Public health - Knowledge

74: 1981: 629: 54: 3556: 45: 3184: 65: 2926: 1821: 1105: 1546: 3650: 2795: 129: 693: 10143: 3084:, among others. Operational structures are formulated by strategic principles, with educational and career pathways guided by competency frameworks, all requiring modulation according to local, national and global realities. Moreover, integrating technology or digital platforms to connect to low health literacy LHL groups could be a way to increase health literacy. It is critically important for the health of populations that nations assess their public health human resource needs and develop their ability to deliver this capacity, and not depend on other countries to supply it. 10215: 1185: 10239: 3568:

malaria. These methods include reducing breeding sites, screening doors and windows, insecticide sprays, prompt treatment following infection, and usage of insecticide treated mosquito nets. Distribution and sale of insecticide-treated mosquito nets is a common, cost-effective anti-malaria public health intervention; however, barriers to use exist including cost, household and family organization, access to resources, and social and behavioral determinants which have not only been shown to affect malaria prevalence rates but also mosquito net use.

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put more emphasis on an understanding of epidemiology and statistics as the scientific basis of public health practice and those that include a more wide range of methodologies. A Master of Science of Public Health is similar to an MPH but is considered an academic degree (as opposed to a professional degree) and places more emphasis on scientific methods and research. The same distinction can be made between the DrPH and the DHSc: The DrPH is considered a professional degree and the DHSc is an academic degree.

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In other words, public health organizations have evolved to better meet the needs of some groups more than others. The result is often that those most in need of preventative interventions are least likely to receive them and interventions can actually aggravate inequities as they are often inadvertently tailored to the needs of the normative group. Identifying bias within public health research and practice is essential to ensuring public health efforts mitigate and don't aggravate health inequities.

13132: 10352: 5294: 1234: 2249: 13096: 12408: 11516: 10191: 2850: 13121: 10179: 327: 10267: 10318: 10335: 10301: 2639: 10227: 10369: 2576:, became very influential in government circles in the early years of the 19th century. The latter part of the century brought the establishment of the basic pattern of improvements in public health over the next two centuries: a social evil was identified, private philanthropists brought attention to it, and changing public opinion led to government action. The 18th century saw rapid growth in voluntary hospitals in 11540: 13108: 12437: 11528: 10284: 2150: 10167: 315: 2130:. Public health officials can use these goals to set their own agenda and plan for smaller scale initiatives for their organizations. These goals are designed to lessen the burden of disease and inequality faced by developing countries and lead to a healthier future. The links between the various sustainable development goals and public health are numerous and well established. 10203: 739:, and public health and general preventative medicine. Jung, Boris and Lushniak argue that preventive medicine should be considered the medical specialty for public health but note that the American College of Preventive Medicine and American Board of Preventive Medicine do not prominently use the term "public health". Preventive medicine specialists are trained as 3594:

physicians. Because it was so threatening to so many interests, the proposal was debated and postponed for 20 years before becoming law in 1902. Success finally came when the government realized that contagious diseases had a national security impact in weakening military recruits, and keeping the population growth rate well below Germany's.

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efforts, however, receive a significantly larger proportion of funds such as HIV which received an increase in funds of over $ 6 billion between 2000 and 2010 which was more than twice the increase seen in any other sector during those years. Health aid has seen an expansion through multiple channels including private philanthropy,

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but France let private physicians handle the problem, which left it with a much higher death rate. The French medical profession jealously guarded its prerogatives, and public health activists were not as well organized or as influential as in Germany, Britain or the United States. For example, there was a long battle over a

2052:. Opponents of health aid claim that international health aid actually disrupts developing countries' course of development, causes dependence on aid, and in many cases the aid fails to reach its recipients. For example, recently, health aid was funneled towards initiatives such as financing new technologies like 3617:

make populations healthier. In the late nineteenth century, Mexico was in the process of modernization, and public health issues were again tackled from a scientific point of view. As in the U.S., food safety became a public health issue, particularly focusing on meat slaughterhouses and meatpacking.

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Health inequalities, driven by the social determinants of health, are also a growing area of concern in public health. A central challenge to securing health equity is that the same social structures that contribute to health inequities also operate and are reproduced by public health organizations.

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followed well behind Bismarckian Germany, as well as Great Britain, in developing the welfare state including public health. Tuberculosis was the most dreaded disease of the day, especially striking young people in their 20s. Germany set up vigorous measures of public hygiene and public sanatoria,

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Though curable and preventive, malaria remains a major public health issue and is the third leading cause of death in Ghana. In the absence of a vaccine, mosquito control, or access to anti-malaria medication, public health methods become the main strategy for reducing the prevalence and severity of

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Public health was important elsewhere in Latin America in consolidating state power and integrating marginalized populations into the nation-state. In Colombia, public health was a means for creating and implementing ideas of citizenship. In Bolivia, a similar push came after their 1952 revolution.

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are examples of degrees which are geared towards people who want careers as practitioners of public health in health departments, managed care and community-based organizations, hospitals and consulting firms, among others. Master of Public Health degrees broadly fall into two categories, those that

2709:, finally passed in 1848. It aimed to improve the sanitary condition of towns and populous places in England and Wales by placing the supply of water, sewerage, drainage, cleansing and paving under a single local body with the General Board of Health as a central authority. The Act was passed by the 1945:

and many others effect the distribution of health between and within populations and are often shaped by policy. A social gradient in health runs through society. The poorest generally have the worst health, but even the middle classes will generally have worse health outcomes than those of a higher

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is a fundamental part of population health. Scholars such as Coggon and Pielke express concerns about bringing general issues of wealth distribution into population health. Pielke worries about "stealth issue advocacy" in population health. Jung, Boris and Lushniak consider population health to be a

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The United States lacks a coherent system for the governmental funding of public health, relying on a variety of agencies and programs at the federal, state and local levels. Between 1960 and 2001, public health spending in the United States tended to grow, based on increasing expenditures by state

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which began in the 1880s as a campaign to reorganize the nation's health services, to require the registration of infectious diseases, to mandate quarantines, and to improve the deficient health and housing legislation of 1850. However the reformers met opposition from bureaucrats, politicians, and

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increased and the HIV/AIDS epidemic in sub-Saharan Africa surfaced. From 1990 to 2010, total health aid from developed countries increased from 5.5 billion to 26.87 billion with wealthy countries continuously donating billions of dollars every year with the goal of improving population health. Some

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spent approximately $ 10,600 USD per capita in 2019. However, expenditures on health care should not be confused with spending on public health. Public health measures may not generally be considered "health care" in the strictest sense. For example, mandating the use of seat belts in cars can save

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during the colonial era. Epidemic disease was the main factor in the decline of indigenous populations in the era immediately following the sixteenth-century conquest era and was a problem during the colonial era. The Spanish crown took steps in eighteenth-century Mexico to bring in regulations to

600:, interventions designed to reduce health risks could be the initiative of different stakeholders, such as army generals, the clergy or rulers. Great Britain became a leader in the development of public health initiatives, beginning in the 19th century, due to the fact that it was the first modern 3939:

from the Preamble to the Constitution of WHO as adopted by the International Health Conference, New York, 19 June – 22 July 1946; signed on 22 July 1946 by the representatives of 61 States (Official Records of WHO, no. 2, p. 100) and entered into force on 7 April 1948. The definition has not been

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with insufficient health and care professionals, inappropriate skill mixtures, and unequal geographical distributions. These issues were worsened by the pandemic, reiterating the importance of public health. In the United States, a history of underinvestment in public health undermined the public

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have been established to specifically promote films about health. Conversely, it has been argued that emphasizing the harmful and undesirable effects of tobacco smoking on other persons and imposing smoking bans in public places have been particularly effective in reducing tobacco smoking. Public

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by taking evolutionary motivations into consideration instead of only presenting information about health effects. The marketing industry has long known the importance of associating products with high status and attractiveness to others. Films are increasingly being recognized as a public health

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has shown a link between international health aid in developing countries and a reduction in adult mortality rates. However, a 2014–2016 study suggests that a potential confounding variable for this outcome is the possibility that aid was directed at countries once they were already on track for

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and other physical and mental health conditions. However, public health generally receives significantly less government funding compared with medicine. Although the collaboration of local health and government agencies is considered best practice to improve public health, the pieces of evidence

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panel warned that the United States spends disproportionately far more on clinical care than it does on public health, neglecting "population-based activities that offer efficient and effective approaches to improving the nation's health." As of 2018, about 3% of government health spending was

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of the Rockefeller Foundation. The report focused more on research than practical education. Some have blamed the Rockefeller Foundation's 1916 decision to support the establishment of schools of public health for creating the schism between public health and medicine and legitimizing the rift

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campaign. These publications exposed abuse of epidemiology and statistics by the public health movement to support lifestyle interventions and screening programs. A combination of inculcating a fear of ill-health and a strong notion of individual responsibility has been criticized as a form of

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responsible for international public health. The WHO Constitution, which establishes the agency's governing structure and principles, states its main objective as "the attainment by all peoples of the highest possible level of health". The WHO's broad mandate includes advocating for universal

996: 3631:, treating wounded soldiers no matter for what faction they fought. In the post-revolutionary period after 1920, improved public health was a revolutionary goal of the Mexican government. The Mexican state promoted the health of the Mexican population, with most resources going to cities. 2029:. The result has been a sharp rise in uncoordinated and fragmented funding of an ever-increasing number of initiatives and projects. To promote better strategic cooperation and coordination between partners, particularly among bilateral development agencies and funding organizations, the 1792:

Psychological research confirms this tension between concerns about public health and concerns about personal liberty: (i) the best predictor of complying with public health recommendations such as hand-washing, mask-wearing, and staying at home (except for essential activity) during the

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The Poor Law Commission reported in 1838 that "the expenditures necessary to the adoption and maintenance of measures of prevention would ultimately amount to less than the cost of the disease now constantly engendered". It recommended the implementation of large scale government

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were also active in safeguarding local people's health, by monitoring at-risk sites near them and taking appropriate social and legal action against artisanal polluters and neglectful owners of animals. Religious institutions, individuals and charitable organizations in both

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philosophies Stephen Holland argues that it can be easy to find a particular framework to justify any viewpoint on public health issues, but that the correct approach is to find a framework that best describes a situation and see what it implies about public health policy.

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and poverty coupled with governments' reluctance in implementing public health policies. Developed nations are at greater risk of certain public health crises, including childhood obesity, although overweight populations in low- and middle-income countries are catching up.

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in which populations are now experiencing more of the effects of chronic diseases as life expectancy increases, the poorer communities being heavily affected by both chronic and infectious diseases. Another major public health concern in the developing world is poor

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to cut smoking, such as increased taxation and bans on smoking in some or all public places. Supporters argue by presenting evidence that smoking is one of the major killers, and that therefore governments have a duty to reduce the death rate, both through limiting

1933:, poverty, and education. Modern public health is often concerned with addressing determinants of health across a population. There is a recognition that health is affected by many factors including class, race, income, educational status, region of residence, and 1788:

and by providing fewer opportunities for people to smoke. Opponents say that this undermines individual freedom and personal responsibility, and worry that the state may be encouraged to remove more and more choice in the name of better population health overall.

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ideas groups held, the resources they had, and the changing circumstances in which they lived. Yet few early societies displayed the hygienic stagnation or even apathy often attributed to them. The latter reputation is mainly based on the absence of present-day

1221:); an evolving infrastructure of various sciences, e.g. statistics, microbiology, epidemiology, sciences of engineering. Great Britain was a leader in the development of public health during that time period out of necessity: Great Britain was the first modern 3160:

Over the years, the types of students and training provided have also changed. In the beginning, students who enrolled in public health schools typically had already obtained a medical degree; public health school training was largely a second degree for

73: 1849:, monetary resources or, in some cases, sufficient knowledge to provide even a basic level of medical care and disease prevention. As a result, a large majority of disease and mortality in developing countries results from and contributes to extreme 1329:

For example, the WHO reports that at least 220 million people worldwide have diabetes. Its incidence is increasing rapidly, and it is projected that the number of diabetes deaths will double by 2030. In a June 2010 editorial in the medical journal

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to developing countries is an important source of public health funding for many developing countries. Health aid to developing countries has shown a significant increase after World War II as concerns over the spread of disease as a result of

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As well as seeking to improve population health through the implementation of specific population-level interventions, public health contributes to medical care by identifying and assessing population needs for health care services, including:

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was founded in 1916 and became an independent, degree-granting institution for research and training in public health, and the largest public health training facility in the United States. By 1922, schools of public health were established at

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is "the science and art of preventing disease, prolonging life and promoting health through the organized efforts and informed choices of society, organizations, public and private, communities and individuals". Analyzing the determinants of

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Education and training of public health professionals is available throughout the world in Schools of Public Health, Medical Schools, Veterinary Schools, Schools of Nursing, and Schools of Public Affairs. The training typically requires a

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for protecting local inhabitants, and gathering morbidity and mortality statistics. Such measures relied in turn on better transportation and communication networks, through which news on human and animal disease was efficiently spread.

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and local government, which made up 80–90% of total public health spending. Spending in support of public health in the United States peaked in 2002 and declined in the following decade. State cuts to public health funding during the

2379:, which were often mobile as well, likewise adapted their behavior to suit environmental conditions in the sites they occupied. They could also choose sites they considered salubrious for their members and sometimes had them modified. 2033:(Sida) spearheaded the establishment of ESSENCE, an initiative to facilitate dialogue between donors/funders, allowing them to identify synergies. ESSENCE brings together a wide range of funding agencies to coordinate funding efforts. 2491:

reacted to massive population decline in part on the basis of existing medical theories and protocols, for instance concerning meat consumption and burial, and in part by developing new ones. The latter included the establishment of

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healthcare, monitoring public health risks, coordinating responses to health emergencies, and promoting human health and well-being. The WHO has played a leading role in several public health achievements, most notably the

2728:(appointed following the passing of the 1846 Liverpool Sanatory Act championed by the Borough of Liverpool Health of Towns Committee) designed the world's first integrated sewerage system, in Liverpool (1848–1869), with 1166:", as moralistic in nature rather than being focused on health. Medical doctors, Petr Shkrabanek and James McCormick wrote a series of publications on this topic in the late 1980s and early 1990s criticizing the UK's 1225:(by 1851 more than half of the population lived in settlements of more than 2000 people). This led to a certain type of distress which then led to public health initiatives. Later that particular concern faded away. 1155:. This can mean that members of the public view the values behind public health interventions as alien which can cause resentment amongst the public towards certain interventions. Such vagueness can be a problem for 2312:

explained how to apply such theories to groups of different origins and under different circumstances. This was crucial, since under Galenism bodily constitutions were thought to be heavily shaped by their material

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and delivering the water to homes, leading to an increased incidence of cholera. Snow's study was a major event in the history of public health and geography. It is regarded as the founding event of the science of

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c. 72) mandated the reporting of infectious diseases to the local sanitary authority, which could then pursue measures such as the removal of the patient to hospital and the disinfection of homes and properties.

