726:
75:. The collapse of the transient cavity is driven by gravity, and involves both the uplift of the central region and the inward collapse of the rim. The central uplift is not the result of elastic rebound, which is a process in which a material with elastic strength attempts to return to its original geometry; rather the uplift is a process in which a material with little or no strength attempts to return to a state of gravitational equilibrium.
732:
20:
138:
300:
28:
187:
Diameters of craters where complex features form depends on the strength of gravity of the celestial body they occur on. Stronger gravity, such as on Earth compared to the Moon, causes rim collapse in smaller diameter craters. Complex craters may occur at 2 kilometres (1.2 mi) to 4 kilometres
195:
have diameters between about 20 kilometres (12 mi) to 175 kilometres (109 mi), the central peak is usually a single peak, or small group of peaks. Lunar craters of diameter greater than about 175 kilometres (109 mi) may have complex,
234:
On the Moon, heights of central peaks are directly proportional to diameters of craters, which implies that peak height varies with crater-forming energy. There is a similar relationship for
121:). On icy as opposed to rocky bodies, other morphological forms appear which may have central pits rather than central peaks, and at the largest sizes may contain very many concentric rings—
151:
A central-peak crater is the most basic form of complex crater. A central-peak crater can have a tightly spaced, ring-like arrangement of peaks, thus be a
629:
319:
317:
685:
314:
715:
705:
700:
484:
680:
622:
690:
430:
397:
90:
appears to follow a regular sequence with increasing size: small complex craters with a central topographic peak are called
695:
675:
710:
670:
638:
615:
207:
Lunar craters of 35 kilometres (22 mi) to about 170 kilometres (110 mi) in diameter possess a central peak.
992:
324:
82:. At the largest sizes, one or more exterior or interior rings may appear, and the structure may be labeled an
1160:
896:
891:
796:
461:
353:
325:"Science Concept 6: The Moon is an Accessible Laboratory for Studying the Impact Process on Planetary Scales"
284:
1103:
931:
916:
836:
781:
235:
55:. Peak-ring craters have diameters that are larger in than central-peak craters and have a ring of raised
1052:
951:
776:
761:
449:
Traces of
Catastrophe: A Handbook of Shock-Metamorphic Effects in Terrestrial Meteorite Impact Structures
341:
Traces of
Catastrophe: A Handbook of Shock-Metamorphic Effects in Terrestrial Meteorite Impact Structures
67:
Above a certain threshold size, which varies with planetary gravity, the collapse and modification of a
1155:
946:
941:
901:
861:
272: – Roughly circular ring or plateau, possibly discontinuous, surrounding an impact crater's center
469:
361:
771:
78:
Complex craters have uplifted centers, and they have typically broad flat shallow crater floors, and
100:); intermediate-sized craters, in which the central peak is replaced by a ring of peaks, are called
1125:
876:
746:
1193:
1188:
1042:
911:
841:
254: – Circular depression in a solid astronomical body formed by the impact of a smaller object
881:
1145:
1022:
936:
886:
801:
357:
465:
1166:
1150:
1098:
447:
339:
279:
210:
There are several theories as to why central-peak craters form. Such craters are common, on
816:
585:
510:
108:
92:
8:
751:
113:
111:); and the largest craters contain multiple concentric topographic rings, and are called
589:
514:
68:
1062:
967:
536:
269:
263:
197:
152:
102:
866:
826:
200:. If impact features exceed 300 kilometres (190 mi) of diameter, they are called
1115:
921:
871:
856:
756:
597:
540:
426:
393:
172:
122:
51:
851:
1140:
1012:
846:
791:
786:
593:
576:
Wood, Charles A. (December 1973). "Moon: Central peak heights and crater origins".
526:
518:
422:
418:
385:
305:
257:
223:
164:
1120:
1108:
997:
831:
413:
Bray, Veronica J.; Ă–hman, Teemu; Hargitai, Henrik (2014). "Central Peak Crater".
389:
239:
126:
1067:
1027:
1002:
806:
766:
211:
188:(2.5 mi) on Earth, but start from 20 kilometres (12 mi) on the Moon.
