Conjoined twins - Knowledge

595: 581: 572:

Dunaway. The surgery presented particular difficulties due to a number of shared veins and a distortion in the shape of the girls' brains, causing them to overlap. The distortion would need to be corrected in order for the separation to go ahead. The surgery utilized a team of more than 100 including bio engineers, 3D modelers and a virtual reality designer. The separation was completed in February 2019 following a total of 52 hours of surgery over three separate operations. As of July 2019, both girls remain healthy and the family planned to return to their home in Pakistan in 2020.

1173: 70: 564:, who were joined at the head but had separate brains (craniopagus) were surgically separated in Singapore, despite surgeons' warnings that the operation could be fatal to one or both. Their complex case was accepted only because technologically advanced graphical imagery and modeling would allow the medical team to plan the risky surgery. However, an undetected major vein hidden from the scans was discovered during the operation. The separation was completed but both women died while still in surgery. 654:, a child was born perfectly normal below the navel but divided above it, so that it had two chests and two heads, each possessing the senses. One would eat and drink but the other did not eat; one would sleep but the other stayed awake. There were times when they played with each other, when both cried and hit each other. They lived for a little over two years. One died while the other lived for another four days and it, too, died." 46: 790: 718: 771:'s short story "Those Extraordinary Twins" as fictitious twins Angelo and Luigi. The Toccis, born in 1877, were dicephalus tetrabrachius twins, having one body with two legs, two heads, and four arms. From birth they were forced by their parents to perform and never learned to walk, as each twin controlled one leg (in modern times, 224:(now Thailand) who traveled widely for many years and were known internationally as the Siamese Twins. Chang and Eng were joined at the torso by a band of flesh and cartilage, and by their fused livers. In modern times, they could easily have been separated. Due to the brothers' fame and the rarity of the condition, the term 607: 540:; the team was led by neurosurgeons Chumpon Chan and Keith Goh. The surgery left Ganga with brain damage and Jamuna unable to walk. Seven years later, Ganga Shrestha died at the Model Hospital in Kathmandu in July 2009, at the age of eight, three days after being admitted for treatment of a severe chest infection. 752:

by a rival showman. The kidnapper fled to England but was thwarted because England had already banned slavery. Smith traveled to England to collect the girls and brought with him their mother, Monimia, from whom they had been separated. He and his wife provided the twins with an education and taught

520:

In 1957, Bertram Katz and his surgical team made international medical history performing the world's first successful separation of conjoined twins sharing a vital organ. Omphalopagus twins John Nelson and James Edward Freeman (Johnny and Jimmy) were born in Youngstown, Ohio, on April 27, 1956. The

471:

Surgery to separate conjoined twins may range from very easy to very difficult depending on the point of attachment and the internal parts that are shared. Most cases of separation are extremely risky and life-threatening. Though there have been a number of successful separations throughout history,

1018:

Elisa and Lisa Hansen, Ogden, Utah (1977). Born by Caesarean section on October 18, 1977, were conjoined at the top of their head (craniopagus). They were separated 1979 after 16-hour surgery, were first to both survive surgery. Elisa lost the use of her right side after the surgery, but went on to

499:

in the 900s. One of the conjoined twins had already died, so the doctors of the town attempted to separate the dead twin from the surviving twin. The result was briefly successful, as the remaining twin lived for three days after separation. The next recorded case of separating conjoined twins was

775:

allows twins like the Toccis to learn to walk on their own). They are said to have disliked show business. In 1886, after touring the United States, the twins returned to Europe with their family. They are believed to have died around this time, though some sources claim they survived until 1940,

571:

in London, England. The twins, born January 2017 were joined at the top of the head with separate brains and a cylindrical shared skull with the twins each facing in opposite directions to one another. The surgery was jointly led by neurosurgeon Owase Jeelani and plastic surgeon Professor David

259:

may result in the formation of conjoined twins. These twins are classified according to the nature and degree of their union. Occasionally, monozygotic twins are connected only by a common skin bridge or by a common liver bridge. The type of twins formed depends on when and to what extent

557:. The operation was controversial because Rose, the weaker twin, would die as a result of the procedure as her heart and lungs were dependent upon Grace's. However, if the operation had not taken place, it was certain that both twins would die. Grace survived to enjoy a normal childhood. 341:: Two faces on opposite sides of a single, conjoined head; the upper portion of the body is fused while the bottom portions are separate. These twins generally cannot survive due to severe malformations of the brain. This is also known as janiceps (after the two-faced Roman deity 1206:

Tabea and Lea Block, from Lemgo, Germany, were born as craniopagus twins joined on the tops of their heads on August 9, 2003. The girls shared some major veins, but their brains were separate. They were separated on September 16, 2004, although Tabea died about ninety minutes

302:(18.5%): Two bodies fused from the upper chest to lower belly. The heart is always shared in these cases. As of 2015, twins who share a heart have not been able to both survive separation; a designated twin who is allotted the heart may survive if the other twin is sacrificed. 865:). The McCoy twins were born into slavery in Columbus County, North Carolina, United States. They went by the stage names "The Two-Headed Nightingale" and "The Eighth Wonder of the World" and had an extensive career before retiring to the farm on which they were born. 4015:

Grizelj, Ruža; Sindičić Dessardo, Nada; Bulić, Krešimir; Luetić, Tomislav; Mikulić, Danko; Antabak, Anko; Sjekavica, Ivica; Alduk, Ana Marija; Konosić, Sanja; Režek Tomašić, Karolina; Ćaleta, Tomislav; Pleško, Sanja; Šarić, Dalibor; Vuković, Jurica (August 2019).

508:

separated his own children, a pair of omphalopagus or xiphopagus twins; the feebler twin died four days later, but the healthier one was still alive and well at age five, when the case was reported. In 1955, neurosurgeon Harold Voris (1902-1980) and his team at

669:, separated his conjoined sons with a sword and that some priests believed that the blood that had flowed between them signified wars between their progeny (confrontations did occur between Banu al'Abbas and Banu Ummaya ibn 'Abd Shams in the year 750 AH). The 1390:

Valentina and Kristina, born in 2019 in Croatia, shared a part of the digestive system and liver (xypho-omphalopagus). Several months after birth they developed twin-to-twin transfusion syndrome due to blood shunting, and they were successfully separated at

690:, who were conjoined at the back (pygopagus), lived from 1100 to 1134 (or 1500 to 1534) and were perhaps the best-known early historical example of conjoined twins. Other early conjoined twins to attain notice were the "Scottish brothers", allegedly of the 714:, born in 1829. Rita and Cristina were dicephalus tetrabrachius (one body with four arms) twins and although they died at only eight months of age, they gained much attention as a curiosity when their parents exhibited them in Paris. 268:

and contributes to regulation of head development. Over- or underexpression of this gene in laboratory animals results in severe malformations of the head region, including duplications, similar to some types of conjoined twins.

882:. The Blazek twins were born in Skrejšov, Bohemia (now the Czech Republic). They began performing in public exhibitions at the age of 13, and their act later included Rosa's son Franz. The sisters died in Chicago, Illinois. 1386:

Marie-Cléa and Marie-Cléanne Papillon, born in Mauritius in 2019. Conjoined from neck to abdomen, but also at the heart which had seven chambers, instead of four. Marie-Cléa did not survive the surgery to separate the

1360:

Yiğit and Derman Evrensel, twin boys born on June 21, 2018, Antalya, Turkey. They are craniopagus twins and were separated at Great Ormond Street Hospital in 2019 by the same surgeons that separated Safa and Marwa

4272: 4253: 521:

boys shared a liver but had separate hearts and were successfully separated at North Side Hospital in Youngstown, Ohio, by Bertram Katz. The operation was funded by the Ohio Crippled Children's Service Society.

753:

them to speak five languages, play music, and sing. For the rest of the century, the twins enjoyed a successful career as "The Two-Headed Nightingale" and appeared with the Barnum Circus. In 1912, they died of

2552: 2792:

The Chronicle of Theophanes Confessor. Byzantine and Near Eastern History, AD 284–813. Translated with Introduction and Commentary by Cyril Mango and Roger Scott. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1997, p. 106-107.

1015:

Ma Nan Soe and Ma Nan San (born 1971 in Myanmar), separated in July 1971 at Yangon Pediatric Hospital. They were joined from chest to belly button. Ma Nan San died one month and seven days after operation.

1314:

Zheng Han Wei and Zheng Han Jing, born in China on August 11, 2013. Conjoined by their sternum, pericardium, and liver. In 2014, they were separated in Shanghai, China, at the Shanghai Children's Medical

3384: 903:. The Hilton twins were performers who played musical instruments, sang, and danced. At the height of their career, they had the highest paid act in vaudeville. They also appeared in the movies 517:(conjoined at the head), which resulted in long-term survival for both. The larger girl was reported in 1963 as developing normally, but the smaller girl was permanently impaired. 549:

over the religious objections of their parents, Michaelangelo and Rina Attard. The twins were attached at the lower abdomen and spine. The surgery took place in November 2000, at

3527: 1350:

Safa and Marwa Bibi, twin girls born in Hayatabad, Pakistan on January 17, 2017, conjoined by the head. Successfully separated at Great Ormond Street Hospital in February 2019.

1048:, involved the instant death of Baby Girl A; the difficult ethical and religious concerns generated significant local newspaper coverage. Baby Girl B survived for three months. 397:: Fused in a similar fashion to ischiopagus twins, but facing each other, with a joined abdomen, akin to omphalopagus. These twins have four arms, and two, three, or four legs. 1297:, born in the Dominican Republic on April 8, 2010. Conjoined by the liver, pancreas, and a small portion of their small intestine. Separation occurred on November 7, 2011, at 451:: Twins joined along the back of their bodies, with fusion of the vertebral arches and the soft tissue from the head to the buttocks. Twins of this type cannot be separated. 1257:

In 2005 a set of conjoined triplets was detected, characterized as tricephalus, tetrabrachius, and tetrapus parapagothoracopagus, and the pregnancy interrupted at 22 weeks.

367:, which extends approximately from the navel to the lower breastbone. These twins almost never share any vital organs, with the exception of the liver. A famous example is 330:, but separate bodies. These twins' heads may be conjoined at the back, front, or side of the head, but not on the face or at the base of the skull. Survival rate is poor. 3028: 1283:

were born in December 2006. They are craniopagus twins, joined on the tops of their skulls and sharing a small amount of brain tissue. In 2009, they were separated in

2560: 1383:

Mercy and Goodness Ede, born August 13, 2019, conjoined by the chest and abdomen. Successfully separated at the National Hospital in Abuja, Nigeria in November 2019.