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in 2014, and 41 million children under the age of five were overweight in 2014. Once considered a problem in high-income countries, it is now on the rise in low-income countries, especially in urban settings.

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When public health initiatives began to emerge in England in modern times (18th century onwards) there were three core strands of public health which were all related to statecraft: Supply of clean water and

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Verhandlungen des IV. Internationalen Galen-Symposiums veranstaltet vom Institut für Geschichte der Medizin am Bereich Medizin (Charité) der Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin 18.-20. September 1989. Stuttgart.

2157:; 1346–1353) intensified urban responses to disaster on the basis of earlier practices. Miniature from "The Chronicles of Gilles Li Muisis" (1272–1352). Bibliothèque royale de Belgique, MS 13076–77, f. 24v. 1715:

libraries can also be beneficial tools for public health changes. They provide access to healthcare information, link people to healthcare services, and even can provide direct care in certain situations.

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among their members. Medical practitioners, including public physicians, collaborated with urban governments in predicting and preparing for calamities and identifying and isolating people perceived as

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Petaros A, Skrobonja A, Culina T, Bosnar A, Frkovic V, Azman J (June 2013). "Public health problems in the medieval statutes of Croatian Adriatic coastal towns: from public morality to public health".

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who wish to pursue careers in research, university teaching in graduate programs, policy analysis and development, and other high-level public health positions. Examples of academic degrees are the

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Curtis V, Aunger R (November 2011). "Motivational mismatch: Evolved motives as the source of–and solution to–global public health problems. Applied evolutionary psychology". In Roberts SC (ed.).

564:, monetary resources, or, in some cases, sufficient knowledge to provide even a basic level of medical care and disease prevention. A major public health concern in developing countries is poor 3254:(ScD), and Doctor of Health Science (DHSc). The doctoral programs are distinct from the MPH and other professional programs by the addition of advanced coursework and the nature and scope of a 2048:

Debates exist questioning the efficacy of international health aid. Supporters of aid claim that health aid from wealthy countries is necessary in order for developing countries to escape the

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to illustrate the cluster of cholera cases around the pump. He also used statistics to illustrate the connection between the quality of the water source and cholera cases. He showed that the

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facilities and health boards, some of which eventually became regular urban (and later national) offices. Subsequent measures for protecting cities and their regions included issuing health

5735:"Your health vs. my liberty: Philosophical beliefs dominated reflection and identifiable victim effects when predicting public health recommendation compliance during the COVID-19 pandemic" 1962:

health workforce and support for population health, long before the pandemic added to stress, mental distress, job dissatisfaction, and accelerated departures among public health workers.

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Welch WH, Rose W (1915). Institute of Hygiene: Being a report by Dr. William H. Welch and Wickliffe Rose to the General Education Board, Rockefeller Foundation (Report). pp. 660–668.

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amounted to $ 12.47 billion which amounted to 11.4% of its total bilateral aid. In 2009, Multilateral donors were found to spend 15.3% of their total aid on bettering public healthcare.

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Joint Task Group on Public Health Human Resources, Advisory Committee on Health Delivery & Human Resources, Advisory Committee on Population Health & Health Security (2005).

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did not conclusively prove its danger, his studies of the pattern of the disease were convincing enough to persuade the local council to close the well pump by removing its handle.

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Large parts of the world remained plagued by largely preventable or treatable infectious diseases. In addition to this however, many developing countries are also experiencing an

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between medicine's laboratory investigation of the mechanisms of disease and public health's nonclinical concern with environmental and social influences on health and wellness.

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Report on the Sanitary Condition of the Labouring Population of Great Britain. A Supplementary Report on the results of a Special Inquiry into The Practice of Interment in Towns

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Aréchiga Córdoba E (2005). "Educación, propaganda o 'Dictadura sanitaria'. Estrategias discursivas de higiene y salubridad pública en el México posrevolucionario, 1917–1934".

3128:, the United States had still maintained the traditional system of housing faculties of public health within their medical institutions. A $ 25,000 donation from businessman 1159:. Critics have argued that public health tends to place more focus on individual factors associated with health at the expense of factors operating at the population level. 765:

uses individual lifestyle modification to prevent or revert disease and can be considered a component of preventive medicine and public health. It is implemented as part of

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has been seen as drawing attention to problems in the public health system in the United States and to a lack of understanding of public health and its important role as a

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improvement. That same study, however, also suggests that 1 billion dollars in health aid was associated with 364,000 fewer deaths occurring between ages 0 and 5 in 2011.

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Leider JP, Yeager VA, Kirkland C, Krasna H, Hare Bork R, Resnick B (April 2023). "The State of the US Public Health Workforce: Ongoing Challenges and Future Directions".

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Bagliani AP (1988). "La Mobilità della Curia romana nel Secolo XIII: Riflessi locali" [The Mobility of the Roman Curia in the 13th Century: Local Reflections].

1336:, the authors opined that "The fact that type 2 diabetes, a largely preventable disorder, has reached epidemic proportion is a public health humiliation." The risk of 2517:, living standards amongst the working population began to worsen, with cramped and unsanitary urban conditions. In the first four decades of the 19th century alone, 1352:

Many public health programs are increasingly dedicating attention and resources to the issue of obesity, with objectives to address the underlying causes including

13170: 11578: 2549:. Disease was inevitable and its incubation in these areas was encouraged by the poor lifestyle of the inhabitants. Unavailable housing led to the rapid growth of 4527: 2452:

and Christianity likewise promoted moral and physical wellbeing by endowing urban amenities such as wells, fountains, schools and bridges, also in the service of

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was people's perceived duties to prevent harm but (ii) the best predictor of flouting such public health recommendations was valuing liberty more than equality.

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Schools of public health offer a variety of degrees generally fall into two categories: professional or academic. The two major postgraduate degrees are the

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care, usually with a public health emphasis, dealing with health across regional or national boundaries. Public health is not the same as public healthcare (

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and the PHSCC were established. As the system's scope grew to include quarantine authority and research, it was renamed the Public Health Service in 1912.

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countless lives and contribute to the health of a population, but typically money spent enforcing this rule would not count as money spent on health care.

2241:, techniques for preserving and protecting water and food sources, micro-zoning to reduce pollution and fire risks, and screens to protect people against 5027:

Victora CG, Vaughan JP, Barros FC, Silva AC, Tomasi E (September 2000). "Explaining trends in inequities: evidence from Brazilian child health studies".

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The elements and priorities of public health have evolved over time, and are continuing to evolve. Common public health initiatives include promotion of

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Leung AK (2001). "Hygiène et santé publique dans la Chine pré-moderne" [Hygiene and public health in pre-modern China]. In Bourdelais P (ed.).

3623:(1910–20), public health was an important concern, with a text on hygiene published in 1916. During the Mexican Revolution, feminist and trained nurse 2098:

to be completed by 2030. These goals in their entirety encompass the entire spectrum of development across nations, however Goals 1–6 directly address

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Most countries have their own governmental public health agency, often called the ministry of health, with responsibility for domestic health issues.

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is vague and there are many conceptualizations. Public health practitioners definition of health can different markedly from members of the public or

11311: 9365: 3145: 8185: 7931: 1845:, as well as within developing countries. In developing countries, public health infrastructures are still forming. There may not be enough trained 560:, as well as within developing countries. In developing countries, public health infrastructures are still forming. There may not be enough trained 12423: 12057: 12019: 5876: 3772: 7351:

Ewert UC (2007). "Water, Public Hygiene and Fire Control in Medieval Towns: Facing Collective Goods Problems while Ensuring the Quality of Life".

12441: 12067: 11963: 3188: 3105: 1361: 357: 9763:"How Much Do We Spend? Creating Historical Estimates of Public Health Expenditures in the United States at the Federal, State, and Local Levels" 14492: 12328: 6415: 3215:(PhD) in a subspecialty of greater Public Health disciplines. DrPH is regarded as a professional degree and PhD as more of an academic degree. 10117: 12031: 11981: 8602:"Antagonism and accommodation: interpreting the relationship between public health and medicine in the United States during the 20th century" 3936: 7539:"Quarantine as a public health measure against an emerging infectious disease: syphilis in Zurich at the dawn of the modern era (1496-1585)" 5154: 3076:

In the global context, the field of public health education has evolved enormously in recent decades, supported by institutions such as the

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The health sector is one of Europe's most labor-intensive industries. In late 2020, it accounted for more than 21 million employment in the

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is related to public health. The American Board of Preventive Medicine separates three categories of preventive medicine: aerospace health,

628: 14046: 13163: 11571: 10098: 9952: 6227: 3358:(1900–1994) led the development of public health services and sanitation, and education in improving women and child health in the poorest 1711: 1294:

Public health surveillance has led to the identification and prioritization of many public health issues facing the world today, including

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Most governments recognize the importance of public health programs in reducing the incidence of disease, disability, and the effects of

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In the United States, the first public health organization based on a state health department and local boards of health was founded in

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at the population level. Definitions of health as well as methods to pursue it differed according to the medical, religious and natural-

11361: 2778: 2658:, began to write papers on the importance of public health, and was one of the first physicians brought in to give evidence before the 1506: 9979: 8267: 2394:. These provide some of the most sustained evidence for preventive measures in earlier civilizations. In numerous sites the upkeep of 2217:

fostered occupational, dietary and sexual regimens that promised balanced bodies, lives and communities, a notion strongly present in

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directed to public health and prevention. This situation has been described as an "uneven patchwork" and "chronic underfunding". The

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as a policy has seen the Cuban government sent doctors as a form of aid and export to countries in need in Latin America, especially

3346:(1856–1941) public health advocate and researcher credited with planting "the roots of quality in public health" in the United States 3157:

on the Hopkins model. By 1999 there were twenty nine schools of public health in the US, enrolling around fifteen thousand students.

2905: 1703: 1624: 9586:. Calgary, Boulder, Mexico City: University of Calgary Press; University of Colorado Press; Instituto de Investigaciones Históricos. 8878: 6312: 3578: 9677:

Bliss K (1 February 1999). "The science of redemption: syphilis, sexual promiscuity, and reformism in revolutionary Mexico City".

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Cascoigne AL (2007). "The Water Supply of Tinnīs: Public Amenities and Private Investments". In Bennison AK, Gascoigne AL (eds.).

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Nutton V (1981). "Continuity or Rediscovery? The City Physician in Classical Antiquity and Mediaeval Italy". In Russell AW (ed.).

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Henderson J (2010). "Public Health, Pollution and the Problem of Waste Disposal in Early Modern Tuscany". In Cavaciocchi S (ed.).

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in England and Wales. By 1871 legislation required a comprehensive system of registration run by appointed vaccination officers.

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Report...from the Poor Law Commissioners on an Inquiry into the Sanitary Conditions of the Labouring Population of Great Britain

5389: 4557: 4478: 14827: 14814: 13428: 13184: 12388: 12247: 11660: 11371: 10687: 8848: 8542: 6290: 3336:(1843–1910) used his discoveries to establish that germs "could cause a specific disease"and directly provided proofs for that 2139: 1249: 6172: 2218: 2064:; however, critics claim that misuse or misplacement of funds may cause many of these efforts to never come into achievement. 14099: 11429: 11336: 10072: 9928: 9614: 8825: 8685: 8660: 8584: 8374: 8329: 8277: 7880: 7850: 7823: 7718: 7665: 7632: 7513: 7414: 7226: 7193: 7080:

Kinzelbach A (July 2006). "Infection, contagion, and public health in late medieval and early modern German imperial towns".

6783: 6719: 6678: 6645: 6612: 6579: 6554: 6399: 6366: 5637: 5540: 5304: 5268: 4772: 4745: 4718: 4688: 4653: 4428: 4194: 4120: 3555: 3444: 3178: 1171:"health fascism" by a number of scholars, objectifying the individual with no considerations of emotional or social factors. 684:, "health is a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity". 13441: 9176:"Deciphering the imperative: translating public health quality improvement into organizational performance management gains" 2694:

was formed at Exeter Hall London on 11 December 1844, and vigorously campaigned for the development of public health in the

620:) and an evolving infrastructure of various sciences, e.g. statistics, microbiology, epidemiology, sciences of engineering. 14616: 14074: 12368: 11419: 9542:

Shapiro AL (1980). "Private rights, public interest, and professional jurisdiction: the French Public Health Law of 1902".

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Les régimes de santé au Moyen Âge Naissance et diffusion d'une écriture médicale en Italie et en France (XIIIe- XVe siècle)

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Afridi MA, Ventelou B (1 March 2013). "Impact of health aid in developing countries: The public vs. the private channels".

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medical system, fostered preventive programs as well. These were developed on the basis of evaluating the quality of local

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and the underlying behavior-related risk factors have been at the bottom. This is changing, however, as illustrated by the

1502: 278: 5925: 5708: 2952:

responsible for a given disease and vaccines for remedy were developed at the turn of the 20th century. British physician

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Soto Laveaga G, Agostoni C (March 2011). "Science and public health in the century of Revolution.". In Beezley WH (ed.).

3662: 3642: 1498: 797:, and other health conditions. The overall goal is to improve the health of individuals and populations, and to increase 350: 8431:"Challenges and solutions in communication with patients with low health literacy: Perspectives of healthcare providers" 6008:

Huish R, Kirk JM (2007). "Cuban Medical Internationalism and the Development of the Latin American School of Medicine".

3330:(1822–1895) conducted research that laid the foundation for our understanding of the causes and preventions of diseases. 1946:

social level. The new public health advocates for population-based policies that improve health in an equitable manner.

14819: 12318: 10444: 9073: 4156: 3767: 3486: 2018: 1419: 17: 13823: 5070: 3183: 2837:

and measures prioritizing group health over any care for the health of individuals. The end of World War 2 led to the

14249: 14244: 12241: 12231: 11986: 11434: 10960: 10543: 10047: 8841: 8727: 8250: 8215: 8060: 8014: 7599: 7259: 6969: 5886: 4789: 13854: 10273: 2332:, interventions designed to reduce health risks could be the initiative of different stakeholders. For instance, in 2085: 14930: 14788: 14328: 13735: 13351: 13112: 9529:

Every Child a Lion: The Origins of Maternal & Infant Health Policy in the United States & France, 1890–1920

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Agyepong IA, Manderson L (January 1999). "Mosquito avoidance and bed net use in the Greater Accra Region, Ghana".

7001:]. Quaderni Storici (in Italian). Vol. 1–2. Perugia: Società editrice Il Mulino S.p.A. pp. 313–316. 5220: 2650:

The first attempts at sanitary reform and the establishment of public health institutions were made in the 1840s.

1344:. The WHO's latest estimates as of June 2016 highlighted that globally approximately 1.9 billion adults were 759:

concept that is the goal of an activity called public health practiced through the specialty preventive medicine.

