168:
4166:
4164:
4153:
4147:
4144:
4138:
4135:
4129:
4123:
4117:
4116:
4114:
4105:
4096:
4095:
4093:
4091:
4077:
4071:
4070:
4068:
4066:
4051:
4040:
4035:
4029:
4028:
4026:
4024:
4009:
4000:
3992:
3986:
3985:
3983:
3981:
3972:. Archived from
3962:
3953:
3939:
3933:
3916:
3910:
3897:
3891:
3890:
3888:
3886:
3877:. Archived from
3867:
3861:
3849:
3843:
3842:
3840:
3838:
3824:
3818:
3817:
3815:
3813:
3804:. Archived from
3794:
3788:
3787:
3785:
3783:
3774:. Archived from
3760:
3754:
3753:
3751:
3749:
3740:. Archived from
3730:
3724:
3721:
3715:
3714:
3712:
3710:
3699:
3693:
3690:
3684:
3677:
3671:
3670:
3668:
3666:
3660:
3653:
3644:
3638:
3637:
3624:
3618:
3617:
3615:
3613:
3597:
3591:
3585:
3579:
3578:
3569:
3563:
3562:
3554:
3548:
3547:
3531:
3525:
3524:
3514:
3508:
3495:
3489:
3472:
3466:
3464:sidadventist.org
3461:
3455:
3454:
3447:
3436:
3435:
3414:
3408:
3407:
3405:
3403:
3389:
3383:
3382:
3374:
3368:
3367:
3365:
3363:
3343:
3337:
3324:
3318:
3317:
3315:
3313:
3299:
3293:
3292:
3290:
3288:
3272:
3266:
3254:
3248:
3247:
3245:
3243:
3233:
3227:
3226:
3224:
3222:
3212:
3206:
3201:
3195:
3189:
3183:
3182:
3180:
3178:
3162:
3156:
3155:
3153:
3151:
3140:
3134:
3133:
3126:
3120:
3119:
3117:
3115:
3110:
3102:
3096:
3095:
3093:
3091:
3076:
3070:
3069:
3067:
3065:
3050:
3044:
3043:
3041:
3039:
3024:
3018:
3017:
3015:
3013:
3002:
2996:
2994:
2992:
2990:
2981:. Archived from
2974:
2968:
2967:
2960:
2954:
2953:
2931:
2922:
2921:
2919:
2910:
2904:
2903:
2901:
2899:
2893:
2886:
2877:
2868:
2867:
2865:
2863:
2852:
2846:
2845:
2843:
2841:
2830:
2824:
2823:
2821:
2819:
2803:
2797:
2796:
2794:
2792:
2780:
2774:
2773:
2771:
2769:
2760:. Archived from
2754:
2748:
2747:
2745:
2743:
2738:on 27 April 2015
2734:. Archived from
2724:
2718:
2717:
2715:
2713:
2703:
2697:
2696:
2694:
2692:
2668:
2621:Richmond Sixteen
2489:and through the
2458:National Service
2400:Northern Ireland
2396:Second World War
2361:Richmond Sixteen
2349:court-martialled
2289:Tavistock Square
2232:Osman Murat Ülke
2159:
2002:, a follower of
1976:forestry service
1903:Field Punishment
1899:Archibald Baxter
1883:Christadelphians
1864:
1861:
1830:Marshall Islands
1767:Israeli citizens
1705:Totalverweigerer
1632:Wehrersatzdienst
1585:. Among others,
1520:
1490:Continuation War
1483:
1369:Order in Council
1245:military service
1224:declared Blessed
1129:Indian religions
1077:and the loss of
990:Christadelphians
813:On 4 June 1967,
801:RAF Iraq Command
753:(UNHCR) states:
516:civilian service
500:military service
484:
477:
470:
144:National service
139:Military service
85:Related concepts
74:
60:
59:
21:
8235:
8234:
8230:
8229:
8228:
8226:
8225:
8224:
8205:
8204:
8203:
8198:
8174:
8172:
8164:
8163:
8162:
8119:Labour movement
8049:
8048:
8047:
7609:
7608:
7607:
7559:
7558:
7557:
7284:
7283:
7282:
7279:Occupy movement
7152:Ferrer movement
7087:
7086:
7085:
7001:Escuela Moderna
6959:
6958:
6957:
6867:
6827:
6784:
6748:Insurrectionary
6707:
6629:
6628:
6627:
6579:
6578:
6577:
6503:Refusal of work
6390:Anti-militarism
6385:Anti-capitalism
6344:
6339:
6309:
6304:
6291:
6220:
6164:Afghanistan War
6115:Second Boer War
6091:
6085:
5909:
5732:
5586:
5532:Peace education
5415:Peace advocates
5410:
5401:
5271:Schleif, Luke:
5268:
5255:
5253:
5244:
5237:Amitai Ben-Abba
5222:, aired on PBS.
