1036:. As such, if a defendant is found competent to stand trial, they are also competent to waive their right to counsel. Therefore, competence to waive counsel is based on whether the criminal defendant does so knowingly, intelligently, and voluntarily. In order for the waiver to be knowing, the criminal defendant must understand the right that they are waiving. In order for the waiver to be intelligent, the criminal defendant should understand the disadvantages of waiving their right to counsel and representing themselves. In order for the waiver to be voluntary, there should be no presence of coercion, and a defendant should opt to waive their right due to their own free will.
32:
748:, also known as the forced patenting act. This Act further amended the GAA to give the Secretary of the Interior the power to issue allottees a patent in fee simple to people classified ‘competent and capable.’ The criteria for this determination is unclear but meant that allottees deemed ‘competent’ by the Secretary of the Interior would have their land taken out of trust status, subject to taxation, and could be sold by the allottee.
664:
833:. Competency refers to a witness' capacity to accurately relay the details of the event, but credibility refers to the likelihood of truthfulness in his testimony. While competency to testify is determined by the trial judge, the credibility (e.g., truthfulness) of that testimony is weighed by a jury. Historically, witness competency rules in most American states prohibited testimony by slaves and free blacks.
818:. Groups most likely to trigger a competency issue are children (especially under 10 years old), people with intellectual or developmental disabilities, people with mental illnesses, and people who have abused substances. Before 1975, certain populations (e.g., children) had to prove competency in order to testify, however this changed after the addition of Rule 601 in the
1023:, the Supreme Court determined that criminal defendants have a right to waive this Sixth Amendment right and represent themselves in criminal proceedings, even if it is disadvantageous to the criminal defendant to do so. In order to waive their right to counsel, a criminal defendant must be found competent to do so.
578:, is whether the accused "has sufficient present ability to consult with his lawyer with a reasonable degree of rational understanding—and whether he has a rational as well as factual understanding of the proceedings against him." Being determined incompetent is substantially different from undertaking an
582:; competence regards the defendant's state of mind at the time of the trial, while insanity regards his state of mind at the time of the crime. In New York a hearing on competence to stand trial may be referred to as a "730 exam", after the law that governs the conduct of the exam, New York CPL Sec. 730.
850:
Witnesses must have been able to observe the event to which they testify. This standard is usually met, unless the witness has visual or hearing impairments which make observing the event difficult (see
Williams v. State (2010) where witness testimony was called into questions because of their visual
1039:
When forensic evaluators determine if a defendant is competent to waive their right to counsel and self-represent, they also pay attention to the defendant's reasoning for waiving their right to counsel. To be found competent by a forensic evaluator, criminal defendants should have a rational reason
990:
or thought-process underscoring the patient's decision. The patient must be able to rationally weigh the benefits and risks associated with their medical condition, consenting to treatment, assessing alternative treatments, and/or refusing treatment. An evaluator may question a patient's competence
965:
how that information may apply to them. This aspect is more than understanding the information in the abstract; the patient should be able to appreciate the consequences of a) consenting to the treatment, b) investigating alternate treatment options, or c) refusing the treatment, and how they would
868:
This is related to a witness' ability to utilize language and organize the details of the event by time and space. This is more difficult for young children who do not have a mastery of the language and may have trouble recalling event details in order. For people who have physical or developmental
841:
Competency to testify is decided by the judge and rarely requires formal evaluation because the threshold is low; judges often use their own discretion without expert input. Instead, judges use several basic criteria to decide if a witness has the capacity to testify: ability to observe, ability to
764:
due to his unlawful presence in the country. In these situations, non-citizens are placed in immigration court hearings where "immigration judges determine whether respondents should be ordered removed from the United States or granted relief or protection from removal... and permitted to remain in
885:
to tell the truth in the courtroom. Most people, children included, understand that they must tell the truth on the witness stand, even though they might have different motivations for so doing. Even young children can distinguish truth and lies, and do not lie any more frequently than adults do.