13922: 13048: 11077: 10705: 10682: 8053:

Intrusive Interventions: Public Health, Domestic Space, and Infectious Disease Surveillance in England, 1840–1914

7466: 6394:(First ed.). Oxford, United Kingdom ; New York, NY, United States of America: Oxford University Press. 3231: 2965: 1907: 1694: 1660: 1628: 1368:

can do to tackle obesity. The review covers interventions in the food environment (what people buy and eat), the

502: 294: 259: 13136: 10341: 10307: 10118:"The Impact of Chronic Underfunding on America's Public Health System: Trends, Risks, and Recommendations, 2021" 8089: 14663: 14261: 13980: 13958: 13389: 13005: 12659: 12500: 12418: 12283: 11938: 11675: 11587: 11532: 11351: 11301: 11113: 11010: 10771: 10672: 10585: 9217:"Public careers and private sexuality: some gay and lesbian lives in the history of medicine and public health" 3670: 3531: 3503: 2717: 2611:. Efforts were also made to promulgate health matters to the broader public; in 1752 the British physician Sir 2460:

commonly took place, which purported to act as both preventive and curative measures for the entire community.

2435: 2297: 2205:. Preventive health interventions are attested almost anywhere historical communities have left their mark. In 1989: 1812:

hosting its first General Assembly Special Summit on the issue of non-communicable diseases in September 2011.

874: 862: 736: 478: 462: 343: 216: 206: 9156: 7314: 5786:

Press Conference on General Assembly Decision to Convene Summit in September 2011 on Non-Communicable Diseases

3506:

is the national agency responsible for public health, emergency preparedness and response, and infectious and

754:. There are no medical specialties directly related to population health. Valles argues that consideration of 14631: 13329: 12612: 12468: 12154: 11907: 11544: 11184: 10955: 7815:

The Lambeth cholera outbreak of 1848–1849: the setting, causes, course and aftermath of an epidemic in London

5480:

Botchway S, Hoang U (January 2016). "Reflections on the United Kingdom's first public health film festival".

3684: 3238:

Academic degrees are more oriented towards those with interests in the scientific basis of public health and

2095: 2060:, and new vaccines. The positive impacts of these initiatives can be seen in the eradication of smallpox and 2010: 1938: 1561:

providing leadership on matters critical to health and engaging in partnerships where joint action is needed;

1093: 9496: 14658: 13811: 13574: 13289: 12953: 12863: 12196: 12129: 11882: 11670: 11049: 10776: 7734:

Vale B (May 2008). "The Conquest of Scurvy in the Royal Navy 1793–1800: A Challenge to Current Orthodoxy".

6252: 3855: 3141: 3137: 2288:, wind conditions and exposure to the sun, and the properties and availability of water and food, for both 984: 929: 809:

Public health is a complex term, composed of many elements and different practices. It is a multi-faceted,

546: 13483: 8239:: The Story of London's Most Terrifying Epidemic – and How it Changed Science, Cities and the Modern World 4932: 1669:

perspective, over consumption of novel substances that are harmful is due to the activation of an evolved

1268:

using preventive methods. In Britain, the infant mortality rate fell from over 15% in 1870 to 7% by 1930.

14895: 14700: 14571: 14507: 14475: 14423: 13720: 13702: 12505: 12333: 12025: 11933: 11897: 11735: 11196: 11089: 11000: 10813: 10801: 10710: 10399: 10290: 8154: 3605: 3367: 2691: 2501: 1707: 1365: 1113: 1031: 725: 31: 9856:"US Public Health Neglected: Flat Or Declining Spending Left States Ill Equipped To Respond To COVID-19" 7489: 4960: 1877:. Despite being preventable and curable, malaria is a leading cause of death in many developing nations. 712:

which is the health of populations in the worldwide context. It has been defined as "the area of study,

14256: 13669: 13409: 12393: 12298: 12072: 11775: 11266: 11191: 11096: 10632: 10157: 7298:

Horden P (2000). "Ritual and Public Health in the Early Medieval City".". In Sheard S, Power H (eds.).

5784: 4039:"Disease control priorities in developing countries: health policy responses to epidemiological change" 3705: 2521:'s population doubled and even greater growth rates were recorded in the new industrial towns, such as 2309: 1882: 1820: 1747:

Supporting decision making in health care and planning health services including any necessary changes.

1245: 786: 6466:

Chattopadhyay A (1968). "Hygienic Principles in the Regulations of Food Habits in the Dharma Sūtras".

5320: 4790:

The Declines in Infant Mortality and Fertility: Evidence from British Cities in Demographic Transition

3669:

concerned with public health, containing nine out of the department's twelve operating divisions. The

2724:

was published in 1842 and was followed up with a supplementary report a year later. During this time,

2463:

Urban residents and other groups also developed preventive measures in response to calamities such as

14925: 14900: 14885: 14760: 14750: 14445: 14381: 14104: 14069: 13872: 13849: 13635: 13448: 12767: 12495: 11991: 11902: 11887: 11750: 11745: 11720: 11388: 11383: 11251: 10950: 10657: 10615: 10579: 10486: 10149: 10142: 8416: 5323:. Neurological Disorders: Public Health Challenges (Report). Geneva: World Health Organization. 2006. 4835: 3437: 3411: 3077: 3008: 2072: 2053: 1975: 1954: 1903: 1772: 1744:

Considering the effect on resources for proposed interventions and assessing their cost-effectiveness

1410: 1288: 1086: 697: 681: 211: 64: 44: 8007:

The Politics of Vaccination: Practice and Policy in England, Wales, Ireland, and Scotland, 1800–1874

7506:

Expelling the plague: the health office and the implementation of quarantine in Dubrovnik, 1377–1533

6095:

Twumasi PA (April 1981). "Colonialism and international health: a study in social change in Ghana".

5951: 4285: 1941:". The upstream drivers such as environment, education, employment, income, food security, housing, 1906:

during the first six months of life contributes to over a million avoidable child deaths each year.

1291:

during the first six months of life contributes to over a million avoidable child deaths each year.

386:

can be as small as a handful of people or as large as a village or an entire city; in the case of a

14910: 14578: 14440: 14315: 14169: 13284: 13274: 13100: 12948: 12938: 12735: 12461: 12383: 12308: 12288: 12181: 11805: 11795: 11770: 11226: 10925: 10637: 10533: 8904: 6894:

Israelovich I (2016). "Medical Care in the Roman Army during the High Empire". In Harris MV (ed.).

6875:

Geltner G, Coomans J (2013). "On the Street and in the Bath-House: Medieval Galenism in Action?=".

6605:

Infectious ideas: contagion in premodern Islamic and Christian thought in the Western Mediterranean

3407: 3227: 2886: 2882: 2612: 2419: 1805: 1557:

The World Health Organization (WHO) identifies core functions of public health programs including:

1545: 1459: 1447: 1016: 1012: 139: 5532: 2698:. Its formation followed the 1843 establishment of the Health of Towns Commission, chaired by Sir 668:

can be as small as a handful of people or as large as a village or an entire city. The concept of

14765: 14683: 14549: 14079: 13877: 13584: 13522: 13356: 13324: 13131: 12910: 12798: 12693: 12353: 12139: 11497: 11424: 11256: 10324: 8207: 8116:"[Public health service in the Weimar Republic and in the early history of West Germany]" 7736: 4220:"The World Health Organization and the transition from "international" to "global" public health" 3688: 3481: 3461: 3337: 3223: 3219: 3208: 3200: 2771: 2314: 1666: 1530:

have made major progress in promoting health, including substantially reducing the occurrence of

933: 83: 13436: 6911:"In the Camp and on the March: Military Manuals as Sources for Studying Premodern Public Health" 6219: 4334: 1837:

There is a significant disparity in access to health care and public health initiatives between

1763:

and prevention can be controversial. One such example is programs focusing on the prevention of

1603:

monitor and clarify the epidemiology of health problems, allow priorities to be set, and inform

552:

There is a significant disparity in access to health care and public health initiatives between

14920: 14890: 14875: 14352: 14137: 13887: 13760: 13366: 13223: 13213: 13020: 12740: 12568: 11948: 11928: 11715: 11685: 11520: 11492: 11271: 10995: 10481: 10392: 10219: 9339: 7117:"Cooperative sanitation: Managing streets and gutters in late Medieval England and Scandinavia" 5242: 4980:"Im/migration, Work, and Health: Anthropology and the Occupational Health of Labor Im/migrants" 4280: 4267:

Koplan JP, Bond TC, Merson MH, Reddy KS, Rodriguez MH, Sewankambo NK, et al. (June 2009).

3535: 3530:

for its entire population via universal access to health care. Infant mortality has plummeted.

3476: 3466: 3313: 3097: 2858: 2803: 2794: 2751: 2733: 2713: 2706: 2651: 2329: 2238: 2191: 2119: 2014: 1915: 1780: 1206: 692: 609: 597: 289: 282: 128: 112: 9632:

City on Fire: Technology, Social Change, and the Hazards of Progress in Mexico City, 1860–1910

9066:

The Great Stink of London: Sir Joseph Bazalgette and the Cleansing of the Victorian Metropolis

8405:. Vol. 48, no. 50. U.S. Department of Health & Human Services. 24 December 1999. 4764:

Affect and the Rise of Right-Wing Populism: Pedagogies for the Renewal of Democratic Education

1497:

are on the front line of public health initiatives. In addition to their national duties, the

1104: 14905: 14673: 14305: 14174: 13682: 13589: 13508: 12943: 12933: 12895: 12868: 12830: 12803: 12713: 12622: 12541: 12531: 11943: 11477: 11261: 10796: 10697: 10590: 10439: 9779: 9762: 9192: 9175: 8231: 7840: 7813: 7156:

Le interazioni fra economia e ambiente biologico nell'Europa preindustriale. Secc. XIII-XVIII

5978: 4762: 4678: 3782: 3649: 3624: 3585: 3471: 3050: 2870: 2655: 2514: 2484: 2352: 2202: 1579: 1319: 1311: 1265: 1264:. Previous efforts in many developed countries had already led to dramatic reductions in the 1238: 897: 744: 641: 95: 13453: 9661: 9647:

The Sausage Rebellion: Public Health, Private Enterprise, and Meat in Mexico City, 1890–1917

5825: 5439: 5184: 4735: 4708: 14755: 14648: 14594: 14522: 14512: 14204: 14059: 13932: 13539: 13148: 12890: 12730: 12703: 12698: 12595: 12144: 12119: 11923: 11840: 11690: 11680: 11640: 11595: 11452: 11236: 11101: 11067: 11015: 10840: 10835: 10781: 10737: 10627: 10565: 10454: 10449: 8442: 8367:

Yellow Jack: How Yellow Fever Ravaged America and Walter Reed Discovered its Deadly Secrets

6812:

Medieval Islamic medicine: Ibn Riḍwān's treatise "On the prevention of bodily ills in Egypt

5851: 4587: 4149:

Health, Civilization and the State: A History of Public Health from Ancient to Modern Times

3908: 3871: 3430: 3349: 3247: 3212: 3166: 3070: 2901: 1854: 1735: 1604: 1594: 1435: 1385: 1034:

through simple, nonmedical methods. For example, research has shown that the simple act of

830: 494: 430: 250: 231: 166: 161: 9570:

Epidemic Disease in Mexico City, 1761–1813: An Administrative, Social, and Medical History

3165:. However, in 1978, 69% of American students enrolled in public health schools had only a 2889:), he identified the source of the outbreak as the public water pump on Broad Street (now 2702:, which produced a series of reports on poor and insanitary conditions in British cities. 2402:

policies, were introduced explicitly to preserve residents' health. Officials such as the

1184: 8: 14915: 14842: 14832: 14798: 14403: 13841: 13677: 13488: 13070: 13064: 12990: 12905: 12850: 12725: 12590: 12536: 12278: 12161: 12149: 12114: 11892: 11877: 11870: 11850: 11620: 11602: 11462: 11457: 11231: 11030: 11020: 10855: 10464: 10100:

Confronting a legacy of scarcity: a plan for America's reinvestment in U.S. public health

9045:

The Commonwealth Fund (1936). "Snow on cholera: A reprint of two paper: John Snow, M.D".

7988: 7866: 6999:

Society and Institutions of Municipal Italy: the Example of Perugia (12th-14th Centuries)

5336:"Collaboration between local health and local government agencies for health improvement" 4552: 3628: 3287: 3239: 3150: 3066: 2818: 2659: 2305: 1886: 1728:

Assessing current services and evaluating whether they are meeting the objectives of the

1471: 1373: 1303: 1055: 893: 881: 810: 406: 8446: 8030: 7590:

Cristofano and the plague: a study in the history of public health in the age of Galileo

7116: 6320: 4591: 3875: 3300:(1793–1859) has been described as an "architect" and "prophet" of American public health 14880: 14566: 14561: 14470: 14450: 14084: 13927: 13892: 13746: 13712: 13262: 13015: 12580: 12313: 12217: 12134: 11953: 11084: 10667: 10516: 10029: 9893: 9880: 9855: 9831: 9806: 9453: 9241: 9216: 9133: 9108: 8986: 8796: 8754:., Association of American Medical Colleges. Meeting. (1984 : Chicago, Ill), p. v. 8626: 8601: 8514: 8489: 8465: 8430: 7789: 7764: 7588: 7563: 7538: 7285:

Cities in the Pre-Modern Islamic World: The Urban Impact of Religion, State and Society

7002: 6937: 6910: 6725: 6522: 6505: 6359:

An illustrated history of health and fitness, from pre-history to our post-modern world

6072: 6047: 5990: 5761: 5734: 5582: 5557: 5505: 5360: 5335: 5131: 5104: 5052: 5004: 4979: 4916: 4898: 4857: 4608: 4575: 4316: 4303: 4268: 4244: 4219: 4063: 4038: 3987: 3954: 3834: 3620: 3527: 3270:(1620–1674) was a British citizen scientist who laid the foundations for epidemiology. 3062: 2747: 2710: 2667: 2162: 2099: 2090:

To address current and future challenges in addressing health issues in the world, the

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programs, using the best methods to implement them, and assessing their effectiveness.