5215:
5213:Further viewing
5206:Wayback Machine
5159:
5157:Primary sources
5128:
5008:Alexander, Paul
5004:
5002:Further reading
4999:
4998:
4988:
4986:
4976:
4975:
4971:
4961:
4959:
4955:
4944:
4940:
4939:
4935:
4925:
4923:
4910:
4909:
4905:
4898:
4884:
4880:
4866:A. J. P. Taylor
4864:
4860:
4848:
4844:
4834:
4832:
4827:
4826:
4822:
4814:Lois Bibbings,
4813:
4809:
4800:
4796:
4780:
4776:
4767:
4763:
4753:
4751:
4738:
4737:
4733:
4723:
4721:
4720:. 28 April 2011
4712:
4711:
4707:
4697:Wayback Machine
4687:
4683:
4677:Wayback Machine
4668:
4664:
4611:
4607:
4600:
4596:
4576:
4572:
4562:
4560:
4550:
4546:
4536:
4534:
4524:
4520:
4510:
4508:
4504:
4503:
4499:
4483:
4482:
4475:
4473:
4467:
4463:
4453:
4451:
4438:
4437:
4433:
4423:
4421:
4416:
4415:
4411:
4406:Wayback Machine
4397:
4393:
4383:
4381:
4366:
4365:
4361:
4356:Wayback Machine
4347:
4340:
4333:
4329:
4324:Wayback Machine
4315:
4311:
4301:
4299:
4284:
4283:
4274:
4264:
4262:
4253:
4252:
4245:
4234:
4232:
4219:
4218:
4214:
4209:
4205:
4197:
4193:
4185:
4181:
4176:
4172:
4162:
4160:
4154:
4150:
4145:
4141:
4136:
4132:
4124:
4120:
4112:
4106:
4099:
4089:
4087:
4079:
4078:
4074:
4064:
4062:
4052:
4043:
4036:
4032:
4022:
4020:
4011:
4010:
4003:
3993:
3989:
3979:
3977:
3964:
3963:
3956:
3940:
3936:
3919:Bernd Eisenfeld
3917:
3913:
3898:
3894:
3884:
3882:
3869:
3868:
3864:
3850:
3846:
3836:
3834:
3826:
3825:
3821:
3811:
3809:
3808:on 26 July 2007
3796:
3795:
3791:
3781:
3779:
3762:
3761:
3757:
3747:
3745:
3732:
3731:
3727:
3722:
3718:
3708:
3706:
3700:
3696:
3691:
3687:
3678:
3674:
3664:
3662:
3658:
3651:
3645:
3641:
3628:Effendi, Shoghi
3625:
3621:
3611:
3609:
3598:
3594:
3586:
3582:
3571:
3570:
3566:
3555:
3551:
3532:
3528:
3515:
3511:
3505:Wayback Machine
3496:
3492:
3473:
3469:
3462:
3458:
3449:
3448:
3439:
3429:
3415:
3411:
3401:
3399:
3391:
3390:
3386:
3375:
3371:
3361:
3359:
3344:
3340:
3334:Wayback Machine
3325:
3321:
3311:
3309:
3301:
3300:
3296:
3286:
3284:
3283:on 14 June 2008
3273:
3269:
3255:
3251:
3241:
3239:
3235:
3234:
3230:
3220:
3218:
3214:
3213:
3209:
3202:
3198:
3194:, Article 10, 2
3190:
3186:
3176:
3174:
3163:
3159:
3149:
3147:
3142:
3141:
3137:
3128:
3127:
3123:
3113:
3111:
3108:
3104:
3103:
3099:
3089:
3087:
3078:
3077:
3073:
3063:
3061:
3052:
3051:
3047:
3037:
3035:
3026:
3025:
3021:
3011:
3009:
3004:
3003:
2999:
2988:
2986:
2977:
2975:
2971:
2962:
2961:
2957:
2950:
2932:
2925:
2917:
2911:
2907:
2897:
2895:
2891:
2884:
2878:
2871:
2861:
2859:
2854:
2853:
2849:
2839:
2837:
2832:
2831:
2827:
2817:
2815:
2804:
2800:
2790:
2788:
2781:
2777:
2767:
2765:
2764:on 25 June 2014
2756:
2755:
2751:
2741:
2739:
2726:
2725:
2721:
2711:
2709:
2705:
2704:
2700:
2690:
2688:
2679:
2669:
2665:
2660:
2655:
2551:
2536:
2506:
2504:Other countries
2483:
2473:
2467:
2372:disenfranchised
2328:First World War
2321:Napoleonic Wars
2281:
2275:
2216:
2208:
2203:
2148:Francoist Spain
2144:
2082:
2076:
2052:
2044:Main articles:
2042:
2033:
1979:battlefield to
1964:
1958:
1934:
1871:
1862:
1845:
1843:The Netherlands
1832:
1814:
1763:
1757:
1749:
1731:public health,
1617:
1601:
1595:
1571:
1566:
1560:
1509:
1481:siviilipalvelus
1476:Arndt Pekurinen
1463:
1461:Siviilipalvelus
1457:
1441:
1433:
1405:
1397:
1361:
1351:
1332:
1327:
1310:
1236:
1189:, particularly
1187:pagan religions
1151:14th Dalai Lama
1085:of the Church.