1031:
Faretta v. California specified that the competency to waive the right to counsel should not be determined based on the criminal defendant's understanding of legal jargon. Criminal defendants have a right to represent themselves even if they do not understand all legal jargon. In other words, a
492:
concerns the mental capacity of an individual to participate in legal proceedings or transactions, and the mental condition a person must have to be responsible for his or her decisions or acts. Competence is an attribute that is decision-specific. Depending on various factors which typically
859:
Research suggests that for witnesses, the two biggest problems that might interfere with their ability to remember the event are time and age. The more time that passes between the event and their recollection, the more difficult it will be for them to accurately recall the event. Also, young
751:
The Act of June 25, 1910 further amends the GAA to give the
Secretary of the Interior the power to sell the land of deceased allottees or issue patent and fee to legal heirs. This decision is based on a determination made by the Secretary of Interior whether the legal heirs are ‘competent’ or
781:
but in the case that there is evidence of incompetency in the non-citizen, there are two instances where it differs. The first being that the court hearing may proceed regardless if the individual lacks "the competency to participate meaningfully in them" as long as there is the appropriate
1072:
In order to obtain evidence in criminal cases, the ability for law enforcement to conduct searches and/or seizures can be implemented. The Fourth
Amendment of the United States Constitution states, "The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against
769:
where they have "a rational and factual understanding of the nature and object of the proceedings, can consult with the attorney or representative if there is one, and has a reasonable opportunity to examine and present evidence and cross-examine witnesses." The language in
2487:
504:
may be appointed by a court for a person who satisfies the state's tests for general incompetence, and the guardian or conservator exercises the incompetent's rights for the incompetent. Defendants who do not possess sufficient "competence" are usually excluded from
851:
impairment). Research with children and observational capacity has found that even though young children often struggle to understand and make meaning from the complex interactions they witness, it does not inhibit their ability to report what they observed.
1043:
Despite the fact that a criminal defendant has a right to proceed pro se, if a criminal defendant is incompetent due to a severe mental illness, they will be required to accept counsel even if they do not want counsel, a ruling by the
Supreme Court in
995:) is thought as less important than something relatively minor (e.g., hair loss). If the decision to refuse treatment appears to stem directly from mental illness, this may indicate a patient's decision-making process is not rational or reasonable.
493:
revolve around mental function integrity, an individual may or may not be competent to make a particular medical decision, a particular contractual agreement, to execute an effective deed to real property, or to execute a will having certain terms.
1032:
criminal defendant may be competent to represent him/herself even if they would do so poorly. Rather, the competency standard for the right to waive counsel is the same standard as competency to stand trial, a decision by the
Supreme Court in
1073:
unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated, and no
Warrants shall issue, but upon probable cause, supported by Oath or affirmation, and particularly describing the place to be searched, and the persons or things to be seized."
765:
the country." Like in other court proceedings, competency can be raised by either parties or the judge if the non-citizen exhibits questionable capacity. In this particular setting, non-citizens are presumed to be competent as determined by
596:
A ruling of incompetence may later be reversed. A defendant may recover from a mental illness or disability, and a court may require a defendant to undergo treatment in an effort to render him competent to stand trial. For example, in 1989,
650:. The court ruled in his favor, stating that a forensic professional must make that competency evaluation and, if the inmate is found incompetent, must provide treatment to aid in his gaining competency so the execution can take place.
1076:
A search is conducted when law enforcement personnel are looking for evidence that might be useful in a case. A seizure is when law enforcement personnel actually take items from a person or scene to further investigate their case.
1064:. It is important to note, however, that pro se defendants are not required to have a standby counsel nor are they granted the right to have a standby counsel. The decision to appoint a standby counsel is in the hands of the court.
605:
was found mentally incompetent to stand trial following the murder of his estranged girlfriend. But years later, as he had attended college and received good grades, this ruling was reversed, and he was ordered to stand trial.
