Machine tool - Knowledge

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vector it makes sense to arrange it in four rows of three columns with labels x y and z on the columns and labels spin and move on the rows, with those two labels repeated one more time to make a total of four rows so that the first row might be labeled spin work, the second row might be labeled move work, the third row might be labeled spin tool, and the fourth row might be labeled move tool although the position of the labels is arbitrary which is to say there is no agreement in the literature of mechanical engineering on what order these labels should be but there are 12 degrees of freedom in a machine tool. That said it is important to remember that this is in an instant moment and that instant moment may be a preparatory moment before a tool makes contact with a work piece, or maybe an engaged moment during which contact with work and tool requires an input of rather large amounts of power to get work done which is why machine tools are large and heavy and stiff. Since what these vectors describe our instant moments of degrees of freedom the vector structure is capable of expressing the changing mode of a machine tool as well as expressing its fundamental structure in the following way: imagine a lathe spending a cylinder on a horizontal axis with a tool ready to cut a face on that cylinder in some preparatory moment. What the operator of such a lathe would do is lock the x-axis on the carriage of the lathe establishing a new vector condition with a zero in the x slide position for the tool. Then the operator would unlock the y-axis on the cross slide of the lathe, assuming that our examples were equipped with that, and then the operator would apply some method of traversing the facing tool across the face of the cylinder being cut and a depth combined with the rotational speed selected which engages cutting ability within the power of range of the motor powering the lathe. So the answer to what a machine tool is, is a very simple answer but it is highly technical and is unrelated to the history of machine tools.

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slide assembly, or the roundness, lack of taper, and squareness of the two axes of a lathe machine to be transferred to a machined work piece with accuracy and precision better than a thousandth of an inch, not as fine as millionths of an inch. As the fit between sliding parts of a made product, machine, or machine tool approaches this critical thousandth of an inch measurement, lubrication and capillary action combine to prevent Van Der Waals force from welding like metals together, extending the lubricated life of sliding parts by a factor of thousands to millions; the disaster of oil depletion in the conventional automotive engine is an accessible demonstration of the need, and in aerospace design, like-to-unlike design is used along with solid lubricants to prevent Van Der Waals welding from destroying mating surfaces. Given the modulus of elasticity of metals, the range of fit tolerances near one thousandth of an inch correlates to the relevant range of constraint between at one extreme, permanent assembly of two mating parts and at the other, a free sliding fit of those same two parts.

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medium (called bluing today) revealing the high spots which would be removed by hand scraping with a steel scraper, until no irregularities were visible. This would not produce true plane surfaces but a "ball and socket" concave-concave and convex-convex fit, as this mechanical fit, like two perfect planes, can slide over each other and reveal no high spots. The rubbing and marking are repeated after rotating 2 relative to 1 by 90 degrees to eliminate concave-convex "potato-chip" curvature. Next, plate number 3 is compared and scraped to conform to plate number 1 in the same two trials. In this manner plates number 2 and 3 would be identical. Next plates number 2 and 3 would be checked against each other to determine what condition existed, either both plates were "balls" or "sockets" or "chips" or a combination. These would then be scraped until no high spots existed and then compared to plate number 1. Repeating this process of comparing and scraping the three plates could produce plane surfaces accurate to within millionths of an inch (the thickness of the marking medium).

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the work, or from some external source, including for examples a foot treadle by the same worker, or a motor, without limitation; and finally, the control can come from either the hand(s) holding the tool and/or the work, or from some other source, including computer numerical control. With two choices for each of four parameters, the types are enumerated to sixteen types of Manufacturing, where Matter-Additive might mean painting on canvas as readily as it might mean 3D printing under computer control, Matter-Preserving might mean forging at the coal fire as readily as stamping license plates, and Matter-Subtracting might mean casually whittling a pencil point as readily as it might mean precision grinding the final form of a laser deposited turbine blade.

781: 1554: 368:. With a machine tool, toolpaths that no human muscle could constrain can be constrained; and toolpaths that are technically possible with freehand methods, but would require tremendous time and skill to execute, can instead be executed quickly and easily, even by people with little freehand talent (because the machine takes care of it). The latter aspect of machine tools is often referred to by historians of bytechnology as "building the skill into the tool", in contrast to the toolpath-constraining skill being in the 1250: 1196: 1157: 1111: 4721: 31: 556: 117: 4731: 4741: 1014: 724:. Cast iron could be cast in molds for larger parts, such as engine cylinders and gears, but was difficult to work with a file and could not be hammered. Red hot wrought iron could be hammered into shapes. Room temperature wrought iron was worked with a file and chisel and could be made into gears and other complex parts; however, hand working lacked precision and was a slow and expensive process. 509:"machinery" encompasses them, but sometimes it is used to imply only those machines that are being excluded from the definition of "machine tool". This is why the machines in a food-processing plant, such as conveyors, mixers, vessels, dividers, and so on, may be labeled "machinery", while the machines in the factory's tool and die department are instead called "machine tools" in contradistinction. 753:

that Whitworth perfected the hand scraping of master surface plane gages. In his paper presented to the British Association for the Advancement of Science at Glasgow in 1840, Whitworth pointed out the inherent inaccuracy of grinding due to no control and thus unequal distribution of the abrasive material between the plates which would produce uneven removal of material from the plates.

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surfaces comprising the features of machine parts by removing chips. These chips may be very rough or even as fine as dust. Every machine tools supports its removal process with a stiff, redundant and so vibration resisting structure because each chip is removed in a semi a synchronous way, creating multiple opportunities for vibration to interfere with precision.

745:. That Maudslay had established the manufacture and use of master plane gages in his shop (Maudslay & Field) located on Westminster Road south of the Thames River in London about 1809, was attested to by James Nasmyth who was employed by Maudslay in 1829 and Nasmyth documented their use in his autobiography. 752:

The traditional method of producing the surface gages used an abrasive powder rubbed between the plates to remove the high spots, but it was Whitworth who contributed the refinement of replacing the grinding with hand scraping. Sometime after 1825, Whitworth went to work for Maudslay and it was there

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The process by which the master plane gages were produced dates back to antiquity but was refined to an unprecedented degree in the Maudslay shop. The process begins with three square plates each given an identification (ex., 1,2 and 3). The first step is to rub plates 1 and 2 together with a marking

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Regarding the 1930s NBER definition quoted above, one could argue that its specificity to metal is obsolete, as it is quite common today for particular lathes, milling machines, and machining centers (definitely machine tools) to work exclusively on plastic cutting jobs throughout their whole working

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Matter-Additive, Matter-Preserving, and Matter-Subtractive "Manufacturing" can proceed in sixteen ways: Firstly, the work may be held either in a hand, or a clamp; secondly, the tool may be held either in a hand, or a clamp; thirdly, the energy can come from either the hand(s) holding the tool and/or

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A history most specifically of Burgmaster, which specialized in turret drills; but in telling Burgmaster's story, and that of its acquirer Houdaille, Holland provides a history of the machine tool industry in general between World War II and the 1980s that ranks with Noble's coverage of the same era

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Preceding, there is an answer for what machine tools are. We may consider what they do also. Machine tools produce finished surfaces. They may produce any finish from an arbitrary degree of very rough work to a specular optical grade finish the improvement of which is moot. Machine tools produce the

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between like materials is high; freehand manufacture of square plates, produces only square, flat, machine tool building reference components, accurate to millionths of an inch, but of nearly no variety. The process of feature replication allows the flatness and squareness of a milling machine cross

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for producing holes of various sizes. Previously, either machine operators would usually have to manually change the bit or move the work piece to another station to perform these different operations. The next logical step was to combine several different machine tools together, all under computer

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With the creation of master plane gages of such high accuracy, all critical components of machine tools (i.e., guiding surfaces such as machine ways) could then be compared against them and scraped to the desired accuracy. The first machine tools offered for sale (i.e., commercially available) were

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with a hand-cranked belt pulley instead of an electric motor. Thus one can question whether power source is truly a key distinguishing concept; but for economics purposes, the NBER's definition made sense, because most of the commercial value of the existence of machine tools comes about via those

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One of the most detailed histories of the machine tool industry from the late 18th century through 1932. Not comprehensive in terms of firm names and sales statistics (like Floud focuses on), but extremely detailed in exploring the development and spread of practicable interchangeability, and the

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The worldwide market for machine tools was approximately $ 81 billion in production in 2014 according to a survey by market research firm Gardner Research. The largest producer of machine tools was China with $ 23.8 billion of production followed by Germany and Japan at neck and neck with $ 12.9

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was finally realized. An important early example of something now taken for granted was the standardization of screw fasteners such as nuts and bolts. Before about the beginning of the 19th century, these were used in pairs, and even screws of the same machine were generally not interchangeable.

