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of Bishop Unger, whose diocese had also comprised
Gniezno before and who had not supported the creation of a separate archdiocese in Gniezno, is also subject to historical debate. One view holds that it stayed independent and with Unger as a missionary bishop directly subordinate to the pope while
524:
It wasn't until Henry's death in 1024, that Bolesław was able to acquire the papal consent for his coronation as Polish king. The
Pomeranian diocese of Kołobrzeg, founded as a consequence of the Congress of Gniezno, was overthrown by a pagan resurgence of the
376:, the first author of Polish history. Whether the act implemented an elevation of Bolesław to the status of "king" has not been conclusively established. In any case, Bolesław had himself crowned King of Poland at Gniezno Cathedral in 1025.
502:, Bolesław was attacked by Henry's men and narrowly escaped with his life. As a consequence, the excellent relations between the Empire and Poland marked by the Congress of Gniezno turned into a state of hostility that soon emerged into a
443:, the nearest German ecclesiastical province. However, generally, the congress is seen as having established complete ecclesiastical independence of the Polish church from Magdeburg.
163:
in Poland on 11 March 1000. Scholars disagree over the details of the decisions made at the convention, especially whether the ruler of Poland was pledged the king's crown or not.
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to St. Adalbert's tomb in
Gniezno; in his attempt to extend the influence of Christianity in Central and Eastern Europe, and to renew the
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bishop to become a saint. His body, bought back by Bolesław from the
Prussians for its weight in gold, was put into a tomb at
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When his son Bolesław succeeded him, Poland remained an ally of the Empire in the campaigns against the
Polabian
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454:, where Bolesław received Charlemagne's throne as a gift. Both arranged the betrothal of Bolesław's son
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Bolesław subsequently accompanied Otto III on his way back to
Germany. Both proceeded to the grave of
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Christianization and the Rise of
Christian Monarchy: Scandinavia, Central Europe and Rus' C. 900–1200
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rather than a German archdiocese, kept Poland independent from the Holy Roman Empire throughout the
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On the pilgrimage to
Gniezno, Emperor Otto III was received by Bolesław at the Polish border on the
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escorted him to
Gniezno. Between the 7th and 15th of March Otto invested Bolesław with the titles
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478:, Otto's successor, changed the empire's policies. Bolesław supported Henry's rival, Margrave
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by the common effort of Duke Bolesław I and
Emperor Otto III. Thus, Adalbert became the first
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of Gniezno. The archdiocese then controlled the whole Piast realm, as confirmed by the papal
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203:
263:. After his defeat by Gero's troops in 963, Mieszko I decided to come to terms with Emperor
86:
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of Meissen. As a precaution however, shortly before his death in 992 he placed his realm (
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The Investiture Controversy: Church and Monarchy from the Ninth to the Twelfth Century
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and agreed to pay tribute for this part of his lands. In turn he gained the title of
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The creation of the separate Archdiocese of Gniezno, as directly subordinate to the
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became the first archbishop of Gniezno. Otto III gave Bolesław a replica of his
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acted as regent for her son, also called Otto. In 996 Otto III was crowned as
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of Poland. He continued his policy of convergence with the Empire by marrying
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322:. By the time of the congress at Gniezno in AD 1000, he was 20 years old.
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498:, interfering with Henry's interests. During a meeting with Henry II in
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206:, Otto III, who had been a friend and pupil of Adalbert, committed to a
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396:
285:, in 978 and by marrying his son Bolesław I to a daughter of Margrave
271:("Friend of the Emperor") and the acknowledgment of his position as a
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river, where their claims to power collided with the interests of the
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of the empire. As part of this policy he also invested Grand Prince
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tribes. Emperor Otto II died at the age of 28 in 983. His widow
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383:. Three new dioceses subordinate to Gniezno were created: the
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On the same visit, Otto III raised Gniezno to the rank of an
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Portrait of Bolesław with the replica of the Holy Lance,
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After his death in 997 during a mission among the pagan
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Silver relic coffin of St. Adalbert at Gniezno Cathedral
199:, which became the ecclesiastical center of Poland.
691:
683:, University f Pennsylvania Press, 1991, pg. 38
622:Deutsche und Polen: Geschichte, Kultur, Politik
544:. Around 1075 the Bishopric of Poznań became a
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439:another one holds that it was attached to the
427:, and Bolesław presented the Emperor with a
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533:was forced to return to Boleslaw's court.