581: 561: 557: 526: 518: 13498: 5040: 4886: 4294: 2690:

projects to alleviate the conditions that allowed for the propagation of disease. The

1610:

diagnose, investigate, and monitor health problems and health hazards of the community

1600:

document the impact of an intervention, or track progress towards specified goals; and

14852: 14793: 14653: 14606: 14408: 13910: 13579: 13569: 13559: 13544: 13361: 13344: 13208: 12985: 12980: 12968: 12963: 12835: 12825: 12745: 12688: 12632: 12363: 12176: 11855: 11830: 11725: 11710: 11246: 11241: 11169: 11118: 10892: 10872: 10860: 10820: 10791: 10759: 10677: 10570: 10538: 10434: 10207: 10195: 10033: 10021: 9934: 9924: 9897: 9885: 9836: 9784: 9694: 9610: 9551: 9445: 9314: 9246: 9197: 9138: 9069: 9027: 8990: 8978: 8821: 8733: 8723: 8717: 8681: 8656: 8650: 8631: 8580: 8519: 8470: 8370: 8325: 8273: 8246: 8211: 8177: 8135: 8127: 8056: 8010: 7957: 7923: 7876: 7846: 7819: 7794: 7714: 7671: 7661: 7638: 7628: 7605: 7595: 7568: 7519: 7509: 7447: 7420: 7410: 7387: 7265: 7255: 7232: 7222: 7199: 7189: 7136: 7097: 7043: 6975: 6965: 6942: 6815: 6789: 6779: 6729: 6715: 6684: 6674: 6651: 6641: 6618: 6608: 6585: 6575: 6550: 6527: 6395: 6372: 6362: 6154: 6112: 6108: 6077: 5994: 5982: 5907: 5882: 5766: 5689: 5666: 5643: 5633: 5610: 5587: 5536: 5497: 5365: 5300: 5136: 5044: 5009: 4890: 4768: 4741: 4714: 4684: 4659: 4649: 4613: 4508: 4434: 4424: 4392: 4308: 4249: 4200: 4190: 4152: 4126: 4116: 4068: 4014: 3974: 3887: 3826: 3710: 3590: 3403: 3387: 3343: 3340:, therefore creating the scientific basis of public health, saving millions of lives. 3309: 3251: 3243: 3204: 3038: 2984: 2929: 2894: 2799: 2729: 2607:

on lengthy voyages was published in 1754 and led to the adoption of this idea by the

2277: 1958: 1922: 1838: 1794: 1690: 1494: 1427: 1369: 1357: 968: 838: 569: 553: 530: 498: 438: 265: 10358: 10004:

Wallace M, Sharfstein JM (January 2022). "The Patchwork U.S. Public Health System".

9457: 9398: 8929: 8768:. Washington, DC: Board on Health Care Services, National Academy Press. p. 53. 8551: 7340:. Die Vielfalt der Dinge: Neue Wege zur Analyse mittelaltericher Sachkultur. Vienna. 6282: 5751: 5509: 5056: 4902: 1800:

Simultaneously, while communicable diseases have historically ranged uppermost as a

14847: 14783: 14770: 14599: 14588: 14480: 14460: 14295: 14209: 14184: 13915: 13862: 13801: 13692: 13339: 13267: 13000: 12845: 12820: 12627: 12617: 12607: 12104: 12099: 11765: 11705: 11411: 11164: 11123: 10935: 10910: 10722: 10652: 10496: 10214: 10013: 9916: 9875: 9867: 9826: 9818: 9774: 9686: 9602: 9437: 9236: 9228: 9187: 9128: 9120: 9017: 8968: 8788: 8621: 8613: 8509: 8501: 8460: 8450: 8169: 7915: 7784: 7776: 7765:"Sir John Pringle: hospital reformer, moral philosopher and pioneer of antiseptics" 7749: 7745: 7558: 7550: 7484: 7474: 7379: 7128: 7089: 7033: 6932: 6922: 6756: 6707: 6517: 6180: 6146: 6104: 6067: 6063: 6059: 6017: 5974: 5756: 5746: 5577: 5569: 5528: 5489: 5397: 5355: 5351: 5347: 5126: 5116: 5078: 5036: 4999: 4991: 4882: 4805: 4797: 4603: 4595: 4382: 4320: 4298: 4290: 4239: 4231: 4058: 4050: 4006: 3982: 3966: 3879: 3838: 3816: 3523: 3519: 3393: 3291: 3277: 3101: 3058: 3000: 2988: 2890: 2782: 2740: 2368: 2234: 1942: 1846: 1760: 1510: 1389: 1323: 1253: 1156: 1121: 1008: 854: 842: 834: 743:

and address complex health needs of a population such as by assessing the need for

604:

worldwide. The public health initiatives that began to emerge initially focused on

454: 442: 434: 255: 186: 181: 176: 156: 91: 9471: 8031:"Decline of Infant Mortality in England and Wales, 1871–1948: a Medical Conundrum" 6150: 4599: 4187:

Governing systems: modernity and the making of public health in England, 1830–1910

3218:

Professional degrees are oriented towards practice in public health settings. The

2893:). Although Snow's chemical and microscope examination of a water sample from the 1865: 14715: 14710: 14554: 14502: 14310: 14287: 14132: 14109: 13493: 13458: 13334: 13279: 13010: 12777: 12772: 12585: 12378: 12358: 12186: 11865: 11860: 11815: 11556: 11472: 11174: 10977: 10970: 10905: 10845: 10727: 10717: 10647: 10620: 10605: 10560: 10550: 10501: 10243: 10231: 10171: 9384:

Prescription for a Nation: Public Health in Post-Revolutionary Bolivia, 1952–1964

9022: 9005: 8455: 8242: 7870: 6995:

Società e Istituzioni dell'Italia comunale: l'Esempio di Perugia (Secoli XII-XIV)

6344:

Storia della medicina e della sanità in Italia: dalla peste nera ai giorni nostri

5082: 4561: 4387: 4370: 3704:

of 2007–2008 were not restored in subsequent years. As of 2012, a panel for the

3701: 3507: 3297: 3129: 2376: 2325: 2301: 2115: 1934: 1914:

episodes among pregnant women and young children is one public health measure in

1891: 1785: 1776: 1619: 1475: 1337: 1276: 1117: 1074: 925: 858: 798: 770: 716:

and practice that places a priority on improving health and achieving equity in "

645: 593: 565: 458: 426: 319: 196: 13463: 10238: 9584:

Monuments of Progress: Modernization and Public Health in Mexico City, 1876–1910

4453: 2674:

and sanitary improvement for limiting the spread of infectious diseases such as

2572:

warned of the dangers of overpopulation in 1798. His ideas, as well as those of

2317:, so their balance required specific regimens as they traveled during different 14745: 14678: 14621: 14393: 14282: 14274: 14199: 14152: 14147: 14094: 13818: 13599: 13594: 13554: 13503: 13468: 13306: 13242: 13125: 12973: 12885: 12880: 12637: 12558: 12553: 12484: 12343: 12303: 12191: 12171: 12166: 11785: 11665: 11159: 10945: 10882: 10867: 10850: 10808: 10610: 10491: 10183: 9871: 9606: 8429:

Murugesu L, Heijmans M, Rademakers J, Fransen MP (4 May 2022). Nayyar A (ed.).

7993:. London: Printed by R. Clowes & Sons, for Her Majesty's Stationery Office. 7061:

Glick TF (1992). "New Perspectives on the Hisba and its Hispanic Derivatives".

6807: 6441: 6416:"Public Health During the Industrial Revolution Facts, Worksheets & Issues" 3883: 3732: 3613: 3383: 3109: 3020: 2838: 2759: 2755: 2725: 2699: 2695: 2643: 2573: 2569: 2488: 2431: 2395: 2333: 2206: 2123: 2091: 1950: 1809: 1674: 1632: 1550: 1463: 1381: 1140: 1124: 905: 822: 717: 418: 331: 99: 9441: 9307:"Mangalurean doctor's pilot project helps bring down malnutrition in Yelburga" 7780: 7383: 7038: 7021: 6760: 6688: 6655: 5573: 5402: 4438: 3821: 3804: 3559:

Ghanaian children receive insecticide-treated bed nets to prevent exposure to

3065:, gender issues, sexual and reproductive health, public health nutrition, and 2340:, army generals learned to provide for soldiers' wellbeing, including off the 1575:

setting norms and standards and promoting and monitoring their implementation;

1073:

system. Many interventions of public health interest are delivered outside of

1046:

can be vital to preventing its spread to others, either during an outbreak of

14869: 14626: 14542: 14435: 14418: 14376: 14089: 13640: 13609: 13230: 13076: 13032: 12925: 12900: 12810: 12708: 12654: 12649: 12109: 11810: 11755: 11467: 11346: 11154: 11128: 11005: 10965: 10930: 10920: 10900: 10642: 10600: 10575: 10523: 10511: 10506: 9822: 9318: 9232: 8982: 8957:"Celebration day: 400th birthday of John Graunt, citizen scientist of London" 8737: 8395: 8236: 8131: 7675: 7642: 7609: 7523: 7424: 7269: 7236: 7203: 7047: 6979: 6819: 6793: 6711: 6622: 6589: 6376: 6158: 6021: 5693: 5670: 5647: 5614: 5493: 4663: 4512: 4420:

Philosophy of population health : philosophy for a new public health era

4235: 4204: 4130: 3978: 3830: 3752: 3747: 3742: 3727: 3677:(PHSCC) is the federal uniformed service of the PHS, and is one of the eight 3377: 3327: 3273: 3093: 3054: 3042: 3016: 2941: 2811: 2588: 2444: 2423: 2174: 2111: 2103: 2005: 1985: 1930: 1857:

100 USD per person per year on health care, while, in the United States, the

1801: 1670: 1569: 1490: 1467: 1431: 1377: 1261: 1189: 1066: 1000: 956: 889: 870: 850: 846: 818: 755: 709: 701: 673: 510: 486: 474: 450: 446: 414: 395: 227: 201: 191: 13476: 9690: 9498:

The Divided Path: The German Influence on Social Reform in France After 1870

9157:"On this day (11.12.1843): Robert Koch: The Man who Saved Millions of Lives" 8550:. Washington, DC: Delta Omega Honorary Public Health Society. Archived from 5911: 4018: 3955:"Anthropology in public health. Bridging differences in culture and society" 2720:, in response to the urging of Edwin Chadwick. Chadwick's seminal report on 14837: 14775: 14537: 14517: 14465: 14413: 14364: 14164: 14114: 13725: 13296: 12875: 12815: 12563: 12521: 12263: 12237: 12227: 11820: 11760: 11730: 11487: 10915: 10764: 10754: 10732: 10662: 10555: 10469: 10025: 9938: 9889: 9840: 9788: 9698: 9449: 9250: 9201: 9142: 9031: 8635: 8523: 8474: 8181: 8115: 7927: 7572: 7479: 7391: 7140: 7101: 7093: 6946: 6671:

Roads to Health: Infrastructure and Urban Wellbeing in Later Medieval Italy

6081: 5986: 5770: 5591: 5558:"Public Libraries: A Community-Level Resource to Advance Population Health" 5501: 5369: 5140: 5121: 5048: 5013: 4894: 4617: 4418: 4396: 4312: 4253: 3970: 3891: 3422: 3397: 3255: 3125: 3046: 3012: 2937: 2914: 2873:'s identification of a polluted public water well as the source of an 1854 2866: 2854: 2763: 2679: 2530: 2345: 2337: 2265: 2222: 2179: 2102:, primarily in developing countries. These six goals address key issues in 2049: 1895: 1686: 1455: 1353: 1315: 1280: 1222: 1096:(GIS) because risk, vulnerability and exposure involve geographic aspects. 1062: 1035: 952: 945: 917: 885: 814: 766: 653: 601: 573: 506: 482: 410: 171: 9555: 9367:

Curing a Sick Nation: Public Health and Citizenship in Colombia, 1930–1940

8852: 8617: 8139: 7919: 7798: 7451: 6531: 6116: 4335:"International Health | Johns Hopkins | Bloomberg School of Public Health" 4072: 3136:

in 1912 conferring its first doctor of public health degree in 1914. The

2774:

and the draining of standing water to prevent the breeding of mosquitoes.

2619:, in which he advocated for the importance of adequate ventilation in the 14730: 14532: 14455: 14430: 14179: 14159: 14064: 14024: 13948: 13319: 13314: 13235: 13218: 13027: 12915: 12840: 12757: 12676: 12669: 12526: 12273: 11740: 11635: 11630: 11482: 11179: 10877: 10786: 10749: 10048:"Explore Public Health Funding in the United States | 2021 Annual Report" 10017: 4801: 4054: 3737: 3714: 3390:

in the 1960s studying the diet and exercise habits of Berkeley teenagers.

3355: 3333: 3317: 3267: 3192: 3004: 2953: 2945: 2878: 2687: 2663: 2584: 2534: 2480: 2407: 2372: 2341: 2269: 2248: 2154: 1926: 1527: 1233: 1214: 1162:

Historically, public health campaigns have been criticized as a form of "

1136: 1078: 1070: 976: 960: 921: 538: 522: 514: 490: 470: 87: 10073:"GHJP Report Calls for Reinvestment to Revive Public Health in the U.S." 9854:

Alfonso YN, Leider JP, Resnick B, McCullough JM, Bishai D (April 2021).

8173: 7132: 7006: 6927: 6638:

Urban Bodies - Communal Health in Late Medieval English Towns and Cities

4873:

The Lancet (June 2010). "Type 2 diabetes--time to change our approach".

3903: 3901: 1665:

Many health problems are due to maladaptive personal behaviors. From an

829:

of health services are all relevant. Other important sub-fields include

750:

Since the 1990s many scholars in public health have been using the term

14668: 14643: 14611: 14388: 14369: 14359: 14347: 14194: 13806: 13778: 13604: 13564: 13081: 12920: 12762: 12720: 12664: 12373: 12323: 12293: 12268: 11790: 11780: 11655: 11645: 11625: 11615: 11108: 10830: 8800: 8544:

The Welch-Rose Report: Blueprint for Public Health Education in America

8202:

Vinten-Johansen P, Brody H, Paneth N, Rachman S, Rip M, Zuck D (2003).

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Carmichael AG (1983). "Plague legislation in the Italian Renaissance".

7022:"The king of dirt: public health and sanitation in late medieval Ghent" 5212: 4961:"How can local authorities reduce obesity? Insights from NIHR research" 4810: 3757: 3373: 3281: 3081: 2973: 2822: 2671: 2608: 2596: 2561: 2557: 2554: 2546: 2526: 2493: 2457: 2387: 2356: 2285: 2187: 2183: 2127: 2022: 1925:

has broadened the focus of public health from individual behaviors and

1526:

available to support this is limited. Public health programs providing

1345: 1332: 1218: 1202: 1132: 1128: 1112:

A dilemma in public health ethics is dealing with the conflict between

1024: 941: 913: 909: 866: 826: 790: 774: 677: 661: 617: 605: 466: 422: 399: 379: 221: 12014:

Istituto nazionale per l'assicurazione contro gli infortuni sul lavoro

10375: 8973: 8956: 8505: 8322:

Plague. A Story of Science, Rivalry and the Scourge That Won't Go Away

6199:"Global Health Initiatives and Aid Effectiveness in the Health Sector" 5105:"Health Equity and a Paradigm Shift in Occupational Safety and Health" 4995: 3932: 3930: 3280:, the first vaccine in the world. He is often known as "the father of 1007:

Public health aims are achieved through surveillance of cases and the

884:

teams of public health workers and professionals. Teams might include

769:

rather than a specialty in its own right. Valles argues that the term

14740: 14219: 13252: 13247: 13180: 12855: 12752: 12681: 12575: 12548: 12094: 12062: 11800: 11610: 11206: 11025: 10595: 10476: 9124: 8204:

Cholera, Chloroform, and the Science of Medicine: A Life of John Snow

7336:

Balestracci D (1998). Hundsbichler H, Jaritz G, Kühtreiber T (eds.).