1069:

Maria and Consolata Mwakikuti of Tanzania (1996–2018); conjoined by the abdomen; died of respiratory problems resulting from an abnormal, inoperable chest deformity.

240:

a single fertilized egg does not fully split during the process of forming identical twins. If the zygote division occurs after two weeks of the development of the

1661:

Carnevale, Francisco Cesar; Borges, Marcus Vinicius; Affonso, Breno Boueri; Pinto, Ricardo Augusto de Paula; Tannuri, Uenis; Maksoud, João Gilberto (April 2006).

3567:

Athanasiadis, Apostolos P.; Tzannatos, Christinne; Mikos, Themistoklis; Zafrakas, Menelaos; Bontis, John N. (June 2005). "A unique case of conjoined triplets".

3501: 1092:, born August 1988 in Ireland, separated at age 3 and a half. Katie died 4 days after the separation surgery due to a weak heart which went into cardiac arrest. 639:, refers to a man "double in his upper, but single in his lower half—having two heads, two chests, four hands, but one body and two feet like an ordinary man." 472:

in many cases, the surgery results in the death of one or both of the twins, particularly if they are joined at the head or share a vital organ. This makes the

3852: 308:(10%): Two bodies fused at the lower abdomen. Unlike thoracopagus, the heart is not shared; however, the twins often share a liver, a digestive system, a 166:. It is a very rare phenomenon, estimated to occur in anywhere between one in 49,000 births to one in 189,000 births, with a somewhat higher incidence in 318:(10%): Twins that are asymmetrically conjoined, resulting in one twin that is small, less formed, and dependent on the larger twin's organs for survival. 3283: 1326:

having two heads but being conjoined at the torso, arms and legs. They had separate spinal columns but one heart making postnatal operations impossible.

4074: 2643: 2881: 2237: 3827: 3732: 2522: 3949: 1273:

twins conjoined at the head. Born October 25, 2006. Share part of their brain and can pass sensory information and thoughts between each other.

3358: 3102: 3054: 802:(per tradition, born in the 12th century) of Kent, England. They are the earliest set of conjoined twins whose names are (purportedly) known. 193:(that search for similar cells) find similar stem cells on the other twin and fuse the twins together. Conjoined twins share a single common 3227: 1616:"Potential risk of monochorionic dizygotic twin blastocyst formation associated with early laser zona dissection of group cultured embryos" 1568: 1214:, India. Born in New Delhi on June 14, 2003. They have two hearts, arms, kidneys and spinal cords while share liver, gall bladder and legs. 357:: Bodies fused at the head and thorax, with two faces facing in opposite directions, or sometimes with a single face and an enlarged skull. 3802: 2511: 1340:

Erin and Abby Delaney, born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, on July 24, 2016. Conjoined by the head. They were successfully separated at

3155: 939:(1950–2003), the rarest form of conjoined twins, one of few cases of dicephalus tetrabrachius tripus (two heads, four arms, three legs) 3651: 423:

have one trunk and two heads, and may have two (dibrachius), three (tribrachius), or four (tetrabrachius) arms. Survival rate is poor.

277:

Conjoined twins are typically classified by the point at which their bodies are joined. The most common types of conjoined twins are:

4365: 4123: 2720: 1298: 1089: 3777: 3387:[Siamese twins of Milagro start a new stage in their lives: they will study social work after obtaining university quotas]. 2814: 500:

several centuries later, in Germany, in 1689. The first recorded successful separation of conjoined twins was performed in 1689 by

4170:

Eng and Chang – The Original Siamese Twins; The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, The North Carolina Collection Gallery

1496:

Conjoined twins are almost universally assumed to always be monozygotic, but dizygotic conjoined twins are theoretically possible.

383:

conjoined end-to-end at a 180° angle. These twins have four arms; one, two, three or four legs; and typically one set of external

4097: 3963: 2482: 3718: 4217: 3879: 1987: 1341: 1155:

Maria del Carmen Andrade Solis and Maria Guadalupe Andrade Solis (better known as Carmen and Lupita) were born in June 2000 in

805: 4018:"Successful separation of xypho-omphalopagus conjoined twins with extrauterine twin-twin transfusion syndrome: a case report" 2203: 2187: 1790: 1083: 4169: 3904: 3436: 2301:. University of Connecticut Libraries and Hartford Medical Society Historical Library. Philadelphia, Lea brothers & co. 550: 1329:

Jadon and Anias McDonald, born in September 2015. Conjoined by the head. Successfully separated at Children's Hospital of

676: 3923: 3703: 3309: 868: 760: 457:(conjoined triplets): Extremely rare conjoining of 3 fetuses. Very few confirmed cases, both human and animal, are known. 3257: 2379: 1357:

conjoined twins, attached by their pelvic area and sharing all organs from the belly button down with just one leg each.

1019:

complete school, win medals in the Special Olympics, work, and act in the theatre. Elisa and Lisa died in 2020 (age 42).

4194:, joined at the pelvis and successfully separated in 1974 at Children's Hospital of Philadelphia by surgeons including 4159: 3012: 2915: 3385:"Siameses de Milagro arrancan una nueva etapa en su vida: estudiarán Trabajo Social tras obtener cupos universitarios" 2409: 2052:

Oostra, Roelof-Jan; Schepens-Franke, Annelieke N.; Magno, Giovanni; Zanatta, Alberto; Boer, Lucas L. (July 15, 2022).

1927: 1369: 4409: 1887: 1862: 1837: 1392: 1254:. She had four arms and four legs, resulting from a joining at the pelvis with a headless undeveloped parasitic twin. 510: 181:

Two possible explanations of the cause of conjoined twins have been proposed. The one that is generally accepted is

4414: 1401:

AmieLynn Rose and JamieLynn Rae Finley, born October 3, 2022, and separated January 23, 2023, in Fort Worth, Texas.

1398:

Susannah and Elizabeth Castle, born April 22, 2021, and separated December 10, 2021, in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.

1782: 1567:

Maymon, Ron; Mendelovic, Sonia; Schachter, Morey; Ron-El, Raphael; Weinraub, Zwi; Herman, Arie (September 2005).

1419: 855:. Two of the heads shared a neck while the other head had its own. The infant, a male, was described by Galvagni. 4164: 2801:

The Life of the Prophet Muhammad: Al-Sira Al-Nabawiyya By Ibn Kathir, Trevor Le Gassick, Muneer Fareed, pg. 132

928: 543:

Infants Rose and Grace Attard, conjoined twins from Malta, were separated in the United Kingdom by court order

17: 3989: 3410: 4358: 1181:

Maria de Jesus (Josie) and Maria Teresa Alvarez (Teresita), born joined at the skull as craniopagus twins in

1111: 185:, in which the fertilized egg splits partially. The other explanation, no longer believed to be accurate, is 2222: 1217: 1122: 911: 732:

Several sets of conjoined twins lived during the nineteenth century and made careers for themselves in the

568: 3602: 1442: 1072: 594: 2530: 1962: 1646:

one could predict dizygotic conjoined twins occurring less than 1 in every 4.7 billion ovulation cycles

1323: 918: 858: 741: 261: 2120: 1569:"Diagnosis of conjoined twins before 16 weeks' gestation: The 4-year experience of one medical center" 694:

type, essentially two heads sharing the same body (1460–1488, although the dates vary); the pygopagus

580: 284:(28% of cases): Two bodies fused from the upper chest to the lower chest. These twins usually share a 3828:"Second set of rare conjoined twins separated at Great Ormond Street Hospital in less than 12 months" 3677: 3528:"Punjab Assembly Election 2022: Goggles On For Secrecy, Punjab's Conjoined Twins Cast Separate Votes" 3129: 3029:"Succesvol scheiden van een Siamese tweeling: het lukte in 1954 bij de Nederlandse Tjitske en Folkje" 2600:

Appel, Jacob M. (September 2000). "Ethics: English High Court Orders Separation of Conjoined Twins".

1776: 1453: 1330: 1260: 1192: 978: 815: 687: 525: 485: 178:, and an additional one-third die within 24 hours. Most live births are female, with a ratio of 3:1. 3759: 695: 4499: 4351: 4291: 1615: 1365: 1266: 1095: 942: 744:(or McKoy), pygopagus twins, were born into slavery in North Carolina in 1851. They were sold to a 726: 643: 489: 69: 4205: 4182: 4175:

The Human Marvels: A Historical Reference Site run by J. Tithonus Pednaud, Teratological Historian

1353:

Callie and Carter Torres, born January 30, 2017, in Houston Texas, from Blackfoot Idaho. They are

646:, a Byzantine historian of the 9th century, around 385/386 AD, he writes that "in the village of 4442: 3235: 2312: 1012:

Anna and Barbara Rozycki (born 1970), the first conjoined twins successfully separated in the UK.

892: 481: 427: 88: 665:

were born with Hashim's leg attached to his twin brother's head. Legend says that their father,

484:

found the quality of life of twins who remain conjoined to be higher than is commonly supposed.

4504: 3107: 2908:

American Sideshow: An Encyclopedia of History's Most Wondrous and Curiously Stranger Performers

1294: 1022: 991: 561: 545: 1304:

Aung Myat Kyaw and Aung Khant Kyaw (born in May 2011, Mandalay, Myanmar), connected at pelvis.

1005:

of India, born 1969 or 1970, known professionally as The Spider Girls and The Spider Sisters.

3361:[Birth of Siamese babies: A Moving Encounter Between the Papillons and the Fokeers]. 2822: 1134: 982: 896: 2256:"The First Successful Separation of Conjoined Twins in 1689: Some Additions and Corrections" 1542: 1347:

Marieme and Ndeye Ndiaye, twin girls born in Senegal in 2017, living in Cardiff, UK in 2019.