1062:just war theory
999:moral authority
923:, Anabaptists (
889:Orkneyinga Saga
884:
876:Main articles:
874:
862:Kevin Benderman
797:Lionel Charlton
791:
782:
777:
747:
628:
623:
604:British Militia
549:
543:
488:
459:
441:
367:the Philippines
337:the Netherlands
186:
158:
80:
56:
45:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
8233:
8223:
8222:
8217:
8200:
8199:
8197:
8190:
8183:
8169:
8166:
8165:
8161:
8156:
8151:
8146:
8141:
8136:
8134:Libertarianism
8131:
8126:
8124:Left communism
8121:
8116:
8111:
8106:
8101:
8096:
8091:
8086:
8081:
8076:
8071:
8066:
8061:
8060:
8059:
8057:
8055:Related topics
8051:
8050:
8046:
8041:
8036:
8031:
8026:
8024:United Kingdom
8021:
8016:
8011:
8006:
8001:
7996:
7991:
7986:
7981:
7976:
7971:
7966:
7961:
7956:
7951:
7946:
7941:
7936:
7931:
7926:
7921:
7916:
7911:
7906:
7901:
7896:
7891:
7886:
7881:
7876:
7871:
7866:
7861:
7856:
7851:
7846:
7841:
7836:
7831:
7826:
7821:
7816:
7811:
7806:
7801:
7796:
7791:
7786:
7781:
7776:
7771:
7766:
7761:
7756:
7751:
7746:
7741:
7739:Czech Republic
7736:
7731:
7726:
7721:
7716:
7711:
7706:
7701:
7696:
7691:
7686:
7681:
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7471:
7466:
7461:
7456:
7451:
7446:
7441:
7436:
7431:
7426:
7421:
7416:
7411:
7406:
7401:
7396:
7394:González Prada
7391:
7386:
7381:
7376:
7371:
7366:
7361:
7356:
7351:
7346:
7341:
7336:
7331:
7326:
7321:
7316:
7311:
7306:
7301:
7296:
7295:
7294:
7292:
7286:
7285:
7281:
7276:
7271:
7266:
7261:
7256:
7251:
7246:
7241:
7236:
7231:
7226:
7221:
7216:
7211:
7209:Makhnovshchina
7206:
7201:
7196:
7191:
7186:
7181:
7174:
7169:
7164:
7159:
7154:
7149:
7144:
7139:
7134:
7129:
7124:
7122:Hague Congress
7119:
7114:
7109:
7104:
7099:
7098:
7097:
7095:
7089:
7088:
7084:
7079:
7074:
7069:
7064:
7057:
7052:
7045:
7040:
7035:
7030:
7023:
7018:
7013:
7008:
7003:
6998:
6993:
6988:
6983:
6978:
6971:
6970:
6969:
6967:
6961:
6960:
6956:
6955:
6950:
6945:
6940:
6935:
6930:
6925:
6923:Labour voucher
6920:
6918:Give-away shop
6915:
6910:
6908:General strike
6905:
6900:
6895:
6890:
6885:
6879:
6878:
6877:
6875:
6869:
6868:
6866:
6865:
6860:
6855:
6850:
6845:
6843:Affinity group
6839:
6837:
6833:
6832:
6829:
6828:
6826:
6825:
6820:
6815:
6813:Post-anarchist
6810:
6805:
6800:
6794:
6792:
6786:
6785:
6783:
6782:
6777:
6776:
6775:
6770:
6765:
6755:
6750:
6745:
6740:
6739:
6738:
6736:Social ecology
6733:
6723:
6717:
6715:
6713:Post-classical
6709:
6708:
6706:
6705:
6704:
6703:
6702:
6692:
6682:
6677:
6676:
6675:
6670:
6665:
6664:
6663:
6648:
6646:
6637:
6631:
6630:
6626:
6621:
6616:
6611:
6606:
6601:
6596:
6591:
6590:
6589:
6587:
6581:
6580:
6576:
6575:
6570:
6565:
6560:
6555:
6550:
6545:
6540:
6535:
6533:Social ecology
6530:
6528:Self-ownership
6525:
6520:
6515:
6510:
6505:
6500:
6495:
6490:
6485:
6480:
6475:
6470:
6465:
6460:
6458:Horizontalidad
6455:
6450:
6445:
6440:
6435:
6430:
6425:
6422:
6417:
6415:Class struggle
6412:
6407:
6402:
6397:
6395:Affinity group
6392:
6387:
6382:
6377:
6372:
6367:
6362:
6356:
6355:
6354:
6352:
6346:
6345:
6338:
6337:
6330:
6323:
6315:
6306:
6305:
6303:
6302:
6296:
6293:
6292:
6290:
6289:
6284:
6279:
6277:United Kingdom
6274:
6269:
6264:
6259:
6254:
6249:
6244:
6239:
6234:
6228:
6226:
6222:
6221:
6219:
6218:
6213:
6208:
6203:
6202:
6201:
6196:
6186:
6181:
6176:
6171:
6166:
6161:
6160:
6159:
6154:
6144:
6139:
6138:
6137:
6127:
6122:
6117:
6112:
6107:
6095:
6093:
6087:
6086:
6084:
6083:
6078:
6071:
6064:
6059:
6052:
6047:
6042:
6035:
6030:
6025:
6020:
6015:
6010:
6005:
5998:
5993:
5988:
5983:
5978:
5973:
5968:
5963:
5958:
5953:
5948:
5943:
5938:
5933:
5928:
5923:
5917:
5915:
5911:
5910:
5908:
5907:
5902:
5900:Women in Black
5897:
5896:
5895:
5885:
5880:
5875:
5870:
5865:
5860:
5855:
5850:
5845:
5844:
5843:
5838:
5826:
5821:
5816:
5811:
5806:
5801:
5796:
5791:
5786:
5781:
5776:
5771:
5766:
5761:
5756:
5751:
5746:
5740:
5738:
5734:
5733:
5731:
5730:
5725:
5720:
5715:
5710:
5705:
5700:
5695:
5690:
5685:
5680:
5675:
5670:
5665:
5663:Green politics
5660:
5655:
5650:
5645:
5640:
5635:
5633:Antimilitarism
5630:
5625:
5620:
5619:
5618:
5613:
5608:
5600:
5594:
5592:
5588:
5587:
5585:
5584:
5579:
5574:
5569:
5564:
5559:
5554:
5549:
5544:
5539:
5537:Peace movement
5534:
5529:
5527:Peace congress
5524:
5519:
5514:
5512:Peace churches
5509:
5504:
5499:
5494:
5489:
5484:
5479:
5474:
5469:
5467:ECOPEACE Party
5464:
5459:
5457:Counterculture
5454:
5449:
5444:
5439:
5434:
5429:
5424:
5418:
5416:
5412:
5411:
5408:peace movement
5400:
5399:
5392:
5385:
5377:
5371:
5370:
5365:
5359:
5352:
5347:
5342:
5337:
5332:
5327:
5321:
5316:
5311:
5306:
5301:
5296:
5291:
5280:
5267:
5266:External links
5264:
5263:
5262:
5230:
5223:
5214:
5211:
5210:
5209:
5195:
5181:
5167:
5158:
5155:
5154:
5153:
5142:
5132:
5126:
5113:
5107:
5093:
5091:978-0806137667
5079:
5069:
5062:
5055:
5038:
5031:
5024:
5017:
5003:
5000:
4997:
4996:
4969:
4933:
4903:
4896:
4878:
4858:
4842:
4820:
4807:
4794:
4774:
4761:
4731:
4705:
4681:
4662:
4605:
4594:
4570:
4544:
4518:
4497:
4461:
4431:
4409:
4391:
4359:
4338:
4327:
4309:
4272:
4243:
4231:on 25 May 2012
4212:
4203:
4191:
4179:
4177:Smith, p. 330.
4170:
4148:
4139:
4137:Smith, p. 311.
4130:
4118:
4097:
4072:
4041:
4030:
4001:
3996:Torato Omanuto
3987:
3954:
3934:
3911:
3892:
3862:
3844:
3819:
3789:
3755:
3725:
3716:
3694:
3685:
3672:
3639:
3619:
3592:
3580:
3564:
3549:
3546:(Spring 2007).
3526:
3509:
3490:
3467:
3456:
3437:
3427:
3409:
3384:
3369:
3338:
3319:
3294:
3267:
3257:Sven Lindqvist
3249:
3228:
3207:
3196:
3184:
3157:
3135:
3121:
3097:
3086:on 17 May 2008
3071:
3060:on 15 May 2008
3045:
3034:on 5 July 2008
3019:
2997:
2969:
2955:
2948:
2923:
2905:
2869:
2847:
2825:
2798:
2775:
2749:
2719:
2698:
2662:
2661:
2659:
2656:
2654:
2653:
2648:
2643:
2638:
2633:
2631:Tax resistance
2628:
2623:
2618:
2613:
2611:Peace movement
2608:
2603:
2598:
2593:
2588:
2583:
2578:
2573:
2568:
2563:
2558:
2556:Antimilitarism
2552:
2550:
2547:
2535:
2532:
2505:
2502:
2469:Main article:
2466:
2463:
2408:British Empire
2388:United Kingdom
2274:
2273:United Kingdom
2271:
2240:Perihan Mağden
2215:
2212:
2207:
2204:
2143:
2140:
2075:
2072:
2041:
2038:
2032:
2029:
2006:, chaired the
1968:Russian Empire
1960:Main article:
1957:
1954:
1933:
1930:
1870:
1867:
1844:
1841:
1831:
1828:
1813:
1810:
1759:Main article:
1756:
1753:
1748:
1745:
1616:
1613:
1597:Main article:
1594:
1591:
1570:
1567:
1562:Main article:
1559:
1556:
1527:Jacques Martin
1508:
1505:
1456:
1453:
1440:
1437:
1432:
1429:
1417:Czech Republic
1409:Czechoslovakia
1404:
1403:Czechoslovakia
1401:
1396:
1393:
1350:
1347:
1331:
1328:
1326:
1323:
1309:
1306:
1235:
1232:
1210:Roman Catholic
1030:George Bellows
892:mentions that
873:
870:
817:, an American
790:
787:
781:
778:
776:
773:
746:
743:
627:
624:
622:
619:
542:
539:
490:
489:
487:
486:
479:
472:
464:
461:
460:
458:
457:
451:
448:
447:
443:
442:
440:
439:
434:
429:
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422:United Kingdom
419:
414:
409:
404:
399:
394:
389:
384:
379:
374:
369:
364:
359:
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314:
309:
304:
299:
294:
289:
284:
279:
274:
269:
264:
259:
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244:
241:child soldiers
237:Congo-Kinshasa
234:
229:
224:
219:
214:
209:
204:
198:
195:
194:
188:
187:
185:
184:
179:
177:Russian Empire
174:
172:Ottoman Empire
168:
165:
164:
160:
159:
157:
156:
151:
146:
141:
136:
134:Levée en masse
131:
126:
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81:
75:
67:
66:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
8232:
8221:
8218:
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8212:
8210:
8196:
8195:
8191:
8189:
8188:
8184:
8182:
8181:
8170:
8167:
8160:
8157:
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8150:
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8145:
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8140:
8137:
8135:
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8130:
8127:
8125:
8122:
8120:
8117:
8115:
8112:
8110:
8107:
8105:
8102:
8100:
8097:
8095:
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8090:
8087:
8085:
8082:
8080:
8077:
8075:
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8062:
8058:
8056:
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8045:
8042:
8040:
8037:
8035:
8032:
8030:
8029:United States
8027:
8025:
8022:
8020:
8017:
8015:
8012:
8010:
8007:
8005:
8002:
8000:
7997:
7995:
7992:
7990:
7987:
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7789:French Guiana
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7199:Biennio Rosso
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7117:Paris Commune
7115:
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6938:Mutual credit
6936:
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6909:
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6883:Communization
6881:
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6683:
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6678:
6674:
6673:Philosophical
6671:
6669:
6666:
6662:
6659:
6658:
6657:
6654:
6653:
6652:
6651:Individualist
6649:
6647:
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6641:
6638:
6636:
6632:
6625:
6622:
6620:
6617:
6615:
6612:
6610:
6607:
6605:
6602:
6600:
6597:
6595:
6594:Animal rights
6592:
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6469:
6466:
6464:
6463:Individualism
6461:
6459:
6456:
6454:
6451:
6449:
6446:
6444:
6443:Direct action
6441:
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6436:
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6317:
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6301:
6298:
6297:
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6288:
6285:
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6282:United States
6280:
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6258:
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6167:
6165:
6162:
6158:
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6150:
6149:
6148:
6145:
6143:
6142:War on Terror
6140:
6136:
6133:
6132:
6131:
6128:
6126:
6123:
6121:
6118:
6116:
6113:
6111:
6108:
6105:
6101:
6098:War of 1812 (
6097:
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6079:
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6069:
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6060:
6057:
6053:
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6040:
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6031:
6029:
6028:Peacebuilding
6026:
6024:
6021:
6019:
6016:
6014:
6011:
6009:
6006:
6003:
5999:
5997:
5994:
5992:
5989:
5987:
5984:
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5979:
5977:
5974:
5972:
5969:
5967:
5966:Draft evasion
5964:
5962:
5959:
5957:
5954:
5952:
5949:
5947:
5946:De-escalation
5944:
5942:
5939:
5937:
5934:
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5929:
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5924:
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5876:
5874:
5871:
5869:
5866:
5864:
5861:
5859:
5856:
5854:
5851:
5849:
5848:Peace One Day
5846:
5842:
5839:
5837:
5836:
5832:
5831:
5830:
5827:
5825:
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5820:
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5681:
5679:
5676:
5674:
5671:
5669:
5666:
5664:
5661:
5659:
5656:
5654:
5653:Direct action
5651:
5649:
5646:
5644:
5641:
5639:
5636:
5634:
5631:
5629:
5626:
5624:
5621:
5617:
5614:
5612:
5611:Anarcho-punks
5609:
5607:
5604:
5603:
5601:
5599:
5596:
5595:
5593:
5589:
5583:
5580:
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5577:War resisters
5575:
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5369:
5366:
5363:
5360:
5357:
5356:Hacksaw Ridge
5353:
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5325:
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5193:1-931038-09-0
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5127:0-87303-069-9
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5105:0-241-12105-1
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5050:1-56148-002-9
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4907:
4899:
4897:0-7522-1938-3
4893:
4889:
4882:
4875:
4874:FWW Pacifists
4871:
4867:
4862:
4855:
4851:
4846:
4830:
4824:
4817:
4811:
4804:
4798:
4792:
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4781:Brock, Peter,
4778:
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4590:0-8156-8125-9
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4221:"South Korea"
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4060:teara.govt.nz
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3540:Sign of Peace
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3482:archive.today
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3336:Pilots letter
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2516:
2513:, Greece and
2512:
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2465:United States
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2428:bomb disposal
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2236:Mehmet Tarhan
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2222:. Turkey and
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2195:
2191:
2185:
2183:
2179:
2175:
2171:
2167:
2163:
2158:
2153:
2149:
2139:
2135:
2131:
2128:
2123:
2118:
2114:
2110:
2106:
2102:
2099:
2094:
2090:
2088:
2081:
2071:
2069:
2065:
2061:
2057:
2051:
2047:
2037:
2028:
2024:
2022:
2017:
2013:
2009:
2005:
2001:
1997:
1993:
1988:
1986:
1985:Ekaterinoslav
1982:
1977:
1973:
1969:
1963:
1953:
1951:
1947:
1943:
1939:
1929:
1927:
1923:
1919:
1915:
1910:
1906:
1904:
1900:
1895:
1893:
1888:
1884:
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1876:
1857:
1853:
1849:
1840:
1837:
1827:
1824:
1819:
1809:
1806:
1804:
1799:
1797:
1793:
1788:
1783:
1781:
1777:
1776:Israeli Arabs
1773:
1768:
1762:
1752:
1744:
1741:
1736:
1734:
1729:
1724:
1722:
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1590:
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1584:
1580:
1576:
1565:
1555:
1552:
1548:
1545:
1540:
1537:
1535:
1532:
1528:
1521:(around 1936)
1519:
1513:
1504:
1501:
1497:
1493:
1491:
1487:
1482:
1477:
1472:
1469:. During the
1468:
1467:Russification
1462:
1452:
1450:
1446:
1436:
1428:
1426:
1422:
1418:
1414:
1410:
1400:
1392:
1390:
1386:
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1378:
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1366:
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1356:
1346:
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1337:
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1302:
1300:
1296:
1292:
1288:
1284:
1280:
1276:
1271:
1269:
1264:
1262:
1261:draft dodging
1258:
1254:
1250:
1249:draft dodging
1246:
1242:
1241:non-combatant
1231:
1229:
1225:
1221:
1220:
1215:
1211:
1207:
1202:
1200:
1199:threefold law
1196:
1192:
1188:
1183:
1181:
1177:
1173:
1168:
1166:
1162:
1161:
1156:
1152:
1148:
1147:five precepts
1145:, one of the
1144:
1140:
1136:
1135:
1130:
1125:
1123:
1119:
1115:
1110:
1108:
1102:
1097:
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1086:
1084:
1080:
1076:
1072:
1068:
1063:
1059:
1055:
1049:
1044:
1042:
1039:followers of
1038:
1031:
1027:
1023:
1019:
1017:
1012:
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1002:
1000:
995:
991:
987:
983:
977:
972:
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966:
962:
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950:
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938:
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918:
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867:
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841:
840:
835:
830:
827:
823:
820:
816:
811:
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806:
802:
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794:Air Commodore
786:
780:United States
771:
769:
764:
761:status after
760:
754:
752:
742:
740:
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731:
729:
725:
720:
717:
712:
710:
705:
703:
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696:
693:In 1976, the
691:
689:
685:
684:Seán MacBride
681:
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669:
665:
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656:
652:
650:
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637:
633:
618:
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612:
611:United States
607:
605:
601:
597:
596:Great Britain
592:
590:
587:to the Dutch
586:
581:
579:
574:
567:
566:
561:
557:
553:
548:
538:
536:
531:
526:
523:
521:
517:
513:
509:
505:
501:
497:
485:
480:
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465:
463:
462:
456:
453:
452:
450:
449:
445:
444:
438:
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427:United States
425:
423:
420:
418:
415:
413:
410:
408:
405:
403:
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162:
161:
155:
152:
150:
147:
145:
142:
140:
137:
135:
132:
130:
127:
125:
124:Draft evasion
122:
120:
117:
115:
112:
110:
107:
105:
102:
100:
97:
95:
92:
91:
89:
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61:
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8084:Anti-statism
8074:Anti-fascism
7979:South Africa
7479:Pi i Margall
7176:
7025:
6986:Anarcho-punk
6973:
6948:Wage slavery
6913:Gift economy
6808:Postcolonial
6790:Contemporary
6743:Independence
6690:Collectivist
6609:Love and sex
6438:Deep ecology
6375:Anationalism
6125:World War II
5981:Flower power
5833:
5673:Isolationism
5547:Peace treaty
5451:
5254:. Retrieved
5233:Molly Stuart
5226:
5184:
5170:
5163:
5145:
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5117:
5096:
5082:
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4981:
4972:
4960:. Retrieved
4953:the original
4936:
4924:. Retrieved
4920:the original
4915:
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4887:
4881:
4869:
4861:
4853:
4845:
4833:. Retrieved
4823:
4815:
4810:
4802:
4797:
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4764:
4752:. Retrieved
4748:the original
4744:ntvmsnbc.com
4743:
4734:
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4708:
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4665:
4620:
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4608:
4597:
4581:
4573:
4561:. Retrieved
4557:
4547:
4535:. Retrieved
4531:
4521:
4509:. Retrieved
4500:
4474:. Retrieved
4464:
4452:. Retrieved
4448:the original