5424: 5334:

Hayes SL, Mann MK, Morgan FM, Kelly MJ, Weightman AL (October 2012).

3898: 3303: 3162: 3116:

Even though schools of public health had already been established in

2980: 2849: 2565: 2538: 2411: 2348: 2261: 2233:, population centers pursued hygienic programs, including by holding 1210: 1193: 1163: 1152: 1039: 937: 740: 657: 613: 8792: 3859: 3352:(1873–1945) was an "instrumental force in child and maternal health" 1689:. New technologies such as modern transportation also cause reduced 14723: 14638: 14214: 14189: 14142: 13687: 13257: 13200: 12338: 11825: 11695: 11072: 10825: 10459: 10429: 10190: 9920: 9387:(PhD dissertation thesis). University of California, Santa Barbara. 8652:

Healing the schism: Epidemiology, medicine, and the public's health

7317:[Provisioning and health in Zaragoza in the 15th century]. 3927: 2957: 2949: 2834: 2767: 2638: 2623: 2620: 2592: 2497: 2476: 2403: 2253: 2230: 2214: 2210: 1825: 1768: 1565: 1539: 1439: 1423: 1307: 1299: 1295: 1043: 901: 713: 387: 13120: 12453: 10178: 9535: 8766:

Conference on Education, Training, and the Future of Public Health

7658:

Cultures of plague: medical thinking at the end of the Renaissance

6547:

Gunyah, Goondie + Wurley: the Aboriginal architecture of Australia

6048:"The relationship of health aid to population health improvements" 5103:

Flynn MA, Check P, Steege AL, Sivén JM, Syron LN (December 2021).

3687:

that originated in 1798. In 1871 these were consolidated into the

3134:

School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine at Tulane University

2391: 326: 14527: 14398: 13651: 12602: 10744: 8719:

A history of Yale's School of Medicine: passing torches to others

8490:"The Imperative of Public Health Education: A Global Perspective" 8428: 8201: 5109:

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health

3560: 3363: 3321: 3154: 2976: 2969: 2961: 2874: 2675: 2627: 2577: 2545:. These settlements were cramped and primitive with no organized 2542: 2453: 2440: 2386:, residents and rulers developed measures to benefit the general 2318: 2281: 2170: 2107: 1911: 1870: 1850: 1553:

reading the news that smallpox had been globally eradicated, 1980

1531: 1451: 1341: 995: 972: 649: 589: 534: 30:

This article is about public health. For public health care, see

10384: 10226: 10147:

Knowledge's health care articles can be viewed offline with the

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Mackie EM, Wilson TS (12 November 1994). "Obituary N.I.Wattie".

8879:"Doctor of Health Science vs. Medical Science: Which Is Better?" 6177:

Special Programme for Research and Training in Tropical Diseases

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in Public Health (MSPH). Doctoral studies in this field include

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Living and dying in England, 1100–1540: the monastic experience

5556:

Philbin MM, Parker CM, Flaherty MG, Hirsch JS (February 2019).

3121: 3117: 2909: 2798:

Example of historical public health recommendations during the

2789: 2600: 2518: 2468: 2399: 2293: 2226: 2198: 2166: 2026: 1750:

Informing, educating, and empowering people about health issues

1257: 1148: 1082: 1020: 980: 794: 721: 585: 542: 375: 9853: 9760: 9748:

Medicine on the Periphery: Public Health in Yucatán, 1870–1960

7252:

Poverty and charity in medieval islam: mamluk egypt, 1250–1517

5800: 4680:

The Tyranny of Health: Doctors and the Regulation of Lifestyle

1542:, diseases that have plagued humanity for thousands of years. 940:, gender experts, sexual and reproductive health specialists, 13964: 11201: 10249: 9953:"Health Care Costs Accounted for 17.7 Percent of GDP in 2018" 9761:

Leider JP, Resnick B, Bishai D, Scutchfield FD (April 2018).

9514:

Doctors, Bureaucrats & Public Health in France, 1888–1902

8817:

Empowerment of Women for Promoting Health and Quality of Life

8079:(Public Health Bulletin # 164, July 1926), pp. 348, 357, 364 5269:"75 years of WHO: Tedros' 5 priorities for a healthier world" 4551:

Global Public-Private Partnership for Handwashing with Soap.

3579:

Health care in France § Public health initiatives (1871–1914)

3320:

of 1858. This proved instrumental in relieving the city from

3087: 3011:

demonstrated that mosquitoes carry the virus responsible for

2841:, a set of research ethics concerning human experimentation. 2617:

Observations on the Diseases of the Army in Camp and Garrison

2604: 2522: 2472: 2449: 2427: 2289: 2273: 2242: 2061: 1874: 1535: 1522: 1443: 633: 382:

and the threats it faces is the basis for public health. The

13178: 7369: 4830: 4828: 4528:"National Health Initiatives, Strategies & Action Plans" 4458:

Field Trials of Health Interventions: A Toolbox. 3rd edition

3396:( 1990-) Demonstrated proof of concept to end the burden of 2646:

was a pivotal influence on the early public health campaign.

2149: 1585:

monitoring the health situation and assessing health trends.

1376:, schools, and the community, as well as those focussing on 82:

Various aspects of public health: From top to bottom :

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amongst sailors and its mitigation via the introduction of

2550: 2383: 2367:

pursued strict but balanced regimens, including nutritious

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Further interventions were made by a series of subsequent

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Surgeon General of the United States Public Health Service

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leading to the reemergence of infectious diseases such as

640:

Public health has been defined as "the science and art of

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The Regulation of Public Health in Italian Medieval Towns

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Leprosy in premodern medicine: a malady of the whole body

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Plague and Empire in the Early Modern Mediterranean World

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Building the public health workforce for the 21st century

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categorizing such films as "impact filmmaking." In fact,

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and the threats it faces is the basis for public health.

10096: 9913:

For the Public's Health: Investing in a Healthier Future

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Equity, Social Determinants and Public Health Programmes

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In particular, public health surveillance programs can:

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The Milbank Memorial Fund Quarterly. Health and Society

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agenda and stimulating the generation, translation and

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Municipal Health Department Practice for the Year 1923

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Biggest Estate on Earth: How Aborigines made Australia

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has devoted extensive resources to the improvement of

2908:

was taking water from sewage-polluted sections of the

1250:

infectious diseases decreased through the 20th century

1042:. In other cases, treating a disease or controlling a 517:, promoting ventilation and improved air quality both 12037:

National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health

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World Health Report 2006: working together for health

3380:

and campaigned vigorously for mandatory vaccinations.

2821:, Germany faced many public health catastrophes. The 2587:

began in the 1800s, following the pioneering work of

2430:

were important agents of waste disposal and promoted

1965: 1192:

boy is injected with inactivated poliovirus vaccine (

632:

A community health worker in Korail Basti, a slum in

429:

are all relevant. Other important sub-fields include

9977: 9596: 8352:

m Encyclopedia of Latin American History and Culture

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Pencheon D, Melzer D, Gray M, Guest C, eds. (2006).

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and laid the foundations for combating the disease.

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and western Europe since at least the fifth century

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Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency

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it may encompass several continents. The concept of

