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who brought this ritualistic practice with them when they arrived in New
Orleans in the 18th century. Although it is not the most noted recreational activity people took part in at Congo Square, it was nevertheless one of the many forms of entertainment and social gatherings here. Voodoo was the most prominent from the 1820s to the 1860s, as Congo Square provided an opportunity to expose people to this intriguing practice. The types of voodoo ceremonies performed at Congo Square were very different from traditional voodoo, however. True voodoo rituals were much more exotic and secretive and focused on the religious and ritualistic aspect, while the voodoo in Congo Square was predominantly a form of entertainment and a celebration of African culture. Some of the dances and types of music heard in Congo Square were the result of these voodoo ceremonies.
522:, a Confederate General who was born in St. Bernard Parish and led troops at the Battle of Fort Sumter. This was part of an attempt by city leaders to suppress the mass gatherings at the square. While this name appeared on some maps, most locals continued to call it "Congo Square". Local New Orleans author and historian Freddi Williams Evans was the main advocator for the name change. As a result of her encouragement, City Councilwoman Kristin Gisleson Palmer created an ordinance to rename the area Congo Square in 2011. In the ordinance, Palmer claimed that “By restoring the name, Congo Square will continue to be remembered for the birthplace of the culture and music of New Orleans” and that “Jazz is the only truly indigenous American art form, and arguably its genesis was Congo Square, a true gift to the entire country and world.” In 2011, the
396:, a visitor to the city, wrote about the celebrations in his journal. Although he found them "savage", he was amazed at the sight of 500-600 unsupervised slaves who assembled for dancing. He described them as ornamented with a number of tails of the smaller wild beasts, with fringes, ribbons, little bells, and shells and balls, jingling and flirting about the performers' legs and arms. The women, one onlooker reported, wore, each according to her means, the newest fashions in silk, gauze, muslin, and percale dresses. The males covered themselves in oriental and Indian dress and covered themselves only with a sash of the same sort wrapped around the body. Except for that, they went naked.
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movement is a classical orchestral work
Harrison derived from his experiences becoming the recognized Big Chief of Congo Square. The third movement merges Harrison and his jazz quartet and the Moscow Symphony Orchestra. They play a blend orchestral music and jazz influenced by the sounds that permeated Congo Square.
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Composer/Saxophonist, Donald
Harrison, composed, orchestrated, and produced "Congo Square Suite." The music was released in 2023 and features three movements. The first movement is a chant with percussion and singing and feature mixture of Afro-New Orleans cultural music from Congo Square. The second
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Along with these gatherings, other celebrations and events that are held in Congo Square every year include Martin Luther King Day celebrations, and the Red Dress Run. There are also numerous weddings, festivals, and concerts that take place in the park every year. On Martin Luther King Day, the park
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gave an inspirational speech calling for the city to reduce violence in the streets. The annual Red Dress Run begins in Congo Square, and is organized by the New
Orleans Hash House Harriers, a running group in the city. The race is known for its participants dressing in all red and heavy drinking.
470:
Besides the music and dancing, Congo Square also provided enslaved blacks with a place in which they could express themselves spiritually. This brief religious freedom on
Sundays resulted in the practice of voodoo ceremonies. Voodoo is an ancient religion that developed from enslaved West Africans
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As harsher United States practices of slavery replaced the more lenient
Spanish colonial style, the gatherings of enslaved Africans declined. Although no recorded date of the last of these dances in the square exists, the practice seems to have stopped more than a decade before the end of slavery
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at a clearing called "la place congo" the various ethnic or cultural groups of
Colonial Louisiana traded and socialized. It was not until 1817 that the mayor of New Orleans issued a city ordinance that restricted any kind of gathering of enslaved Africans to the one location of Congo Square. They
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Today, there are still celebrations of the historical and cultural heritage of New
Orleans. Congo Square Preservation Society is a community-based organization created by percussionist Luther Gray that aims to preserve the historical significance of Congo Square. Every Sunday, it carries on the
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was implemented in 1724, giving enslaved
Africans the day off on Sundays, there were no laws in place giving them the right to congregate. Despite constant threats to these congregations, they often gathered in remote and public places such as along levees, in public squares, in backyards, and
350:, sing, dance, and play music. This singing, dancing and playing started as a byproduct of the original market during the French reign. At the time the enslaved could purchase their freedom and could freely buy and sell goods in the square in order to raise money to escape slavery.