918:, their competence may be questioned. Still, adults from these more vulnerable populations are not incompetent by default and their competence should be evaluated on a case-by-case basis. There are specific tools that a
1338:
1294:
978:, but believe that in their case, they are not mentally ill and taking this medicine would make them catatonic. In this case, the patient lacks the ability to appreciate the consequences of their decisions.
716:
Generally, in the United States, a person has the capacity or competence to make the decision to enter into a contract if he can understand and appreciate, to the extent relevant, all of the following:
937:
A patient should be able to understand any relevant information about their treatment or medical condition which would be disclosed to them during informed consent. If a patient does not possess the
1876:
822:
which states “every person is competent to be a witness, except as otherwise provided in these rules." This sets a standard that individuals cannot be excluded from testifying based merely on age,
941:
to understand the information disclosed to them, they may not be competent to make treatment decisions. Some adults who may lack this ability to understand might be patients who suffer from
2488:"AAPL Practice Guideline for the Forensic Psychiatric Evaluation of Competence to Stand Trial – Mossman et al. 35 (4): S3 – Journal of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law Online"
1811:
2422:
568:. If the court determines that a defendant's mental condition makes him unable to understand the proceedings, or that he is unable to help in his defense, he is found incompetent. The
2457:. John Petrila, Norman Godfrey Poythress, Christopher Slobogin, Randy K. Otto, Douglas Mossman, Lois Oberlander Condie (4th ed.). New York: The Guilford Press. pp. 162–164.
1080:
Law enforcement can request to search a person or location if they are given consent by the person in question, and a search may be conducted without consent if permitted by a
198:
1367:
826:, or mental illness. An individual may be deemed incompetent to testify as a witness if his testimony is found to be irrelevant or misleading, or if he cannot be truthful.
782:
safeguards in place to ensure a fair trial. Secondly, because a non-citizen lacks the entitlements of a citizen, he is not entitled to counsel in removal proceedings.
1736:"Ensuring a Fair Hearing for Litigants with Mental Illnesses: The Law and Psychology of Capacity, Admissibility, and Credibility Assessments in Civil Proceedings"
1195:
2136:
Grisso, Thomas; Appelbaum, Paul S.; Hill-Fotouhi, Carolyn (1997). "The MacCAT-T: a
Clinical Tool to Assess Patients' Capacities to Make Treatment Decisions".
794:
in a trial are generally found to be competent unless proven otherwise. However, questions of competency can be raised regarding any person who might issue a
1264:, the term "fitness to plead" is used, as in designating a person "unfit to plead". The concept is identical to "competence", although detailed law differs.
929:
If competence to make treatment decisions is questioned, the individual's understanding, appreciation, and decision-making process may be evaluated.
586:
910:
and treatment. In the context of informed consent, most adults are assumed to be competent unless otherwise specified, but should they suffer from severe
589:
considered the legal standards for determining competence to stand trial and to waive counsel using the standards of objective unreasonableness under the
1777:
Valenti-Hein, D. C., & Schwartz, L. D. (1993). Witness competency in people with mental retardation: implications for prosecution of sexual abuse.
1163:
1008:
860:
children are more susceptible to outside influences and have a more difficult time remembering the details of the events compared to older children.
1057:
1016:
42:
590:
1388:
1040:
for waiving their rights. Irrational reasons include defeatist attitudes, fantastic objectives, paranoid ideation, or irrational beliefs.
2039:
Melton, Gary B.; Petrila, John; Poythress, Norman G.; Slobogin, Christopher; Otto, Randy K.; Mossman, Douglass; Condie, Lois O. (2017).
1628:
Melton, Gary B.; Petrila, John; Poythress, Norman G.; Slobogin, Christopher; Otto, Randy K.; Mossman, Douglass; Condie, Lois O. (2017).
727:(c) The significant risks, benefits, and reasonable alternatives involved in the decision. See, e.g., California Probate Code §812.