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Its current priorities include 1279:and child health, exacerbated by 1271:A major public health concern in 1174: 1069:, is part of a country's overall 644:", prolonging life and improving 489:, is part of a country's overall 14824:Economics of Infectious Diseases 13130: 13119: 13106: 13095: 13094: 12435: 12407: 12406: 11538: 11526: 11515: 11514: 10544:National public health institute 10367: 10350: 10333: 10316: 10299: 10282: 10265: 10237: 10225: 10213: 10201: 10189: 10177: 10165: 10141: 10040: 9739: 9724: 9705: 9670: 9653: 9638: 9623: 9590: 9575: 9562: 9520: 9505: 9488: 9464: 9391: 9374: 9357: 9332: 9299: 9257: 9208: 9149: 9082: 9057: 9038: 8997: 8948: 8922: 8903:Bridgeport Uo (25 August 2021). 8896: 8883:Bouvé College of Health Sciences 8877:Communications B (4 June 2023). 8870: 8834: 8807: 8772: 8757: 8744: 8709: 8705:. 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Many nations have implemented 1629:multi-criteria decision analysis 1399: 1120:. Public health is justified by 1019:. Analyzing the determinants of 687: 608:(for example, the Liverpool and 325: 313: 127: 72: 63: 52: 43: 13049:List of social science journals 10941:Open-source healthcare software 10683:Sociology of health and illness 10106:. Yale School of Public Health. 8851:. 11 March 2011. Archived from 8494:Medical Principles and Practice 6887: 6868: 6845: 6826: 6800: 6767: 6736: 6695: 6662: 6629: 6596: 6563: 6538: 6497: 6478: 6459: 6434: 6408: 6383: 6350: 6335: 6305: 6253:"Sustainable development goals" 6212: 6165: 5943: 5918: 5895: 5869: 5844: 5818: 5793: 5777: 5752:10.1016/j.cognition.2021.104649 5726: 5700: 5677: 5654: 5621: 5598: 5549: 5525:Applied Evolutionary Psychology 5516: 5473: 5447: 5432: 5417: 5327: 5313: 5286: 5260: 5235: 5205: 5177: 5096: 5063: 5020: 4971: 4925: 4909: 4866: 4850: 4781: 4754: 4727: 4670: 4567: 4545: 4519: 4496: 4471: 4445: 4327: 4211: 2844: 2067:Economic modeling based on the 1908:Intermittent preventive therapy 1661:Behavior change (public health) 1627:study "Drug Harms in the UK: a 1405:World Health Organization (WHO) 481:. Public health, together with 300:National public health agencies 14833:Infectious disease informatics 14664:Transmission-based precautions 13006:Science and technology studies 12284:Environment, health and safety 11939:Occupational health psychology 11588:Occupational safety and health 11302:Caribbean Public Health Agency 11114:Sexually transmitted infection 11011:Statistical hypothesis testing 10772:Occupational safety and health 10673:Sexual and reproductive health 10586:Occupational safety and health 9911:Institute of Medicine (2012). 9767:Annual Review of Public Health 9180:Annual Review of Public Health 9094:Science, Medicine, and Animals 7750:10.1080/00253359.2008.10657052 7627:. Cambridge University Press. 7372:Journal of Religion and Health 7254:. Cambridge University Press. 6877:Anuario de Estudios Medievales 6706:. 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The report was authored by 2096:Sustainable Development Goals 1939:social determinants of health 1786:passive (second-hand) smoking 1061:Public health, together with 985:sexually transmitted diseases 930:environmental health officers 804: 672:takes into account physical, 623: 547:sexually transmitted diseases 394:takes into account physical, 13812:Aerosol-generating procedure 13590:Silent/Subclinical infection 13290:Multidrug-resistant bacteria 12197:Standard operating procedure 12130:Hierarchy of hazard controls 11883:Hierarchy of hazard controls 11016:Analysis of variance (ANOVA) 10777:Human factors and ergonomics 9430:Journal of Biosocial Science 9287:. Hearts Newspapers. SF Gate 9023:10.1097/EDE.0b013e31817307f2 8456:10.1371/journal.pone.0267782 8365:Pierce JR, Writer J (2005). 8269:A Dictionary of Epidemiology 7818:. 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In 7: 14476:Vaccine-preventable disease 14424:Monoclonal antibody therapy 12334:NIOSH air filtration rating 12026:Health and Safety Executive 11934:Occupational health nursing 11898:Occupational exposure limit 11736:Hospital-acquired infection 11701:Exposure to human nail dust 11197:Good manufacturing practice 11001:Randomized controlled trial 9004:Winkelstein W (July 2008). 8961:Environmental Health Review 8579:. M.E. Sharpe. p. 91. 7875:. Methuen. pp. 424–5. 7660:. Oxford University Press. 7186:Leprosy in medieval England 7020:Coomans J (February 2019). 6010:Latin American Perspectives 5707:updated TW (10 June 2022). 5562:Journal of Community Health 5438:World Health Organization. 5423:World Health Organization. 4984:Anthropology of Work Review 4915:World Health Organization. 4856:World Health Organization. 4838:. 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Research has found that 1658: 1246:epidemiological transition 990: 787:public health intervention 780: 29: 14807: 14761:Global Health Initiatives 14751:Evolutionary epidemiology 14699: 14491: 14446:Post-exposure prophylaxis 14382:Antimicrobial stewardship 14340: 14327: 14232: 14123: 14105:Multiplicity of infection 14070:Basic reproduction number 14045: 14017: 14003: 13989: 13973: 13941: 13903: 13846:Percutaneous inoculation 13832: 13794: 13787: 13769: 13701: 13668: 13661: 13625: 13618: 13521: 13408: 13330:Host–pathogen interaction 13305: 13199: 13192: 13090: 13057: 13041: 12788: 12514: 12491: 12402: 12256: 12210: 12087: 12050: 12000: 11992:World Health Organization 11974: 11962: 11916: 11903:Occupational epidemiology 11888:Prevention through design 11839: 11746:Laboratory animal allergy 11671:Chimney sweeps' carcinoma 11646:Byssinosis ("brown lung") 11594: 11510: 11445: 11404: 11389:World Toilet Organization 11384:World Health Organization 11291: 11280: 11217: 11142: 11058: 10986: 10951:Public health informatics 10891: 10696: 10658:Right to rest and leisure 10487:Globalization and disease 10422: 10052:America's Health Rankings 9442:10.1017/S0021932099000796 9215:Hansen B (January 2002). 8419:, accessed 19 April 2011. 8369:. 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During and after the 2165:, communities promoted 2161:From the beginnings of 1904:exclusive breastfeeding 1902:reports that a lack of 1667:evolutionary psychology 1289:exclusive breastfeeding 1287:reports that a lack of 1092:Public health requires 906:medical microbiologists 610:London sewerage systems 584:, communities promoted 580:From the beginnings of 402:, among other factors. 84:Community health worker 14838:Microbial bioterrorism 14461:efficacy/effectiveness 13869:Surgical intervention 13761:Breakthrough infection 13383:Genetic predisposition 13367:Susceptible individual 13214:Germ theory of disease 13021:Quantum social science 11949:Occupational therapist 11929:Industrial engineering 11721:Glassblower's cataract 11686:Decompression sickness 11493:Germ theory of disease 11272:Transtheoretical model 9731:Mazzaferri AJ (1968). 8814:Kar SB (18 May 2018). 8114:Eckart WU (May 1989). 8094:perspectives.ushmm.org 7763:Selwyn S (July 1966). 7121:Technology and Culture 6837:Six Things Non-Natural 6052:JAMA Internal Medicine 5952:"Health Overview 2023" 5801:"World Bank Open Data" 5790:New York, 13 May 2010. 5663:Health Care Evaluation 5122:10.3390/ijerph19010349 3971:10.1136/jech.55.7.528b 3673:oversees the PHS. The 3656: 3564: 3312:(1819–1891) created a 3196: 3098:Rockefeller Foundation 3032:Education and training 3015:. Brazilian scientist 2999:, and Cuban scientist 2933: 2862: 2831:people's public health 2807: 2652:Thomas Southwood Smith 2647: 2513:With the onset of the 2509:After the 18th century 2257: 2239:Aboriginal Australians 2192:germ theory of disease 2158: 2145:Until the 18th century 2015:Rockefeller Foundation 1997: 1937:; these are known as " 1878: 1829: 1656: 1572:of valuable knowledge; 1554: 1517:Public health programs 1390:system-wide approaches 1244:With the onset of the 1241: 1239:anti-smoking campaigns 1207:London sewerage system 1197: 1109: 1065:, secondary care, and 1004: 705: 656:(public and private), 637: 485:, secondary care, and 14674:Universal precautions 13632:Endogenous overgrowth 13484:Poultry and livestock 13058:Other categorizations 12911:International studies 12896:History of technology 12831:Communication studies 12714:public administration 12419:Occupational diseases 12384:Workers' compensation 11944:Occupational medicine 11806:Silo-filler's disease 11771:Mule spinners' cancer 11377:Public Health Service 11262:Social norms approach 11252:PRECEDE–PROCEED model 10698:Preventive healthcare 10591:Pharmaceutical policy 10440:Chief Medical Officer 10150:Medical Knowledge app 9984:Brookings Institution 9630:Alexander AR (2016). 9068:. The History Press. 8618:10.2105/AJPH.90.5.707 7188:. The Boydell Press. 6574:. Allen & Unwin. 3783:Universal health care 3655:Public Health Service 3652: 3625:Elena Arizmendi Mejia 3586:French Third Republic 3558: 3294:in the United States. 3186: 3163:medical professionals 2944:and German scientist 2928: 2852: 2797: 2760:collection of garbage 2656:London Fever Hospital 2641: 2626:and the provision of 2515:Industrial Revolution 2485:Eastern Mediterranean 2353:Eastern Mediterranean 2296:. Diverse authors of 2252:A depiction of Aztec 2251: 2203:Industrial Revolution 2152: 2138:Further information: 2114:, health, education, 2084:Further information: 1983: 1970:Further information: 1883:epidemiological shift 1868: 1823: 1767:transmission through 1622: 1580:evidence-based policy 1548: 1436:communicable diseases 1324:World Health Day 2011 1320:Antibiotic resistance 1312:antibiotic resistance 1266:infant mortality rate 1236: 1187: 1107: 1052:contamination of food 1003:tests (13 April 1955) 998: 695: 631: 98:in India, historical 96:anti-smoking campaign 14776:Genomic reassortment 14756:Genetic epidemiology 14595:Health communication 14523:Flattening the curve 14513:Disease surveillance 14296:Systemic/Generalized 14060:Animal disease model 13540:Asymptomatic carrier 12891:Historical sociology 12145:Engineering controls 12120:Emergency evacuation 11924:Environmental health 11691:De Quervain syndrome 11681:Concussions in sport 11453:Sara Josephine Baker 11352:Public Health Agency 11237:Health communication 11102:Disease surveillance 11068:Asymptomatic carrier 11050:Statistical software 10738:Preventive nutrition 10566:Medical anthropology 10455:Environmental health 10018:10.1056/NEJMp2104881 9663:La higiene en México 9512:Hildreth ML (1987). 7737:The Mariner's Mirror 7480:10.1093/pastj/gtz028 7217:Demaitre LE (2007). 7184:Rawcliffe C (2009). 7094:10.1093/jhmas/jrj046 6636:Rawcliffe C (2019). 6357:Shephard RJ (2015). 6342:Cosmacini G (2005). 5805:World Bank Open Data 4920:, Updated June 2016. 4802:10.2139/ssrn.2157997 4646:Public health ethics 4554:Handwashing research 4526:CDC (12 June 2024). 4339:publichealth.jhu.edu 4055:10.2105/ajph.81.1.15 3542:Colombia and Bolivia 3350:Sara Josephine Baker 3248:Doctor of Philosophy 3213:Doctor of Philosophy 3071:environmental health 2741:smallpox vaccination 2434:through honesty and 2104:global public health 1935:social relationships 1843:developing countries 1736:health professionals 1649:Environmental damage 1595:early warning system 1489:For example, in the 1428:eradication of polio 1374:natural environments 1273:developing countries 1180:Original focal areas 898:public health nurses 894:physician assistants 831:environmental health 813:field. For example, 558:developing countries 431:environmental health 409:field. For example, 405:Public health is an 251:Disease surveillance 232:International health 167:Environmental health 162:Dental public health 92:COVID-19 vaccination 14843:Pandemic prevention 14799:Viral phylodynamics 14780:Re-emerging disease 14669:Travel restrictions 13873:Postoperative wound 13842:Blood-borne disease 13824:Respiratory droplet 13736:Vertical/Congenital 13721:Nosocomial/Hospital 13678:Spillover infection 13071:Geisteswissenschaft 13065:Behavioral sciences 12991:Political sociology 12906:Information science 12851:Development studies 12279:Effects of overtime 12162:Job safety analysis 12150:Hazard substitution 12115:Emergency procedure 11893:Exposure assessment 11878:Occupational stress 11871:Psychosocial hazard 11851:Occupational hazard 11716:Flock worker's lung 11463:Carl Rogers Darnall 11458:Samuel Jay Crumbine 11232:Health belief model 11085:Notifiable diseases 11021:Regression analysis 10856:Waterborne diseases 10445:Cultural competence 9645:Pilcher JM (2006). 9582:Agostoni C (2003). 9501:. pp. 252–275. 9495:Mitchell A (1991). 9090:"A Theory of Germs" 9064:Halliday S (2013). 8447:2022PLoSO..1767782M 8320:Marriott E (1966). 8174:10.1056/NEJMp048136 7987:Chadwick E (1843). 7956:Chadwick E (1842). 7937:on 24 December 2013 7920:10.1093/shm/4.1.173 7586:Cipolla CM (1973). 7405:Skelton LJ (2016). 7133:10.1353/tech.0.0047 6964:. Clarendon Press. 6928:10.1017/mdh.2018.62 6603:Stearns JK (2011). 6390:Berridge V (2016). 6183:on 3 December 2016. 5161:. 24 January 2019. 5035:(9235): 1093–1098. 4592:2020AnGIS..26....1W 4279:(9679): 1993–1995. 3940:amended since 1948. 3876:1920Sci....51...23W 3629:Neutral White Cross 3316:in response to the 3288:Benjamin Waterhouse 3240:preventive medicine 3230:(DHSc/DHS) and the 3027:Society and culture 3003:and U.S. Americans 2819:The Weimar Republic 2660:Poor Law Commission 2654:, physician at the 2420:ocular intromission 2237:markets. And among 2221:as well. Among the 2120:women's empowerment 2094:have developed the 1996:countries combined. 