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329:. Users would select the type of tool, machining process and paths to be used. While an engineer may have a working knowledge of G-code programming, small optimization and wear issues compound over time. Mass-produced items that require machining are often initially created through casting or some other non-machine method. This enables hand-written, short, and highly optimized G-code that could not be produced in a CAM package.
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and spindle speeds are generally increased in order to maintain a target surface speed (SFM). A light chip load at high feed and RPM is often referred to as High Speed
Machining (HSM), and can provide quick machining times with high quality results. The result of these lighter passes is a highly accurate part, with a uniformly high
523:
tangent to the ideal part features. This produces an excellent surface finish with high dimensional accuracy. This process is commonly used to machine complex organic shapes such as turbine and impeller blades, which due to their complex curves and overlapping geometry, are impossible to machine with only three axis machines.
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set for increased flexibility. In some cases, such as improperly set up CAM software or specific tools, the CNC machine required manual editing before the program will run properly. None of these issues were so insurmountable that a thoughtful engineer or skilled machine operator could not overcome
183:
and components and tooling with more precise dimensions and material consistency, which in some cases, uses only the required amount of raw material (thus minimizing waste), while simultaneously reducing energy consumption. CAM is now a system used in schools and lower educational purposes. CAM is a
509:
Finishing involves many light passes across the material in fine steps to produce the finished part. When finishing a part, the steps between passes is minimal to prevent tool deflection and material spring back. In order to reduce the lateral tool load, tool engagement is reduced, while feed rates
453:
To ensure ease of use appropriate to user objectives, modern CAM solutions are scalable from a stand-alone CAM system to a fully integrated multi-CAD 3D solution-set. These solutions are created to meet the full needs of manufacturing personnel including part planning, shop documentation, resource
332:
At least in the United States, there is a shortage of young, skilled machinists entering the workforce able to perform at the extremes of manufacturing; high precision and mass production. As CAM software and machines become more complicated, the skills required of a machinist or machine operator
522:
In milling applications on hardware with rotary table and/or rotary head axes, a separate finishing process called contouring can be performed. Instead of stepping down in fine-grained increments to approximate a surface, the work piece or tool is rotated to make the cutting surfaces of the tool
481:
or steps, because the strategy has taken multiple "steps" down the part as it removes material. This takes the best advantage of the machine's ability by cutting material horizontally. Common strategies are zig-zag clearing, offset clearing, plunge roughing, rest-roughing, and trochoidal milling
492:
This process begins with a roughed part that unevenly approximates the model and cuts to within a fixed offset distance from the model. The semi-finishing pass must leave a small amount of material (called the scallop) so the tool can cut accurately, but not so little that the tool and material
441:. Today’s CAM user can easily generate streamlined tool paths, optimized tool axis tilt for higher feed rates, better tool life and surface finish, and ideal cutting depth. In addition to programming cutting operations, modern CAM softwares can additionally drive non-cutting operations such as
514:. In addition to modifying speeds and feeds, machinists will often have finishing specific endmills, which never used as roughing endmills. This is done to protect the endmill from developing chips and flaws in the cutting surface, which would leave streaks and blemishes on the final part.
397:
For the user who is just getting started as a CAM user, out-of-the-box capabilities providing
Process Wizards, templates, libraries, machine tool kits, automated feature based machining and job function specific tailorable user interfaces build user confidence and speed the learning
482:(adaptive clearing). The goal at this stage is to remove the most material in the least time, without much concern for overall dimensional accuracy. When roughing a part, a small amount of extra material is purposely left behind to be removed in subsequent finishing operation(s).
265:. Alexander Hammer at DeLaval Steam Turbine Company invented a technique to progressively drill turbine blades out of a solid metal block of metal with the drill controlled by a punch card reader in 1950. Boeing first obtained NC machines in 1956, made by companies such as
284:
machinists. Fallows created the first CAD software but this had severe shortcomings and was promptly taken back into the developing stage. CAM software would output code for the least capable machine, as each machine tool control added on to the standard
290:
for prototyping or small production runs; G-Code is a simple language. In high production or high precision shops, a different set of problems were encountered where an experienced CNC machinist must both hand-code programs and run CAM software.
915:
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formats that are supported by a wide variety of software. The output from the CAM software is usually a simple text file of G-code/M-codes, sometimes many thousands of commands long, that is then transferred to a machine tool using a
238:. CAM leverages both the value of the most skilled manufacturing professionals through advanced productivity tools, while building the skills of new professionals through visualization, simulation and optimization tools.