365:, New Orleans received thousands of additional Africans and Creoles in the early years of the 19th century. They reinforced African traditions in the city, in music as in other areas. Many visitors were amazed at the African-style dancing and music. Observers heard the beat of the
377:, and saw the multitude of African dances that had survived through the years. There were a variety of dances that could be seen in Congo Square including the Bamboula, Calinda, Congo, Carabine and Juba. The rhythms played at Congo square can still be heard today in New Orleans
475:, the first and most powerful voodoo queen, is one of the most well-known practitioners of voodoo in Congo Square. In the 1830s, Marie Laveau led voodoo dances in Congo Square and held darker, more covert rituals along the banks of Lake Pontchartrain and St. John's Bayou.
361:. As African music had been suppressed in the Protestant colonies and states, the weekly gatherings at Congo Square became a famous site for visitors from elsewhere in the U.S. In addition, because of the immigration of refugees (some bringing enslaved Africans) from the
438:, and triangles. Gradually, the music in the square gained more European influence as enslaved English-speaking Africans danced to songs like “Old Virginia Never Tire.” This mix of African and European styles helped create African American culture.
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One witness noted that clusters of onlookers, musicians, and dancers represented tribal groupings, with each nation taking their place in different parts of the square. The musicians used a range of instruments from available cultures:
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serves as the ceremonial starting place of a march that goes all the way to the Martin Luther King Jr. Monument on South
Claiborne Avenue. On this holiday in 2012, a ceremony was held in Congo Square in which New Orleans Mayor
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555:. In the late 20th century and early 21st century, Congo Square has continued to be an important venue for music festivals and a community gathering place for brass band parades, protest marches, and drum circles.
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Usner, Daniel Henry, Jr. (1981). Frontier exchange in the lower Mississippi valley: race relations and economic life in Colonial Louisiana, 1699-1793. (Thesis. PhD, Duke University). p. 251
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practices at Congo Square were documented by Folklorist Newbell Niles Puckett. African Americans poured libations at the four corners of Congo Square at midnight during a dark moon. During
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The profits from the race are given to local charities. After the 2014 race, it was announced that over one million dollars had been given to over 100 local New Orleans charities.
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wrote and recorded a piece called "Congo Square" early in the New Orleans jazz revival, which became the theme song for the New Orleans Jazz Club radio show.
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In the late 19th century, the square again became a famous musical venue, this time for a series of brass band concerts by orchestras of the area's "
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were allowed to gather in the "Place des Nègres", "Place Publique", later "Circus Square" or informally "Place Congo" at the "back of town" (across
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project leveled a substantial portion of the Tremé neighborhood around the square. After a decade of debate over the land, the City turned it into
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tradition by gathering to celebrate the history and culture of Congo Square through drum circles, dancing, and other musical performances.
494:(a sacred dance in Hoodoo) was performed to invoke ancestral spirits for assistance and healing in the enslaved and free black community.
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983:""Statement from Councilmember Kristin Gisleson Palmer." NOLA City Council. April 27, 2011. Accessed April 28, 2015"
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and held events annually at Congo Square. As attendance grew, the city moved the festival to the much larger
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Townsfolk would gather around the square on Sunday afternoons to watch the dancing. In 1819, the architect
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was built in an area just in back of the square, displacing and disrupting some of the Tremé community.
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incorporated rhythms and tunes he heard in Congo Square into some of his compositions, like his famous
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Among classical composers, in addition to Gottschalk, Congo Square was made the subject of a
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867:"Jazz is African Diasporic Music: Reconfiguring the Uniquely American Definition of Jazz"
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518:" community. In 1893, the square was officially named “Beauregard Square” in honor of
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Johnson, Jerah. Congo Square in New Orleans. Pelican Publishing Company, Inc., 2011.
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University and college buildings listed on the National Register of Historic Places
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parades. In addition, the music played became the music of Louisiana Voodoo rites.
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also wrote a song based on the Congo Square called "Congo" on her 2004 album
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The history of Congo Square inspired later generations of New Orleanians.
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1063:"Unhappy Trails in the Big Easy: Public Spaces and a Square Called Congo"
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Another song called "Congo Square" is that of Louisiana slide guitarist
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Dance in Congo Square in the late 18th century, artist's conception by
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1979:
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List of jails and prisons on the National Register of Historic Places
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Africans were commonly allowed Sundays off from their work. Although
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as well as traditional African drum and vocal ensemble from Ghana.
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which included extracts of the music to be heard in the square.
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officially voted to restore the traditional name Congo Square.
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in 1918. He was inspired by an 1896 essay of the same name by
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Article about Congo Square by the U.S. National Park Service
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released a song called "Congo Square" on their 1991 release
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309:
304:. The square is famous for its influence on the history of
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The tradition continued after the city became part of the
924:. Louisiana Department of Culture Recreation and Tourism
324:'s French and Spanish colonial era of the 18th century,
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Historically African-American theaters and music venues
946:
African American Folklore An Encyclopedia for Students
905:. The University of North Carolina press. p. 219.