615:
906:) may be identified in their stead. Competence to make treatment decisions stems from legal precedent about the right to refuse
532:
is used to describe persons who should not undergo or partake in certain judicial processes, and also for those who lack mental
475:
1505:
2462:
1566:
737:
2171:
Wang, Shi-Bin; Wang, Yuan-Yuan; Ungvari, Gabor S.; Ng, Chee H.; Wu, Ren-Rong; Wang, Jijun; Xiang, Yu-Tao (2017-05-01).
961:
A patient should then be able to not only understand information about their treatment or medical condition, but also
2048:
1637:
1004:
898:
for medical treatment. Incompetent individuals cannot provide informed consent, so other decision-makers (such as a
703:
681:
76:
2173:"The MacArthur Competence Assessment Tools for assessing decision-making capacity in schizophrenia: A meta-analysis"
724:(b) The probable consequences for the decisionmaker and, where appropriate, the persons affected by the decision.
873:, a speech therapist was permitted to translate for a victim with cerebral palsy who had difficulty testifying.
1261:
685:
761:
2527:
383:
348:
251:
1299:
1289:
923:
643:
569:
561:
760:
In the United States, legal proceedings in immigration court typically revolves around the removal of a
2537:
2532:
468:
358:
2454:
Psychological evaluations for the courts : a handbook for mental health professionals and lawyers
2172:
1688:
819:
261:
150:
2423:"The Role of Standby Counsel in Criminal Cases: In the Twilight Zone of the Criminal Justice System"
1764:
1411:""We Can Not Get a Living as We Used To": Dispossession and the White Earth Anishinaabeg, 1889-1920"
1319:
1253:
388:
58:
1951:"Thinking about Fantasy: Are Children Fundamentally Different Thinkers and Believers from Adults?"
2542:
1095:
950:
915:
674:
2041:
Psychological
Evaluations for the Courts: a Handbook for Mental Health Professionals and Lawyers
1630:
Psychological
Evaluations for the Courts: a Handbook for Mental Health Professionals and Lawyers
2233:"Competency and the Capacity to Make Treatment Decisions: a Primer for Primary Care Physicians"
1283:
1107:
907:
776:
602:
574:
560:, the right to not be prosecuted while one is incompetent to stand trial has been ruled by the
343:
203:
165:
145:
1743:
2522:
1751:
1219:
1131:
1020:
461:
324:
314:
218:
188:
183:
54:
2288:
1590:
1187:
823:
299:
284:
227:
140:
135:
120:
869:
disabilities, accommodations may be made based on the court's discretion. For example, in
50:
8:
1179:
1061:
926:
to make treatment decisions, such as the MacArthur
Competency Assessment Tool-Treatment.
304:
740:
could use land allotted to them from the General Allotment Act (GAA), also known as the
2394:
2317:
2208:
2112:
2088:
2064:
1978:
1438:
1227:
1211:
1147:
1115:
1045:
811:
647:
630:
565:
440:
289:
246:
208:
2265:
2232:
1704:
2468:
2458:
2270:
2252:
2200:
2192:
2153:
2044:
1986:
1970:
1831:
1739:
1716:
1708:
1633:
1572:
1562:
1430:
1203:
1123:
721:(a) The rights, duties, and responsibilities created by, or affected by the decision.
598:
557:
405:
368:
363:
309:
294:
193:
16:
Ability to understand the nature and effect of the act in which the person is engaged
1060:, a court may decide to appoint a standby counsel, a ruling by the Supreme Court in
544:
and other personal matters such as consenting to medical treatment, etc. and need a
2260:
2244:
2212:
2184:
2145:
1962:
1823:
1700:
1422:
1286:, regarding the competences of the European Union versus those of its member states
1247:
1171:
1155:
1033:
1012:
903:
895:
579:
517:
400:
378:
353:
256:
236:
130:
1849:
2188:
1925:
1658:
1278:
911:
882:
815:
501:
373:
241:
174:
160:
2370:
1900:
1087:
Voluntary consent is considered to be consent given that is free from coercion.