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operation, which is related in principle to tracing but can be a step or two removed from the traced element's matching the reproduced element's final shape. For example, several cams, no one of which directly matches the desired output shape, can actuate a complex toolpath by creating component

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A precise description of what a machine tool is and does in an instant moment is given by a 12 component vector relating the linear and rotational degrees of freedom of the single work piece and the single tool contacting that work piece in any machine arbitrarily and in order to visualize this

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helped expand humans' technological milieu toward the preconditions for industrial machine tools. During the 18th and 19th centuries, and even in many cases in the 20th, the builders of machine tools tended to be the same people who would then use them to produce the end products (manufactured

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are an industry of themselves, but this industry's main drivers of development were the vehicles already listed—trains, bicycles, automobiles, and aircraft; and other industries, such as tractors, farm implements, and tanks, borrowed heavily from those same parent industries.

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American production of machine tools was a critical factor in the Allies' victory in World War II. Production of machine tools tripled in the United States in the war. No war was more industrialized than World War II, and it has been written that the war was won as much by

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The production of machine tools is concentrated in about 10 countries worldwide: China, Japan, Germany, Italy, South Korea, Taiwan, Switzerland, US, Austria, Spain and a few others. Machine tool innovation continues in several public and private research centers worldwide.

505:(joiners, table saws, routing stations, and so on), but it is difficult to maintain any true logical dividing line, and therefore many speakers accept a broad definition. It is common to hear machinists refer to their machine tools simply as "machines". Usually the 281:

of programmable mechanical control with machine tool toolpath control was delayed many decades, in part because the programmable control methods of musical boxes and looms lacked the rigidity for machine tool toolpaths. Later, electromechanical solutions (such as

883:); however, following the development of high-pressure steam engines in the mid 19th century, factories increasingly used steam power. Factories also used hydraulic and pneumatic power. Many small workshops continued to use water, human and animal power until 177:

human guidance of the toolpath (with hands, feet, or mouth) was no longer the only guidance used in the cutting or forming process. In this view of the definition, the term, arising at a time when all tools up till then had been

435:, which is also a history of the machine tool industry in general from the 1940s through the 1980s; he was reflecting the sense of the term used by Houdaille itself and other firms in the industry. Many reports on machine tool 387:

In the 1930s, the U.S. National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER) referenced the definition of a machine tool as "any machine operating by other than hand power which employs a tool to work on metal".

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The colloquial sense implying metal cutting is also growing obsolete because of changing technology over the decades. The many more recently developed processes labeled "machining", such as

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One of the most detailed histories of the machine tool industry from World War II through the early 1980s, relayed in the context of the social impact of evolving automation via NC and CNC.

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goods). However, from these roots also evolved an industry of machine tool builders as we define them today, meaning people who specialize in building machine tools for sale to others.

78:". It is a power-driven metal cutting machine which assists in managing the needed relative motion between cutting tool and the job that changes the size and shape of the job material. 1809:(contemporaneously with its Swiss invention), and Moore's monograph is a seminal classic of the principles of machine tool design and construction that yield the highest possible 478:

processes, which are not about cutting away material but rather about adding it, are done by machines that are likely to end up labeled, in some cases, as machine tools. In fact,

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use a slightly broader sense that also includes metal deformation of other types that squeeze the metal into shape without cutting off swarf, such as rolling, stamping with

62:, shearing, or other forms of deformations. Machine tools employ some sort of tool that does the cutting or shaping. All machine tools have some means of constraining the 648:

Historians of machine tools often focus on a handful of major industries that most spurred machine tool development. In order of historical emergence, they have been

517:". And its specificity to "operating by other than hand power" is also problematic, as machine tools can be powered by people if appropriately set up, such as with a 632:

that the modern concept of a machine tool—a class of machines used as tools in the making of metal parts, and incorporating machine-guided toolpath—began to evolve.

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Multitasking machines (MTMs)—CNC machine tools with many axes that combine turning, milling, grinding, and material handling into one highly automated machine tool

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consider that true machine tools were born when the toolpath first became guided by the machine itself in some way, at least to some extent, so that direct,

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billion and $ 12.88 billion respectively. South Korea and Italy rounded out the top 5 producers with revenue of $ 5.6 billion and $ 5 billion respectively.

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to stabilize their motion and had complex systems of gears and levers to control the machine and the piece being worked on. Soon after World War II, the

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in England in the middle to late 1700s. Until that time, machinery was made mostly from wood, often including gearing and shafts. The increase in

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Methods were developed to cut screw thread to a greater precision than that of the feed screw in the lathe being used. This led to the bar

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are of a screw-cutting lathe dating to about 1483. This lathe "produced screw threads out of wood and employed a true compound slide rest".

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Woodbury, Robert S. (1972a). "History of the Lathe to 1850: A Study in the Growth of a Technical Element of an Industrial Economy". In

529:). Hand-powered shapers are clearly "the 'same thing' as shapers with electric motors except smaller", and it is trivial to power a 2100: 3037: 2819: 1705: 931:

Before long, the machines could automatically change the specific cutting and shaping tools that were being used. For example, a

700:. Others could be included in this list as well, but they tend to be connected with the root causes already listed. For example, 1435: 3047: 2248: 1923:. Collection of previously published monographs bound as one volume. A collection of seminal classics of machine tool history. 474:, are often performed by machines that could most logically be called machine tools. In addition, some of the newly developed 3096: 2141: 2072: 2031: 1978: 1955: 1909: 1880: 1857: 1748: 1622: 1601: 890:

Today most machine tools are powered by electricity; hydraulic and pneumatic power are sometimes used, but this is uncommon.

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may be defined differently by some users in some contexts, and some elements may be distinguished by contrasting with others)

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that machine tools added to these human talents is in the areas of rigidity (constraining the toolpath despite thousands of

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Tracing, which involves following the contours of a model or template and transferring the resulting motion to the toolpath.

96:), used to make manufactured parts (components) in various ways that include cutting or certain other kinds of deformation. 4589: 3012: 2273: 2002:

A monograph with a focus on history, economics, and import and export policy. Original 1976 publication: LCCN 75-046133,

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are usually included in the economic definition of machine tools. For example, this is the breadth of definition used by

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From the American System to Mass Production, 1800–1932: The Development of Manufacturing Technology in the United States

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Today machine tools are typically powered other than by the human muscle (e.g., electrically, hydraulically, or via

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and provide a guided movement of the parts of the machine. Thus, the relative movement between the workpiece and the

624:, known to have existed in multiple regions of Europe since at least 1000 to 500 BC. But it was not until the later 4594: 989: 74:) is controlled or constrained by the machine to at least some extent, rather than being entirely "offhand" or " 4599: 2514: 2023: 1286: 1049: 731: 673: 577: 447: 221:

incorporated it for the workpiece, but the movement of the tool itself on these machines was entirely freehand.

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sense of the term reserves it only for machines that perform metal cutting—in other words, the many kinds of

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When considering the difference between freehand toolpaths and machine-constrained toolpaths, the concepts of

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When fabricating or shaping parts, several techniques are used to remove unwanted metal. Among these are:

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was unable to have an accurately bored cylinder for his first steam engine, trying for several years until

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invented a suitable boring machine in 1774, boring Boulton & Watt's first commercial engine in 1776.

