120:
explicit discrimination against members of other social groups, but it permits the admissions committees to reject candidates on such vague grounds as "unsuitability to the community's social life" or its "social-cultural fabric" or to "unique characteristics of the community as defined in its bylaws." Human rights organizations argue that the law could still enable communities to discriminate against individuals based on factors such as sexual orientation, disability, or ethnicity, contravening both
Israeli and international legal standards against discrimination.
62:
40:
143:
281:
132:
51:
268:
principles of the community, and, if not taken into account, can lead to expulsion. The design of these principles arose out of a perceived necessity of impeding Arabs from residing in such settlements. Monitoring may have a particular shared ideology, religious perspective, or desired lifestyle which they wish to perpetuate by accepting only like-minded individuals.
253:
rapidly expanded in number: by 1987, there were a total of 95 and two years later, most of the 115 settlements established were of this kind. Such settlements were also attractive as destinations for "quality of life" secularists, for whom easy commuting to their metropolitan workplaces and the low cost of housing in settlements were notable incentives.
233:, while the second, east to the watershed, runs parallel to the Allon Highway. The objective of this design is to create blockages hindering Palestinians from expanding their towns in the direction of the road, and impeding the conurbation of their communities lying on either sides of the road. The concept was institutionalized in the
314:
Israeli law bans the allocation of land resources on a preferential basis. According to Eyal
Weizman, the community settlement system developed techniques to bypass those laws by having state land, either in Israel or in the Palestinian territories, placed in the custody of legal bodies registered in
267:
Each community settlement has its own selection process for admitting residents, together with mechanisms for monitoring all aspects of communal life, from religious observance and ideological rigour, to how one uses the land outside one's home. Warnings accompany observed failures to live up to the
212:
According to Elisha Efrat, Gush Emunim intended to establish
Israeli Jewish settlement as an irreversible reality in the Palestinian territories. The mountain strip community settlements were developed in two strategically parallel lines: the first central string of settlements runs parallel to the
403:
On 6 January 2009, the
Supreme Court of Israel issued an order nisi (order to show cause) that compels the state to respond within 60 days to a petition filed by Adalah demanding the cancellation of admission committees in "community towns", which select among candidates who wish to live in these
271:
In West Bank community settlements, single-family housing with private yards, which are emblems of status, are the most common residential type. Unlike kibbutzim and moshavim, community settlements generally lack any agriculture and depend on residents commuting elsewhere for employment. In this
208:
as community settlements developed only gradually, since they differed from the standard norms of being 'cooperative' and 'productive'. Gush Emunim pushed this type of settlement, designed in dense networks, because it was best suited to hilly terrain, where agricultural and water resources were
119:
as part of the goal of establishing a "demographic balance" between Jews and Arabs. In practice, that means establishing Jewish-only settlements, which have the right to refuse Arabs from moving to them. Israeli courts have approved the policy in its ruling as well. The law explicitly prohibits
252:
party, which seconded the rapid growth of closed exurbs in which religious nationalists played a dominant role. The Gush Emunim plan was eventually adopted by both the World
Zionist Organization and Israel's Ministry of Agriculture. With the ascendancy of the Likud Party, community settlements
192:
was to form the model for later community settlements, whose founders wished to create a community that broke with the socialist model, one where people could farm privately, run businesses, or use the exclusive exurb village to commute to work in the metropolis. All residents were to share an
353:
what differentiates community settlements from ordinary villages, as most ordinary villages also have the same types of facilities - preschool, synagogues, sport centers and sometimes even swimming pools - owned and operated by the village. Likewise, the mere existence of a democratic body of
103:
and have the power to approve or to veto a sale of a house or a business to any buyer. Residents of a community settlement may have a particular shared ideology, religious perspective or desired lifestyle, which they wish to perpetuate by accepting only like-minded individuals. For example, a
377:
in Israel. In practice, the regional council often has more impact on the residents' life than the cooperative of their own settlement. It is the regional council which will normally run schools, build roads, collect property taxes, and even run its own screening process.
193:"ideological-social background. The planning envisaged nuclear family housing in an amenable natural ambiance. The sum total of people in any such community was planned to be restricted to no more than a few hundred families.
248:, was established in 1975, and four of the first five settlements were unauthorized. The reevaluation and recognition of such settlements as cooperative associations was based on the ascendancy to government of the
386:
To permanently move to a community settlement, potential residents must join the cooperative. An interview and acceptance process is often required to join the cooperative and move into the community. The
115:, the community settlement emerged in the 1970s as a non-political movement for new urban settlements in Israel. However, it essentially took shape as a new typology for settling the West Bank and the
604:"Following Adalah's Petition Supreme Court Orders State to Respond as to Why Admissions Committees, which Overwhelming Exclude Arab Citizens of Israel from Living in "Community Towns", are Legal"
318:
The residents cooperative may also own private businesses and service industries within or in proximity to the settlement. These are often used for keeping certain public facilities, such as
673:
404:
village. Overwhelmingly, these admissions committees exclude Arab families, Eastern Jews, single-parent families, gays, unmarried persons and other social groups from "community towns".