409:
The manufacturing environment is increasingly complex. The need for CAM and PLM tools by the manufacturing engineer, NC programmer or machinist is similar to the need for computer assistance by the pilot of modern
1164:
Yong, Loong Tee; Moy, Peter K. (September 2008). "Complications of
Computer-Aided-Design/Computer-Aided-Machining-Guided (NobelGuide™) Surgical Implant Placement: An Evaluation of Early Clinical Results".
678:
Yong, Loong Tee; Moy, Peter K. (2008). "Complications of
Computer-Aided-Design/Computer-Aided-Machining-Guided (NobelGuide™) Surgical Implant Placement: An Evaluation of Early Clinical Results".
919:
466:
Most machining progresses through many stages, each of which is implemented by a variety of basic and sophisticated strategies, depending on the part design, material, and software available.
373:
Over time, the historical shortcomings of CAM are being attenuated, both by providers of niche solutions and by providers of high-end solutions. This is occurring primarily in three arenas:
192:(CAE), as the model generated in CAD and verified in CAE can be input into CAM software, which then controls the machine tool. CAM is used in many schools alongside CAD to create objects.
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401:
User confidence is further built on 3D visualization through a closer integration with the 3D CAD environment, including error-avoiding simulations and optimizations.
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Integration with PLM and the extended enterprise LM to integrate manufacturing with enterprise operations from concept through field support of the finished product.
477:, or a rough casting which a CNC machine cuts roughly to shape of the final model, ignoring the fine details. In milling, the result often gives the appearance of
1127:
Gomes, Jefferson de
Oliveira; Almeida Jr, Adelson Ribeiro de; Silva, Alex Sandro de AraĂşjo; Souza, Guilherme Oliveira de; Nunes, Acson Machado (September 2010).
1064:
Agrawal, Rajneesh Kumar; Pratihar, D.K.; Roy
Choudhury, A. (June 2006). "Optimization of CNC isoscallop free form surface machining using a genetic algorithm".
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of work pieces. This is not the only definition for CAM, but it is the most common. It may also refer to the use of a computer to assist in all operations of a
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Amin, S.G.; Ahmed, M.H.M.; Youssef, H.A. (December 1995). "Computer-aided design of acoustic horns for ultrasonic machining using finite-element analysis".
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Historically, CAM software was seen to have several shortcomings that necessitated an overly high level of involvement by skilled
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CAM packages could not, and still cannot, reason as a machinist can. They could not optimize toolpaths to the extent required of
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management and data management and exchange. To prevent these solutions from detailed tool specific information a dedicated
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Mörmann, W. H.; Bindl, A. (2002). "All-ceramic, chair-side computer-aided design/computer-aided machining restorations".
68:
301:. Usually it had been necessary to force the CAD operator to export the data in one of the common data formats, such as
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Early commercial applications of CAM were in large companies in the automotive and aerospace industries; for example,
226:(NC) programming tool, wherein two-dimensional (2-D) or three-dimensional (3-D) models of components are generated in
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A CAM tool generally converts a model to a language the target machine in question understands, typically
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245:. The numerical control can be applied to machining tools, or more recently to 3D printers.
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969:"America's Skilled Trades Dilemma: Shortages Loom As Most-In-Demand Group Of Workers Ages"
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systems. The modern machinery cannot be properly used without this assistance.
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Purdue
Research and Education Centre for Information Systems in Engineering
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and engineer rather than eliminating the CNC machinist from the workforce.
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179:, transportation and storage. Its primary purpose is to create a faster
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Journal of the
Brazilian Society of Mechanical Sciences and Engineering
1129:"Evaluation of 5-axis HSC dynamic behavior when milling TiAl6V4 blades"
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Today's CAM systems support the full range of machine tools including:
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deflect away from the cutting surfaces. Common strategies are
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The integration of CAD with other components of CAD/CAM/CAE
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High-Speed
Machining, including streamlining of tool paths
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319:
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1066:
International
Journal of Machine Tools and Manufacture
318:(DNC) program or in modern Controllers using a common
887:
Boothroyd, Geoffrey; Knight, Winston Anthony (2006).
473:
This process usually begins with raw stock, known as
368:
839:(2nd ed.). Butterworth-Heinemann. p. 229.
782:(5 ed.). Oxford University Press. p. 102.