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lifespan. Thus the NBER definition above could be expanded to say "which employs a tool to work on metal

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Structures of Change in the Mechanical Age: Technological Invention in the United States 1790-1865

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A History of Industrial Power in the United States, 1730-1930, Vol. 3: The Transmission of Power

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A biography of a machine tool builder that also contains some general history of the industry.

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Humans are generally quite talented in their freehand movements; the drawings, paintings, and

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of the line can also be accurately controlled. (Machine slides are essentially a subset of

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Machine tools can be operated manually, or under automatic control. Early machines used

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were added to give even more flexibility to the process. Such machines became known as

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Abstractly programmable toolpath guidance began with mechanical solutions, such as in

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itself; but the earliest historical records of a lathe with direct mechanical control

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Machine tools can be powered from a variety of sources. Human and animal power (via

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may or may not fall under this definition, depending on how one views the headstock

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The Moore family firm, the Moore Special Tool Company, independently invented the

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With their inherent precision, machine tools enabled the economical production of

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Building Victory: Aircraft Manufacturing in the Los Angeles Area in World War II,

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that are powered by electricity, hydraulics, and so on. Such are the vagaries of

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was done with hand chisels or tools in lathes turned by cranks with hand power.

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A seminal classic of machine tool history. Extensively cited by later works.

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boundaries. Many speakers resist using the term "machine tool" to refer to

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thinking behind the intermediate steps. Extensively cited by later works.

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Freedom's Forge: How American Business Produced Victory in World War II,

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in one work envelope, and retrofits of existing machines are underway.

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A memoir that contains quite a bit of general history of the industry.

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Machine tools filled a need created by textile machinery during the

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screws, bolts, and nuts entirely with freehand toolpaths. But it is

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The mechanical toolpath guidance grew out of various root concepts:

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When the Machine Stopped: A Cautionary Tale from Industrial America

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desired material. Devices that fabricate components by selective

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machines). The Moore firm epitomized the art and science of the

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Machine for handling or machining metal or other rigid materials

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James Hartness: A Representative of the Machine Age at Its Best

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Forces of Production: A Social History of Industrial Automation

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concept itself, which constrains workpiece or tool movement to

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The advance in the accuracy of machine tools can be traced to

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ll the turning of the iron for the cotton machinery built by

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Important early machine tools included the slide rest lathe,

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From Industry to Alchemy: Burgmaster, a Machine Tool Company

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pp. 87, 112, 121, 146-50, 161, Random House, New York, NY.

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and similar economic topics use this broader definition.

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work into the realm of building machine tools for sale.

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required more metal parts, which were usually made of

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International Federation of Building and Wood Workers

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Modern Machine Shop Additive Manufacturing Supplement

1950:. Available as a reprint from Lindsay Publications ( 54:

metal or other rigid materials, usually by cutting,

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Tools for the Job: a Short History of Machine Tools