4443:
4434:
4422:. Retrieved
4412:
4394:
4382:. Retrieved
4378:the original
4373:Korea Herald
4371:
4362:
4330:
4312:
4300:. Retrieved
4296:the original
4291:Korea Herald
4289:
4263:. Retrieved
4258:
4233:. Retrieved
4229:the original
4224:
4215:
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4194:
4182:
4173:
4161:. Retrieved
4151:
4142:
4133:
4121:
4088:. Retrieved
4084:
4075:
4063:. Retrieved
4059:
4033:
4021:. Retrieved
4017:the original
3990:
3978:. Retrieved
3974:the original
3969:
3950:
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3930:
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3904:
3900:
3895:
3883:. Retrieved
3879:the original
3874:
3865:
3847:
3835:. Retrieved
3831:
3822:
3810:. Retrieved
3806:the original
3801:
3792:
3780:. Retrieved
3776:the original
3767:
3758:
3746:. Retrieved
3742:the original
3737:
3728:
3719:
3707:. Retrieved
3697:
3688:
3675:
3663:. Retrieved
3656:the original
3642:
3632:
3622:
3612:13 September
3610:. Retrieved
3605:
3595:
3583:
3573:
3567:
3558:
3552:
3543:
3539:
3529:
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3418:
3412:
3400:. Retrieved
3396:
3387:
3378:
3372:
3360:. Retrieved
3354:
3341:
3322:
3310:. Retrieved
3306:
3297:
3287:25 September
3285:. Retrieved
3281:the original
3270:
3260:
3252:
3240:. Retrieved
3231:
3219:. Retrieved
3210:
3199:
3187:
3175:. Retrieved
3171:the original
3160:
3148:. Retrieved
3138:
3124:
3112:. Retrieved
3100:
3088:. Retrieved
3084:the original
3074:
3062:. Retrieved
3058:the original
3048:
3036:. Retrieved
3032:the original
3022:
3010:. Retrieved
3000:
2987:. Retrieved
2983:the original
2972:
2958:
2939:
2908:
2896:. Retrieved
2889:the original
2860:. Retrieved
2850:
2838:. Retrieved
2828:
2816:. Retrieved
2812:the original
2801:
2789:. Retrieved
2778:
2766:. Retrieved
2762:the original
2752:
2740:. Retrieved
2736:the original
2731:
2722:
2710:. Retrieved
2701:
2689:. Retrieved
2685:the original
2666:
2641:War resister
2636:Voluntaryism
2544:
2540:
2537:
2524:
2518:
2507:
2495:
2484:
2452:
2444:firefighting
2416:
2412:Commonwealth
2381:
2365:
2358:
2345:
2325:
2298:
2264:
2256:
2250:was named a
2244:
2217:
2209:
2186:
2181:
2177:
2173:
2145:
2136:
2132:
2129:
2125:
2120:
2115:
2111:
2107:
2103:
2095:
2091:
2083:
2053:
2040:South Africa
2034:
2025:
2007:
1996:Leon Trotsky
1989:
1965:
1935:
1911:
1907:
1896:
1877:, with only
1872:
1846:
1833:
1815:
1807:
1802:
1800:
1795:
1791:
1784:
1764:
1750:
1739:
1737:
1733:elderly care
1728:Roman Herzog
1725:
1720:
1717:
1712:
1709:
1704:
1700:
1694:
1689:
1687:
1681:
1677:
1673:
1669:
1666:
1661:
1658:
1653:
1645:
1642:armed forces
1635:
1631:
1627:
1625:
1618:
1605:East Germany
1602:
1593:East Germany
1575:Nazi Germany
1572:
1569:Nazi Germany
1553:
1549:
1541:
1538:
1534:Louis Lecoin
1524:
1502:
1498:
1494:
1464:
1442:
1434:
1406:
1398:
1362:
1344:
1341:
1333:
1311:
1303:
1272:
1265:
1260:
1256:
1237:
1217:
1203:
1184:
1179:
1172:Baháʼí Faith
1169:
1158:
1154:
1132:
1126:
1111:
1106:
1104:
1099:
1092:
1087:
1058:Christianity
1054:Roman Empire
1051:
1046:
1034:
1025:
1003:
979:
974:
910:
887:
885:
859:
844:
837:
831:
812:
792:
783:
775:National law
756:
748:
736:
732:
721:
713:
706:
692:
677:
664:Muhammad Ali
646:
641:
638:. It reads:
629:
615:conscription
608:
593:
582:
578:Maximilianus
575:
571:
563:
556:The Deserter
555:
534:
527:
524:
520:conscription
495:
493:
387:South Africa
182:Soviet Union
154:War resister
103:
64:Conscription
57:
50:
40:
7994:Switzerland
7954:Puerto Rico
7939:Philippines
7904:New Zealand
7899:Netherlands
7769:El Salvador
7604:Periodicals
7167:Tragic Week
7038:Lifestylism
6933:Mutual bank
6888:Cooperative
6853:Platformism
6803:Free-market
6731:Primitivist
6614:Nationalism
6543:Somatherapy
6453:Freethought
6272:Switzerland
6257:Netherlands
6130:Vietnam War
6120:World War I
5991:Human Be-In
5728:World peace
5693:Nonviolence
5658:Finvenkismo
5638:Appeasement
5552:Peaceworker
4635:: 286–304.
4578:Peter Brock
4384:21 December
4023:31 December
3970:wri-irg.org
3875:wri-irg.org
3828:"unhchr.ch"
3768:wri-irg.org
3402:19 December
3242:21 February
3221:21 February
2606:Pax Christi
2530:too great.
2526:Zivildienst
2520:Zivildienst
2515:Switzerland
2498:World War I
2309:Press gangs
2234:. In 2005,
2122:interviews.
2074:South Korea
2004:Leo Tolstoy
1987:hospitals.
1875:New Zealand
1869:New Zealand
1863: 1923
1796:ultra vires
1713:Wehrübungen
1697:West Berlin
1676:, in short
1672:, existed.
1637:Zivildienst
1544:Pierre Joxe
1195:Wiccan rede
1176:Baháʼí laws
1139:nonviolence
1122:Switzerland
660:Vietnam War
643:observance.