156:
118:
97:
79:
32:
821:
1182:
1130:
1007:
926:
649:
251:
219:
201:
192:
145:
87:
42:
607:
569:
1135:
1057:
1047:
654:
555:
141:
59:
which are roughly half the rim-to-rim diameter, instead of a central peak.
906:
811:
725:
531:
1072:
972:
522:
160:
1037:
1032:
1017:
229:
155:, though the peak is often single. Central-peak craters can occur in
260: – Geologic structure formed from impact on a planetary surface
731:
547:
19:
1082:
1077:
982:
977:
501:
Allen, C. C. (April 12, 1975). "Central peaks in lunar craters".
453:
345:
176:
71:
is much more extensive, and the resulting structure is called a
266: – Crater containing multiple concentric topographic rings
168:
137:
56:
476:
380:
Bray, Veronica J. (November 20, 2015). "Central Peak Crater".
494:
457:
349:
86:
rather than an impact crater. Complex-crater morphology on
45:
morphology. Complex craters are classified into two groups:
27:
215:
171:. Many central-peak craters have rims that are scalloped,
274:
Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
375:
373:
371:
295:
406:
368:
287:- comprehensive reference on impact crater science
230:Height of central peak relative to crater diameter
412:
1180:
242:craters whose uplifts originated from rebound.
637:
623:
630:
616:
182:
16:Large impact craters with uplifted centres
530:
136:
26:
18:
132:
1181:
553:
445:
337:
611:
556:"Atlas of Volcanic Landforms on Mars"
500:
575:
379:
482:
415:Encyclopedia of Planetary Landforms
382:Encyclopedia of Planetary Landforms
129:is the type example of the latter.
13:
14:
1205:
485:"Mapping The Surface of the Moon"
730:
724:
298:
144:, a central peak-ring crater on
439:
423:10.1007/978-1-4614-9213-9_37-2
331:
1:
1161:Lunar and Planetary Institute
993:Cretaceous–Paleogene boundary
462:Lunar and Planetary Institute
354:Lunar and Planetary Institute
291:
285:Lunar and Planetary Institute
236:terrestrial meteorite craters
62:
598:10.1016/0019-1035(73)90023-7
554:Hodges, Carroll Ann (1992).
390:10.1007/978-1-4614-3134-3_37
7:
1053:Planar deformation features
245:
10:
1210:
1156:Impact Field Studies Group
1091:
960:
739:
722:
663:
645:
639:Impact cratering on Earth
1126:William Kenneth Hartmann
792:Clearwater East and West
740:Confirmed≥20 km diameter
470:LPI Contribution No. 954
446:French, Bevan M (1998).
362:LPI Contribution No. 954
338:French, Bevan M (1998).
163:. An Earthly example is
1043:Ordovician meteor event
183:When central peaks form
23:Impact crater structure
1146:Eugene Merle Shoemaker
1023:Late Heavy Bombardment
148:
35:
24:
1167:Traces of Catastrophe
1151:Earth Impact Database
1099:Ralph Belknap Baldwin
280:Traces of Catastrophe
140:
30:
22:
384:. pp. 249–256.
133:Central-peak craters
93:central-peak craters
47:central-peak craters
41:are a type of large
590:1973Icar...20..503W
515:1975Moon...12..463A
483:Millham, Rosemary.
198:ring-shaped uplifts
114:multi-ringed basins
1063:Shock metamorphism
968:Alvarez hypothesis
523:10.1007/BF00577935
270:Peak ring (crater)
264:Multi-ringed basin
149:
36:
25:
1176:
1175:
1116:Edward C. T. Chao
432:978-1-4614-9213-9
399:978-1-4614-3133-6
283:, 1998 book from
175:inner walls, and
52:peak-ring craters
1201:
1141:Peter H. Schultz
1104:Daniel Barringer
1013:Impact structure
734:
728:
632:
625:
618:
609:
608:
602:
601:
573:
567:
566:
560:
551:
545:
544:
534:
498:
492:
491:
489:
480:
474:
473:
443:
437:
436:
417:. pp. 1–9.