935:machine might contain a magazine with a variety of 2841: 1973:, Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press, 1868: 1648: 1448: 1427: 482:are already developing machines that include both 1835:, New Haven, Connecticut: Yale University Press, 879:) were used in the past, as was water power (via 4757: 1506:"The spectacular power of interchangeable parts" 292:numerical control and computer numerical control 1655:, Cambridge, Massachusetts, London: MIT Press, 1141: 3090: 2827: 2249: 2211: 926:computerized numerical control (CNC) machines 356:) of force fighting against the constraint), 2146:, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA: MIT Press, 1971:The British Machine Tool Industry, 1850–1914 1646: 1391: 1083: 2263: 1388:, mechanicalsite.com, retrieved 2019-05-04. 286:) and soon electronic solutions (including 107:Nomenclature and key concepts, interrelated 3097: 3083: 2834: 2820: 2256: 2242: 2218: 2204: 2191:Milestones in the History of Machine Tools 1700: 1698: 1696: 1676:"What is a CNC machine for natural stone?" 1647:Hunter, Louis C.; Bryant, Lynwood (1991), 1415: 372:who wields the tool. As an example, it is 190:period, and modern woodworking lathes and 2014: 1888: 1813:in machine tools (second only to that of 1743:, Boston: Harvard Business School Press, 1542: 1488: 1486: 1484: 1482: 1473: 1403: 596:Learn how and when to remove this message 157:Learn how and when to remove this message 4605:Building and Wood Workers' International 2101:American Society of Mechanical Engineers 1897: 1890: 1454: 1433: 1012: 779: 761:in England around 1800. Others, such as 29: 1901:Studies in the History of Machine Tools 1866: 1735: 1693: 1634: 1560: 1503: 1421: 920:to control their motion. In the 1960s, 14: 4758: 2178:Machines to Make Machines 1865 to 1968 1933: 1773: 1479: 1409: 841: 826:of the 19th and early 20th centuries. 608:Forerunners of machine tools included 384:to make them only with machine tools. 3078: 2815: 2237: 2199: 2059: 1968: 1786: 1548: 1397: 497:use of the terms varies, with subtle 4740: 2156: 2136: 1941:, New York and London: McGraw-Hill, 1244: 1190: 1151: 1105: 893: 660:; textile machinery; steam engines ( 578:adding citations to reliable sources 549: 313:the machine-constrained option adds 139:adding citations to reliable sources 110: 4730: 4590:American Association of Woodturners 2092: 1825: 1492: 1226:Machine tool manufacturing industry 515:or other materials of high hardness 81:The precise definition of the term 24: 1927: 1832:English and American Tool Builders 1792:Foundations of Mechanical Accuracy 309:become important in understanding 25: 4802: 4620:National Wood Carvers Association 2184: 2067:, New York, New York, US: Knopf, 1939:Sixty Years with Men and Machines 431:in his history of Burgmaster and 85:varies among users, as discussed 4739: 4729: 4720: 4719: 4595:Architectural Woodwork Institute 2225: 2143:A Short History of Machine Tools 1248: 1194: 1155: 1109: 554: 115: 38:is an example of a machine tool. 3104: 1729: 1668: 1617:pp. 5, 7-8, Cypress, CA, 2013. 1607: 1586: 1566: 1518: 952:Examples of machine tools are: 565:needs additional citations for 126:needs additional citations for 4600:British Woodworking Federation 2515:Electrical discharge machining 2304:Numerical control (NC and CNC) 2024:Johns Hopkins University Press 1497: 1455:Zelinski, Peter (2014-02-21), 1434:Zelinski, Peter (2013-11-08), 1412:, p. 178, Ch. 4, Note 75. 1379: 1287:Category:Machine tool builders 1186: 1050:Electrical discharge machining 448:electrical discharge machining 258:that add up to a net toolpath. 13: 1: 4610:Caricature Carvers of America 1898:Woodbury, Robert S. (1972) , 1373: 1312:Machine Tool Standards (ASME) 1068:Other techniques are used to 788: 2093:Roe, Joseph Wickham (1937), 1969:Floud, Roderick C. (2006) , 940:control. These are known as 900:History of numerical control 215:rotation around a fixed axis 7: 2362:List of drill and tap sizes 1776:"Mechanization in Industry" 1713:Gardner Business Media, Inc 1504:Harford, Tim (2019-10-09). 1279: 1142:Adverse effects mitigations 1060:Multiple edge cutting tools 1055:Grinding (abrasive cutting) 947: 10: 4807: 2678:Magnetic switchable device 2161:, London: B. T. Batsford, 2155:. Co-edition published as 1400:, p. 137, figure 213. 1229: 1145: 1087: 897: 545: 232:. If a stop is added, the 200:of the cutting tool's path 186:, those prior to the late 4715: 4689: 4638: 4625:Society of Wood Engravers 4582: 4496: 4446: 4403: 4275: 4268: 4156: 4043: 3985: 3804: 3795: 3738: 3409: 3328: 3319: 3143: 3112: 2997: 2854: 2756: 2701: 2628: 2520:Electrochemical machining 2495: 2385: 2317: 2272: 2233: 1530:www.nationalgalleries.org 1240: 1084:Adverse effects on humans 1064:Single edge cutting tools 809:, pattern tracing lathe, 525:) or a hand lever (for a 452:electrochemical machining 290:) were added, leading to 3038:Machine and metalworking 1342:Self-replicating machine 1307:Machine tool dynamometer 702:rolling-element bearings 171:historians of technology 3048:Measuring and alignment 2959:Rotary transfer machine 2600:Rotary transfer machine 2585:Photochemical machining 2525:Electron-beam machining 2487:Tool and cutter grinder 2157:Rolt, L. T. C. (1965), 2022:, Baltimore, Maryland: 1076:of material are called 636:of the Middle Ages and 616:, which had existed in 460:photochemical machining 456:electron beam machining 4702:Frameless construction 3783:Wood-plastic composite 2944:Oxy-fuel cutting torch 1867:Thomson, Ross (2009), 1811:accuracy and precision 1774:Jerome, Harry (1934), 1292:Damped machining tools 1257:This section is empty. 1203:This section is empty. 1164:This section is empty. 