209:
poor, and where the density of
Palestinian habitation high. Life was based on family networks and partial cooperation, adapted to housing white-collar people with jobs in Israel.
396:
923:
295:
in which all property-owning residents must be members. To enforce the restrictions on reselling property, property on a community settlement is formally not sold, but rather
982:
491:
1020:
999:
880:
666:
315:
the United States, Jewish Agency or the World
Zionist Organization. By this means, he asserts, the state of Israel was 'enabled to circumvent its own laws'.
104:
family-oriented community settlement that wishes to avoid becoming a retirement community may choose to accept only young married couples as new residents.
361:
Most community settlements are small, typically amounting to communities of 50-500 families, and are therefore too small to form their own separate formal
358:
a defining feature of community settlements; ordinary villages also have their own local governments which are democratically elected by their residents.
916:
659:
234:
260:: in practice they have been defined as 'private, members-only suburban village(s)'. While in an ordinary village anyone may buy property, in a
909:
17:
307:), which leases out individual plots only to members of the cooperative. In that sense, a community settlement is much like a village-sized
633:
603:
342:, the economic cooperation between residents is very loose - most residents work outside the settlement, and residents only pay minimal
264:
the village's residents, who are organized in a cooperative, have approval (or veto power) over any sale of a house or a business.
607:
388:
169:. Within a few years, community settlements were the most common localities in those regions. In 1981, the first such town,
509:
99:. In an ordinary town, anyone may buy property, but in a community settlement, the village's residents are organized in a
890:
1066:
641:
1061:
767:
837:
304:
197:
395:, and that sometimes Jews of specific ethnic or socio-economic groups are also discriminated against.
992:
370:
366:
392:
184:, the term was adopted for a type of West Bank Israeli settlement by a 'maverick planner' in the
196:
A seminal role in the extension of the model into the
Palestinian territories was played by the
987:
611:
349:
Note that despite a popular misconception, the mere existence of community-owned facilities is
237:(1978) drawn up by the WZO, which set down the guidelines for thwarting the establishment of a
901:
548:
473:
977:
832:
797:
588:
570:
443:
822:
787:
300:
201:
492:"High Court Upholds Residential Screening Law, Enabling Jewish Villages to Keep Arabs Out"
8:
944:
319:
308:
123:
In 2013, there were 118 community settlements with total population of 84,800 residents.
33:
782:
827:
812:
807:
716:
706:
544:
526:
238:
181:
69:
651:
817:
374:
157:, in the Tel Aviv Metropolitan Area, which was established in 1953. From 1977, the
802:
80:
365:. Instead, the residents' cooperative is recognized by the state of Israel as a
354:
residents which makes decisions and organizes events for the whole community is
1040:
1035:
885:
747:
362:
107:
As distinct from the traditional
Israeli development village, typified by the
1055:
752:
721:
331:
327:
154:
346:
to the cooperative to help maintain the village and its public facilities.
343:
147:
572:
The West Bank and Gaza Strip: A Geography of
Occupation and Disengagement,
391:
has claimed that this screening process is designed to deny membership to
792:
529:. Samuel Neaman Institute for Advanced Studies in Science and Technology.
292:
257:
204:, Gush Emunim's settlement branch in the West Bank. Recognition of these
185:
100:
299:. The land of the entire settlement is owned by one entity (usually the
161:
led government supported expansion of Israeli Jewish settlements in the
27:
Form of settlement in Israel and in the occupied Palestinian territories
445:
Society and Settlement: Jewish Land of Israel in the Twentieth Century,
166:
510:"Localities and population, by type of localitiy and population group"
711:
323:
226:
162:
136:
96:
590:
Palestinian Labour Migration to Israel: Labour, Land and Occupation,
61:
222:
369:. Several such local committees can, for example, form together a
1025:
698:
335:
174:
116:
108:
55:
334:, etc., in the hands of the entire community. However, unlike a
1030:
931:
742:
683:
550:
Occupied Territories: The Untold Story of Israel's Settlements,
339:
285:
230:
218:
170:
142:
112:
92:
280:
296:
249:
214:
205:
158:
65:
44:
39:
397:
Adalah – The Legal Center for Arab Minority Rights in Israel
272:
sense, they serve primarily as dormitory towns or quarters.