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Dee Dee Bridgewater co-wrote a song of that name with
844:. The University of Georgia Press. pp. 26, 135.
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is also the title of an African-themed jazz score by
2076:
National Register of Historic Places in New Orleans
1133:
History of the National Register of Historic Places
915:
2056:National Register of Historic Places in Louisiana
1164:List of U.S. National Historic Landmarks by state
2027:
1556:National Register of Historic Places portal
1024:"Congo Square - Keeping the African Beat Alive"
1021:
403:Photo of National Register sign in Congo Square
1801:Mahalia Jackson Theater of the Performing Arts
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841:The Afro-American Tradition in Decorative Arts
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998:"Going back to Congo Square: Jarvis DeBerry"
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717:A Tale of God's Will (A Requiem for Katrina)
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2061:Louisiana African American Heritage Trail
1104:U.S. National Register of Historic Places
806:
547:Starting in 1970, the City organized the
91:U.S. National Register of Historic Places
2005:New Orleans Jazz & Heritage Festival
1914:Columbia Theatre for the Performing Arts
1857:Shreveport Municipal Memorial Auditorium
1816:River Center Theater for Performing Arts
865:Lindsey, Lydia; Vincent, Joshua (2017).
819:, Penguin History, paperback edition, 47
549:New Orleans Jazz & Heritage Festival
501:
398:
55:of all important aspects of the article.
2041:African-American history in New Orleans
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970:Culture Watch: A return to Congo Square
942:
916:State Museum Staff (January 27, 2014).
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710:is the opening track on jazz trumpeter
544:, which incorporates old Congo Square.
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781:"National Register Information System"
51:Please consider expanding the lead to
1580:
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426:and European instruments such as the
346:), where the enslaved would set up a
786:National Register of Historic Places
198:Jct. of Rampart and St. Peter Sts.,
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24:
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606:(1908), which was also staged as a
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2000:Highland Jazz & Blues Festival
1519:National Historic Preservation Act
902:Folk Beliefs of the Southern Negro
647:. It consists of arrangements for
14:
2107:
1725:Raising Cane's River Center Arena
1665:Fredrick C. Hobdy Assembly Center
1038:
996:DeBerry, Jarvis (June 25, 2019).
1852:New Orleans Municipal Auditorium
1791:Jefferson Performing Arts Center
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531:New Orleans Municipal Auditorium
176:
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2066:History of slavery in Louisiana
1670:Harang Jr. Municipal Auditorium
1660:Frederick J. Sigur Civic Center
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963:
899:Puckett, Newbell Niles (1926).
733:, was released on June 9, 2009.
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284:) is an open space, now within
43:may be too short to adequately
16:For the Teena Marie album, see
1472:Federated States of Micronesia
1118:Architectural style categories
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874:Journal of Pan African Studies
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53:provide an accessible overview
1:
1710:Pete Maravich Assembly Center
1680:Houma Terrebonne Civic Center
918:"RELIGION, RACE, AND SLAVERY"
766:
536:In the 1960s a controversial
333:anywhere they could find. On
185:Show map of the United States
949:. ABC-CLIO. pp. 57–58.
135:Show map of East New Orleans
72:United States historic place
7:
2096:19th century in New Orleans
2091:18th century in New Orleans
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10:
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2036:Congolese-American history
1524:Historic Preservation Fund
1503:American Legation, Morocco
1004:(published April 26, 2011)
315:
288:, which is located in the
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2071:Music venues in Louisiana
1967:
1896:
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1839:
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1607:Music venues of Louisiana
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1465:Lists by associated state
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1050:Congo Square, New Orleans
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251:NRHP reference
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1878:Fair Grounds Race Course
1831:Shaw Center for the Arts
1685:Ike Hamilton Expo Center
1675:Hirsch Memorial Coliseum
1446:Northern Mariana Islands
1022:Thomas L Morgan (2000).