1018: 861: 794: 620:prior to 2500 BC, and 488:additive manufacturing 476:additive manufacturing 382:economically practical 358:accuracy and precision 299:accuracy and precision 39: 2796:Tools and terminology 2174:Ryder, Thomas and Son 1016: 845: 819:interchangeable parts 783: 710:Industrial Revolution 540:controlled vocabulary 503:woodworking machinery 480:machine tool builders 101:interchangeable parts 70:(which is called the 33: 4771:Industrial machinery 4630:Timber Framers Guild 3484:Australian Blackwood 3013:Cutting and abrasive 2714:Machining vibrations 2620:Ultrasonic machining 1386:Define Metal Cutting 1367:Types of press tools 1322:Machinist calculator 1317:Machining vibrations 1232:Machine tool builder 834:as by machine guns. 676:) (the story of how 630:Age of Enlightenment 574:improve this article 464:ultrasonic machining 135:improve this article 4350:Hammer-headed tenon 3869:Janka hardness test 2734:Tool and die making 2422:Cylindrical grinder 2016:Hounshell, David A. 1827:Roe, Joseph Wickham 1441:Modern Machine Shop 1000:Shear (sheet metal) 842:Drive power sources 799:screw-cutting lathe 423:, and others. Thus 374:physically possible 336:of artists such as 262:Van Der Waals Force 224:The machine slide ( 3211:Japanese carpentry 2402:Abrasive machining 1819:tool and die maker 1302:Four slide machine 1121:. You can help by 1019: 795: 40: 4753: 4752: 4707:Green woodworking 4564:Wood preservation 4492: 4491: 4395:Tongue and groove 4375:Mortise and tenon 4264: 4263: 3962:Warrington hammer 3791: 3790: 3479:African Blackwood 3271:Segmented turning 3072: 3071: 2809: 2808: 2752: 2751: 2074:978-0-394-51262-4 2033:978-0-8018-2975-8 1980:978-0-521-02555-3 1956:978-0-917914-86-7 1911:978-0-262-73033-4 1882:978-0-8018-9141-0 1858:978-0-917914-73-7 1750:978-0-87584-208-0 1682:. 23 January 2020 1623:978-0-9897906-0-4 1602:978-1-4000-6964-4 1476:, pp. 18–35. 1337:Numerical control 1277: 1276: 1223: 1222: 1184: 1183: 1139: 1138: 1078:rapid prototyping 1037:Grinding machines 1017:5 axis bridge saw 957:Broaching machine 942:machining centers 910:numerical control 894:Automatic control 787:milling machine, 642:Leonardo da Vinci 606: 605: 598: 472:water jet cutting 342:Leonardo da Vinci 167: 166: 159: 16:(Redirected from 4798: 4743: 4742: 4733: 4732: 4723: 4722: 4273: 4272: 3942:Thickness planer 3802: 3801: 3596:(lime, basswood) 3326: 3325: 3186:Chainsaw carving 3099: 3092: 3085: 3076: 3075: 2899:Grinding machine 2869:Ball-peen hammer 2836: 2829: 2822: 2813: 2812: 2719:Speeds and feeds 2472:Sharpening stone 2447:Grinding machine 2442:Grinding dresser 2309:Stewart platform 2258: 2251: 2244: 2235: 2234: 2220: 2213: 2206: 2197: 2196: 2169: 2154: 2120: 2086: 2052: 1999: 1949: 1922: 1894: 1885: 1874: 1843: 1802: 1783: 1762: 1724: 1723: 1721: 1715:. Archived from 1710: 1702: 1691: 1690: 1688: 1687: 1672: 1666: 1665: 1654: 1644: 1638: 1632: 1626: 1613:Parker, Dana T. 1611: 1605: 1592:Herman, Arthur. 1590: 1584: 1570: 1564: 1558: 1552: 1546: 1540: 1539: 1537: 1536: 1522: 1516: 1515: 1513: 1512: 1501: 1495: 1490: 1477: 1471: 1465: 1464: 1452: 1446: 1445: 1431: 1425: 1419: 1413: 1407: 1401: 1395: 1389: 1383: 1272: 1269: 1259:You can help by 1252: 1245: 1218: 1215: 1205:You can help by 1198: 1191: 1179: 1176: 1166:You can help by 1159: 1152: 1134: 1131: 1113: 1106: 1031:Stewart platform 859: 824:length standards 793: 790: 771:Joseph Whitworth 743:Joseph Whitworth 652:(small arms and 601: 594: 590: 587: 581: 558: 550: 536:natural language 495:natural language 242:machine elements 162: 155: 151: 148: 142: 119: 111: 50:for handling or 21: 4806: 4805: 4801: 4800: 4799: 4797: 4796: 4795: 4756: 4755: 4754: 4749: 4711: 4697:Frame and panel 4685: 4634: 4578: 4488: 4447:Surface piecing 4442: 4399: 4320:Crown of thorns 4260: 4246:Smoothing plane 4152: 4039: 3981: 3884:Milling machine 3787: 3748:Cross-laminated 3734: 3405: 3315: 3286:Spindle turning 3276:Shingle weaving 3246:Pallet crafting 3139: 3108: 3103: 3073: 3068: 3067: 2993: 2974:Thread restorer 2864:Automatic lathe 2850: 2840: 2810: 2805: 2748: 2697: 2624: 2491: 2482:Surface grinder 2417:Coated abrasive 2388: 2381: 2352:Drill bit sizes 2347:Drill bit shank 2322: 2313: 2275: 2268: 2262: 2229: 2224: 2187: 2075: 2061:Noble, David F. 2034: 1981: 1958:). Foreword by 1935:Colvin, Fred H. 1930: 1928:Further reading 1912: 1891:Woodbury (1972) 1883: 1788:Moore, Wayne R. 1751: 1732: 1727: 1719: 1708: 1704: 1703: 1694: 1685: 1683: 1674: 1673: 1669: 1663: 1645: 1641: 1633: 1629: 1612: 1608: 1591: 1587: 1571: 1567: 1559: 1555: 1547: 1543: 1534: 1532: 1526:"James Nasmyth" 1524: 1523: 1519: 1510: 1508: 1502: 1498: 1491: 1480: 1472: 1468: 1453: 1449: 1432: 1428: 1420: 1416: 1408: 1404: 1396: 1392: 1384: 1380: 1376: 1371: 1282: 1273: 1267: 1264: 1243: 1234: 1228: 1219: 1213: 1210: 1189: 1180: 1174: 1171: 1150: 1148:Dust extraction 1144: 1135: 1129: 1126: 1119:needs expansion 1104: 1086: 995:Milling machine 972:Hobbing machine 950: 902: 896: 885:electrification 860: 857:David Wilkinson 855: 844: 807:milling machine 791: 757:constructed by 741:and refined by 686:sewing machines 638:renaissance men 614:potter's wheels 602: 591: 585: 582: 571: 559: 548: 378:interchangeable 238:linear bearings 219:potter's wheels 192:potter's wheels 163: 152: 146: 143: 132: 120: 109: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 4804: 4794: 4793: 4788: 4783: 4778: 4773: 4768: 4751: 4750: 4748: 4747: 4737: 4727: 4716: 4713: 4712: 4710: 4709: 4704: 4699: 4693: 4691: 4687: 4686: 4684: 4683: 4678: 4676:Quarter sawing 4673: 4668: 4666:Wood splitting 4663: 4658: 4653: 4648: 4642: 4640: 4636: 4635: 4633: 4632: 4627: 4622: 4617: 4612: 4607: 4602: 4597: 4592: 4586: 4584: 4580: 4579: 4577: 4576: 4574:Wood finishing 4571: 4566: 4561: 4556: 4551: 4546: 4541: 4536: 4534:Paint stripper 4531: 4526: 4521: 4516: 4511: 4506: 4500: 4498: 4494: 4493: 4490: 4489: 4487: 4486: 4481: 4476: 4471: 4466: 4461: 4456: 4450: 4448: 4444: 4443: 4441: 4440: 4435: 4430: 4425: 4420: 4415: 4409: 4407: 4401: 4400: 4398: 4397: 4392: 4387: 4382: 4377: 4372: 4367: 4362: 4357: 4352: 4347: 4342: 4337: 4332: 4327: 4322: 4317: 4312: 4307: 4302: 4297: 4292: 4287: 4281: 4279: 4270: 4266: 4265: 4262: 4261: 4259: 4258: 4253: 4248: 4243: 4241:Shoulder plane 4238: 4233: 4228: 4223: 4218: 4216:Moulding plane 4213: 4208: 4206:Japanese plane 4203: 4198: 4196:Grooving plane 4193: 4188: 4183: 4178: 4173: 4168: 4162: 4160: 4154: 4153: 4151: 4150: 4145: 4140: 4135: 4130: 4125: 4120: 4115: 4110: 4105: 4100: 4095: 4090: 4085: 4080: 4075: 4070: 4065: 4060: 4055: 4049: 4047: 4041: 4040: 4038: 4037: 4032: 4027: 4022: 4017: 4012: 4010:Flooring clamp 4007: 4002: 3997: 3991: 3989: 3983: 3982: 3980: 3979: 3974: 3969: 3967:Winding sticks 3964: 3959: 3954: 3949: 3947:Timber-framing 3944: 3939: 3911: 3906: 3901: 3896: 3891: 3886: 3881: 3876: 3871: 3866: 3861: 3856: 3851: 3846: 3841: 3836: 3831: 3826: 3821: 3816: 3811: 3805: 3799: 3793: 3792: 3789: 3788: 3786: 3785: 3780: 3775: 3773:Particle board 3770: 3765: 3760: 3755: 3753:Glue laminated 3750: 3744: 3742: 3736: 3735: 3733: 3732: 3727: 3722: 3717: 3712: 3707: 3702: 