1839:developed countries 1816:Global perspectives 1509:, headquartered in 1472:occupational health 1384:and public sports, 1304:waterborne diseases 1211:infectious diseases 1040:contagious diseases 863:occupational safety 737:occupational health 733:preventive medicine 614:infectious diseases 554:developed countries 463:occupational safety 320:Medicine portal 207:Occupational safety 14896:Medical humanities 14789:Selection pressure 14085:Force of infection 13713:Contagious disease 13648:Endogenous seeding 13545:Chain of infection 13469:Injection drug use 13380:Vaccination status 13263:Case fatality rate 13181:infectious disease 13126:Society portal 12613:auxiliary sciences 12314:Indoor air quality 12218:Diving regulations 12135:Hazard elimination 11954:Safety engineering 11061:disease prevention 10996:Case–control study 10668:Security of person 10517:Health care reform 9313:. 27 August 2023. 9311:The Times of India 9047:The Health Officer 8716:Burrow GN (2002). 8676:Darnell R (2008). 8301:on 5 November 2013 8005:Brunton D (2008). 7812:Thomas AJ (2010). 7555:10.3205/dgkh000273 7471:Past & Present 7465:Geltner G (2019). 6960:Harvey BF (2002). 6854:On the Origins of 6833:Rather LJ (1968). 6669:Geltner G (2019). 6570:Gammage B (2014). 6361:. Cham: Springer. 6323:on 13 January 2016 6139:Economic Modelling 4644:Holland S (2015). 4417:Valles SA (2018). 3657: 3621:Mexican Revolution 3565: 3258:research project. 3197: 3063:behavioral science 2960:as the carrier of 2940:of French chemist 2934: 2900:Snow later used a 2863: 2808: 2748:Public Health Acts 2668:James Phillips Kay 2648: 2630:for the soldiers. 2477:widespread disease 2260:Western European, 2258: 2163:human civilization 2159: 2100:health disparities 1998: 1879: 1859:federal government 1830: 1730:health care system 1700:Harvard University 1657: 1645:Family adversities 1555: 1501:(PHS), led by the 1495:health departments 1493:, state and local 1242: 1198: 1147:The definition of 1110: 1048:infectious disease 1030:Many diseases are 1005: 965:suicide prevention 789:is to prevent and 763:Lifestyle medicine 745:disease prevention 706: 642:preventing disease 638: 582:human civilization 562:healthcare workers 527:suicide prevention 501:, and through the 332:Society portal 18:Community Medicine 14863: 14862: 14853:Tropical medicine 14794:Synthetic biology 14695: 14694: 14654:Social distancing 14607:Outbreak response 14228: 14227: 14055:Agent-based model 14041: 14040: 14037: 14036: 14033: 14032: 13580:Natural reservoir 13570:Infectious period 13560:Incubation period 13517: 13516: 13473:Natural disaster 13442:Tropical diseases 13425:Biodiversity loss 13362:Risk of infection 13352:Microbiome health 13345:Immunosuppression 13146: 13145: 12986:Political economy 12981:Political ecology 12836:Community studies 12826:Cognitive science 12789:Interdisciplinary 12689:Political science 12451: 12450: 12364:Safety data sheet 12177:Operations manual 12058:Bangladesh Accord 12046: 12045: 11856:Biological hazard 11554: 11553: 11506: 11505: 11416:Higher education 11247:Positive deviance 11242:Health psychology 11218:Health behavioral 11145:safety management 11119:Social distancing 10893:Population health 10873:Smoking cessation 10821:Pharmacovigilance 10792:Injury prevention 10760:Infection control 10678:Social psychology 10628:Prisoners' rights 10571:Medical sociology 10539:Public health law 10435:Biological hazard 9930:978-0-309-22107-8 9746:Sowell D (2015). 9616:978-1-4443-4060-0 9403:CDC Global Health 9381:Pacino N (2013). 8974:10.5864/d2020-018 8936:. 1 December 2022 8827:978-0-19-938467-9 8687:978-0-8032-6664-3 8662:978-0-387-97574-0 8649:White KL (1991). 8586:978-0-7656-1135-2 8506:10.1159/000354198 8376:978-0-471-47261-2 8331:978-1-4223-5652-4 8279:978-0-19-997673-7 8051:Mooney G (2015). 7882:978-0-416-17350-5 7852:978-0-203-38004-8 7825:978-0-7864-3989-8 7720:978-1-85776-905-0 7667:978-0-19-957402-5 7634:978-1-107-63436-7 7515:978-0-7735-4539-7 7416:978-1-317-21789-3 7313:Falcón I (1998). 7228:978-0-8018-8613-3 7195:978-1-84383-454-0 6785:978-2-7283-1006-7 6774:Nicoud M (2013). 6721:978-1-139-00404-6 6680:978-0-8122-5135-7 6647:978-1-78327-381-2 6614:978-0-8018-9873-0 6581:978-1-74269-352-1 6556:978-0-7022-3245-9 6401:978-0-19-968846-3 6368:978-3-319-11671-6 5832:. 26 January 2021 5639:978-0-19-158541-8 5542:978-0-19-958607-3 5394:Knowable Magazine 5306:978-9957-552-36-7 5243:"Core priorities" 5075:apps.crossref.org 4996:10.1111/awr.12151 4774:978-1-108-83840-5 4747:978-1-135-07214-8 4720:978-0-335-24422-5 4690:978-1-134-56346-3 4655:978-0-7456-6218-3 4430:978-1-351-67078-4 4196:978-0-520-96454-9 4147:Porter D (1999). 4122:978-1-4214-1601-4 3711:COVID-19 pandemic 3591:public health law 3528:health conditions 3494: 3493: 3404:Dilip Mahalanabis 3388:childhood obesity 3344:Charles V. Chapin 3252:Doctor of Science 3244:Master of Science 3205:Master of Science 3167:bachelor's degree 3039:university degree 2985:Paul-Louis Simond 2930:Paul-Louis Simond 2895:Broad Street pump 2857:John Snow mapped 2800:1918 flu pandemic 2783:52 & 53 Vict. 2766:or disposal in a 2730:Joseph Bazalgette 2718:Lord John Russell 2707:Public Health Act 1959:COVID-19 pandemic 1923:population health 1898:and poverty. The 1795:COVID-19 pandemic 1781:major initiatives 1691:physical activity 1466:, nutrition, and 1366:local authorities 1358:physical exercise 1308:zoonotic diseases 1283:and poverty. The 1114:individual rights 1075:health facilities 973:obesity education 969:smoking cessation 882:multidisciplinary 839:behavioral health 811:interdisciplinary 785:The purpose of a 752:population health 678:social well-being 572:, exacerbated by 535:obesity education 531:smoking cessation 499:health indicators 439:behavioral health 407:interdisciplinary 400:social well-being 368: 367: 266:Health indicators 16:(Redirected from 14938: 14926:Health standards 14901:Health education 14886:Health economics 14848:Tropical disease 14784:Reverse zoonosis 14771:One Health Model 14600:Health education 14589:Community health 14508:Cordon sanitaire 14481:Ring vaccination 14451:Repurposed drugs 14338: 14337: 14257:Gastrointestinal 14100:Machine learning 13904:Gastrointestinal 13855:Intravenous line 13792: 13791: 13706:/Cross-infection 13693:Reverse zoonosis 13666: 13665: 13623: 13622: 13528: 13527: 13509:War and conflict 13377:Nutrition status 13340:Immunodeficiency 13197: 13196: 13173: 13166: 13159: 13150: 13149: 13134: 13124: 13123: 13110: 13109: 13098: 13097: 13001:Regional science 12846:Cultural studies 12821:Business studies 12478: 12471: 12464: 12455: 12454: 12439: 12438: 12410: 12409: 12105:Contingency plan 12100:Code of practice 11972: 11971: 11766:Metal fume fever 11581: 11574: 11567: 11558: 11557: 11542: 11541: 11530: 11529: 11518: 11517: 11412:Health education 11289: 11288: 11143:Food hygiene and 11124:Tropical disease 10936:Infant mortality 10911:Community health 10787:Controlled Drugs 10723:Health promotion 10653:Right to housing 10497:Health economics 10409: 10402: 10395: 10386: 10385: 10380: 10372: 10371: 10370: 10363: 10362:from Wikiversity 10355: 10354: 10353: 10346: 10338: 10337: 10336: 10329: 10321: 10320: 10319: 10312: 10304: 10303: 10302: 10295: 10287: 10286: 10285: 10278: 10270: 10269: 10268: 10258: 10242: 10241: 10230: 10229: 10218: 10217: 10206: 10205: 10204: 10194: 10193: 10182: 10181: 10170: 10169: 10168: 10161: 10145: 10134: 10133: 10131: 10129: 10114: 10108: 10107: 10105: 10094: 10088: 10087: 10085: 10083: 10069: 10063: 10062: 10060: 10058: 10044: 10038: 10037: 10001: 9995: 9994: 9992: 9990: 9975: 9969: 9968: 9966: 9964: 9949: 9943: 9942: 9908: 9902: 9901: 9883: 9851: 9845: 9844: 9834: 9802: 9793: 9792: 9782: 9758: 9752: 9751: 9743: 9737: 9736: 9728: 9722: 9721: 9709: 9703: 9702: 9674: 9668: 9667: 9660:Pani AJ (1916). 9657: 9651: 9650: 9642: 9636: 9635: 9627: 9621: 9620: 9594: 9588: 9587: 9579: 9573: 9566: 9560: 9559: 9539: 9533: 9532: 9527:Klaus A (1993). 9524: 9518: 9517: 9509: 9503: 9502: 9492: 9486: 9485: 9483: 9481: 9476: 9468: 9462: 9461: 9425: 9414: 9413: 9411: 9409: 9395: 9389: 9388: 9378: 9372: 9371: 9364:Jalil H (2015). 9361: 9355: 9354: 9352: 9350: 9336: 9330: 9329: 9327: 9325: 9303: 9297: 9296: 9294: 9292: 9280: 9274: 9273: 9261: 9255: 9254: 9244: 9212: 9206: 9205: 9195: 9171: 9165: 9164: 9153: 9147: 9146: 9136: 9125:10.12816/0003334 9104: 9098: 9097: 9086: 9080: 9079: 9061: 9055: 9054: 9042: 9036: 9035: 9025: 9001: 8995: 8994: 8976: 8952: 8946: 8945: 8943: 8941: 8926: 8920: 8919: 8917: 8915: 8900: 8894: 8893: 8891: 8889: 8874: 8868: 8867: 8865: 8863: 8857: 8846: 8838: 8832: 8831: 8811: 8805: 8804: 8776: 8770: 8769: 8761: 8755: 8748: 8742: 8741: 8713: 8707: 8706: 8701:Dyer JP (1966). 8698: 8692: 8691: 8673: 8667: 8666: 8646: 8640: 8639: 8629: 8597: 8591: 8590: 8572: 8559: 8558: 8556: 8549: 8538: 8534: 8528: 8527: 8517: 8488:White F (2013). 8485: 8479: 8478: 8468: 8458: 8426: 8420: 8413: 8407: 8406: 8400: 8392: 8381: 8380: 8362: 8356: 8355: 8347: 8336: 8335: 8317: 8311: 8310: 8308: 8306: 8290: 8284: 8283: 8266:Porta M (2014). 8263: 8257: 8256: 8228: 8222: 8221: 8199: 8193: 8192: 8190: 8159: 8150: 8144: 8143: 8111: 8105: 8104: 8102: 8100: 8086: 8080: 8073: 8067: 8066: 8048: 8042: 8041: 8039: 8037: 8027: 8021: 8020: 8002: 7996: 7994: 7984: 7978: 7977: 7975: 7973: 7953: 7947: 7946: 7944: 7942: 7936: 7930:. 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Archived from 6309: 6303: 6302: 6300: 6298: 6279: 6273: 6272: 6270: 6268: 6249: 6240: 6239: 6237: 6235: 6216: 6210: 6209: 6203: 6194: 6185: 6184: 6169: 6163: 6162: 6134: 6121: 6120: 6092: 6086: 6085: 6075: 6043: 6026: 6025: 6005: 5999: 5998: 5962: 5956: 5955: 5947: 5941: 5940: 5938: 5936: 5922: 5916: 5915: 5899: 5893: 5892: 5873: 5867: 5866: 5864: 5862: 5848: 5842: 5841: 5839: 5837: 5822: 5816: 5815: 5813: 5811: 5797: 5791: 5783:United Nations. 5781: 5775: 5774: 5764: 5754: 5730: 5724: 5723: 5721: 5719: 5704: 5698: 5697: 5681: 5675: 5674: 5658: 5652: 5651: 5625: 5619: 5618: 5602: 5596: 5595: 5585: 5553: 5547: 5546: 5520: 5514: 5513: 5477: 5471: 5470: 5468: 5466: 5461:. 30 August 2023 5451: 5445: 5436: 5430: 5421: 5415: 5414: 5412: 5410: 5405: 5385: 5374: 5373: 5363: 5346:(10): CD007825. 5331: 5325: 5324: 5317: 5311: 5310: 5290: 5284: 5283: 5281: 5279: 5264: 5258: 5257: 5255: 5253: 5239: 5233: 5232: 5230: 5228: 5209: 5203: 5202: 5200: 5189: 5181: 5175: 5174: 5172: 5170: 5151: 5145: 5144: 5134: 5124: 5100: 5094: 5093: 5091: 5089: 5067: 5061: 5060: 5024: 5018: 5017: 5007: 4975: 4969: 4968: 4957: 4948: 4947: 4945: 4943: 4929: 4923: 4913: 4907: 4906: 4870: 4864: 4854: 4848: 4847: 4845: 4843: 4832: 4823: 4822: 4820: 4818: 4813: 4785: 4779: 4778: 4758: 4752: 4751: 4731: 4725: 4724: 4704: 4695: 4694: 4674: 4668: 4667: 4641: 4622: 4621: 4611: 4571: 4565: 4549: 4543: 4542: 4540: 4538: 4523: 4517: 4516: 4500: 4494: 4493: 4491: 4489: 4475: 4469: 4468: 4467: 4465: 4449: 4443: 4442: 4414: 4401: 4400: 4390: 4366: 4351: 4350: 4348: 4346: 4331: 4325: 4324: 4306: 4288: 4264: 4258: 4257: 4247: 4215: 4209: 4208: 4185:Crook T (2016). 4182: 4163: 4162: 4144: 4135: 4134: 4111:Rosen G (2015). 4108: 4099: 4098: 4096: 4094: 4083: 4077: 4076: 4066: 4034: 4023: 4022: 4002: 3993: 3992: 3990: 3950: 3941: 3934: 3925: 3924: 3922: 3920: 3905: 3896: 3895: 3858:(January 1920). 3852: 3843: 3842: 3824: 3800: 3619:Even during the 3524:Cuban government 3520:Cuban Revolution 3447: 3440: 3433: 3424: 3423: 3419:Country examples 3394:Edmond Fernandes 3292:smallpox vaccine 3278:smallpox vaccine 3059:health education 3023:and its vector. 3021:tropical disease 3001:Carlos J. Finlay 2891:Broadwick Street 2583:The practice of 2502:sanitary cordons 2310:military manuals 2235:medicinal herbal 2209:, for instance, 1943:social inclusion 1761:health promotion 1755:Conflicting aims 1538:and eradicating 1382:leisure services 1254:chronic diseases 1157:health promotion 1122:consequentialist 890:biostatisticians 855:health education 843:health economics 835:community health 455:health education 443:health economics 435:community health 360: 353: 346: 330: 329: 318: 317: 316: 256:Health promotion 187:Health promotion 182:Health education 177:Health economics 157:Community health 131: 108: 107: 76: 67: 56: 47: 21: 14946: 14945: 14941: 14940: 14939: 14937: 14936: 14935: 14911:Health sciences 14866: 14865: 14864: 14859: 14803: 14716:Antigenic shift 14711:Antigenic drift 14702: 14691: 14555:Barrier nursing 14503:Contact tracing 14494: 14487: 14332: 14330: 14323: 14234: 14224: 14125: 14119: 14110:Serial interval 14029: 14013: 14004:Cervico-vaginal 13999: 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10502:Health literacy 10418: 10413: 10383: 10373: 10368: 10366: 10356: 10351: 10349: 10339: 10334: 10332: 10328:from Wikisource 10322: 10317: 10315: 10305: 10300: 10298: 10288: 10283: 10281: 10277:from Wiktionary 10271: 10266: 10264: 10261: 10257:sister projects 10254:at Knowledge's 10248: 10236: 10224: 10220:Human sexuality 10212: 10202: 10200: 10188: 10176: 10166: 10164: 10156: 10154: 10146: 10138: 10137: 10127: 10125: 10116: 10115: 10111: 10103: 10095: 10091: 10081: 10079: 10076:Yale Law School 10071: 10070: 10066: 10056: 10054: 10046: 10045: 10041: 10002: 9998: 9988: 9986: 9976: 9972: 9962: 9960: 9951: 9950: 9946: 9931: 9909: 9905: 9852: 9848: 9803: 9796: 9759: 9755: 9744: 9740: 9729: 9725: 9710: 9706: 9675: 9671: 9658: 9654: 9643: 9639: 9628: 9624: 9617: 9595: 9591: 9580: 9576: 9568:Donald Cooper, 9567: 9563: 9540: 9536: 9525: 9521: 9510: 9506: 9493: 9489: 9479: 9477: 9474: 9470: 9469: 9465: 9426: 9417: 9407: 9405: 9397: 9396: 9392: 9379: 9375: 9362: 9358: 9348: 9346: 9338: 9337: 9333: 9323: 9321: 9305: 9304: 9300: 9290: 9288: 9281: 9277: 9262: 9258: 9213: 9209: 9172: 9168: 9155: 9154: 9150: 9105: 9101: 9088: 9087: 9083: 9076: 9062: 9058: 9043: 9039: 9002: 8998: 8953: 8949: 8939: 8937: 8928: 8927: 8923: 8913: 8911: 8901: 8897: 8887: 8885: 8875: 8871: 8861: 8859: 8858:on 11 June 2012 8855: 8844: 8840: 8839: 8835: 8828: 8812: 8808: 8793:10.2307/3349628 8777: 8773: 8762: 8758: 8749: 8745: 8730: 8714: 8710: 8699: 8695: 8688: 8674: 8670: 8663: 8647: 8643: 8598: 8594: 8587: 8573: 8562: 8554: 8547: 8535: 8531: 8486: 8482: 8441:(5): e0267782. 