604:The Dance in Place Congo
585:, a Ukrainian band from
558:
524:New Orleans City Council
1995:French Quarter Festival
1975:Bayou Country Superfest
1730:Rapides Parish Coliseum
1700:Lamar Dixon Expo Center
553:New Orleans Fairgrounds
446:Louis Moreau Gottschalk
246:2.7 acres (1.1 ha)
2046:History of New Orleans
1990:Festival International
1985:Essence Music Festival
1760:Thomas Assembly Center
1441:Minor Outlying Islands
1424:Lists by insular areas
1138:Keeper of the Register
922:Louisiana State Museum
511:
404:
306:African American music
294:New Orleans, Louisiana
281:
200:New Orleans, Louisiana
1888:New Orleans City Park
1625:BREC Memorial Stadium
1143:National Park Service
1123:Contributing property
1052:at Wikimedia Commons
791:National Park Service
744:, for her 2015 album
708:Ghost of Congo Square
660:Way Down in Louisiana
505:
402:
227:29.96083°N 90.06833°W
160:Show map of Louisiana
2051:Parks in New Orleans
1954:State Palace Theatre
1806:McAlister Auditorium
1740:Smoothie King Center
1715:Pontchartrain Center
1690:Independence Stadium
1498:District of Columbia
1061:Powell, Lawrence N.
761:List of music venues
542:Louis Armstrong Park
510:from a century later
286:Louis Armstrong Park
18:Congo Square (album)
1796:LSU Tiger Band Hall
1755:Tad Gormley Stadium
1705:Monroe Civic Center
1655:Fant–Ewing Coliseum
727:'s album, entitled
712:Terence Blanchard's
690:Younger generation
520:P. G. T. Beauregard
232:29.96083; -90.06833
223: /
2086:Colonial Louisiana
2010:Satchmo SummerFest
1897:Theaters and clubs
1645:CenturyLink Center
1069:, 17 January 2012.
747:Dee Dee's Feathers
658:on the 1985 album
612:Metropolitan Opera
577:In popular culture
512:
460:American Civil War
405:
387:Mardi Gras Indians
363:Haitian Revolution
359:Louisiana Purchase
2023:
2022:
2015:Voodoo Experience
1939:Preservation Hall
1821:RiverView Theater
1770:University Center
1745:Stopher Gymnasium
1735:Shrine on Airline
1650:F.G. Clark Center
1635:Caesars Superdome
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1128:Historic district
1048:Media related to
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1924:The Howlin' Wolf
1873:Champions Square
1750:Sudduth Coliseum
1720:Prather Coliseum
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600:Henry F. Gilbert
394:Benjamin Latrobe
371:and wail of the
292:neighborhood of
267:January 28, 1993
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1630:Burton Coliseum
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793:. July 9, 2010.
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723:R&B singer
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620:George W. Cable
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1847:Congo Square
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40:lead section
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1949:Snug Harbor
1929:Joy Theater
1491:Other areas
1451:Puerto Rico
1285:Mississippi
1200:Connecticut
972:on Nola.com
725:Teena Marie
714:2007 album
679:Great White
664:John Mayall
435:tambourines
282:Place Congo
230: /
206:Coordinates
2030:Categories
1959:Tipitina's
1400:Washington
1320:New Mexico
1315:New Jersey
1190:California
884:October 5,
767:References
645:Yacub Addy
492:ring shout
418:pan flutes
215:29°57′39″N
1980:DeltaFest
1968:Festivals
1640:Cajundome
1410:Wisconsin
1375:Tennessee
1280:Minnesota
1255:Louisiana
701:Bravebird
675:hard rock
666:'s album
458:with the
444:composer
368:bamboulas
357:with the
342:from the
330:Code Noir
322:Louisiana
45:summarize
1566:Category
1395:Virginia
1345:Oklahoma
1325:New York
1300:Nebraska
1290:Missouri
1275:Michigan
1265:Maryland
1250:Kentucky
1230:Illinois
1205:Delaware
1195:Colorado
1185:Arkansas
1029:April 8,
1008:July 27,
1002:NOLA.com
880:(5): 164
755:See also
692:neo soul
649:big band
423:marimbas
326:enslaved
258:92001763
218:90°4′6″W
195:Location
1512:Related
1415:Wyoming
1390:Vermont
1295:Montana
1235:Indiana
1215:Georgia
1210:Florida
1180:Arizona
1170:Alabama
694:artist
610:at the
587:Kharkiv
488:slavery
316:History
1350:Oregon
1305:Nevada
1245:Kansas
1220:Hawaii
1175:Alaska
1111:Topics
953:
848:
684:Hooked
608:ballet
484:Hoodoo
479:Hoodoo
466:Voodoo
442:Creole
429:violin
414:gourds
374:banzas
348:market
278:French
1482:Palau
1380:Texas
1260:Maine
1225:Idaho
870:(PDF)
559:Today
410:drums
290:Tremé
1436:Guam
1385:Utah
1340:Ohio
1240:Iowa
1031:2006
1010:2020
951:ISBN
930:2021
886:2023
846:ISBN
740:and
677:act
643:and
583:TNMK
490:, a
385:and
310:jazz
243:Area
614:in
598:by
320:In
253:No.
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