3697: 3692: 3687: 3682: 3677: 3672: 3667: 3662: 3657: 3652: 3647: 3642: 3637: 3632: 3627: 3609: 3604: 3599: 3591: 3586: 3581: 3576: 3571: 3566: 3561: 3556: 3551: 3546: 3541: 3536: 3531: 3526: 3521: 3516: 3511: 3506: 3501: 3496: 3491: 3486: 3481: 3476: 3471: 3466: 3461: 3456: 3451: 3446: 3441: 3436: 3431: 3426: 3421: 3415: 3413: 3407: 3406: 3404: 3403: 3398: 3393: 3388: 3383: 3378: 3373: 3368: 3363: 3358: 3353: 3334: 3332: 3323: 3317: 3316: 3314: 3313: 3308: 3303: 3298: 3293: 3291:Timber framing 3288: 3283: 3278: 3273: 3268: 3263: 3261:Relief carving 3258: 3253: 3248: 3243: 3238: 3233: 3228: 3223: 3218: 3213: 3208: 3203: 3198: 3193: 3188: 3183: 3178: 3173: 3168: 3163: 3161:Bush carpentry 3158: 3153: 3147: 3145: 3141: 3140: 3138: 3137: 3127: 3122: 3116: 3114: 3110: 3109: 3102: 3101: 3094: 3087: 3079: 3070: 3069: 3066: 3065: 3060: 3055: 3050: 3045: 3040: 3035: 3030: 3025: 3020: 3015: 3010: 3005: 3003:Types of tools 2999: 2998: 2995: 2994: 2992: 2991: 2986: 2981: 2976: 2971: 2966: 2961: 2956: 2951: 2946: 2941: 2936: 2934:Milling cutter 2931: 2926: 2921: 2916: 2911: 2906: 2901: 2896: 2891: 2886: 2881: 2876: 2871: 2866: 2861: 2855: 2852: 2851: 2839: 2838: 2831: 2824: 2816: 2807: 2806: 2804: 2803: 2798: 2793: 2788: 2783: 2778: 2773: 2768: 2763: 2757: 2754: 2753: 2750: 2749: 2747: 2746: 2741: 2736: 2731: 2726: 2721: 2716: 2711: 2705: 2703: 2699: 2698: 2696: 2695: 2690: 2685: 2680: 2675: 2670: 2665: 2660: 2655: 2650: 2645: 2640: 2634: 2632: 2626: 2625: 2623: 2622: 2617: 2612: 2607: 2602: 2597: 2592: 2587: 2582: 2577: 2575:Milling cutter 2572: 2567: 2562: 2557: 2552: 2547: 2542: 2537: 2532: 2527: 2522: 2517: 2512: 2507: 2501: 2499: 2493: 2492: 2490: 2489: 2484: 2479: 2474: 2469: 2464: 2459: 2454: 2452:Grinding wheel 2449: 2444: 2439: 2434: 2429: 2424: 2419: 2414: 2409: 2404: 2399: 2393: 2391: 2383: 2382: 2380: 2379: 2374: 2369: 2364: 2359: 2354: 2349: 2344: 2339: 2334: 2328: 2326: 2315: 2314: 2312: 2311: 2306: 2301: 2296: 2291: 2286: 2280: 2278: 2274:Computer-aided 2270: 2269: 2261: 2260: 2253: 2246: 2238: 2231: 2230: 2223: 2222: 2215: 2208: 2200: 2194: 2193: 2186: 2185:External links 2183: 2182: 2181: 2171: 2138:Rolt, L. T. C. 2127: 2126: 2090: 2073: 2057: 2032: 2012: 1979: 1966: 1960:Ralph Flanders 1929: 1926: 1925: 1924: 1910: 1895: 1886: 1881: 1864: 1823: 1784: 1771: 1749: 1731: 1728: 1726: 1725: 1722:on 2015-09-21. 1692: 1667: 1661: 1639: 1627: 1606: 1585: 1565: 1553: 1541: 1517: 1496: 1478: 1474:Woodbury 1972a 1466: 1447: 1426: 1414: 1402: 1390: 1377: 1375: 1372: 1370: 1369: 1364: 1359: 1354: 1349: 1344: 1339: 1334: 1329: 1324: 1319: 1314: 1309: 1304: 1299: 1294: 1289: 1283: 1281: 1278: 1275: 1274: 1255: 1253: 1242: 1239: 1227: 1224: 1221: 1220: 1201: 1199: 1188: 1185: 1182: 1181: 1175:September 2024 1162: 1160: 1143: 1140: 1137: 1136: 1116: 1114: 1085: 1082: 1066: 1065: 1062: 1057: 1052: 1043: 1042: 1039: 1034: 1028: 1023: 1007: 1002: 997: 992: 990:Screw machines 987: 986:Honing Machine 984: 979: 974: 969: 964: 959: 949: 946: 895: 892: 853: 843: 840: 763:Henry Maudslay 759:Matthew Murray 739:Henry Maudslay 732:John Wilkinson 604: 603: 562: 560: 553: 547: 544: 468:plasma cutting 391:The narrowest 275:Jacquard looms 267: 266: 259: 248: 245: 222: 165: 164: 123: 121: 114: 108: 105: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4803: 4792: 4789: 4787: 4784: 4782: 4779: 4777: 4774: 4772: 4769: 4767: 4766:Machine tools 4764: 4763: 4761: 4746: 4738: 4736: 4728: 4726: 4718: 4717: 4714: 4708: 4705: 4703: 4700: 4698: 4695: 4694: 4692: 4688: 4682: 4679: 4677: 4674: 4672: 4669: 4667: 4664: 4662: 4659: 4657: 4654: 4652: 4649: 4647: 4646:Chainsaw mill 4644: 4643: 4641: 4637: 4631: 4628: 4626: 4623: 4621: 4618: 4616: 4613: 4611: 4608: 4606: 4603: 4601: 4598: 4596: 4593: 4591: 4588: 4587: 4585: 4583:Organizations 4581: 4575: 4572: 4570: 4567: 4565: 4562: 4560: 4557: 4555: 4552: 4550: 4547: 4545: 4542: 4540: 4539:Steam bending 4537: 4535: 4532: 4530: 4527: 4525: 4522: 4520: 4517: 4515: 4512: 4510: 4509:French polish 4507: 4505: 4502: 4501: 4499: 4495: 4485: 4482: 4480: 4477: 4475: 4472: 4470: 4467: 4465: 4462: 4460: 4457: 4455: 4452: 4451: 4449: 4445: 4439: 4436: 4434: 4431: 4429: 4426: 4424: 4421: 4419: 4416: 4414: 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3182: 3179: 3177: 3174: 3172: 3169: 3167: 3164: 3162: 3159: 3157: 3156:Bow and arrow 3154: 3152: 3151:Boat building 3149: 3148: 3146: 3142: 3135: 3131: 3128: 3126: 3123: 3121: 3118: 3117: 3115: 3111: 3107: 3100: 3095: 3093: 3088: 3086: 3081: 3080: 3077: 3064: 3061: 3059: 3056: 3054: 3051: 3049: 3046: 3044: 3041: 3039: 3036: 3034: 3031: 3029: 3026: 3024: 3021: 3019: 3016: 3014: 3011: 3009: 3006: 3004: 3001: 3000: 2996: 2990: 2987: 2985: 2982: 2980: 2977: 2975: 2972: 2970: 2967: 2965: 2962: 2960: 2957: 2955: 2954:Plasma cutter 2952: 2950: 2947: 2945: 2942: 2940: 2937: 2935: 2932: 2930: 2927: 2925: 2922: 2920: 2917: 2915: 2912: 2910: 2907: 2905: 2902: 2900: 2897: 2895: 2892: 2890: 2889:English wheel 2887: 2885: 2882: 2880: 2877: 2875: 2872: 2870: 2867: 2865: 2862: 2860: 2857: 2856: 2853: 2848: 2844: 2837: 2832: 2830: 2825: 2823: 2818: 2817: 2814: 2802: 2799: 2797: 2794: 2792: 2789: 2787: 2784: 2782: 2779: 2777: 2774: 2772: 2769: 2767: 2764: 2762: 2759: 2758: 2755: 2745: 2742: 2740: 2737: 2735: 2732: 2730: 2727: 2725: 2722: 2720: 2717: 2715: 2712: 2710: 2709:Cutting fluid 2707: 2706: 2704: 2700: 2694: 2691: 2689: 2686: 2684: 2681: 2679: 2676: 2674: 2673:Machine taper 2671: 2669: 2666: 2664: 2661: 2659: 2658:Indexing head 2656: 2654: 2651: 2649: 2646: 2644: 2641: 2639: 2636: 2635: 2633: 2631: 2630:Machine tools 2627: 2621: 2618: 2616: 2613: 2611: 2608: 2606: 2603: 2601: 2598: 2596: 2593: 2591: 2588: 2586: 2583: 2581: 2578: 2576: 2573: 2571: 2568: 2566: 2563: 2561: 2558: 2556: 2553: 2551: 2548: 2546: 2543: 2541: 2538: 2536: 2533: 2531: 2528: 2526: 2523: 2521: 2518: 2516: 2513: 2511: 2508: 2506: 2503: 2502: 2500: 2498: 2494: 2488: 2485: 2483: 2480: 2478: 2477:Spark testing 2475: 2473: 2470: 2468: 2465: 2463: 2460: 2458: 2455: 2453: 2450: 2448: 2445: 2443: 2440: 2438: 2435: 2433: 2432:Flick grinder 2430: 2428: 2427:Diamond plate 2425: 2423: 2420: 2418: 2415: 2413: 2412:Bench grinder 2410: 2408: 2407:Angle grinder 2405: 2403: 2400: 2398: 2395: 2394: 2392: 2390: 2384: 2378: 2375: 2373: 2370: 2368: 2365: 2363: 2360: 2358: 2355: 2353: 2350: 2348: 2345: 2343: 2340: 2338: 2335: 2333: 2330: 2329: 2327: 2325: 2320: 