4165:

The site of the medical Saudi team responsible for numerous successful separation surgeries

3733:"Formerly conjoined twins, Erin and Abby Delaney, thriving months after separation surgery" 3628: 1663:"Importance of angiographic study in preoperative planning of conjoined twins: case report" 1319: 1172: 833: 829: 737: 722: 658: 419: 413: 368: 217: 3950:"Marie-Cléanne Papillon : Le 3e bébé siamois miraculé au monde, selon son chirurgien" 3549: 3337:

Two Heads, One Body: The Remarkable Story of Conjoined Twins Katie & Eilish | Our Life

2837:(April 1992), "The Biddenden Maids: a curious chapter in the history of conjoined twins", 2728: 2695: 2669: 8: 4401: 4276: 4228: 2811: 1702: 1427: 1186: 1051: 666: 629:

depicted conjoined twins in their ceramics dating back to 300 CE. Writing around 415 AD,

586: 309: 3080: 4473: 4419: 4050: 4017: 3228:"Siamese Twins: The Surgery: An Agonizing Choice – Parents, Doctors, Rabbis In Dilemma" 3176: 3160: 2962: 2934: 2859: 2625: 2613: 2462: 2340:"The craniopagus malformation: classification and implications for surgical separation" 2156: 2101: 2088: 2053: 1757: 1596: 1472: 1432:. The story follows the life and survival of conjoined twin sisters. The book also won 1276: 905: 651: 635: 630: 78: 4285: 4281: 4191: 3466:(January 2005). "Separation of craniopagus conjoined twins: an evolution in thought". 3202: 2490: 2296: 2017:

Spencer, Rowena (December 1995). "Rachipagus conjoined twins: They really do occur!".

999:

made him and Lori the first same-sex conjoined twins to identify as different genders.

4302: 4131: 4055: 4037: 3584: 3483: 3463: 3008: 2966: 2954: 2911: 2864: 2758: 2617: 2454: 2361: 2335: 2277: 2183: 2148: 2140: 2105: 2093: 2075: 2034: 1883: 1858: 1833: 1786: 1761: 1749: 1684: 1637: 1632: 1588: 1334: 1233: 1200: 996: 533: 514: 342: 322: 58: 4075:"Alabama conjoined twin girls born at Philadelphia hospital: 'We love them so much'" 3502:"Der Geburtstag der siamesischen Zwillinge Lea und Tabea jährt sich zum zweiten Mal" 2629: 2523:"In Conversation with Medicine's Miracle Workers – Dr Chumpon Chan and Dr Keith Goh" 2467: 2160: 1995: 1679: 1662: 1600: 1517: 1145:(with a later intervention in 2001 to artificially close their skulls). Craniopagus. 989:. At the time of their death, they were the world's oldest living conjoined twins. 4331: 4045: 4029: 3576: 3475: 2946: 2854: 2846: 2609: 2446: 2351: 2267: 2132: 2083: 2065: 2026: 1806: 1741: 1674: 1627: 1580: 1149: 1063: 1055: 772: 529: 524:

Recent successful separations of conjoined twins include that of the separation of

496: 476:

of surgical separation, where the twins can survive if not separated, contentious.

380: 293: 256: 63: 3359:"Naissance de bébés siamois: émouvante rencontre entre les Papillon et les Fokeer" 2136: 431:: Like craniopagus, but with a second bodiless head attached to the dominant head. 4296: 4223: 4195: 4186: 2981: 2818: 2414: 1045: 845: 799: 733: 622: 364: 315: 4201:

National Library of Medicine: Selected Moments in the History of Conjoined Twins

2574: 706:(1701–1723), who enjoyed a brief career in music before being sent to live in a 4468: 4437: 4307: 3778:"Conjoined twins in Blackfoot continue to beat the odds | The Spokesman-Review" 3580: 2850: 2450: 1614:

Schiewe, Mitchel C.; Whitney, John B.; Anderson, Robert E. (February 1, 2015).

1434: 809: 501: 260:

abnormalities of the node and streak occurred. Misexpression of genes, such as

252: 241: 167: 4266: 4262: 3853:"Separation of conjoined twins in London children's hospital 'a Moses moment'" 3479: 3335: 2771: 1745: 4493: 4447: 4211: 4135: 4041: 3880:"Twin girls, joined at the skull, successfully separated in Vatican hospital" 2958: 2387: 2272: 2255: 2144: 2079: 1415: 1322:

but died less than two days after birth due to heart failure. The twins were

1239: 1103: 968: 662: 610: 4033: 3905:"Nigerian conjoined twins successfully separated by 78-member team in Abuja" 2176: 2030: 1410:

Conjoined twins have been the focus of several works of fiction, including:

606: 4059: 3926:[Separated from her Siamese sister: Cléanne or the Joy of Living]. 3588: 3487: 3055:"WARIBOKO OKI @ 62: Nigeria's celebrated Siamese twin tells her life story" 2834: 2752: 2621: 2458: 2365: 2356: 2339: 2281: 2152: 2097: 1935: 1753: 1688: 1641: 1592: 1448: 1148:

José Armando and José Luis Cevallos Herrera were born in September 1999 in

1002: 754: 614: 505: 477: 442: 411:

are fused at the abdomen and pelvis, but not at the thorax. Those that are

404: 202: 2868: 2038: 1994:. Mütter Museum, The College of Physicians of Philadelphia. Archived from 1163:. They later moved to the United States for healthcare with their parents. 4478: 1477: 1467: 1423: 961: 922: 327: 211: 4200: 3704:"Formerly conjoined twins recovering, gaining mobility after separation" 2437:

Voris, Harold C. (February 1963). "Cranioplasty in a Craniopagus Twin".

1236:, the top of Tatiana's head is attached to the back of Anastasia's head. 1203:, on April 21, 2002. They were successfully separated on August 4, 2004. 264:, may also result in conjoined twins. Goosecoid activates inhibitors of 1354: 1308: 1280: 1196: 1142: 1099: 1076: 1041: 872: 844:

is derived from their case. They were joined by the areas around their

768: 691: 554: 388: 375: 175: 4245: 2070: 953:; longest-lived conjoined twins in the world at 68 years and 250 days. 789: 4326: 4098:"Conjoined twin sisters separated in successful surgery: 'We did it'" 3719:"Formerly conjoined twins are finally home 1 year after epic surgery" 3177:"Obituary for Elisa Hansen | Myers Mortuary & Cremation Services" 1707: 1288: 1284: 1270: 1182: 1129: 1107: 1034: 879: 862: 823: 537: 384: 190: 138: 3203:"Obituary for Lisa Hansen | Myers Mortuary & Cremation Services" 2644:"We don't know how to tell Gracie her sister died so she could live" 2054:"Conjoined twins and conjoined triplets: At the heart of the matter" 1584: 1082:

Andrew and Alex Olson, born in 1987, separated in April 1988 at the

957: 236:

There are two hypotheses about the development of conjoined twins.

4383: 4014: 3181:

Obituary for Elisa Hansen | Myers Mortuary & Cremation Services

2950: 1211: 1156: 972: 837: 736:, though none achieved quite the same level of fame and fortune as 711: 673: 495:

The first recorded separation of conjoined twins took place in the

221: 206: 198: 4343: 4174: 3966:[Siamese Twins: Marie-Cléa Papillon buried this Tuesday]. 3566: 3411:"Conjoined Twins Refuse to Be Separated Despite Doctor's Warnings" 3207:

Obituary for Lisa Hansen | Myers Mortuary & Cremation Services

3005:

Violet and Daisy: The Story of Vaudeville's Famous Conjoined Twins

1732:

Kaufman, M.H. (August 2004). "The embryology of conjoined twins".

1044:) shared a single six-chambered heart. Separation surgery, led by 699: 45: 3103:"First same-sex conjoined twins to identify as different genders" 2051: 1189:

by Medical Kids International in 2002 and successfully separated.

1059: 852: 819: 745: 707: 703: 194: 2295:

Hirst, Barton Cooke; Piersol, George A. (George Arthur) (1891).

1152:. They were accepted in 2021 to the State University of Milagro. 513:

in Chicago performed the first successful operation to separate

4257: 1566: 1243: 1160: 1138: 1026: 936: 932: 764: 749: 717: 670: 647: 473: 171: 162: 3130:"UK's first separated conjoined twins forever grateful to NHS" 3606: 2910:. New York, NY: Jeremy P. Tarcher / Penguin. pp. 20–21. 1778:

First Aid for the USMLE Step 1: 2010 20th Anniversary Edition

1377: 1251: 1247: 1229: 1225: 1118: 832:(1811–1874). The Bunker twins were born of Chinese origin in 289: 285: 4124:"Sarah Crossan wins the Carnegie medal with verse novel One" 975:. Tamunotonye died postoperatively. Wariboko became a nurse. 878:

Josefa and Rosa Blazek (January 20, 1878 — March 30, 1922),

4391: 4374: 4179: 3924:"Séparée de sa soeur siamoise: Cléanne ou la joie de vivre" 3440: 3284:"Tanzania mourns famed conjoined twins Maria and Consolata" 2553:"Nepali twin dies 7 years after 97-hour separation surgery" 2223:"The unspeakable history of Thoracopagus twins' separation" 1660: 1373: 1221: 1030: 946: 626: 351:: One head with a single face but four ears and two bodies. 265: 157: 3964:"Jumelles siamoises: Marie-Cléa Papillon inhumée ce mardi" 1311:

parapagus twins born in Pará, Brazil on December 19, 2011.

247:

fusion of two fertilized eggs occurs early in development.

2119:

Fallon, Sara C.; Olutoye, Oluyinka O. (October 1, 2018).

967:

Wariboko and Tamunotonye Davies, born July 25, 1953, in

189:, in which the fertilized egg completely separates, but 2845:(4), London: Royal Society of Medicine Press: 217–221, 2772:"CHURCH FATHERS: City of God, Book XVI (St. Augustine)" 2204:"The Case of Conjoined Twins in 10th Century Byzantium" 793:

Chang and Eng Bunker, watercolor on ivory, 1835 or 1836

3877: 3356: 2982:"The Last Illiness of the Blazek Grown-Together Twins" 2121:"The surgical principles of conjoined twin separation" 1656: 1654: 1613: 1242:(born 2005) was an ischiopagus conjoined twin born in 1128:

Ashley and Ashil Fokeer, born on November 2, 1992, in

3156:"Utah Doctors Separate Siamese Twins Linked at Brain" 1457:(2005) is the life story of craniopagus twin sisters. 334:

Other, less common types of conjoined twins include:

4235: 3357:

Vencatareddy-Nursingen, Selvanee (January 8, 2019).