870:
512:, while witnesses found not to possess requisite competence cannot testify. The
1273:
1139:
1081:
1056:
If a defendant is found competent to waive their right to counsel and proceeds
899:
807:
545:
533:
497:
319:
213:
92:
1827:
1734:
Cremin, Kevin M.; Philips, Jean; Sickinger, Claudia; Zelhof, Jeanette (2009).
1295:
United States federal laws governing offenders with mental diseases or defects
2516:
2472:
2256:
2196:
1974:
1835:
1712:
1576:
1434:
975:
971:
155:
125:
2274:
2204:
1735:
919:
625:
449:
435:
20:
2452:
2157:
2149:
1990:
1720:
1556:
998:
2346:
2248:
830:
513:
509:
1558:
Forensic psychology : research, clinical practice, and applications
1463:
894:
In the United States, an individual must be deemed competent to provide
1982:
1950:
1442:
1410:
1099:
992:
688: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
415:
394:
1481:
1257:
987:
799:
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745:
741:
639:
621:
541:
444:
115:
1966:
1653:
1651:
1649:
1426:
663:
628:
to determine if punishment can be carried out. This is a result of
2043:(4th ed.). New York: Guilford Publications. pp. 468–486.
1632:(4th ed.). New York: Guilford Publications. pp. 468–486.
967:
946:
537:
425:
842:
remember, ability to communicate, and ability to remain truthful.
1877:"Testimonial Competence of Children | Office of Justice Programs"
1646:
942:
881:
Witnesses must be able to distinguish between truth and lies and
803:
791:
635:
333:
270:
2492:
Journal of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law Online
1015:. However, some defendants want to waive this right and proceed
1530:
19:
For the concept of authority to make legal pronouncements, see
2038:
1901:"People v. Miller, 247 A.D.2d 674 | Casetext Search + Citator"
1627:
1067:
506:
41:
deal primarily with the United States and do not represent a
2237:
Primary Care Companion to the Journal of Clinical Psychiatry
1850:"Williams v. State, 416 Md. 670 | Casetext Search + Citator"
1733:
1381:
1102:
in the United States. The landmark cases are the following:
2135:
790:
In the United States, individuals who want to testify as a
744:. The practice was used after 1906 with the passing of the
430:
1343:
Journal of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law
889:
100:
1389:"California Probate Code Part 17. Legal Mental Capacity"
970:
which are out of touch with reality may understand that
1561:(2nd ed.). Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley and Sons, Inc.
999:
Competence to waive right to counsel and self-represent
836:
653:
1926:"Rule 603. Oath or Affirmation to Testify Truthfully"
981:
2341:
2339:
2337:
1812:"Free Black Witnesses in the Antebellum Upper South"
736:
Competency was used to determine whether individual
587:
United States Court of Appeals for the Tenth Circuit
1693:
Journal of the American Academy of Child Psychiatry
1689:"The Child as Witness: Competency and Credibility"
731:
2334:
2170:
2034:
2032:
2030:
2028:
2026:
2024:
2022:
2020:
2514:
2347:"Waiver/Forfeiture of Right to Counsel | NC PRO"
2018:
2016:
2014:
2012:
2010:
2008:
2006:
2004:
2002:
2000:
1682:
1680:
1678:
966:be directly impacted. A patient who experiences
624:has a right to be evaluated for competency by a
1506:"Unlawful Presence and Inadmissibility | USCIS"
2446:
2444:
2442:
2440:
2416:
2414:
1871:
1869:
1623:
1621:
1619:
1617:
1615:
1613:
1611:
2312:
2310:
2308:
1997:
1675:
876:
591:Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act
469:
39:The examples and perspective in this article
2318:"Faretta v. California, 422 U.S. 806 (1975)"
2065:"Sell v. United States, 539 U.S. 166 (2003)"
1659:"Rule 601. Competency to Testify in General"
1336:
991:if some substantial consequence (e.g., limb
986:This aspect of competence is related to the
755:
609:
551:
2437:
2411:
2226:
2224:
2222:
1866:
1797:The Florida Bar's Evidence: Ch. 5 Witnesses
1608:
1339:"Standards for Determination of Competence"
752:‘incompetent’ to manage their own affairs.