2316: 2310: 2307: 2305: 2302: 2300: 2297: 2295: 2292: 2290: 2287: 2285: 2282: 2281: 2279: 2277: 2271: 2267:and computing 2266: 2259: 2254: 2252: 2247: 2245: 2240: 2239: 2236: 2232: 2228: 2221: 2216: 2214: 2209: 2207: 2202: 2201: 2198: 2192: 2189: 2188: 2179: 2175: 2172: 2168: 2164: 2160: 2153: 2149: 2145: 2144: 2139: 2135: 2134: 2133: 2132: 2124: 2118: 2114: 2110: 2106: 2102: 2098: 2097: 2091: 2089: 2084: 2080: 2076: 2070: 2066: 2062: 2058: 2056: 2051: 2047: 2043: 2039: 2035: 2029: 2025: 2021: 2017: 2013: 2011: 2009: 2008:0-521-21203-0 2005: 1998: 1994: 1990: 1986: 1982: 1976: 1972: 1967: 1965: 1961: 1957: 1953: 1948: 1944: 1940: 1936: 1932: 1931: 1921: 1917: 1913: 1907: 1903: 1902: 1896: 1892: 1887: 1884: 1878: 1873: 1872: 1865: 1863: 1859: 1855: 1851: 1847: 1842: 1838: 1834: 1833: 1828: 1824: 1822: 1820: 1816: 1812: 1808: 1801: 1797: 1793: 1789: 1785: 1781: 1777: 1772: 1770: 1766: 1760: 1756: 1752: 1746: 1742: 1738: 1734: 1733: 1718: 1714: 1707: 1701: 1699: 1697: 1681: 1677: 1671: 1664: 1662:0-262-08198-9 1658: 1653: 1652: 1643: 1637:, p. 24. 1636: 1631: 1624: 1620: 1616: 1610: 1603: 1599: 1595: 1589: 1583: 1582:0-684-86729-X 1579: 1575: 1574:One Good Turn 1569: 1562: 1557: 1550: 1545: 1531: 1527: 1521: 1507: 1500: 1494: 1489: 1487: 1485: 1483: 1475: 1470: 1462: 1458: 1451: 1443: 1442: 1437: 1430: 1423: 1418: 1411: 1406: 1399: 1394: 1387: 1382: 1378: 1368: 1365: 1363: 1360: 1358: 1355: 1353: 1350: 1348: 1345: 1343: 1340: 1338: 1335: 1333: 1330: 1328: 1325: 1323: 1320: 1318: 1315: 1313: 1310: 1308: 1305: 1303: 1300: 1298: 1297:Epoxy granite 1295: 1293: 1290: 1288: 1285: 1284: 1271: 1262: 1258: 1254: 1251: 1247: 1246: 1238: 1233: 1217: 1208: 1204: 1200: 1197: 1193: 1192: 1178: 1169: 1165: 1161: 1158: 1154: 1153: 1149: 1133: 1124: 1120: 1117:This section 1115: 1112: 1108: 1107: 1103: 1099: 1095: 1091: 1081: 1079: 1075: 1071: 1063: 1061: 1058: 1056: 1053: 1051: 1048: 1047: 1046: 1040: 1038: 1035: 1032: 1029: 1027: 1024: 1022: 1015: 1011: 1008: 1006: 1003: 1001: 998: 996: 993: 991: 988: 985: 983: 980: 978: 975: 973: 970: 968: 965: 963: 960: 958: 955: 954: 953: 945: 943: 938: 934: 929: 927: 923: 919: 918:punched cards 915: 911: 907: 901: 891: 888: 886: 882: 878: 874: 870: 866: 858: 852: 850: 839: 835: 833: 832:machine shops 827: 825: 820: 816: 812: 808: 804: 800: 786: 782: 778: 776: 772: 768: 767:James Nasmyth 764: 760: 754: 750: 746: 744: 740: 735: 733: 729: 725: 723: 719: 715: 714:mechanization 711: 706: 703: 699: 695: 691: 687: 683: 679: 675: 671: 667: 663: 659: 655: 651: 646: 643: 639: 635: 631: 627: 623: 619: 618:ancient Egypt 615: 611: 600: 597: 589: 586:February 2021 579: 575: 569: 568: 563:This section 561: 557: 552: 551: 543: 541: 537: 532: 528: 524: 520: 516: 510: 508: 504: 500: 496: 491: 489: 485: 481: 477: 473: 469: 465: 461: 457: 453: 449: 444: 442: 438: 434: 430: 426: 422: 418: 414: 410: 406: 402: 398: 394: 389: 385: 383: 379: 375: 371: 367: 363: 359: 355: 351: 347: 343: 339: 335: 330: 326: 322: 318: 316: 312: 308: 304: 300: 295: 293: 289: 285: 280: 276: 272: 263: 260: 257: 252: 249: 246: 243: 239: 235: 231: 227: 223: 220: 216: 212: 209:First is the 208: 207: 206: 203: 201: 197: 193: 189: 185: 181: 176: 172: 161: 158: 150: 147:February 2021 140: 136: 130: 129: 124:This section 122: 118: 113: 112: 104: 102: 97: 95: 90: 88: 84: 79: 77: 73: 69: 65: 61: 57: 53: 49: 45: 37: 32: 19: 18:Machine tools 4514:Heat bending 4459:Edge banding 4231:Router plane 4226:Rebate plane 4186:Finger plane 3917: 3621: 3615: 3595: 3589:Lignum vitae 3347: 3341: 3306:Wood carving 3281:Shipbuilding 3266:Root carving 3226:Log building 3191:Chip carving 2984:Turret lathe 2924:Machine tool 2923: 2847:metalworking 2842: 2688:Rotary table 2668:Lathe center 2555:Machine tool 2554: 2387:Grinding and 2227:Metalworking 2177: 2158: 2142: 2130: 2128: 2099:, New York: 2095: 2087: 2064: 2053: 2019: 2001: 1970: 1963: 1938: 1900: 1870: 1861: 1831: 1815:metrological 1804: 1791: 1779: 1768: 1763: 1740: 1737:Holland, Max 1730:Bibliography 1717:the original 1712: 1684:. Retrieved 1679: 1670: 1650: 1642: 1635:Thomson 2009 1630: 1614: 1609: 1593: 1588: 1573: 1572:Rybczynsky, 1568: 1561:Thomson 2009 1556: 1544: 1533:. Retrieved 1529: 1520: 1509:. Retrieved 1499: 1469: 1460: 1450: 1439: 1429: 1422:Holland 1989 1417: 1405: 1393: 1381: 1332:Multimachine 1327:Metalworking 1265: 1261:adding to it 1256: 1235: 1211: 1207:adding to it 1202: 1172: 1168:adding to it 1163: 1127: 1123:adding to it 1118: 1098:Construction 1090:Particulates 1073: 1069: 1067: 1044: 951: 930: 903: 889: 887:after 1900. 862: 846: 836: 828: 815:metal planer 803:turret lathe 796: 755: 751: 747: 736: 726: 722:wrought iron 707: 647: 607: 592: 583: 572:Please help 567:verification 564: 514: 511: 492: 445: 415:, shearing, 390: 386: 381: 373: 369: 366:productivity 338:Michelangelo 331: 327: 323: 319: 310: 307:productivity 296: 268: 233: 204: 199: 168: 153: 144: 133:Please help 128:verification 125: 98: 91: 83:machine tool 82: 80: 71: 68:cutting tool 44:machine tool 43: 41: 4791:Woodworking 4735:WikiProject 4681:Rift sawing 4671:Flat sawing 4559:Wood drying 4236:Scrub plane 4221:Razee plane 4171:Block plane 4025:Mitre clamp 3972:Wood scribe 3923:Combination 3665:Purpleheart 3361:Douglas fir 3311:Woodturning 3144:Occupations 3106:Woodworking 3063:Woodworking 2969:Tap and die 2929:Metal lathe 2894:Gear shaper 2879:Drill press 2859:Arbor press 2766:Fabrication 2702:Terminology 2638:Angle plate 2565:Metal lathe 2457:Jig grinder 2367:Tap and die 2276:engineering 1563:, p. . 1410:Jerome 1934 1268:August 2024 1214:August 2024 1187:Regulations 1130:August 2024 1102:Metal swarf 967:Gear shaper 962:Drill press 881:water wheel 877:treadwheels 792: 1818 785:Eli Whitney 694:automobiles 634:Clockmakers 626:Middle Ages 531:micro lathe 499:connotative 484:subtractive 429:Max Holland 407:. However, 279:convergence 271:musical box 36:metal lathe 4760:Categories 4690:Techniques 4639:Conversion 4569:Wood stain 4497:Treatments 4285:Birdsmouth 4251:Spokeshave 4201:Jack plane 4191:Fore plane 4030:Pipe clamp 3995:Band clamp 3919:Carpenters 3740:Engineered 3690:Rubberwood 3539:Eucalyptus 3343:Calocedrus 3256:Pyrography 3221:Kohlrosing 2786:Metallurgy 2580:Pantograph 2372:Tap wrench 2123:HathiTrust 2121:link from 2050:1104810110 1989:2006275684 1686:2020-07-29 1549:Moore 1970 1535:2022-11-01 1511:2019-10-09 1398:Moore 1970 1374:References 1230:See also: 1146:See also: 1094:Renovation 1088:See also: 1080:machines. 