665:"Method and apparatus for computer aided machining"
606:– solid freeform fabrication direct from CAD models
538:
List of computer-aided manufacturing (CAM) Software
60:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1100:International Workshop CA Systems and Technologies
859:
546:For 3D CAM software for personal 3D printers, see
2018:
1198:
261:in the 1960s for car body design and tooling at
1194:https://patents.google.com/patent/US5933353A/en
1167:Clinical Implant Dentistry and Related Research
886:
749:
680:Clinical Implant Dentistry and Related Research
497:, waterline passes, constant step-over passes,
27:Use of software to control industrial processes
542:Category:Computer-aided manufacturing software
1894:
1316:
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860:Pichler, Franz; Moreno-DĂaz, Roberto (1992).
750:Hosking, Dian Marie; Anderson, Neil (1992),
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890:Fundamentals of machining and machine tools
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1309:
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1201:Journal of Materials Processing Technology
809:The CRC handbook of mechanical engineering
527:
1144:
120:Learn how and when to remove this message
1054:. CNC Cookbook. Retrieved on 2012-01-17.
893:(3rd ed.). CRC Press. p. 401.
832:
775:
297:(PLM) environment requires an effective
257:work developing the CAD/CAM application
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184:subsequent computer-aided process after
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1245:Pocket Machining Based on Offset Curves
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583:Integrated Computer-Aided Manufacturing
14:
2019:
802:
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1241:reviewed toolpath algorithms in 1997.
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756:, Taylor & Francis, p. 240,
726:Computerized manufacturing automation
711:
709:
1024:
753:Organizational change and innovation
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202:Printed circuit board § PCB CAM
58:adding citations to reliable sources
29:
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210:Chrome-cobalt disc with crowns for
24:
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918:. The SAGA-project. Archived from
913:
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369:Overcoming historical shortcomings
25:
2048:
2032:Information technology management
1220:
1078:10.1016/j.ijmachtools.2005.07.028
943:"A Possible First Use of CAM/CAD"
836:Aeronautical engineer's data book
560:Computer-integrated manufacturing
361:Automation of Machining processes
1908:
1292:
1235:about Software CAD/CAM CimatronE
1179:10.1111/j.1708-8208.2007.00082.x
992:Hagerty, James R. (2013-06-10).
729:. Diane Publishing. p. 48.
692:10.1111/j.1708-8208.2007.00082.x
589:Manufacturing process management
566:Digital modeling and fabrication
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1146:10.1590/S1678-58782010000300003
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721:Office of Technology Assessment
631:Dental Clinics of North America
45:needs additional citations for
1582:Electrical discharge machining
1371:Numerical control (NC and CNC)
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826:
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333:advance to approach that of a
69:"Computer-aided manufacturing"
13:
1:
863:Computer aided systems theory
643:10.1016/S0011-8532(01)00007-6
615:
577:Flexible manufacturing system
2037:Product lifecycle management
2027:Computer-aided manufacturing
1257:How to evaluate a CAM system
1213:10.1016/0924-0136(95)02015-2
295:Product lifecycle management
222:Traditionally, CAM has been
145:Computer-aided manufacturing
18:Computer aided manufacturing
7:
1429:List of drill and tap sizes
1259:Sheetmetalworld.com article
1031:. Pearson Education India.
833:Matthews, Clifford (2005).
812:. CRC Press. p. 15-1.
553:
548:3D_printing § Printing
387:and the extended enterprise
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10:
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1745:Magnetic switchable device
994:"Help Wanted. A Lot of It"
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190:computer-aided engineering
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1587:Electrochemical machining
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866:. Springer. p. 602.
779:A dictionary of computing
571:Direct numerical control
406:Manufacturing complexity
380:Manufacturing complexity
349:Multi-function Machining
341:Typical areas of concern
316:direct numerical control
157:computer-aided machining
1930:Open Cascade Technology
1667:Rotary transfer machine
1652:Photochemical machining
1592:Electron-beam machining
1554:Tool and cutter grinder
1052:CAM Toolpath Strategies
1028:Basic Civil Engineering
776:Daintith, John (2004).
528:Software: large vendors
275:Thompson Ramo Waldridge
232:manufacturing engineers
153:computer-aided modeling
219:
175:, including planning,
141:
1863:Tools and terminology
1091:Pasko, Rafal (1999).
534:List of CAM companies
234:, NC programmers, or
214:, manufactured using
209:
186:computer-aided design
135:
1781:Machining vibrations
1687:Ultrasonic machining
916:"The History of CAD"
667:. 16 September 1997.
443:machine tool probing
188:(CAD) and sometimes
54:improve this article
1801:Tool and die making
1489:Cylindrical grinder
1025:Gopi (2010-01-01).
998:Wall Street Journal
637:(2): 405–26, viii.