3007:. New York: Schwartz & Wade Books. p. 221. 2882:"Digital Collections - National Library of Medicine" 2315:

The University of Chicago Photographic Archive. 1972

1988:"Cephalothoracopagus Menosymmetro (Conjoined Twins)" 16:"Siamese twins" redirects here. For other uses, see 3461: 2178:

One of Us: Conjoined Twins and the Future of Normal

1963:"Conjoined Twins: Definition, Causes & Outlook" 1928:"Duplicata incompleta, dicephalus dipus dibrachius" 1651: 4218:Facts About Multiples: Conjoined Records and stats 3803:"Barcroft.tv – barcroft Resources and Information" 3437:"Formerly conjoined twins celebrate 21st birthday" 2175: 1774: 851:In 1834, a set of conjoined triplets were born in 848:, but over time, the connective tissue stretched. 244:, it results in the formation of conjoined twins. 4491: 3990:"Separated conjoined twins doing well in Zagreb" 798:Mary and Eliza Chulkhurst, alleged names of the 784: 1364:Ervina and Prefina, born June 29, 2018, in the 1033:(1974–2003); died during separation surgery in 567:In 2019 Safa and Marwa Ullah were separated at 3716: 3701: 3081:"6 Oldest Living Conjoined Twins in the World" 2751:The Spirit of Ancient Peru:Treasures from the 1857:(14th ed.). Wolters Kluwer. p. 124. 1368:. They were separated on June 5, 2020, at the 1263:, ischiopagus twins separated in 2006 at age 4 1075:, separated in 1987 by team of doctors led by 532:, in 2000. The 97-hour surgery on the pair of 53:X-ray of conjoined twins, Cephalothoracopagus. 4359: 3569:American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 2333: 2118: 1921: 1919: 1882:(14th ed.). Wolters Kluwer. p. 63. 417:have one trunk and two faces. Those that are 2294: 1917: 1915: 1913: 1911: 1909: 1907: 1905: 1903: 1901: 1899: 1832:(Eighth ed.). JP Medical. p. 233. 1775:Tao Le; Bhushan, Vikas; Vasan, Neil (2010). 1727: 1725: 1723: 1721: 1719: 1717: 1715: 1066:. Viet died on October 6, 2007. Ischiopagus. 861:(July 11, 1851 – October 8, 1912), (oblique 228:came to be associated with conjoined twins. 4160:Types and social history of conjoined twins 2384:Mercy Hospital & Medical Center Chicago 1441:2016 prize for young adult fiction and the 613:ceramics depicting conjoined twins. 300 CE 379:: Fused lower half of the two bodies, with 4366: 4352: 4214:(this article includes post-mortem images) 3201:Services, Myers Mortuary & Cremation. 3175:Services, Myers Mortuary & Cremation. 2979: 2254:Kompanje, Erwin J. O. (December 1, 2004). 1102:parapagus twins born on March 7, 1990, in 1040:Baby Girl A and Baby Girl B (born 1977 in 560:In 2003, two 29-year-old women from Iran, 68: 44: 4049: 3258:"Tanzanian conjoined twins die at age 21" 2858: 2602:The Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics 2466: 2355: 2271: 2220: 2087: 2069: 1925: 1896: 1712: 1678: 1631: 143:Depends on type; occasionally may survive 4072: 3921: 2935:"The Double Monster Rosa-Josepha Blazek" 2905: 2839:Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine 2833: 2253: 1695: 1171: 1141:), separated in 1997 in South Africa by 964:(b. 1953), succesfully separated in 1954 788: 716: 605: 593: 579: 4180:Cases of conjoined and incomplete twins 4121: 4115: 4095: 2980:Breakstone, Benjamin H. (August 1922). 2753:Museo Arqueológico Rafael Larco Herrera 2696:"The battle to separate Safa and Marwa" 2243:from the original on February 25, 2017. 2016: 1731: 1318:Asa and Eli Hamby were born in 2014 in 971:. Separated in London by a team led by 536:was a landmark one which took place in 312:and other organs. Survival rate is 82%. 4492: 3922:Carpayen, Shelly (November 17, 2019). 3678:"Conjoined girls separated in surgery" 3002: 2827: 2804: 2749:Berrin, Katherine & Larco Museum. 2575:"Siamese twin Jodie "to go home soon"" 2173: 1878:Sadler, Thomas W. (October 29, 2018). 1877: 1853:Sadler, Thomas W. (October 29, 2018). 1852: 1543:"Medical Definition of Conjoined twin" 1299:Children's Hospital of Richmond at VCU 1117:Tiesha and Iesha Turner (born 1991 in 806:Lazarus and Joannes Baptista Colloredo 748:, J.P. Smith, at birth, but were soon 679:described conjoined twins in his book 4347: 2929: 2927: 2599: 2436: 1957: 1955: 1953: 1951: 1949: 1947: 1945: 1827: 1084:University of Nebraska Medical Center 710:; and Rita and Cristina of Parodi of 4096:Gartner, Jordan (January 27, 2023). 3757: 3675: 3200: 3174: 2795: 2670:"Wired 11.10: Till Death Do Us Part" 1195:, born with vertical craniopagus in 1167: 886: 504:. Around this same time Dr. Böhm of 4373: 3737:Children's Hospital of Philadelphia 3717:Meghan Holohan (October 26, 2017). 3702:Meghan Holohan (October 14, 2016). 3649: 3550:"Many-limbed India girl in surgery" 2992:: 123–130 – via Google Books. 1926:Burmagina, Yuliya (March 1, 2006). 1342:Children's Hospital of Philadelphia 985:(1961–2024) American entertainers, 869:Giacomo and Giovanni Battista Tocci 403:: Fused side by side with a shared 13: 4073:Robinson, Carol (April 22, 2023). 3758:Rees, Gwyneth (January 23, 2019). 3234:. October 16, 1977. Archived from 2924: 2614:10.1111/j.1748-720x.2000.tb00678.x 2483:"Dr. Bewrtram Katz, 83 – Obituary" 1942: 1086:. Omphalopagus. Alex died in 2018. 220:(1811–1874) were brothers born in 14: 4516: 4410:Twin-to-twin transfusion syndrome 4153: 3652:"Conjoined twins to be separated" 3631:. NOVA. Pbs.org. February 8, 2012 3232:Philadelphia Inquirer (reprinted) 2945:(298): 891–894. October 1, 1891. 1830:DC Dutta's textbook of obstetrics 1443:Irish Children's Book of the Year 1393:University Hospital Centre Zagreb 779: 4415:Twin reversed arterial perfusion 4122:Drabble, Emily (June 20, 2016). 2658:– via Free Online Library. 2529:. April 19, 2001. Archived from 1633:10.1016/j.fertnstert.2014.11.009 1307:Jesus and Emanuel de Nazaré are 1125:in Houston, Texas. Omphalopagus. 1054:, born on February 25, 1981, in 4089: 4066: 4008: 3982: 3956: 3942: 3915: 3897: 3871: 3845: 3820: 3795: 3770: 3751: 3725: 3710: 3695: 3669: 3643: 3621: 3595: 3560: 3542: 3520: 3494: 3455: 3429: 3403: 3377: 3350: 3328: 3302: 3276: 3250: 3220: 3194: 3168: 3148: 3122: 3095: 3073: 3047: 3021: 2996: 2973: 2899: 2874: 2786: 2764: 2743: 2713: 2688: 2662: 2636: 2593: 2567: 2559:. July 30, 2008. Archived from 2545: 2515: 2505: 2475: 2430: 2402: 2372: 2327: 2305: 2288: 2247: 2214: 2196: 2167: 2112: 2045: 2010: 1980: 1871: 1846: 1828:Konar, Hiralal (May 10, 2015). 1821: 1799: 1783:The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 1680:10.1590/S1807-59322006000200013 1395:(Rebro) in an urgent procedure. 1370:Bambino Gesù Pediatric Hospital 956:Tjitske and Folkje de Vries of 39:Siamese twins, monstra duplicia 3878:Jack Guy; Sharon Braithwaite. 3676:Wang, Hongyi (July 18, 2014). 2174:Dreger, Alice Domurat (2004). 1768: 1607: 1560: 1535: 1510: 1490: 1114:, St. Paul, hired as teachers. 1110:. Both graduated in 2012 from 929:Masha and Dasha Krivoshlyapova 776:living in seclusion in Italy. 767:, Italy, were immortalized in 18:Siamese twins (disambiguation) 1: 4208:(also lists additional twins) 3650:Cai, Wenjun (July 15, 2014). 2812:Abu Raihan Muhammad al-Biruni 2137:10.1053/j.semperi.2018.07.013 1503: 1405: 785:Born 19th century and earlier 657:In Arabia, the twin brothers 466: 2721:"Separating conjoined twins" 2182:. Harvard University Press. 