937:drill bits 914:paper tape 898:See also: 873:treadmills 849:Mr. Slater 775:millwright 728:James Watt 662:stationary 610:bow drills 466:, or even 409:economists 393:colloquial 362:efficiency 334:sculptures 303:efficiency 180:hand tools 94:line shaft 4781:Machining 4479:Parquetry 4474:Oystering 4469:Marquetry 4310:Butterfly 3977:Workbench 3909:Sandpaper 3889:Mitre box 3834:Drawknife 3824:Burnisher 3809:Abrasives 3758:Hardboard 3419:Afromosia 3301:Whittling 3251:Parquetry 3236:Marquetry 3181:Certosina 3176:Carpentry 3166:Cabinetry 3113:Overviews 2914:Jig borer 2781:Machining 2776:Jewellery 2744:Workpiece 2739:Tramp oil 2729:Tolerance 2560:Machining 2550:Jig borer 2535:Engraving 2510:Broaching 2497:Machining 2377:Threading 2342:Drill bit 2324:threading 2265:Machining 1807:jig borer 1759:246343673 1362:Tool Ways 1357:Tool wear 922:computers 906:flywheels 718:cast iron 674:otherwise 654:artillery 507:mass noun 433:Houdaille 397:machining 288:computers 273:cams and 64:workpiece 52:machining 4776:Machines 4725:Category 4504:Adhesive 4484:Purfling 4464:Intarsia 4405:Profiles 4330:Dovetail 4269:Geometry 4108:Hand saw 4093:Crosscut 4078:Circular 4073:Chainsaw 4020:Holdfast 3685:Rosewood 3617:American 3612:Mahogany 3584:Jelutong 3554:Hornbeam 3519:Cocobolo 3514:Chestnut 3429:Andiroba 3241:Millwork 3206:Intarsia 3201:Fretwork 3196:Ébéniste 3125:Glossary 3018:Forestry 3008:Cleaning 2979:Tool bit 2884:End mill 2791:Smithing 2530:End mill 2437:Grinding 2397:Abrasive 2357:Drilling 2332:Die head 2319:Drilling 2167:65080822 2140:(1965), 2109:37016470 2083:83048867 2063:(1984), 2042:83016269 2018:(1984), 1997:70251252 1947:47003762 1937:(1947), 1920:72006354 1850:27-24075 1841:16011753 1829:(1916), 1800:73127307 1790:(1970), 1739:(1989), 1576:, 2000, 1493:Roe 1916 1352:Tool bit 1280:See also 1074:addition 948:Examples 869:treadles 854:— 698:aircraft 690:bicycles 650:firearms 640:such as 628:and the 421:riveting 401:grinding 376:to make 230:linearly 226:tool way 188:medieval 175:freehand 76:freehand 72:toolpath 60:grinding 4745:Commons 4661:Whipsaw 4656:Sawmill 4549:Varnish 4544:Thermal 4519:Lacquer 4454:Binding 4423:Chamfer 4290:Biscuit 4256:Surform 4148:Whipsaw 4118:Keyhole 4103:Fretsaw 4083:Compass 4068:Bucksaw 4058:Bandsaw 4053:Backsaw 4035:Sawbuck 4005:F-clamp 4000:C-clamp 3874:Jointer 3778:Plywood 3730:Zebrano 3670:Ovankol 3635:Meranti 3623:African 3594:Linden 3549:Hickory 3504:Cedrela 3499:Camphor 3494:Bubinga 3489:Boxwood 3469:Bilinga 3454:Avodire 3371:Juniper 3356:Cypress 3231:Luthier 3120:History 3043:Masonry 3033:Kitchen 2904:Hacksaw 2843:Machine 2801:Welding 2771:Forming 2761:Casting 2693:Wiggler 2683:Mandrel 2653:Fixture 2615:Turning 2610:Skiving 2570:Milling 2545:Hobbing 2467:Sanding 2462:Lapping 2389:lapping 2117:3456642 1680:Thibaut 1010:Bandsaw 546:History 521:(for a 519:treadle 425:presses 417:swaging 350:newtons 256:vectors 211:spindle 196:spindle 48:machine 4651:Hewing 4390:Splice 4345:Halved 4340:Groove 4335:Finger 4315:Coping 4300:Bridle 4277:Joints 4158:Planes 4143:Veneer 4133:Scroll 4128:Ripsaw 4113:Jigsaw 4088:Coping 3987:Clamps 3914:Square 3904:Shaper 3899:Router 3879:Mallet 3854:Gimlet 3829:Chisel 3725:Willow 3715:Walnut 3705:Totara 3695:Sapele 3660:Poplar 3645:Padauk 3607:Merbau 3579:Jarrah 3564:Imbuia 3559:Idigbo 3524:Cumaru 3509:Cherry 3434:Anigre 3396:Spruce 3349:Cedrus 3216:Khatam 3171:Caning 3134:lumber 3053:Mining 3023:Garden 2989:Welder 2964:Shaper 2949:Planer 2874:Broach 2648:Collet 2605:Shaper 2595:Reamer 2590:Planer 2540:Facing 2505:Boring 2299:G-code 2165: 2152:250074 2150: 2115: 2107: 2081: 2071: 2048: 2040: 2030: 2006: 1995: 1987: 1977: 1954: 1945: 1918: 1908: 1879: 1856: 1848: 1839: 1798: 1757: 1747: 1659: 1621: 1600: 1580: 1241:Safety 1100:, and 1026:Planer 1005:Shaper 865:cranks 813:, and 811:shaper 769:, and 696:; and 672:, and 666:marine 658:clocks 622:lathes 527:shaper 462:, and 441:import 437:export 370:person 364:, and 354:pounds 305:, and 284:servos 277:. The 234:length 184:lathes 56:boring 4786:Tools 4529:Paint 4438:Ovolo 4433:Ogive 4418:Bevel 4385:Scarf 4370:Miter 4138:Table 4123:Miter 4098:Frame 4015:Gripe 3931:Speed 3927:Miter 3859:Gauge 3849:Float 3844:Fence 3839:Drill 3797:Tools 3720:Wenge 3710:Utile 3675:Ramin 3630:Maple 3602:Lovoa 3574:Iroko 3544:Hazel 3529:Ebony 3474:Birch 3464:Beech 3459:Balsa 3449:Aspen 3444:Apple 3424:Alder 3381:Kauri 3376:Larch 3338:Cedar 3321:Woods 3296:Treen 3058:Power 2919:Lathe 2849:tools 2724:Swarf 2643:Chuck 2337:Drill 1720:(PDF) 1709:(PDF) 1347:Swarf 1033:mills 982:Lathe 933:drill 875:, or 523:lathe 405:swarf 346:value 315:value 169:Many 87:below 46:is a 4428:Ogee 4413:Bead 4355:Knee 4325:Dado 4305:Butt 4045:Saws 3957:Vise 3894:Rasp 3819:Adze 3700:Teak 3655:Plum 3650:Pear 3411:Hard 3391:Rimu 3386:Pine 3330:Soft 3130:Wood 3028:Hand 2939:Mill 2845:and 2284:2.5D 2163:LCCN 2148:OCLC 2113:OCLC 2105:LCCN 2079:LCCN 2069:ISBN 2046:OCLC 2038:LCCN 2028:ISBN 2004:ISBN 1993:OCLC 1985:LCCN 1975:ISBN 1952:ISBN 1943:LCCN 1916:LCCN 1906:ISBN 1877:ISBN 1860:).. 1854:ISBN 1846:LCCN 1837:LCCN 1796:LCCN 1780:NBER 1755:OCLC 1745:ISBN 1657:ISBN 1619:ISBN 1598:ISBN 1578:ISBN 1021:Saws 977:Hone 678:Watt 670:rail 612:and 538:and 493:The 486:and 470:and 439:and 413:dies 399:and 4554:Wax 4524:Oil 4360:Lap 4295:Box 4063:Bow 3935:Try 3814:Axe 3768:OSB 3763:MDF 3640:Oak 3569:Ipê 3534:Elm 3439:Ash 3401:Yew 3366:Fir 2909:Hob 2663:Jig 2321:and 2294:CAM 2289:CAD 1263:. 1209:. 1170:. 1125:. 1070:add 916:or 720:or 684:); 682:Roe 656:); 576:by 340:or 311:why 251:cam 137:by 4762:: 3933:, 3929:, 3925:, 3921:, 3620:, 3346:, 2176:, 2129:. 2111:, 2103:, 2077:, 2044:, 2036:, 2026:, 2000:. 1991:, 1983:, 1962:. 1914:, 1803:. 1778:, 1769:. 1753:, 1711:. 1695:^ 1678:. 1528:. 1481:^ 1459:, 1438:, 1096:, 1092:, 871:, 867:, 805:, 801:, 789:c. 765:, 692:; 688:; 668:, 664:, 458:, 454:, 450:, 419:, 360:, 317:. 301:, 294:. 103:. 58:, 42:A 34:A 3938:) 3916:( 3626:) 3614:( 3352:) 3340:( 3136:) 3132:( 3098:e 3091:t 3084:v 2835:e 2828:t 2821:v 2257:e 2250:t 2243:v 2219:e 2212:t 2205:v 2170:. 2125:. 2119:. 2085:. 2010:. 1893:. 1821:. 1761:. 1689:. 1625:. 1604:. 1551:. 1538:. 1514:. 1463:. 1444:. 1424:. 1270:) 1266:( 1216:) 1212:( 1177:) 1173:( 1132:) 1128:( 599:) 593:( 588:) 584:( 570:. 352:( 160:) 154:( 149:) 145:( 131:. 20:)

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