2395:"McKaskle v. Wiggins, 465 U.S. 168 (1984)"
2305:
1068:Competence to consent to search or seizure
974:medication is a traditional treatment for
476:
462:
2264:
2089:"Jackson v. Indiana, 406 U.S. 715 (1972)"
1794:
1531:"Executive Office for Immigration Review"
863:
704:Learn how and when to remove this message
77:Learn how and when to remove this message
2219:
2113:"Riggins v. Nevada, 504 U.S. 127 (1992)"
1686:
1320:"People v Hasenflue, 48 AD3d 888 (2008)"
785:
2485:
1948:
646:, declaring he was not competent to be
616:Capital punishment in the United States
2515:
2450:
2420:
1809:
1337:Kissin, Miriam; Towers, Karin (2007).
1090:
1026:
890:Competence to make treatment decisions
854:
2498:(Supplement 4). www.jaapl.org: S3–S72
1923:
1408:
1098:has been developed through a body of
845:
829:Witness competency is different from
1554:
686:adding citations to reliable sources
657:
25:
2230:
837:Criteria for Determining Competency
654:Competence to enter into a contract
488:In United States and Canadian law,
13:
2486:Mossman, Douglas (December 2007).
1051:
982:Reasonable decision-making process
14:
2554:
2375:LII / Legal Information Institute
2293:LII / Legal Information Institute
1930:LII / Legal Information Institute
1795:Burhans, Glenn; Smitha, Bridget.
1663:LII / Legal Information Institute
1368:"Ford v. Wainwright 477 U.S. 399"
1241:
1810:Eisner, Eric (12 October 2023).
1470:. Indian Land Tenure Foundation.
932:
774:is similar and holds aspects to
662:
523:
30:
2479:
2387:
2363:
2281:
2164:
2129:
2105:
2081:
2057:
1949:Woolley, Jacqueline D. (1997).
1942:
1917:
1893:
1842:
1803:
1788:
1771:
1727:
1583:
1548:
956:
732:Competence and Native Americans
673:needs additional citations for
2427:New York University Law Review
1924:Staff, L. I. I. (2011-11-30).
1687:Nurcombe, BARRY (1986-07-01).
1523:
1498:
1474:
1456:
1415:The American Historical Review
1402:
1360:
1330:
1312:
1:
1705:10.1016/S0002-7138(10)60004-0
1591:"BIA Precedent Chart REF-END"
1011:grants criminal defendants a
2189:10.1016/j.schres.2016.11.020
1305:
384:Declaration against interest
252:Self-authenticating document
7:
1290:Suitable age and discretion
1267:
644:United States Supreme Court
564:to be guaranteed under the
562:United States Supreme Court
53:, discuss the issue on the
10:
2559:
1409:Meyer, Melissa L. (1991).
1245:
1005:United States Constitution
877:Ability to remain truthful
613:
496:Depending on the state, a
18:
1828:10.1017/S0738248023000408
1555:Huss, Matthew T. (2014).
1254:laws of England and Wales
951:intellectual disabilities
916:intellectual disabilities
820:Federal Rules of Evidence
756:Competence and Immigrants
642:who took his case to the
610:Competence to be executed
552:Competence to stand trial
548:to handle their affairs.
262:Hague Evidence Convention
151:Eyewitness identification
2451:Melton, Gary B. (2018).
2231:Leo, Raphael J. (1999).
1779:Sexuality and Disability
1391:. California Legislature
810:) and can occur in both
389:Present sense impression
199:Public policy exclusions
1096:Adjudicative competence
871:People v. Miller (1988)
2177:Schizophrenia Research
1816:Law and History Review
1759:Cite journal requires
1284:Principle of conferral
1108:Dusky v. United States
908:psychiatric medication
864:Ability to communicate
777:Dusky v. United States
603:Stratford, Connecticut
575:Dusky v. United States
166:Consciousness of guilt
2421:Poulin, Anne (2000).