1880:Langman's medical embryology 1855:Langman's medical embryology 1218:Anastasia and Tatiana Dogaru 598:Conjoined twin sisters from 569:Great Ormond Street Hospital 461: 7: 4232:, July 13, 1878, p. 24 3970:(in French). March 26, 2019 3508:(in German). August 3, 2005 2527:Channel News Asia Singapore 1461: 1137:(born January 23, 1997, in 1096:Abigail and Brittany Hensel 1073:Patrick and Benjamin Binder 1062:, and separated in 1988 in 441:: Two bodies joined at the 152:, popularly referred to as 10: 4521: 4206:Conjoined Twins Fast Facts 3581:10.1016/j.ajog.2004.10.622 3468:Clinics in Plastic Surgery 3391:(in Spanish). May 26, 2021 3035:(in Dutch). August 5, 2019 2851:10.1177/014107689208500413 2817:February 25, 2020, at the 2451:10.3171/jns.1963.20.2.0145 1232:, on January 13, 2004. As 1006: 986: 950: 919:Lucio and Simplicio Godina 900: 859:Millie and Christine McCoy 761:Giacomo and Giovanni Tocci 742:Millie and Christine McCoy 575: 528:in 2001, who were born in 363:: Two bodies fused in the 15: 4461: 4428: 4400: 4382: 4317: 4239: 3480:10.1016/j.cps.2004.09.002 2410:"Separate Siamese Twins!" 2221:Montandon, Denys (2015). 1746:10.1007/s00381-004-0985-4 1331:Montefiore Medical Center 1261:Kendra and Maliyah Herrin 1246:district in the state of 1193:Carl and Clarence Aguirre 1185:in 2001, were brought to 1123:Texas Children's Hospital 979:Lori and George Schappell 816:Helen and Judith of Szony 688:Mary and Eliza Chulkhurst 686:The English twin sisters 526:Ganga and Jamuna Shreshta 486:Lori and George Schappell 251:Partial splitting of the 231: 214:but non-conjoined twins. 174:. Approximately half are 137: 133:Surgery, symptomatic care 129: 121: 113: 105: 97: 87: 77: 57: 52: 43: 35: 30: 4192:Clara and Alta Rodriguez 4022:Croatian Medical Journal 2986:Illinois Medical Journal 2273:10.1375/1369052042663760 2125:Seminars in Perinatology 1807:"h2g2 – Twins – A369434" 1483: 1366:Central African Republic 1267:Krista and Tatiana Hogan 1121:), separated in 1992 at 943:Ronnie and Donnie Galyon 727:Mt. Airy, North Carolina 644:Theophanes the Confessor 584:Conjoined brothers from 490:Abby and Brittany Hensel 296:. Survival rate is poor. 272: 4443:Craniopagus parasiticus 4034:10.3325/cmj.2019.60.301 3462:Staffenberg, David A.; 2939:The American Naturalist 2906:Hartzman, Marc (2005). 2886:collections.nlm.nih.gov 2439:Journal of Neurosurgery 2031:10.1002/tera.1420520605 1620:Fertility and Sterility 1522:Encyclopedia Britannica 1090:Katie and Eilish Holton 1003:Ganga and Jamuna Mondal 899:, England (1908–1969), 893:Daisy and Violet Hilton 677:Abū al-Rayhān al-Bīrūnī 615:Larco Museum Collection 482:Northwestern University 445:. Survival rate is 68%. 428:Craniopagus parasiticus 391:. Survival rate is 63%. 288:and may also share the 3108:Guinness World Records 3003:Miller, Sarah (2021). 2058:Birth Defects Research 1734:Child's Nervous System 1295:Maria and Teresa Tapia 1177: 1023:Ladan and Laleh Bijani 992:Guinness World Records 840:), and the expression 794: 729: 631:St. Augustine of Hippo 618: 603: 591: 562:Ladan and Laleh Bijani 492:are notable examples. 101:Beginning of pregnancy 3760:"Two girls, one body" 3314:Vermillion Plain Talk 1210:Sohna and Mohna from 1175: 1135:Joseph and Luka Banda 983:Reading, Pennsylvania 810:autosite-and-parasite 808:(1617 — after 1646), 792: 720: 609: 597: 583: 4224:The St. Benoit Twins 3238:on November 26, 2020 2563:on November 1, 2008. 2557:Monsters and Critics 2493:on November 10, 2013 2357:10.1093/brain/awl065 1324:dicephalic parapagus 1176:Conjoined twin lambs 995:noted that George's 875:tetrabrachius dipus) 830:Chang and Eng Bunker 723:Eng and Chang Bunker 659:Hashim ibn Abd Manaf 420:dicephalic parapagus 414:diprosopic parapagus 409:dithoracic parapagus 369:Chang and Eng Bunker 300:Thoraco-omphalopagus 218:Chang and Eng Bunker 4402:Monochorionic twins 4229:Scientific American 3556:. November 6, 2007. 3083:. September 5, 2019 3061:. December 12, 2015 2533:on January 14, 2011 2380:"Mercy Care Firsts" 2298:Human monstrosities 2127:. Conjoined Twins. 1938:on August 19, 2009. 1355:Omphalo-Ischiopagus 1277:Trishna and Krishna 1187:UCLA Medical Center 1052:Viet and Duc Nguyen 667:Abd Manaf ibn Qusai 625:culture of ancient 600:Nuremberg Chronicle 587:Nuremberg Chronicle 395:Omphalo-Ischiopagus 355:Cephalothoracopagus 4420:Monoamniotic twins 4318:External resources 4185:2006-06-10 at the 3911:. January 8, 2020. 3739:. October 22, 2017 3629:"Separating Twins" 3464:Goodrich, James T. 3161:The New York Times 2810:A. Zahoor (1997), 2336:Goodrich, James T. 2313:"Voris, Harold C." 2210:. January 4, 2014. 1998:on August 15, 2010 1573:Prenatal Diagnosis 1473:Monoamniotic twins 1178: 871:(1875? — 1912?), ( 846:xiphoid cartilages 795: 757:, 17 hours apart. 730: 619: 604: 592: 551:St Mary's Hospital 125:Incomplete fission 4487: 4486: 4341: 4340: 4212:Emedicine article 3782:www.spokesman.com 3682:Chinadaily.com.cn 3656:ShanghaiDaily.com 2759:Thames and Hudson 2334:Stone, James L.; 2189:978-0-674-01825-9 2071:10.1002/bdr2.2066 1792:978-0-07-163340-6 1344:on June 16, 2017. 1335:James T. Goodrich 1234:craniopagus twins 1201:Negros Occidental 1168:Born 21st century 1112:Bethel University 997:gender transition 887:Born 20th century 534:craniopagus twins 515:craniopagus twins 407:. Those that are 365:xiphoid cartilage 210:, but so do some 147: 146: 25:Medical condition 4512: 4368: 4361: 4354: 4345: 4344: 4237: 4236: 4147: 4146: 4144: 4142: 4119: 4113: 4112: 4110: 4108: 4093: 4087: 4086: 4084: 4082: 4070: 4064: 4063: 4053: 4012: 4006: 4005: 4003: 4001: 3986: 3980: 3979: 3977: 3975: 3960: 3954: 3953: 3946: 3940: 3939: 3937: 3935: 3919: 3913: 3912: 3901: 3895: 3894: 3892: 3890: 3875: 3869: 3868: 3866: 3864: 3849: 3843: 3842: 3840: 3838: 3824: 3818: 3817: 3815: 3813: 3799: 3793: 3792: 3790: 3788: 3774: 3768: 3767: 3755: 3749: 3748: 3746: 3744: 3729: 3723: 3722: 3714: 3708: 3707: 3699: 3693: 3692: 3690: 3688: 3673: 3667: 3666: 3664: 3662: 3647: 3641: 3640: 3638: 3636: 3625: 3619: 3618: 3616: 3614: 3605:. Archived from 3599: 3593: 3592: 3575:(6): 2084–2087. 3564: 3558: 3557: 3546: 3540: 3539: 3537: 3535: 3524: 3518: 3517: 3515: 3513: 3498: 3492: 3491: 3459: 3453: 3452: 3450: 3448: 3443:. August 2, 2022 3433: 3427: 3426: 3424: 3422: 3417:. April 22, 2017 3407: 3401: 3400: 3398: 3396: 3381: 3375: 3374: 3372: 3370: 3354: 3348: 3347: 3346: 3344: 3332: 3326: 3325: 3323: 3321: 3306: 3300: 3299: 3297: 3295: 3290:. April 12, 2021 3280: 3274: 3273: 3271: 3269: 3254: 3248: 3247: 3245: 3243: 3224: 3218: 3217: 3215: 3213: 3198: 3192: 3191: 3189: 3187: 3172: 3166: 3165: 3152: 3146: 3145: 3143: 3141: 3126: 3120: 3119: 3117: 3115: 3099: 3093: 3092: 3090: 3088: 3077: 3071: 3070: 3068: 3066: 3051: 3045: 3044: 3042: 3040: 3025: 3019: 3018: 3000: 2994: 2993: 2977: 2971: 2970: 2931: 2922: 2921: 2903: 2897: 2896: 2894: 2892: 2878: 2872: 2871: 2862: 2831: 2825: 2808: 2802: 2799: 2793: 2790: 2784: 2783: 2781: 2779: 2768: 2762: 2747: 2741: 2740: 2738: 2736: 2731:on July 17, 2019 2727:. Archived from 2717: 2711: 2710: 2708: 2706: 2692: 2686: 2685: 2683: 2681: 2676:. April 11, 2001 2666: 2660: 2659: 2657: 2655: 2640: 2634: 2633: 2597: 2591: 2590: 2588: 2586: 2581:. April 23, 2001 2571: 2565: 2564: 2549: 2543: 2542: 2540: 2538: 2519: 2513: 2509: 2503: 2502: 2500: 2498: 2489:. Archived from 2479: 2473: 2472: 2470: 2434: 2428: 2427: 2425: 2423: 2418:. April 22, 1955 2406: 2400: 2399: 2397: 2395: 2386:. Archived from 2376: 2370: 2369: 2359: 2350:(5): 1084–1095. 