604:rapid manufacturing
356:Feature recognition
335:computer programmer
267:Kearney and Trecker
173:manufacturing plant
1469:Abrasive machining
1239:Dragomatz and Mann
922:on 2 November 2012
610:CNC pocket milling
220:
181:production process
142:
2014:
2013:
1956:Creo Elements/Pro
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1819:
1818:
1251:Purdue University
941:Sanders, Norman.
900:978-1-57444-659-3
873:978-3-540-55354-0
846:978-0-7506-5125-7
819:978-0-8493-9418-8
789:978-0-19-860877-6
763:978-0-415-06314-2
736:978-1-4289-2364-5
600:Rapid prototyping
462:Machining process
383:Integration with
299:CAD data exchange
271:Stromberg-Carlson
224:numerical control
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16:(Redirected from
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1509:Grinding dresser
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71: –
70:
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65:Find sources:
59:
55:
49:
48:
43:This article
41:
37:
32:
31:
19:
1909:
1755:Rotary table
1735:Lathe center
1622:Machine tool
1454:Grinding and
1360:
1294:Metalworking
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1122:
1111:. Retrieved
1104:the original
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1009:. Retrieved
997:
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976:. Retrieved
972:
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924:. Retrieved
920:the original
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116:
110:October 2009
107:
97:
90:
83:
76:
64:
52:Please help
47:verification
44:
1939:Proprietary
1918:Open source
1833:Fabrication
1769:Terminology
1705:Angle plate
1632:Metal lathe
1524:Jig grinder
1434:Tap and die
1343:engineering
392:Ease in use
364:Ease of Use
163:to control
2021:Categories
1986:Siemens NX
1853:Metallurgy
1647:Pantograph
1439:Tap wrench
1229:CAD Models
1227:CADSite.ru
1113:2018-06-02
1011:2018-06-02
978:2023-04-14
952:30 October
616:References
532:See also:
236:machinists
200:See also:
177:management
80:newspapers
1981:PowerMILL
1966:Mastercam
1848:Machining
1843:Jewellery
1811:Workpiece
1806:Tramp oil
1796:Tolerance
1627:Machining
1617:Jig borer
1602:Engraving
1577:Broaching
1564:Machining
1444:Threading
1409:Drill bit
1391:threading
1332:Machining
1006:0099-9660
506:Finishing
311:Parasolid
2001:VoluMill
1996:SprutCAM
1991:SmartCAM
1951:Easymill
1925:LinuxCNC
1912:software
1858:Smithing
1597:End mill
1504:Grinding
1464:Abrasive
1424:Drilling
1399:Die head
1386:Drilling
1187:18241215
806:(1998).
723:(1984).
700:18241215
651:12014040
554:See also
479:terraces
470:Roughing
439:wire EDM
427:waterjet
412:aircraft
196:Overview
161:software
1971:MazaCAM
1868:Welding
1838:Forming
1828:Casting
1760:Wiggler
1750:Mandrel
1720:Fixture
1682:Turning
1677:Skiving
1637:Milling
1612:Hobbing
1534:Sanding
1529:Lapping
1456:lapping
595:STEP-NC
419:turning
263:Renault
259:UNISURF
249:History
167:in the
94:scholar
2006:WorkNC
1976:NC-CAM
1715:Collet
1672:Shaper
1662:Reamer
1657:Planer
1607:Facing
1572:Boring
1366:G-code
1185:
1035:
1004:
973:Forbes
926:17 May
897:
870:
843:
816:
786:
760:
733:
698:
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585:(ICAM)
540:, and
475:billet
437:, and
398:curve.
287:G-code
243:G-code
216:WorkNC
96:
89:
82:
75:
67:
1961:FORAN
1946:CATIA
1791:Swarf
1710:Chuck
1404:Drill
1107:(PDF)
1096:(PDF)
591:(MPM)
579:(FMS)
573:(DNC)
562:(CIM)
431:laser
101:JSTOR
87:books
1351:2.5D
1183:PMID
1033:ISBN
1002:ISSN
954:2023
928:2012
895:ISBN
868:ISBN
841:ISBN
814:ISBN
784:ISBN
758:ISBN
731:ISBN
696:PMID
647:PMID
602:and
303:IGES
273:and
73:news
1910:CAM
1730:Jig
1388:and
1361:CAM
1356:CAD
1209:doi
1175:doi
1141:doi
1074:doi
688:doi
639:doi
385:PLM
320:USB
309:or
307:STL
305:or
282:CNC
228:CAD
218:CAM
155:or
149:CAM
138:CNC
56:by
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108:(
98:·
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20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