2150:10.1176/ps.48.11.1415
1300:Competency evaluation
1220:Sell v. United States
1132:Faretta v. California
1021:Faretta v. California
786:Competence to Testify
570:competency evaluation
315:Recorded recollection
2371:"Indiana v. Edwards"
2249:10.4088/PCC.v01n0501
2138:Psychiatric Services
1370:. Cornell Law School
1196:Medina v. California
1188:Washington v. Harper
824:cognitive impairment
762:non-citizen national
682:improve this article
634:, a case filed by a
349:in United States law
59:create a new article
51:improve this article
2528:Forensic psychology
1180:McKaskle v. Wiggins
1091:Competency case law
1062:McKaskle v. Wiggins
1027:Competency standard
924:evaluate competence
855:Ability to remember
572:, as determined in
189:Laying a foundation
1228:Indiana v. Edwards
1212:Cooper v. Oklahoma
1148:Ford v. Wainwright
1116:Jackson v. Indiana
1046:Indiana v. Edwards
846:Ability to observe
631:Ford v. Wainwright
566:due process clause
445:trusts and estates
325:Dead Man's Statute
290:Direct examination
247:Best evidence rule
2538:Criminal defenses
2533:Mental health law
2464:978-1-4625-3266-7
2351:ncpro.sog.unc.edu
2289:"Sixth Amendment"
2144:(11): 1415–1419.
1955:Child Development
1738:. Rochester, NY.
1568:978-1-118-55413-5
1204:Riggins v. Nevada
1124:Drope v. Missouri
904:health care proxy
714:
713:
706:
599:Kenneth L. Curtis
558:United States law
486:
485:
406:Implied assertion
369:Dying declaration
364:Excited utterance
310:Proffer agreement
295:Cross-examination
108:Types of evidence
87:
86:
79:
61:, as appropriate.
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1464:"History – ILTF"
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1334:
1328:
1327:
1316:
1248:Fitness to plead
1172:Estelle v. Smith
1164:Pate v. Robinson
1156:Godinez v. Moran
1034:Godinez v. Moran
1013:right to counsel
949:, or those with
912:mental illnesses
896:informed consent
738:Native Americans
709:
702:
698:
695:
689:
666:
658:
580:insanity defense
518:fitness to plead
478:
471:
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401:Learned treatise
379:Ancient document
359:Business records
257:Ancient document
237:Chain of custody
89:
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1998:
1967:10.2307/1132282
1961:(6): 991–1011.
1947:
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1595:www.justice.gov
1589:
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1535:www.justice.gov
1529:
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1308:
1279:Age of majority
1270:
1250:
1244:
1235:Matter of M-A-M
1093:
1070:
1054:
1052:Standby counsel
1029:
1009:Sixth Amendment
1001:
984:
959:
935:
892:
879:
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857:
848:
839:
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772:Matter of M-A-M
767:Matter of M-A-M
758:
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699:
693:
690:
679:
667:
656:
618:
612:
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540:, handle their
526:
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374:Party admission
242:Judicial notice
184:Burden of proof
126:Real (physical)
83:
72:
66:
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2080:
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1996:
1941:
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1892:
1865:
1841:
1822:(2): 297–317.
1802:
1787:
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1761:|journal=
1726:
1699:(4): 473–480.
1674:
1645:
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1522:
1497:
1473:
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1421:(2): 368–394.
1401:
1380:
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1324:Google Scholar
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1274:Age of consent
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1140:Rogers v. Okin
1136:
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1089:
1082:search warrant
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344:in English law
338:
337:
336:and exceptions
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320:Expert witness
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45:of the subject
43:worldwide view
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1785:(4), 287-294.