2331: 2325: 2324: 2322: 2320: 2309: 2303: 2302: 2292: 2286: 2285: 2275: 2251: 2245: 2244: 2242: 2227: 2218: 2212: 2211: 2208:Medievalists.net 2200: 2194: 2193: 2181: 2171: 2165: 2164: 2116: 2110: 2109: 2091: 2073: 2049: 2043: 2042: 2014: 2008: 2007: 2005: 2003: 1984: 1978: 1977: 1975: 1973: 1967:Cleveland Clinic 1959: 1940: 1939: 1934:. Archived from 1923: 1894: 1893: 1875: 1869: 1868: 1850: 1844: 1843: 1825: 1819: 1818: 1816: 1814: 1803: 1797: 1796: 1772: 1766: 1765: 1729: 1710: 1699: 1693: 1692: 1682: 1658: 1649: 1648: 1635: 1611: 1605: 1604: 1564: 1558: 1557: 1555: 1553: 1539: 1533: 1532: 1530: 1528: 1518:"conjoined twin" 1514: 1497: 1494: 1451:'s second novel 1440: 1337:in October 2016. 1150:Milagro, Ecuador 1064:Ho Chi Minh City 1056:Kon Tum Province 912:Chained for Life 822:, 1701 — 1723), 773:physical therapy 740:. Most notably, 696:Helen and Judith 681:Kitab-al-Saidana 530:Kathmandu, Nepal 497:Byzantine Empire 294:digestive system 73: 72: 64:Medical genetics 48: 28: 27: 4520: 4519: 4515: 4514: 4513: 4511: 4510: 4509: 4500:Conjoined twins 4490: 4489: 4488: 4483: 4457: 4430:Conjoined twins 4424: 4396: 4378: 4372: 4342: 4337: 4336: 4313: 4312: 4248: 4196:C. Everett Koop 4187:Wayback Machine 4156: 4151: 4150: 4140: 4138: 4120: 4116: 4106: 4104: 4094: 4090: 4080: 4078: 4071: 4067: 4013: 4009: 3999: 3997: 3988: 3987: 3983: 3973: 3971: 3962: 3961: 3957: 3952:. May 28, 2019. 3948: 3947: 3943: 3933: 3931: 3920: 3916: 3903: 3902: 3898: 3888: 3886: 3876: 3872: 3862: 3860: 3859:. June 12, 2020 3851: 3850: 3846: 3836: 3834: 3832:www.gosh.nhs.uk 3826: 3825: 3821: 3811: 3809: 3807:www.barcroft.tv 3801: 3800: 3796: 3786: 3784: 3776: 3775: 3771: 3756: 3752: 3742: 3740: 3731: 3730: 3726: 3715: 3711: 3700: 3696: 3686: 3684: 3674: 3670: 3660: 3658: 3648: 3644: 3634: 3632: 3627: 3626: 3622: 3612: 3610: 3609:on June 6, 2014 3601: 3600: 3596: 3565: 3561: 3548: 3547: 3543: 3533: 3531: 3526: 3525: 3521: 3511: 3509: 3500: 3499: 3495: 3460: 3456: 3446: 3444: 3435: 3434: 3430: 3420: 3418: 3409: 3408: 3404: 3394: 3392: 3383: 3382: 3378: 3368: 3366: 3355: 3351: 3342: 3340: 3334: 3333: 3329: 3319: 3317: 3316:. April 2, 2018 3308: 3307: 3303: 3293: 3291: 3282: 3281: 3277: 3267: 3265: 3256: 3255: 3251: 3241: 3239: 3226: 3225: 3221: 3211: 3209: 3199: 3195: 3185: 3183: 3173: 3169: 3164:. May 31, 1979. 3154: 3153: 3149: 3139: 3137: 3128: 3127: 3123: 3113: 3111: 3101: 3100: 3096: 3086: 3084: 3079: 3078: 3074: 3064: 3062: 3053: 3052: 3048: 3038: 3036: 3027: 3026: 3022: 3015: 3001: 2997: 2978: 2974: 2933: 2932: 2925: 2918: 2904: 2900: 2890: 2888: 2880: 2879: 2875: 2832: 2828: 2819:Wayback Machine 2809: 2805: 2800: 2796: 2791: 2787: 2777: 2775: 2774:. Newadvent.org 2770: 2769: 2765: 2748: 2744: 2734: 2732: 2725:www.gosh.nhs.uk 2719: 2718: 2714: 2704: 2702: 2694: 2693: 2689: 2679: 2677: 2668: 2667: 2663: 2653: 2651: 2642: 2641: 2637: 2598: 2594: 2584: 2582: 2573: 2572: 2568: 2551: 2550: 2546: 2536: 2534: 2521: 2520: 2516: 2510: 2506: 2496: 2494: 2481: 2480: 2476: 2435: 2431: 2421: 2419: 2415:Chicago Tribune 2408: 2407: 2403: 2393: 2391: 2390:on May 29, 2019 2378: 2377: 2373: 2338:(May 1, 2006). 2332: 2328: 2318: 2316: 2311: 2310: 2306: 2293: 2289: 2252: 2248: 2240: 2225: 2219: 2215: 2202: 2201: 2197: 2190: 2172: 2168: 2117: 2113: 2064:(12): 596–610. 2050: 2046: 2015: 2011: 2001: 1999: 1992:collphyphil.org 1986: 1985: 1981: 1971: 1969: 1961: 1960: 1943: 1924: 1897: 1890: 1876: 1872: 1865: 1851: 1847: 1840: 1826: 1822: 1812: 1810: 1805: 1804: 1800: 1793: 1773: 1769: 1740:(8–9): 508–25. 1730: 1713: 1703:Conjoined Twins 1700: 1696: 1659: 1652: 1612: 1608: 1585:10.1002/pd.1274 1565: 1561: 1551: 1549: 1541: 1540: 1536: 1526: 1524: 1516: 1515: 1511: 1506: 1501: 1500: 1495: 1491: 1486: 1464: 1438: 1408: 1220:, born outside 1170: 1046:C. Everett Koop 889: 800:Biddenden Maids 787: 782: 734:performing arts 633:, in his book, 578: 469: 464: 316:Parasitic twins 292:or part of the 275: 234: 150:Conjoined twins 93:Depends on type 67: 31:Conjoined twins 26: 21: 12: 11: 5: 4518: 4508: 4507: 4502: 4485: 4484: 4482: 4481: 4476: 4471: 4469:Vanishing twin 4465: 4463: 4459: 4458: 4456: 4455: 4454: 4453: 4445: 4438:Parasitic twin 4434: 4432: 4426: 4425: 4423: 4422: 4417: 4412: 4406: 4404: 4398: 4397: 4395: 4394: 4388: 4386: 4380: 4379: 4371: 4370: 4363: 4356: 4348: 4339: 4338: 4335: 4334: 4322: 4321: 4319: 4315: 4314: 4311: 4310: 4299: 4288: 4269: 4249: 4244: 4243: 4241: 4240:Classification 4234: 4233: 4220: 4215: 4209: 4203: 4198: 4189: 4177: 4172: 4167: 4162: 4155: 4154:External links 4152: 4149: 4148: 4114: 4088: 4065: 4028:(4): 301–308. 4007: 3996:. May 15, 2019 3981: 3955: 3941: 3914: 3896: 3870: 3844: 3819: 3794: 3769: 3750: 3724: 3709: 3694: 3668: 3642: 3620: 3603:"Herrin Twins" 3594: 3559: 3541: 3519: 3493: 3454: 3428: 3402: 3389:eluniverso.com 3376: 3349: 3327: 3301: 3275: 3264:. June 4, 2018 3249: 3219: 3193: 3167: 3147: 3136:. July 5, 2023 3121: 3094: 3072: 3046: 3020: 3014:978-0593119723 3013: 2995: 2972: 2951:10.1086/275418 2923: 2917:978-1585425303 2916: 2898: 2873: 2826: 2803: 2794: 2785: 2763: 2742: 2712: 2687: 2661: 2650:. July 9, 2007 2635: 2608:(3): 312–313. 2592: 2566: 2544: 2514: 2504: 2474: 2445:(2): 145–147. 2429: 2401: 2371: 2326: 2304: 2287: 2266:(6): 537–541. 2246: 2213: 2195: 2188: 2166: 2131:(6): 386–392. 2111: 2044: 2025:(6): 346–356. 2009: 1979: 1941: 1895: 1888: 1870: 1863: 1845: 1838: 1820: 1798: 1791: 1767: 1711: 1694: 1650: 1626:(2): 417–421. 1606: 1579:(9): 839–843. 1559: 1534: 1508: 1507: 1505: 1502: 1499: 1498: 1488: 1487: 1485: 1482: 1481: 1480: 1475: 1470: 1463: 1460: 1459: 1458: 1446: 1435:The Bookseller 1420:Carnegie Medal 1407: 1404: 1403: 1402: 1399: 1396: 1388: 1384: 1381: 1362: 1358: 1351: 1348: 1345: 1338: 1327: 1316: 1312: 1305: 1302: 1292: 1274: 1264: 1258: 1255: 1237: 1215: 1208: 1204: 1190: 1169: 1166: 1165: 1164: 1153: 1146: 1132: 1126: 1115: 1093: 1087: 1080: 1079:. Craniopagus. 1070: 1067: 1049: 1038: 1037:. Craniopagus. 1020: 1016: 1013: 1010: 1000: 976: 965: 954: 940: 926: 916: 888: 885: 884: 883: 876: 866: 856: 849: 827: 813: 803: 786: 783: 781: 780:Notable people 778: 577: 574: 511:Mercy Hospital 502:Johannes Fatio 468: 465: 463: 460: 459: 458: 452: 446: 432: 424: 398: 392: 372: 358: 352: 346: 332: 331: 319: 313: 303: 297: 274: 271: 253:primitive node 249: 248: 245: 242:embryonic disc 233: 230: 168:Southwest Asia 145: 144: 141: 135: 134: 131: 127: 126: 123: 119: 118: 115: 111: 110: 107: 103: 102: 99: 95: 94: 91: 85: 84: 81: 75: 74: 61: 55: 54: 50: 49: 41: 40: 37: 33: 32: 24: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4517: 4506: 4505:Rare diseases 4503: 4501: 4498: 4497: 4495: 4480: 4477: 4475: 4472: 4470: 4467: 4466: 4464: 4460: 4452: 4451: 4446: 4444: 4441: 4440: 4439: 4436: 4435: 4433: 4431: 4427: 4421: 4418: 4416: 4413: 4411: 4408: 4407: 4405: 4403: 4399: 4393: 4390: 4389: 4387: 4385: 4381: 4376: 4369: 4364: 4362: 4357: 4355: 4350: 4349: 4346: 4333: 4329: 4328: 4324: 4323: 4320: 4316: 4309: 4305: 4304: 4300: 4298: 4294: 4293: 4289: 4287: 4283: 4279: 4278: 4274: 4270: 4268: 4264: 4260: 4259: 4255: 4251: 4250: 4247: 4242: 4238: 4231: 4230: 4225: 4221: 4219: 4216: 4213: 4210: 4207: 4204: 4202: 4199: 4197: 4193: 4190: 4188: 4184: 4181: 4178: 4176: 4173: 4171: 4168: 4166: 4163: 4161: 4158: 4157: 4137: 4133: 4129: 4125: 4118: 4103: 4099: 4092: 4076: 4069: 4061: 4057: 4052: 4047: 4043: 4039: 4035: 4031: 4027: 4023: 4019: 4011: 3995: 3991: 3985: 3969: 3965: 3959: 3951: 3945: 3929: 3925: 3918: 3910: 3906: 3900: 3885: 3881: 3874: 3858: 3854: 3848: 3833: 3829: 3823: 3808: 3804: 3798: 3783: 3779: 3773: 3765: 3761: 3754: 3738: 