358:("Brother and Partner of the Empire") and
66:Learn how and when to remove this message
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29:This article includes a list of general
474:policies were not fully realized. King
470:Due to Otto's early death in 1002, his
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431:, an arm of St. Adalbert in exchange.
251:had extended their domains beyond the
147:) was an amicable meeting between the
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482:, expanded the Polish realm into the
281:, the daughter of the Saxon margrave
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13:
506:which finally ended with the 1018
120:Polish replica of the Holy Lance,
35:it lacks sufficient corresponding
14:
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620:Andreas Lawaty, Hubert Orłowski,
725:Diplomatic conferences in Poland
591:Otto III. Und der Akt von Gnesen
20:
202:According to the chronicles of
715:1000s in the Holy Roman Empire
670:
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360:populi Romani amicus et socius
1:
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218:based on a federal concept ("
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730:Otto III, Holy Roman Emperor
517:Memorial erected in 2000 at
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356:frater et cooperator Imperii
228:duchies upgraded to eastern
7:
555:
415:). St. Adalbert's brother
236:with the king's crown (the
221:renovatio imperii Romanorum
10:
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441:Archbishopric of Magdeburg
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293:) under the protection of
490:lands, and also took the
458:with the Emperor's niece
365:Gesta principum Polonorum
111:Imperial Treasury, Vienna
720:Germany–Poland relations
562:Germany–Poland relations
529:around 1007, and bishop
362:as rendered in the 1115
283:Dietrich of Haldensleben
224:") with the Polish and
50:more precise citations.
705:10th century in Poland
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460:Richeza of Lotharingia
405:Bishopric of Kołobrzeg
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238:Crown of Saint Stephen
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159:, which took place at
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677:Uta-Renate Blumenthal
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204:Thietmar of Merseburg
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145:Gnesener Übereinkunft
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105:The spearhead of the
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81:
652:, 2007, pp.281-182,
411:(assigned to bishop
399:(assigned to Bishop
387:(assigned to Bishop
234:Stephen I of Hungary
153:Bolesław I the Brave
85:during the reign of
480:Eckard I of Meissen
436:Bishopric of Poznań
385:Bishopric of Kraków
133:Congress of Gniezno
710:History of Gniezno
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456:Mieszko II Lambert
434:The status of the
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316:Holy Roman Emperor
291:Civitas Schinesghe
269:amicus imperatoris
185:Adalbert of Prague
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137:Zjazd gnieźnieński
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87:Bolesław the Brave
666:978-0-521-87616-2
638:978-3-406-49436-9
607:978-3-638-85343-9
593:, 2007, pp.9-10,
546:suffragan diocese
504:German–Polish War
297:according to the
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197:Gniezno Cathedral
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542:Middle Ages
527:Pomeranians
448:Charlemagne
372:chronicler
346:river near
338:(1838–1893)
336:Jan Matejko
243:The Polish
48:introducing
735:Holy Lance
694:Categories
568:References
494:throne at
421:Holy Lance
403:) and the
208:pilgrimage
167:Background
139:, German:
122:Wawel Hill
107:Holy Lance
31:references
552:in 1136.
519:Kołobrzeg
500:Merseburg
472:renovatio
466:Aftermath
409:Pomerania
393:Bishopric
350:. Bishop
312:Theophanu
303:regest.
259:margrave
249:Mieszko I
226:Hungarian
189:canonized
135:(Polish:
556:See also
538:Holy See
531:Reinbern
492:Bohemian
486:and the
476:Henry II
413:Reinbern
348:Małomice
230:federati
181:Prussian
157:Otto III
488:Milceni
397:Wrocław
391:), the
368:by the
326:The act
161:Gniezno
95:Gniezno
44:improve
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496:Prague
370:Kraków
308:Lutici
287:Rikdag
265:Otto I
247:under
193:Slavic
149:Polish
126:Kraków
83:Poland
33:, but
429:relic
389:Poppo
257:Saxon
212:Italy
210:from
151:Duke
662:ISBN
654:ISBN
634:ISBN
626:ISBN
603:ISBN
595:ISBN
344:Bóbr
320:Rome
261:Gero
253:Oder
240:).
131:The
89:and
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450:at
407:in
401:Jan
395:of
318:at
279:Oda
274:Dux
143:or
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