131:
50:
527:"Residential Environment of Israel's Community Settlements"
245:
189:
681:
213:main road connecting the five major Arab cities of
475:Hollow Land: Israel's Architecture of Occupation,
256:Community settlements are in Israeli legal terms
1053:
881:Communal child rearing and collective education
291:Legally, a community settlement operates as a
917:
667:
153:The first community settlement in Israel was
438:
932:Administrative jurisdiction types of Israel
540:
538:
536:
436:
434:
432:
430:
428:
426:
424:
422:
420:
418:
924:
910:
674:
660:
583:
581:
468:
466:
464:
462:
460:
458:
456:
454:
596:
533:
415:
279:
141:
130:
60:
49:
38:
565:
563:
561:
559:
14:
1054:
608:Association for Civil Rights in Israel
578:
451:
389:Association for Civil Rights in Israel
905:
655:
519:
373:, which is one of the three types of
556:
486:
484:
575:Routledge 2006 pp.31,37-8, pp95-6.
84:
24:
275:
91:) is a type of town or village in
25:
1078:
891:Jewish land purchase in Palestine
610:. 26 January 2009. Archived from
481:
330:, sport facilities, youth clubs,
244:The first community settlement,
626:
502:
478:Verso Books, 2012 pp.125-130.
381:
13:
1:
408:
18:Community settlement (Israel)
856:Ihud HaKvutzot VeHaKibbutzim
553:I.B.Tauris, 2006 pp.353,368.
188:movement. The settlement of
7:
682:Cooperative settlements in
10:
1083:
838:Religious Kibbutz Movement
448:SUNY Press 2012 pp.94-102.
305:Israel Land Administration
198:World Zionist Organization
126:
31:
1008:
967:
953:
937:
873:
846:
775:
765:
730:
697:
690:
593:Routledge 2005 pp.48-51.
399:issued a press release:
258:cooperative associations
32:Not to be confused with
862:United Kibbutz Movement
634:"Adalah: Press Release"
173:was established in the
1067:Subdivisions of Israel
1021:Institutional locality
406:
288:
150:
139:
72:
58:
47:
1062:Community settlements
833:Poalei Agudat Yisrael
401:
283:
145:
134:
64:
53:
42:
1016:Community settlement
823:Mishkei Herut Beitar
738:Community settlement
644:on 10 February 2009.
301:Jewish National Fund
262:community settlement
77:community settlement
614:on 10 February 2009
309:housing cooperative
34:Israeli settlements
983:Industrial council
853:HaKibbutz HaMeuhad
798:HaMerkaz HaHakla'i
783:Agricultural Union
442:Aharon Kellerman,
289:
241:on the West Bank.
151:
140:
73:
59:
48:
1049:
1048:
899:
898:
869:
868:
828:Moshavim Movement
813:Hitahdut HaIkarim
808:Hapoel HaMizrachi
761:
760:
717:Kibbutz volunteer
707:List of kibbutzim
606:(Press release).
545:Gershom Gorenberg
239:Palestinian state
182:Gershom Gorenberg
70:Judaean Mountains
16:(Redirected from
1074:
993:Regional council
926:
919:
912:
903:
902:
818:Kibbutz Movement
773:
772:
695:
694:
676:
669:
662:
653:
652:
646:
645:
640:. Archived from
630:
624:
623:
621:
619:
600:
594:
585:
576:
567:
554:
542:
531:
530:
523:
517:
516:
514:
506:
500:
499:
488:
479:
470:
449:
440:
375:local government
371:regional council
86:
21:
1082:
1081:
1077:
1076:
1075:
1073:
1072:
1071:
1052:
1051:
1050:
1045:
1004:
974:Municipalities
963:
949:
933:
930:
900:
895:
865:
842:
803:HaOved HaTzioni
757:
726:
686:
680:
650:
649:
632:
631:
627:
617:
615:
602:
601:
597:
587:Leila Farsakh,
586:
579:
568:
557:
543:
534:
525:
524:
520:
512:
508:
507:
503:
490:
489:
482:
471:
452:
441:
416:
411:
384:
367:local committee
278:
276:Legal structure
129:
89:Yishuv Kehilati
37:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1080:
1070:
1069:
1064:
1047:
1046:
1044:
1043:
1041:Rural locality
1038:
1036:Moshav shitufi
1033:
1028:
1023:
1018:
1012:
1010:
1006:
1005:
1003:
1002:
997:
996:
995:
990:
985:
980:
971:
969:
965:
964:
962:
961:
957:
955:
951:
950:
948:
947:
941:
939:
935:
934:
929:
928:
921:
914:
906:
897:
896:
894:
893:
888:
886:Kibbutz crisis
883:
877:
875:
871:
870:
867:
866:
864:
863:
860:
857:
854:
850:
848:
844:
843:
841:
840:
835:
830:
825:
820:
815:
810:
805:
800:
795:
790:
785:
779:
777:
770:
763:
762:
759:
758:
756:
755:
750:
748:Moshav shitufi
745:
740:
734:
732:
728:
727:
725:
724:
719:
714:
709:
703:
701:
692:
688:
687:
679:
678:
671:
664:
656:
648:
647:
638:www.adalah.org
625:
595:
577:
569:Elisha Efrat,
555:
532:
518:
501:
480:
472:Eyal Weizman,
450:
413:
412:
410:
407:
383:
380:
363:municipalities
344:property taxes
332:swimming pools
328:grocery stores
277:
274:
128:
125:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1079:
1068:
1065:
1063:
1060:
1059:
1057:
1042:
1039:
1037:
1034:
1032:
1029:
1027:
1024:
1022:
1019:
1017:
1014:
1013:
1011:
1007:
1001:
1000:Natural areas
998:
994:
991:
989:
988:Local council
986:
984:
981:
979:
976:
975:
973:
972:
970:
966:
960:Sub-districts
959:
958:
956:
952:
946:
943:
942:
940:
936:
927:
922:
920:
915:
913:
908:
907:
904:
892:
889:
887:
884:
882:
879:
878:
876:
872:
861:
859:Kibbutz Artzi
858:
855:
852:
851:
849:
845:
839:
836:
834:
831:
829:
826:
824:
821:
819:
816:
814:
811:
809:
806:
804:
801:
799:
796:
794:
791:
789:
786:
784:
781:
780:
778:
774:
771:
769:
764:
754:
753:Youth village
751:
749:
746:
744:
741:
739:
736:
735:
733:
729:
723:
722:Urban kibbutz
720:
718:
715:
713:
710:
708:
705:
704:
702:
700:
696:
693:
689:
685:
677:
672:
670:
665:
663:
658:
657:
654:
643:
639:
635:
629:
613:
609:
605:
599:
592:
591:
584:
582:
574:
573:
566:
564:
562:
560:
552:
551:
546:
541:
539:
537:
528:
522:
511:
505:
497:
493:
487:
485:
477:
476:
469:
467:
465:
463:
461:
459:
457:
455:
447:
446:
439:
437:
435:
433:
431:
429:
427:
425:
423:
421:
419:
414:
405:
400:
398:
394:
390:
379:
376:
372:
368:
364:
359:
357:
352:
347:
345:
341:
337:
333:
329:
325:
321:
316:
312:
310:
306:
302:
298:
294:
287:
282:
273:
269:
265:
263:
259:
254:
251:
247:
242:
240:
236:
235:Drobless Plan
232:
228:
224:
220:
216:
210:
207:
203:
199:
194:
191:
187:
183:
180:According to
178:
176:
172:
168:
164:
160:
156:
155:Neve Monosson
149:
144:
138:
133:
124:
121:
118:
114:
110:
105:
102:
98:
94:
90:
82:
78:
71:
67:
63:
57:
52:
46:
41:
35:
30:
19:
1015:
1009:Fourth level
978:City council
954:Second level
737:
642:the original
637:
628:
616:. Retrieved
612:the original
598:
589:
571:
549:
521:
504:
495:
474:
444:
402:
385:
360:
355:
350:
348:
317:
313:
303:through the
290:
270:
266:
261:
255:
243:
211:
195:
179:
152:
148:Ahuzat Barak
122:
106:
88:
85:יישוב קהילתי
76:
74:
29:
968:Third level
938:First level
793:Dror-Israel
382:Controversy
293:cooperative
186:Gush Emunim
101:cooperative
95:and in the
1056:Categories
409:References
324:synagogues
200:(WZO) and
167:Gaza Strip
945:Districts
768:movements
712:Hakhshara
320:preschool
227:Bethlehem
163:West Bank
137:Mikhmanim
97:West Bank
776:Existing
618:27 March
284:View of
223:Ramallah
177:region.
146:View of
135:View of
54:View of
43:View of
1026:Kibbutz
847:Defunct
699:Kibbutz
691:By type
496:Haaretz
336:kibbutz
175:Galilee
127:History
117:Galilee
109:kibbutz
56:Hoshaya
1031:Moshav
874:Topics
743:Moshav
731:Others
684:Israel
340:moshav
297:leased
286:Eshhar
231:Hebron
219:Nablus
206:exurbs
202:Amanah
171:Timrat
113:moshav
93:Israel
81:Hebrew
788:Amana
513:(PDF)
393:Arabs
338:or a
250:Likud
215:Jenin
159:Likud
66:Nataf
45:Nirit
620:2009
246:Ofra
229:and
190:Ofra
165:and
111:and
766:By
356:not
351:not
1058::
636:.
580:^
558:^
547:,
535:^
494:.
483:^
453:^
417:^
326:,
322:,
311:.
225:,
221:,
217:,
87:,
83::
75:A
68:,
925:e
918:t
911:v
675:e
668:t
661:v
622:.
515:.
498:.
79:(
36:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
.JPG)