402:Switzerland
342:New Zealand
317:South Korea
312:North Korea
129:Impressment
8209:Categories
8114:Dual Power
8099:Autonomism
8094:Autarchism
7754:East Timor
7724:Costa Rica
7669:Bangladesh
7664:Azerbaijan
7374:Feyerabend
7011:Freeganism
6661:Illegalist
6599:Capitalism
6538:Sociocracy
6508:Revolution
6473:Mutual aid
6405:Black bloc
6237:Costa Rica
6023:Peace walk
5835:Peace News
5713:Satyagraha
5698:Pacificism
5688:Nonkilling
5602:Anarchism
5591:Ideologies
5507:Peace camp
5246:"Objector"
4989:12 October
4962:25 October
4791:0802087078
4163:7 November
4090:25 January
4065:25 January
3903:See also:
3748:21 October
3665:2 December
3362:11 January
3356:The Nation
3347:The Nation
3177:8 December
3150:9 December
2949:0313291160
2898:2 December
2840:9 December
2818:8 December
2791:2 December
2658:References
2475:See also:
2317:Royal Navy
2248:İnan Süver
2224:Azerbaijan
2199:See also:
2178:insumisión
2078:See also:
1990:After the
1740:Bundeswehr
1646:Bundeswehr
1628:Wehrdienst
1486:Winter War
1459:See also:
1353:See also:
1212:Christian
1089:Ben Salmon
1052:After the
1028:(1917) by
994:Isaiah 2:4
925:Mennonites
808:No 3 Group
674:." in 1966
589:Mennonites
565:The Masses
362:Mozambique
212:Azerbaijan
78:press gang
49:Objector (
8154:Socialism
8104:Communism
8039:Venezuela
7974:Singapore
7909:Nicaragua
7834:Indonesia
7814:Hong Kong
7809:Guatemala
7654:Australia
7644:Argentina
7615:By region
7599:Musicians
7504:Santillán
7454:Malatesta
7424:Kropotkin
7404:Guillaume
7082:Symbolism
6996:DIY ethic
6873:Economics
6818:Post-left
6763:Christian
6758:Religious
6695:Communist
6680:Mutualist
6644:Classical
6604:Education
6553:Squatting
6513:Rewilding
6448:Free love
6342:Anarchism
6225:Countries
6206:Landmines
6194:in Russia
6152:Criticism
5961:Desertion
5447:Code Pink
5256:2 October
5010:, (2008),
4754:12 August
4657:249051063
4649:1469-2171
4625:Cambridge
4511:12 August
4476:12 August
4454:7 October
4424:12 August
4302:8 January
4265:12 August
3994:From the
3980:12 August
3951:In German
3931:In German
3885:12 August
3837:12 August
3832:unhchr.ch
3812:12 August
3764:"Eritrea"
3397:gameo.org
3312:12 August
3114:12 August
2742:12 August
2313:Admiralty
2220:in Turkey
2182:insumisos
2174:insumisos
2162:Red Cross
1644:(German:
1536:in 1962.
1531:anarchist
1389:Dukhobors
1377:Hutterite
1373:Mennonite
1253:bona fide
1219:Wehrmacht
1155:yamabushi
763:desertion
737:In 2001,
668:Viet Cong
392:Sri Lanka
382:Singapore
327:Lithuania
256:reduction
207:Australia
202:Argentina
8187:Category
7949:Portugal
7929:Paraguay
7889:Mongolia
7874:Malaysia
7719:Colombia
7699:Bulgaria
7489:Proudhon
7449:Maksimov
7429:Landauer
7379:Giovanni
7329:Bookchin
7244:May 1968
7016:Infoshop
6768:Buddhist
6753:Pacifist
6721:Feminist
6700:Magonist
6668:Naturist
6624:Violence
6619:Religion
6518:Sabotage
6350:Concepts
6300:Category
6157:Protests
6147:Iraq War
6050:Teach-in
5703:Pacifism
5404:Anti-war
5362:Objector
5284:Pacifism
5202:Archived
4693:Archived
4673:Archived
4629:New York
4563:17 March
4486:cite web
4402:Archived
4352:Archived
4320:Archived
4235:13 April
3709:27 April
3501:Archived
3478:Archived
3330:Archived
3064:30 April
3012:30 April
2862:24 April
2732:OpEdNews
2549:See also
2446:and the
2404:Irishmen
1970:allowed
1924:and the
1892:Waikeria
1856:Waikeria
1823:traitors
1421:Slovakia
1395:Colombia
1206:Austrian
1178:include
1143:Buddhist
1071:holy war
1067:crusades
919:such as
898:Anglesey
662:, boxer
649:ratified
508:religion
8194:Outline
8144:Marxism
8044:Vietnam
8034:Uruguay
8019:Ukraine
8009:Tunisia
7959:Romania
7914:Nigeria
7894:Morocco
7844:Ireland
7824:Iceland
7819:Hungary
7799:Germany
7794:Georgia
7779:Finland
7774:Estonia
7759:Ecuador
7744:Denmark
7729:Croatia
7684:Bolivia
7679:Belgium
7674:Belarus
7659:Austria
7649:Armenia
7639:Andorra
7634:Algeria
7629:Albania
7549:Yarchuk
7524:Tolstoy
7519:Thoreau
7514:Stirner
7509:Spooner
7474:Parsons
7399:Graeber
7389:Goldman
7349:Durruti
7334:Chomsky
7324:Bonanno
7319:Berkman
7314:Bakunin
7093:History
7043:May Day
6965:Culture
6360:Anarchy
6242:Germany
5873:Symbols
5819:Museums
4558:Reuters
4537:29 June
4259:Reuters
3860:, p.168
3782:19 June
3307:Findlaw
2511:Austria
2402:. Many
2384:Ireland
2305:Militia
2301:Quakers
2166:Navarre
1938:Romania
1932:Romania
1879:Quakers
1834:In the
1818:Italian
1787:yeshiva
1747:Hungary
1695:Due to
1558:Germany
1455:Finland
1445:Eritrea
1439:Eritrea
1431:Denmark
1391:(20%).
1336:Belgian
1330:Belgium
1291:Finland
1208:devout
1118:Armenia
1035:In the
921:Quakers
759:refugee
609:In the
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