410:
404:
403:
377:
366:
365:
335:
329:
328:
321:
308:
306:Astronomy portal
303:
302:
301:
275:
258:Impact structure
165:Mistastin crater
153:peak ring crater
69:transient cavity
1209:
1208:
1204:
1203:
1202:
1200:
1199:
1198:
1179:
1178:
1177:
1172:
1121:Robert S. Dietz
1109:Barringer Medal
1087:
998:Cryptoexplosion
956:
887:Puchezh-Katunki
867:Nördlinger Ries
735:
729:
720:
686:Asia and Russia
659:
641:
636:
606:
605:
574:
570:
558:
552:
548:
499:
495:
487:
481:
477:
444:
440:
433:
411:
407:
400:
378:
369:
336:
332:
323:
322:
315:
304:
299:
297:
294:
273:
248:
232:
204:, not craters.
185:
135:
65:
39:Complex craters
17:
12:
11:
5:
1207:
1197:
1196:
1194:Impact geology
1191:
1189:Impact craters
1174:
1173:
1171:
1170:
1163:
1158:
1153:
1148:
1143:
1138:
1133:
1128:
1123:
1118:
1113:
1112:
1111:
1101:
1095:
1093:
1089:
1088:
1086:
1085:
1080:
1075:
1070:
1068:Shocked quartz
1065:
1060:
1055:
1050:
1045:
1040:
1035:
1030:
1028:Lechatelierite
1025:
1020:
1015:
1010:
1005:
1003:Ejecta blanket
1000:
995:
990:
988:Complex crater
985:
980:
975:
970:
964:
962:
958:
957:
955:
954:
949:
944:
939:
934:
929:
924:
919:
914:
909:
904:
899:
894:
889:
884:
879:
874:
869:
864:
859:
854:
849:
844:
839:
834:
829:
824:
819:
814:
809:
804:
799:
794:
789:
784:
782:Chesapeake Bay
779:
774:
769:
764:
759:
754:
749:
743:
741:
737:
736:
723:
721:
719:
718:
713:
708:
703:
698:
693:
688:
683:
678:
673:
667:
665:
661:
660:
658:
657:
652:
646:
643:
642:
635:
634:
627:
620:
612:
604:
603:
584:(4): 503–506.
568:
546:
509:(4): 463–474.
493:
475:
438:
431:
405:
398:
367:
330:
312:
311:
310:
309:
293:
290:
289:
288:
276:
267:
261:
255:
247:
244:
231:
228:
184:
181:
157:impact craters
134:
131:
80:terraced walls
73:complex crater
64:
61:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1206:
1195:
1192:
1190:
1187:
1186:
1184:
1169:
1168:
1164:
1162:
1159:
1157:
1154:
1152:
1149:
1147:
1144:
1142:
1139:
1137:
1134:
1132:
1131:H. Jay Melosh
1129:
1127:
1124:
1122:
1119:
1117:
1114:
1110:
1107:
1106:
1105:
1102:
1100:
1097:
1096:
1094:
1090:
1084:
1081:
1079:
1076:
1074:
1071:
1069:
1066:
1064:
1061:
1059:
1056:
1054:
1051:
1049:
1046:
1044:
1041:
1039:
1036:
1034:
1031:
1029:
1026:
1024:
1021:
1019:
1016:
1014:
1011:
1009:
1008:Impact crater
1006:
1004:
1001:
999:
996:
994:
991:
989:
986:
984:
981:
979:
976:
974:
971:
969:
966:
965:
963:
959:
953:
950:
948:
945:
943:
940:
938:
935:
933:
930:
928:
925:
923:
920:
918:
915:
913:
912:Slate Islands
910:
908:
905:
903:
900:
898:
895:
893:
890:
888:
885:
883:
880:
878:
875:
873:
870:
868:
865:
863:
860:
858:
855:
853:
850:
848:
845:
843:
840:
838:
835:
833:
830:
828:
825:
823:
820:
818:
815:
813:
810:
808:
805:
803:
800:
798:
795:
793:
790:
788:
785:
783:
780:
778:
775:
773:
770:
768:
765:
763:
760:
758:
755:
753:
750:
748:
745:
744:
742:
738:
733:
727:
717:
714:
712:
709:
707:
706:South America
704:
702:
701:North America
699:
697:
694:
692:
689:
687:
684:
682:
679:
677:
674:
672:
669:
668:
666:
662:
656:
653:
651:
650:Impact crater
648:
647:
644:
640:
633:
628:
626:
621:
619:
614:
613:
610:
599:
595:
591:
587:
583:
579:
572:
564:
563:pubs.usgs.gov
557:
550:
542:
538:
533:
528:
524:
520:
516:
512:
508:
504:
497:
486:
479:
471:
467:
463:
459:
455:
451:
450:
442:
434:
428:
424:
420:
416:
409:
401:
395:
391:
387:
383:
376:
374:
372:
363:
359:
355:
351:
347:
343:
342:
334:
326:
320:
318:
313:
307:
296:
286:
282:
281:
277:
271:
268:
265:
262:
259:
256:
253:
252:Impact crater
250:
249:
243:
241:
237:
227:
225:
221:
217:
213:
208:
205:
203:
202:impact basins
199:
194:
193:lunar craters
189:
180:
178:
174:
170:
166:
162:
158:
154:
147:
143:
139:
130:
128:
124:
120:
116:
115:
110:
106:
104:
99:
95:
94:
89:
88:rocky planets
85:
81:
76:
74:
70:
60:
58:
54:
53:
48:
44:
43:impact crater
40:
34:
31:Lunar crater
29:
21:
1165:
1136:Graham Ryder
1058:Shatter cone
1048:Philippinite
987:
897:Saint Martin
892:Rochechouart
797:Gosses Bluff
752:Amelia Creek
655:Impact event
581:
577:
571:
562:
549:
532:10150/622036
506:
502:
496:
478:
448:
441:
414:
408:
381:
340:
333:
278:
233:
209:
206:
190:
186:
150:
142:Eddie crater
112:
101:
91:
84:impact basin
83:
77:
72:
66:
50:
46:
38:
37:
932:Tookoonooka
917:Steen River
907:Siljan Ring
837:Manicouagan
822:Keurusselkä
464:. pp.
356:. pp.
109:Schrödinger
1183:Categories
1073:Stishovite
973:Australite
952:Yarrabubba
922:Strangways
882:Presqu'île
857:Montagnais
827:Lappajärvi
777:Charlevoix
762:Beaverhead
757:Araguainha
711:By country
681:Antarctica
292:References
161:meteorites
63:Background
1038:Moldavite
1033:Meteorite
1018:Impactite
947:Woodleigh
942:Vredefort
902:Shoemaker
862:Morokweng
847:Mistastin
787:Chicxulub
691:Australia
671:Worldwide
541:120245830
119:Orientale
103:peak ring
1092:Research
937:Tunnunik
832:Logancha
802:Haughton
772:Carswell
716:Possible
246:See also
179:floors.
177:hummocky
173:terraced
127:Callisto
123:Valhalla
1083:Tektite
1078:Suevite
983:Coesite
978:Breccia
927:Sudbury
877:Popigai
872:Obolon'
852:Mjølnir
817:Karakul
807:Kamensk
767:Boltysh
747:Acraman
586:Bibcode
511:Bibcode
454:Houston
346:Houston
224:Mercury
117:(e.g.,
107:(e.g.,
105:craters
96:(e.g.,
57:massifs
961:Topics
842:Manson
696:Europe
676:Africa
578:Icarus
539:
429:
396:
222:, and
214:, the
169:Canada
664:Lists
559:(PDF)
537:S2CID
488:(PDF)
458:Texas
350:Texas
212:Earth
167:, in
98:Tycho
33:Tycho
812:Kara
503:Moon
427:ISBN
394:ISBN
238:and
220:Mars
216:Moon
159:via
146:Mars
49:and
594:doi
527:hdl
519:doi
419:doi
386:doi
358:120
240:TNT
191:If
125:on
1185::
592:.
582:20
580:.
561:.
535:.
525:.
517:.
507:12
505:.
468:.
466:27
460::
456:,
452:.
425:.
392:.
370:^
360:.
352::
348:,
344:.
316:^
226:.
218:,
631:e
624:t
617:v
600:.
596::
588::
565:.
543:.
529::
521::
513::
490:.
472:.
435:.
421::
402:.
388::
364:.
327:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