3734: 3728: 3720: 3713: 3705: 3698: 3683: 3679: 3672: 3657: 3653: 3646: 3630: 3624: 3608: 3604: 3598: 3590: 3586: 3582: 3578: 3574: 3570: 3563: 3555: 3551: 3545: 3529: 3523: 3507: 3503: 3497: 3489: 3485: 3481: 3477: 3473: 3469: 3465: 3458: 3442: 3438: 3432: 3416: 3412: 3406: 3390: 3386: 3380: 3364: 3360: 3353: 3339: 3338: 3331: 3315: 3311: 3305: 3289: 3285: 3279: 3263: 3259: 3253: 3237: 3233: 3229: 3223: 3208: 3204: 3197: 3182: 3178: 3171: 3163: 3162: 3157: 3151: 3135: 3131: 3125: 3110: 3109: 3104: 3098: 3082: 3076: 3060: 3059:Vanguard News 3056: 3050: 3039:September 18, 3034: 3030: 3024: 3016: 3010: 3006: 2999: 2991: 2987: 2983: 2976: 2968: 2964: 2960: 2956: 2952: 2948: 2944: 2940: 2936: 2930: 2928: 2919: 2913: 2909: 2902: 2891:September 22, 2887: 2883: 2877: 2870: 2866: 2861: 2856: 2852: 2848: 2844: 2840: 2836: 2835:Bondeson, Jan 2830: 2824: 2820: 2816: 2813: 2807: 2798: 2789: 2773: 2767: 2760: 2756: 2754: 2746: 2730: 2726: 2722: 2716: 2701: 2697: 2691: 2675: 2671: 2665: 2649: 2645: 2639: 2631: 2627: 2623: 2619: 2615: 2611: 2607: 2603: 2596: 2580: 2576: 2570: 2562: 2558: 2554: 2548: 2532: 2528: 2524: 2518: 2512: 2508: 2492: 2488: 2484: 2478: 2469: 2464: 2460: 2456: 2452: 2448: 2444: 2440: 2433: 2417: 2416: 2411: 2405: 2389: 2385: 2381: 2375: 2367: 2363: 2358: 2353: 2349: 2345: 2341: 2337: 2330: 2314: 2308: 2300: 2299: 2291: 2283: 2279: 2274: 2269: 2265: 2261: 2260:Twin Research 2257: 2250: 2239: 2235: 2231: 2224: 2217: 2209: 2205: 2199: 2191: 2185: 2180: 2179: 2170: 2162: 2158: 2154: 2150: 2146: 2142: 2138: 2134: 2130: 2126: 2122: 2115: 2107: 2103: 2099: 2095: 2090: 2085: 2081: 2077: 2072: 2067: 2063: 2059: 2055: 2048: 2040: 2036: 2032: 2028: 2024: 2020: 2013: 1997: 1993: 1989: 1983: 1968: 1964: 1958: 1956: 1954: 1952: 1950: 1948: 1946: 1937: 1933: 1929: 1922: 1920: 1918: 1916: 1914: 1912: 1910: 1908: 1906: 1904: 1902: 1900: 1891: 1889:9781496383907 1885: 1881: 1874: 1866: 1864:9781496383907 1860: 1856: 1849: 1841: 1839:9789351527237 1835: 1831: 1824: 1808: 1802: 1794: 1788: 1785:p. 121. 1784: 1780: 1779: 1771: 1763: 1759: 1755: 1751: 1747: 1743: 1739: 1735: 1728: 1726: 1724: 1722: 1720: 1718: 1716: 1709: 1705: 1704: 1698: 1690: 1686: 1681: 1676: 1673:(2): 167–70. 1672: 1668: 1664: 1657: 1655: 1647: 1643: 1639: 1634: 1629: 1625: 1621: 1617: 1610: 1602: 1598: 1594: 1590: 1586: 1582: 1578: 1574: 1570: 1563: 1548: 1544: 1538: 1523: 1519: 1513: 1509: 1493: 1489: 1479: 1476: 1474: 1471: 1469: 1466: 1465: 1456: 1455: 1450: 1447: 1444: 1437: 1436: 1431: 1430: 1425: 1421: 1417: 1416:Sarah Crossan 1414:Irish author 1413: 1412: 1411: 1400: 1397: 1394: 1389: 1385: 1382: 1379: 1375: 1371: 1367: 1363: 1359: 1356: 1352: 1349: 1346: 1343: 1339: 1336: 1332: 1328: 1325: 1321: 1317: 1313: 1310: 1306: 1303: 1300: 1296: 1293: 1290: 1286: 1282: 1278: 1275: 1272: 1268: 1265: 1262: 1259: 1256: 1253: 1249: 1245: 1241: 1240:Lakshmi Tatma 1238: 1235: 1231: 1227: 1223: 1219: 1216: 1213: 1209: 1205: 1202: 1198: 1194: 1191: 1188: 1184: 1180: 1179: 1174: 1162: 1158: 1154: 1151: 1147: 1144: 1140: 1136: 1133: 1131: 1127: 1124: 1120: 1116: 1113: 1109: 1105: 1104:Carver County 1101: 1097: 1094: 1091: 1088: 1085: 1081: 1078: 1074: 1071: 1068: 1065: 1061: 1057: 1053: 1050: 1047: 1043: 1039: 1036: 1032: 1028: 1024: 1021: 1017: 1014: 1011: 1008: 1004: 1001: 998: 994: 993: 988: 984: 980: 977: 974: 970: 969:Kano, Nigeria 966: 963: 959: 955: 952: 949:(1951–2020), 948: 944: 941: 938: 934: 930: 927: 924: 920: 917: 914: 913: 908: 907: 902: 898: 894: 891: 890: 881: 877: 874: 870: 867: 864: 860: 857: 854: 850: 847: 843: 842:Siamese twins 839: 835: 831: 828: 825: 821: 817: 814: 811: 807: 804: 801: 797: 796: 791: 777: 774: 770: 766: 762: 758: 756: 751: 747: 743: 739: 738:Chang and Eng 735: 728: 724: 719: 715: 713: 709: 705: 701: 697: 693: 689: 684: 682: 678: 675: 672: 668: 664: 660: 655: 653: 649: 645: 642:According to 640: 638: 637: 632: 628: 624: 616: 612: 608: 601: 596: 589: 588: 582: 573: 570: 565: 563: 558: 556: 552: 548: 547: 541: 539: 535: 531: 527: 522: 518: 516: 512: 507: 503: 498: 493: 491: 487: 483: 479: 475: 456: 453: 450: 447: 444: 440: 436: 433: 430: 429: 425: 422: 421: 416: 415: 410: 406: 402: 399: 396: 393: 390: 386: 382: 378: 377: 373: 370: 366: 362: 359: 356: 353: 350: 347: 344: 340: 337: 336: 335: 329: 325: 324: 320: 317: 314: 311: 307: 304: 301: 298: 295: 291: 287: 283: 280: 279: 278: 270: 267: 263: 258: 254: 246: 243: 239: 238: 237: 229: 227: 226:Siamese twins 223: 219: 215: 213: 209: 208: 204: 200: 196: 192: 188: 184: 179: 177: 173: 169: 165: 164: 159: 155: 154:Siamese twins 151: 142: 140: 136: 132: 128: 124: 120: 116: 112: 108: 104: 100: 96: 92: 90: 89:Complications 86: 82: 80: 76: 71: 65: 62: 60: 56: 51: 47: 42: 38: 34: 29: 23: 19: 4449: 4429: 4325: 4301: 4290: 4271: 4252: 4227: 4139:. Retrieved 4128:The Guardian 4127: 4117: 4105:. Retrieved 4102:www.kbtx.com 4101: 4091: 4079:. Retrieved 4068: 4025: 4021: 4010: 3998:. Retrieved 3994:Croatia Week 3993: 3984: 3972:. Retrieved 3967: 3958: 3944: 3934:December 18, 3932:. Retrieved 3927: 3917: 3908: 3899: 3887:. Retrieved 3883: 3873: 3861:. Retrieved 3857:The National 3856: 3847: 3835:. Retrieved 3831: 3822: 3810:. Retrieved 3806: 3797: 3785:. Retrieved 3781: 3772: 3763: 3753: 3743:November 27, 3741:. Retrieved 3736: 3727: 3712: 3697: 3685:. Retrieved 3681: 3671: 3659:. Retrieved 3655: 3645: 3633:. Retrieved 3623: 3611:. Retrieved 3607:the original 3597: 3572: 3568: 3562: 3553: 3544: 3532:. Retrieved 3522: 3510:. Retrieved 3506:Mennonews.de 3505: 3496: 3474:(1): 25–34. 3471: 3467: 3457: 3445:. Retrieved 3431: 3421:September 5, 3419:. Retrieved 3414: 3405: 3393:. Retrieved 3388: 3379: 3369:December 18, 3367:. Retrieved 3362: 3352: 3341:, retrieved 3336: 3330: 3318:. Retrieved 3313: 3310:"Alex Olson" 3304: 3292:. Retrieved 3287: 3278: 3266:. Retrieved 3261: 3252: 3240:. Retrieved 3236:the original 3231: 3222: 3210:. Retrieved 3206: 3196: 3184:. Retrieved 3180: 3170: 3159: 3150: 3138:. Retrieved 3133: 3124: 3112:. Retrieved 3106: 3097: 3085:. Retrieved 3075: 3065:September 2, 3063:. Retrieved 3058: 3049: 3037:. Retrieved 3032: 3023: 3004: 2998: 2989: 2985: 2975: 2942: 2938: 2907: 2901: 2889:. Retrieved 2885: 2876: 2842: 2838: 2829: 2823:Hasanuddin U 2806: 2797: 2788: 2776:. Retrieved 2766: 2750: 2745: 2733:. Retrieved 2729:the original 2724: 2715: 2703:. Retrieved 2699: 2690: 2678:. Retrieved 2673: 2664: 2652:. Retrieved 2647: 2638: 2605: 2601: 2595: 2583:. Retrieved 2578: 2569: 2561:the original 2556: 2547: 2535:. Retrieved 2531:the original 2526: 2517: 2507: 2495:. Retrieved 2491:the original 2486: 2477: 2442: 2438: 2432: 2420:. Retrieved 2413: 2404: 2392:. Retrieved 2388:the original 2383: 2374: 2347: 2343: 2329: 2317:. Retrieved 2307: 2297: 2290: 2263: 2259: 2249: 2236:(3): 47–48. 