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976:schizophrenia
973:
972:antipsychotic
969:
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952:
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940:
933:Understanding
930:
927:
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901:
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887:
884:
883:swear an oath
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676:
671:This section
669:
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633:
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627:
623:
620:An inmate on
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524:United States
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156:Genetic (DNA)
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146:Demonstrative
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67:December 2010
60:
56:
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46:
44:
37:
28:
27:
22:
2523:Evidence law
2500:. Retrieved
2495:
2491:
2481:
2453:
2430:
2426:
2402:. Retrieved
2398:
2389:
2378:. Retrieved
2374:
2365:
2354:. Retrieved
2350:
2325:. Retrieved
2321:
2296:. Retrieved
2292:
2283:
2240:
2236:
2180:
2176:
2166:
2141:
2137:
2131:
2120:. Retrieved
2116:
2107:
2096:. Retrieved
2092:
2083:
2072:. Retrieved
2068:
2059:
2040:
1958:
1954:
1944:
1933:. Retrieved
1929:
1919:
1908:. Retrieved
1905:casetext.com
1904:
1895:
1884:. Retrieved
1880:
1857:. Retrieved
1854:casetext.com
1853:
1844:
1819:
1815:
1805:
1796:
1790:
1782:
1778:
1773:
1752:cite journal
1729:
1696:
1692:
1666:. Retrieved
1662:
1629:
1599:. Retrieved
1597:. 2015-01-13
1594:
1585:
1557:
1550:
1539:. Retrieved
1537:. 2014-03-02
1534:
1525:
1514:. Retrieved
1512:. 2022-06-24
1509:
1500:
1489:. Retrieved
1485:
1476:
1467:
1458:
1446:. Retrieved
1418:
1414:
1404:
1393:. Retrieved
1383:
1372:. Retrieved
1362:
1351:. Retrieved
1349:(3): 386–388
1346:
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1002:
985:
962:
960:
957:Appreciation
938:
936:
928:
920:psychologist
893:
880:
867:
858:
849:
840:
828:
816:civil trials
789:
775:
771:
766:
759:
750:
735:
715:
700:
691:
680:Please help
675:verification
672:
629:
626:psychologist
619:
595:
584:
573:
555:
529:
527:
495:
489:
487:
450:Criminal law
393:
279:
219:Similar fact
99:Part of the
73:
64:
40:
21:Jurisdiction
1881:www.ojp.gov
1486:www.ice.gov
922:may use to
831:credibility
694:August 2016
530:incompetent
510:prosecution
502:conservator
354:Confessions
305:Impeachment
194:Materiality
141:Inculpatory
136:Exculpatory
121:Documentary
2517:Categories
2502:2008-02-21
2404:2022-10-20
2399:Justia Law
2380:2022-10-20
2356:2022-10-20
2327:2022-10-20
2322:Justia Law
2298:2022-10-20
2122:2022-10-09
2117:Justia Law
2098:2022-10-09
2093:Justia Law
2074:2022-10-09
2069:Justia Law
1935:2022-12-06
1910:2022-12-06
1886:2022-12-06
1859:2022-12-06
1668:2022-11-07
1601:2022-12-05
1541:2022-12-05
1516:2022-12-05
1491:2022-12-05
1448:8 November
1395:2017-04-16
1374:2007-10-03
1353:2007-10-19
1100:common law
993:amputation
963:appreciate
638:inmate on
614:See also:
490:competence
416:common law
395:Res gestae
280:Competence
204:Spoliation
2473:985073538
2257:1523-5998
2197:0920-9964
2183:: 56–63.
1975:0009-3920
1836:0738-2480
1713:0002-7138
1577:828481957
1482:"Removal"
1435:0002-8762
1306:Footnotes
988:cognition
968:delusions
804:witnesses
800:defendant
796:testimony
746:Burke Act
742:Dawes Act
640:death row
622:death row
542:financial
538:contracts
528:The word
285:Privilege
271:Witnesses
209:Character
175:Relevance
116:Testimony
55:talk page
2275:15014674
2205:27876273
1268:See also
1258:Scotland
947:dementia
900:guardian
812:criminal
648:executed
536:to make
534:capacity
507:criminal
498:guardian
436:Property
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