2233: 2229: 2216: 2207: 2198: 2177: 2169: 2128: 2124: 2114: 2061: 2057: 2047: 2022: 2018: 2012: 2000:. Retrieved 1996:the original 1991: 1982: 1972:December 15, 1970:. Retrieved 1966: 1936:the original 1932:TheFetus.net 1931: 1879: 1873: 1854: 1848: 1829: 1823: 1811:. Retrieved 1801: 1777: 1770: 1737: 1733: 1701: 1697: 1670: 1666: 1645: 1623: 1619: 1609: 1576: 1572: 1562: 1550:. Retrieved 1546: 1537: 1525:. Retrieved 1521: 1512: 1492: 1452: 1449:Lori Lansens 1433: 1428: 1409: 990: 951:omphalopagus 910: 904: 841: 759: 755:tuberculosis 731: 685: 680: 656: 641: 634: 620: 599: 585: 566: 559: 544: 542: 523: 519: 506:Gunzenhausen 494: 478:Alice Dreger 470: 454: 448: 438: 434: 426: 418: 412: 408: 400: 394: 374: 360: 354: 348: 339:Cephalopagus 338: 333: 326:(6%): Fused 321: 306:Omphalopagus 305: 299: 282:Thoracopagus 281: 276: 250: 235: 225: 216: 205: 203:amniotic sac 186: 182: 180: 161: 153: 149: 148: 83:Bodies fused 22: 4479:Mixed twins 4107:January 30, 3968:lexpress.mu 3930:(in French) 3928:lexpress.mu 3512:December 9, 3365:(in French) 3363:lexpress.mu 3343:December 3, 3288:The Citizen 3186:December 3, 2422:October 14, 2394:October 14, 1809:. Bbc.co.uk 1552:November 5, 1547:MedicineNet 1527:November 5, 1478:Polycephaly 1468:Medical law 1424:verse novel 1007:Ischiopagus 987:craniopagus 962:Netherlands 925:(1908–1936) 923:Philippines 636:City of God 455:Tricephalus 376:Ischiopagus 349:Syncephalus 323:Craniopagus 212:monozygotic 117:see article 98:Usual onset 36:Other names 4494:Categories 4377:conditions 4303:DiseasesDB 3974:October 2, 3530:. Ndtv.com 3447:August 25, 3415:PEOPLE.com 3268:January 9, 3033:EenVandaag 2757:New York: 2648:The Mirror 2230:ISAPS News 2019:Teratology 1504:References 1406:In fiction 1309:dicephalic 1281:Bangladesh 1197:Silay City 1143:Ben Carson 1100:dicephalic 1077:Ben Carson 1042:New Jersey 921:of Samar, 873:dicephalus 769:Mark Twain 692:dicephalus 663:'Abd Shams 617:Lima, Peru 555:Manchester 467:Separation 449:Rachipagus 361:Xiphopagus 191:stem cells 4474:Chimerism 4327:eMedicine 4141:April 13, 4136:0261-3077 4042:0353-9504 3635:August 3, 3613:August 3, 3534:March 16, 3395:April 13, 3114:March 11, 2967:222330134 2959:0003-0147 2778:August 3, 2680:August 3, 2654:August 3, 2585:March 27, 2537:March 27, 2497:August 3, 2487:Vindy.com 2145:0146-0005 2106:250114880 2080:2472-1727 2002:August 3, 1813:August 3, 1762:206964928 1708:eMedicine 1454:The Girls 1289:Australia 1285:Melbourne 1183:Guatemala 1130:Mauritius 1108:Minnesota 1035:Singapore 901:pygopagus 880:pygopagus 863:pygopagus 824:pygopagus 750:kidnapped 721:Grave of 652:Palestine 538:Singapore 462:Treatment 439:Iliopagus 435:Pygopagus 401:Parapagus 385:genitalia 310:diaphragm 262:goosecoid 176:stillborn 139:Prognosis 130:Treatment 59:Specialty 4384:Zygosity 4332:ped/2936 4183:Archived 4081:June 18, 4077:. AL.com 4060:31483115 3863:July 27, 3837:July 27, 3812:July 27, 3787:July 27, 3764:BBC News 3687:June 15, 3661:June 15, 3589:15970906 3554:BBC News 3488:15636762 3140:July 10, 3134:BBC News 3087:June 21, 2815:Archived 2735:July 18, 2705:July 18, 2700:BBC News 2630:36191724 2622:11210387 2579:BBC News 2468:37985174 2459:14192083 2366:16597654 2319:July 30, 2282:15607002 2238:Archived 2161:53767929 2153:30477661 2098:35766259 1754:15278382 1689:16680335 1642:25516079 1601:32204640 1593:16170850 1462:See also 1422:for her 1418:won the 1271:Canadian 1212:Amritsar 1157:Veracruz 973:Ian Aird 897:Brighton 838:Thailand 712:Sardinia 674:polymath 387:and one 207:in utero 199:placenta 163:in utero 109:Lifelong 106:Duration 79:Symptoms 4450:in fetu 4297:D014428 4051:6734570 4000:June 9, 3909:CNN.com 3889:July 9, 3320:July 9, 3294:July 9, 3262:CNN.com 3212:July 9, 2869:1433064 2860:1294728 2761:, 1997. 2089:9546242 2039:8711621 1781:. USA: 1667:Clinics 1320:Georgia 1315:Center. 1060:Vietnam 853:Catania 820:Hungary 763:, from 746:showman 708:convent 704:Hungary 576:History 195:chorion 183:fission 160:joined 4448:Fetus 4134: 4058: 4048: 4040: 3587: 3486: 3242:May 9, 3011: 2965: 2957: 2914: 2867: 2857: 2628: 2620: 2465: 2457: 2364: 2280: 2186: 2159: 2151: 2143: 2104: 2096: 2086: 2078: 2037: 1886: 1861: 1836: 1789: 1760: 1752: 1687: 1640: 1599: 1591: 1439:'s 1244:Araria 1207:later. 1161:Mexico 1139:Zambia 1027:Shiraz 958:Mûnein 937:Russia 933:Moscow 906:Freaks 765:Locana 671:Muslim 648:Emmaus 602:(1493) 590:(1493) 474:ethics 443:pelvis 405:pelvis 381:spines 328:skulls 257:streak 232:Causes 201:, and 187:fusion 172:Africa 156:, are 122:Causes 66: 4462:Other 4308:34474 4286:759.4 4282:678.1 4267:Q89.4 4263:O33.7 2963:S2CID 2674:Wired 2626:S2CID 2463:S2CID 2344:Brain 2241:(PDF) 2226:(PDF) 2157:S2CID 2102:S2CID 1758:S2CID 1597:S2CID 1484:Notes 1378:Italy 1361:Bibi. 1279:from 1252:India 1248:Bihar 1230:Italy 1226:Lazio 1119:Texas 836:(now 725:near 700:Szőny 623:Moche 611:Moche 343:Janus 290:liver 286:heart 273:Types 158:twins 114:Types 4392:Twin 4375:Twin 4292:MeSH 4277:9-CM 4143:2017 4132:ISSN 4109:2023 4083:2023 4056:PMID 4038:ISSN 4002:2023 3976:2021 3936:2019 3891:2020 3865:2020 3839:2020 3814:2020 3789:2020 3745:2018 3689:2017 3663:2017 3637:2014 3615:2014 3585:PMID 3536:2022 3514:2016 3484:PMID 3449:2024 3441:UCLA 3423:2017 3397:2022 3371:2019 3345:2022 3322:2023 3296:2023 3270:2020 3244:2020 3214:2023 3188:2022 3142:2023 3116:2023 3089:2022 3067:2018 3041:2024 3009:ISBN 2955:ISSN 2912:ISBN 2893:2022 2865:PMID 2780:2014 2737:2019 2707:2019 2682:2014 2656:2014 2618:PMID 2587:2010 2539:2010 2499:2014 2455:PMID 2424:2015 2396:2015 2362:PMID 2321:2017 2278:PMID 2184:ISBN 2149:PMID 2141:ISSN 2094:PMID 2076:ISSN 2035:PMID 2004:2014 1974:2023 1884:ISBN 1859:ISBN 1834:ISBN 1815:2014 1787:ISBN 1750:PMID 1685:PMID 1638:PMID 1589:PMID 1554:2021 1529:2021 1387:two. 1374:Rome 1222:Rome 1098:are 1031:Iran 947:Ohio 909:and 834:Siam 812:pair 661:and 627:Peru 621:The 546:Re A 488:and 389:anus 266:BMP4 255:and 222:Siam 170:and 4273:ICD 4254:ICD 4226:", 4046:PMC 4030:doi 3884:CNN 3577:doi 3573:192 3476:doi 2947:doi 2855:PMC 2847:doi 2610:doi 2447:doi 2352:doi 2348:129 2268:doi 2133:doi 2084:PMC 2066:doi 2062:114 2027:doi 1742:doi 1706:at 1675:doi 1628:doi 1624:103 1581:doi 1429:One 1372:in 1333:by 1224:in 1025:of 981:of 945:of 931:of 895:of 698:of 650:in 553:in 480:of 437:or 4496:: 4330:: 4306:: 4295:: 4284:, 4280:: 4265:, 4261:: 4258:10 4130:. 4126:. 4100:. 4054:. 4044:. 4036:. 4026:60 4024:. 4020:. 3992:. 3907:. 3882:. 3855:. 3830:. 3805:. 3780:. 3762:. 3735:. 3680:. 3654:. 3583:. 3571:. 3552:. 3504:. 3482:. 3472:32 3470:. 3439:. 3413:. 3312:. 3286:. 3260:. 3230:. 3205:. 3179:. 3158:. 3132:. 3105:. 3057:. 3031:. 2990:42 2988:. 2984:. 2961:. 2953:. 2943:25 2941:. 2937:. 2926:^ 2884:. 2863:, 2853:, 2843:85 2841:, 2821:, 2723:. 2698:. 2672:. 2646:. 2624:. 2616:. 2606:28 2604:. 2577:. 2555:. 2525:. 2485:. 2461:. 2453:. 2443:20 2441:. 2412:. 2382:. 2360:. 2346:. 2342:. 2276:. 2262:. 2258:. 2232:. 2228:. 2206:. 2155:. 2147:. 2139:. 2129:42 2123:. 2100:. 2092:. 2082:. 2074:. 2060:. 2056:. 2033:. 2023:52 2021:. 1990:. 1965:. 1944:^ 1930:. 1898:^ 1756:. 1748:. 1738:20 1736:. 1714:^ 1683:. 1671:61 1669:. 1665:. 1653:^ 1644:. 1636:. 1622:. 1618:. 1595:. 1587:. 1577:25 1575:. 1571:. 1545:. 1520:. 1426:, 1376:, 1287:, 1269:, 1250:, 1228:, 1199:, 1159:, 1106:, 1058:, 1029:, 960:, 935:, 702:, 683:. 345:). 197:, 4367:e 4360:t 4353:v 4275:- 4256:- 4246:D 4222:" 4145:. 4111:. 4085:. 4062:. 4032:: 4004:. 3978:. 3938:. 3893:. 3867:. 3841:. 3816:. 3791:. 3766:. 3747:. 3721:. 3706:. 3691:. 3665:. 3639:. 3617:. 3591:. 3579:: 3538:. 3516:. 3490:. 3478:: 3451:. 3425:. 3399:. 3373:. 3324:. 3298:. 3272:. 3246:. 3216:. 3190:. 3144:. 3118:. 3091:. 3069:. 3043:. 3017:. 2969:. 2949:: 2920:. 2895:. 2849:: 2782:. 2755:. 2739:. 2709:. 2684:. 2632:. 2612:: 2589:. 2541:. 2501:. 2471:. 2449:: 2426:. 2398:. 2368:. 2354:: 2323:. 2284:. 2270:: 2264:7 2234:9 2192:. 2163:. 2135:: 2108:. 2068:: 2041:. 2029:: 2006:. 1976:. 1892:. 1867:. 1842:. 1817:. 1795:. 1764:. 1744:: 1691:. 1677:: 1630:: 1603:. 1583:: 1556:. 1531:. 1445:. 1380:. 1301:. 1291:. 1009:. 915:. 826:. 818:( 371:. 20:.

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.

Index