8427: 8423: 8414: 8410: 8398: 8394: 8393: 8384: 8377: 8363: 8359: 8348: 8339: 8332: 8318: 8314: 8304: 8302: 8291: 8287: 8280: 8264: 8260: 8253: 8243:Riverhead Books 8229: 8225: 8218: 8200: 8196: 8188: 8157: 8151: 8147: 8112: 8108: 8098: 8096: 8088: 8087: 8083: 8074: 8070: 8063: 8049: 8045: 8035: 8033: 8029: 8028: 8024: 8017: 8003: 7999: 7985: 7981: 7971: 7969: 7954: 7950: 7940: 7938: 7934: 7903: 7897: 7890: 7883: 7864: 7860: 7853: 7837: 7833: 7826: 7810: 7806: 7769:Medical History 7761: 7757: 7732: 7728: 7721: 7707: 7703: 7696:"Public Health" 7692: 7683: 7668: 7656:Cohn S (2012). 7654: 7650: 7635: 7621: 7617: 7602: 7584: 7580: 7535: 7531: 7516: 7502: 7498: 7463: 7459: 7436: 7432: 7417: 7403: 7399: 7368: 7364: 7349: 7345: 7334: 7330: 7311: 7307: 7296: 7292: 7281: 7277: 7262: 7250:Adam S (2006). 7248: 7244: 7229: 7215: 7211: 7196: 7182: 7178: 7167: 7163: 7152: 7148: 7113: 7109: 7078: 7074: 7059: 7055: 7018: 7014: 6991: 6987: 6972: 6958: 6954: 6915:Medical History 6907: 6903: 6892: 6888: 6873: 6869: 6850: 6846: 6831: 6827: 6805: 6801: 6786: 6772: 6768: 6741: 6737: 6722: 6700: 6696: 6681: 6667: 6663: 6648: 6634: 6630: 6615: 6601: 6597: 6582: 6568: 6564: 6557: 6543: 6539: 6502: 6498: 6483: 6479: 6464: 6460: 6451: 6449: 6440: 6439: 6435: 6425: 6423: 6414: 6413: 6409: 6402: 6388: 6384: 6369: 6355: 6351: 6340: 6336: 6326: 6324: 6311: 6310: 6306: 6296: 6294: 6281: 6280: 6276: 6266: 6264: 6251: 6250: 6243: 6233: 6231: 6218: 6217: 6213: 6201: 6195: 6188: 6171: 6170: 6166: 6135: 6124: 6093: 6089: 6044: 6029: 6006: 6002: 5963: 5959: 5948: 5944: 5934: 5932: 5924: 5923: 5919: 5900: 5896: 5889: 5875: 5874: 5870: 5860: 5858: 5850: 5849: 5845: 5835: 5833: 5824: 5823: 5819: 5809: 5807: 5799: 5798: 5794: 5782: 5778: 5731: 5727: 5717: 5715: 5705: 5701: 5682: 5678: 5659: 5655: 5640: 5626: 5622: 5603: 5599: 5554: 5550: 5543: 5521: 5517: 5478: 5474: 5464: 5462: 5453: 5452: 5448: 5437: 5433: 5422: 5418: 5408: 5406: 5386: 5377: 5332: 5328: 5319: 5318: 5314: 5307: 5291: 5287: 5277: 5275: 5265: 5261: 5251: 5249: 5241: 5240: 5236: 5226: 5224: 5211: 5210: 5206: 5198: 5187: 5183: 5182: 5178: 5168: 5166: 5153: 5152: 5148: 5101: 5097: 5087: 5085: 5069: 5068: 5064: 5025: 5021: 4976: 4972: 4959: 4958: 4951: 4941: 4939: 4931: 4930: 4926: 4914: 4910: 4871: 4867: 4855: 4851: 4841: 4839: 4834: 4833: 4826: 4816: 4814: 4786: 4782: 4775: 4759: 4755: 4748: 4732: 4728: 4721: 4705: 4698: 4691: 4675: 4671: 4656: 4642: 4625: 4572: 4568: 4562:Wayback Machine 4550: 4546: 4536: 4534: 4524: 4520: 4501: 4497: 4487: 4485: 4477: 4476: 4472: 4463: 4461: 4450: 4446: 4431: 4415: 4404: 4367: 4354: 4344: 4342: 4333: 4332: 4328: 4286:10.1.1.610.7968 4265: 4261: 4216: 4212: 4197: 4183: 4166: 4159: 4145: 4138: 4123: 4109: 4102: 4092: 4090: 4085: 4084: 4080: 4035: 4026: 4013:. Geneva: WHO. 4003: 3996: 3965:(7): 528b–528. 3951: 3944: 3935: 3928: 3918: 3916: 3907: 3906: 3899: 3870:(1306): 23–33. 3853: 3846: 3801: 3797: 3792: 3787: 3723: 3702:Great Recession 3697: 3696: 3693:Surgeon General 3654: 3646: 3638: 3633: 3632: 3609: 3601: 3596: 3595: 3582: 3574: 3553: 3544: 3518:Since the 1959 3516: 3508:chronic disease 3502:In Canada, the 3500: 3495: 3490: 3454: 3451: 3421: 3298:Lemuel Shattuck 3264: 3181: 3175: 3140:was founded by 3132:instituted the 3130:Samuel Zemurray 3090: 3034: 3029: 2995:on the back of 2991:was carried by 2968:revolutionized 2956:identified the 2923: 2869:was founded by 2865:The science of 2847: 2827:Volksgesundheit 2792: 2732:later creating 2636: 2511: 2396:infrastructures 2375:, princely and 2338:Roman antiquity 2155:the Black Death 2147: 2142: 2136: 2116:gender equality 2088: 2082: 2046: 1978: 1968: 1835: 1818: 1777:tobacco smoking 1757: 1721: 1698:tool, with the 1663: 1617: 1615:Behavior change 1607:and strategies. 1519: 1484: 1476:substance abuse 1438:, particularly 1407: 1402: 1338:type 2 diabetes 1231: 1182: 1177: 1118:right to health 1116:and maximizing 1102: 993: 886:epidemiologists 873:in health, and 859:health politics 823:social sciences 807: 799:life expectancy 783: 771:social medicine 690: 646:quality of life 626: 477:in health, and 459:health politics 427:health services 419:social sciences 364: 324: 314: 312: 305: 304: 285: 271: 270: 260:Behavior change 246: 238: 237: 197:Health politics 152: 144: 106: 105: 104: 103: 79: 78: 77: 69: 68: 59: 58: 57: 49: 48: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 14944: 14934: 14933: 14928: 14923: 14918: 14913: 14908: 14903: 14898: 14893: 14888: 14883: 14878: 14861: 14860: 14858: 14857: 14856: 14855: 14845: 14840: 14835: 14830: 14825: 14822: 14817: 14811: 14809: 14805: 14804: 14802: 14801: 14796: 14791: 14786: 14781: 14778: 14773: 14768: 14763: 14758: 14753: 14748: 14746:Emergent virus 14743: 14738: 14733: 14728: 14727: 14726: 14718: 14713: 14707: 14705: 14697: 14696: 14693: 14692: 14690: 14689: 14686: 14681: 14679:Vector control 14676: 14671: 14666: 14661: 14656: 14651: 14646: 14641: 14636: 14635: 14634: 14629: 14624: 14622:N95 respirator 14614: 14609: 14604: 14603: 14602: 14597: 14592: 14581: 14576: 14575: 14574: 14564: 14559: 14558: 14557: 14547: 14546: 14545: 14540: 14535: 14525: 14520: 14515: 14510: 14505: 14499: 14497: 14495:pharmaceutical 14489: 14488: 14486: 14485: 14484: 14483: 14478: 14473: 14468: 14463: 14453: 14448: 14443: 14438: 14433: 14428: 14427: 14426: 14416: 14411: 14406: 14401: 14396: 14391: 14386: 14385: 14384: 14374: 14373: 14372: 14362: 14357: 14356: 14355: 14344: 14342: 14341:Pharmaceutical 14335: 14325: 14324: 14322: 14321: 14318: 14313: 14308: 14303: 14298: 14293: 14292:Cardiovascular 14290: 14285: 14280: 14277: 14272: 14271:Nervous system 14269: 14266: 14265: 14264: 14254: 14253: 14252: 14247: 14238: 14236: 14230: 14229: 14226: 14225: 14223: 14222: 14217: 14212: 14207: 14202: 14197: 14192: 14187: 14182: 14177: 14172: 14167: 14162: 14157: 14156: 14155: 14150: 14140: 14135: 14129: 14127: 14121: 14120: 14118: 14117: 14112: 14107: 14102: 14097: 14095:Infection rate 14092: 14087: 14082: 14077: 14072: 14067: 14062: 14057: 14051: 14049: 14043: 14042: 14039: 14038: 14035: 14034: 14031: 14030: 14028: 14027: 14021: 14019: 14015: 14014: 14012: 14011: 14007: 14005: 14001: 14000: 13998: 13997: 13993: 13991: 13987: 13986: 13984: 13983: 13977: 13975: 13971: 13970: 13968: 13967: 13961: 13956: 13951: 13945: 13943: 13939: 13938: 13936: 13935: 13930: 13925: 13920: 13919: 13918: 13907: 13905: 13901: 13900: 13898: 13897: 13896: 13895: 13890: 13882: 13881: 13880: 13875: 13867: 13866: 13865: 13860: 13857: 13852: 13850:Injection site 13844: 13838: 13836: 13830: 13829: 13827: 13826: 13821: 13819:Dental aerosol 13816: 13815: 13814: 13804: 13798: 13796: 13789: 13785: 13784: 13782: 13781: 13775: 13773: 13767: 13766: 13764: 13763: 13758: 13757: 13756: 13751: 13750: 13749: 13744: 13741: 13730: 13729: 13728: 13723: 13715: 13709: 13707: 13703:Human-to-human 13699: 13698: 13696: 13695: 13690: 13685: 13680: 13674: 13672: 13663: 13659: 13658: 13656: 13655: 13649: 13646: 13643: 13638: 13633: 13629: 13627: 13620: 13616: 13615: 13613: 13612: 13607: 13602: 13600:Super-spreader 13597: 13595:Superinfection 13592: 13587: 13582: 13577: 13572: 13567: 13562: 13557: 13552: 13547: 13542: 13536: 13534: 13525: 13519: 13518: 13515: 13514: 13512: 13511: 13506: 13504:Vector control 13501: 13496: 13491: 13486: 13481: 13480: 13479: 13471: 13466: 13461: 13456: 13451: 13446: 13445: 13444: 13439: 13433:Climate zones 13431: 13429:Climate change 13426: 13423: 13420: 13414: 13412: 13406: 13405: 13403: 13402: 13401: 13400: 13397: 13394: 13393: 13392: 13384: 13381: 13378: 13375: 13372: 13364: 13359: 13354: 13349: 13348: 13347: 13342: 13332: 13327: 13322: 13317: 13311: 13309: 13303: 13302: 13300: 13299: 13294: 13293: 13292: 13287: 13282: 13272: 13271: 13270: 13265: 13260: 13255: 13245: 13243:Quorum sensing 13240: 13239: 13238: 13228: 13227: 13226: 13216: 13211: 13205: 13203: 13194: 13190: 13189: 13176: 13175: 13168: 13161: 13153: 13144: 13143: 13141: 13140: 13128: 13116: 13104: 13091: 13088: 13087: 13085: 13084: 13079: 13074: 13067: 13061: 13059: 13055: 13054: 13052: 13051: 13045: 13043: 13039: 13038: 13036: 13035: 13030: 13025: 13024: 13023: 13018: 13008: 13003: 12998: 12993: 12988: 12983: 12978: 12977: 12976: 12971: 12966: 12958: 12957: 12956: 12954:social science 12951: 12946: 12941: 12936: 12928: 12923: 12918: 12913: 12908: 12903: 12898: 12893: 12888: 12886:Global studies 12883: 12881:Gender studies 12878: 12873: 12872: 12871: 12866: 12864:social science 12860:Environmental 12858: 12853: 12848: 12843: 12838: 12833: 12828: 12823: 12818: 12813: 12808: 12807: 12806: 12801: 12792: 12790: 12786: 12785: 12783: 12782: 12781: 12780: 12775: 12770: 12765: 12760: 12750: 12749: 12748: 12743: 12738: 12733: 12728: 12718: 12717: 12716: 12711: 12706: 12701: 12696: 12686: 12685: 12684: 12674: 12673: 12672: 12667: 12662: 12657: 12652: 12642: 12641: 12640: 12635: 12630: 12625: 12620: 12615: 12610: 12600: 12599: 12598: 12593: 12588: 12583: 12573: 12572: 12571: 12566: 12561: 12559:macroeconomics 12556: 12554:microeconomics 12546: 12545: 12544: 12539: 12534: 12529: 12518: 12516: 12512: 12511: 12509: 12508: 12503: 12498: 12492: 12489: 12488: 12481: 12480: 12473: 12466: 12458: 12449: 12448: 12446: 12445: 12433: 12432: 12431: 12426: 12421: 12403: 12400: 12399: 12397: 12396: 12391: 12386: 12381: 12376: 12371: 12369:Source control 12366: 12361: 12356: 12351: 12346: 12344:Process safety 12341: 12336: 12331: 12326: 12321: 12316: 12311: 12306: 12304:Health physics 12301: 12296: 12291: 12286: 12281: 12276: 12271: 12266: 12260: 12258: 12254: 12253: 12251: 12250: 12245: 12235: 12225: 12220: 12214: 12212: 12208: 12207: 12205: 12204: 12199: 12194: 12192:Safety culture 12189: 12184: 12179: 12174: 12172:Permit To Work 12169: 12167:Lockout-tagout 12164: 12159: 12158: 12157: 12152: 12147: 12142: 12137: 12127: 12122: 12117: 12112: 12107: 12102: 12097: 12091: 12089: 12085: 12084: 12082: 12081: 12076: 12070: 12065: 12060: 12054: 12052: 12048: 12047: 12044: 12043: 12041: 12040: 12034: 12029: 12023: 12017: 12011: 12004: 12002: 11998: 11997: 11995: 11994: 11989: 11984: 11978: 11976: 11969: 11960: 11959: 11957: 11956: 11951: 11946: 11941: 11936: 11931: 11926: 11920: 11918: 11914: 11913: 11911: 11910: 11905: 11900: 11895: 11890: 11885: 11880: 11875: 11874: 11873: 11868: 11863: 11858: 11847: 11845: 11837: 11836: 11834: 11833: 11831:Writer's cramp 11828: 11823: 11818: 11813: 11808: 11803: 11798: 11793: 11788: 11786:Pneumoconiosis 11783: 11778: 11773: 11768: 11763: 11758: 11753: 11751:Lead poisoning 11748: 11743: 11738: 11733: 11728: 11726:Golfer's elbow 11723: 11718: 11713: 11711:Fiddler's neck 11708: 11703: 11698: 11693: 11688: 11683: 11678: 11673: 11668: 11666:Chronic stress 11663: 11658: 11653: 11651:Cardiovascular 11648: 11643: 11638: 11633: 11628: 11623: 11618: 11613: 11607: 11605: 11592: 11591: 11584: 11583: 11576: 11569: 11561: 11552: 11551: 11549: 11548: 11536: 11524: 11511: 11508: 11507: 11504: 11503: 11501: 11500: 11495: 11490: 11485: 11480: 11475: 11470: 11465: 11460: 11455: 11449: 11447: 11443: 11442: 11440: 11439: 11438: 11437: 11432: 11427: 11422: 11414: 11408: 11406: 11402: 11401: 11399: 11398: 11391: 11386: 11381: 11380: 11379: 11374: 11369: 11364: 11356: 11355: 11354: 11349: 11341: 11340: 11339: 11331: 11330: 11329: 11324: 11316: 11315: 11314: 11306: 11305: 11304: 11295: 11293: 11286: 11281:Organizations, 11278: 11277: 11275: 11274: 11269: 11264: 11259: 11254: 11249: 11244: 11239: 11234: 11229: 11223: 11221: 11215: 11214: 11212: 11211: 11210: 11209: 11204: 11194: 11189: 11188: 11187: 11182: 11177: 11172: 11167: 11162: 11157: 11148: 11146: 11140: 11139: 11137: 11136: 11131: 11126: 11121: 11116: 11111: 11106: 11105: 11104: 11094: 11093: 11092: 11082: 11081: 11080: 11070: 11064: 11062: 11056: 11055: 11053: 11052: 11047: 11046: 11045: 11037: 11028: 11023: 11018: 11008: 11003: 10998: 10992: 10990: 10987:Biological and 10984: 10983: 10981: 10980: 10975: 10974: 10973: 10968: 10963: 10953: 10948: 10946:Multimorbidity 10943: 10938: 10933: 10928: 10923: 10918: 10913: 10908: 10903: 10897: 10895: 10889: 10888: 10886: 10885: 10883:Vector control 10880: 10875: 10870: 10868:School hygiene 10865: 10864: 10863: 10858: 10853: 10851:Sanitary sewer 10848: 10843: 10838: 10828: 10823: 10818: 10817: 10816: 10809:Patient safety 10806: 10805: 10804: 10799: 10794: 10789: 10784: 10779: 10769: 10768: 10767: 10762: 10757: 10752: 10742: 10741: 10740: 10735: 10725: 10720: 10715: 10714: 10713: 10702: 10700: 10694: 10693: 10691: 10690: 10685: 10680: 10675: 10670: 10665: 10660: 10655: 10650: 10645: 10640: 10635: 10630: 10625: 10624: 10623: 10618: 10613: 10608: 10603: 10593: 10588: 10583: 10573: 10568: 10563: 10558: 10553: 10548: 10547: 10546: 10541: 10531: 10526: 10521: 10520: 10519: 10514: 10504: 10499: 10494: 10492:Harm reduction 10489: 10484: 10479: 10474: 10473: 10472: 10467: 10457: 10452: 10447: 10442: 10437: 10432: 10426: 10424: 10420: 10419: 10412: 10411: 10404: 10397: 10389: 10382: 10381: 10364: 10347: 10345:from Wikibooks 10330: 10313: 10311:from Wikiquote 10296: 10279: 10250: 10247: 10246: 10234: 10222: 10210: 10198: 10186: 10174: 10140: 10139: 10136: 10135: 10109: 10089: 10064: 10039: 9996: 9970: 9944: 9929: 9921:10.17226/13268 9903: 9866:(4): 664–671. 9860:Health Affairs 9846: 9794: 9773:(1): 471–487. 9753: 9738: 9723: 9704: 9669: 9652: 9637: 9622: 9615: 9589: 9574: 9561: 9534: 9519: 9504: 9487: 9463: 9415: 9390: 9373: 9356: 9331: 9298: 9275: 9256: 9207: 9186:(1): 273–287. 9166: 9148: 9119:(1): e37–e41. 9099: 9081: 9075:978-0752493787 9074: 9056: 9037: 8996: 8947: 8921: 8895: 8869: 8833: 8826: 8806: 8787:(4): 462–468. 8771: 8756: 8743: 8728: 8708: 8693: 8686: 8668: 8661: 8641: 8612:(5): 707–715. 8592: 8585: 8560: 8557:on 7 May 2012. 8541:Fee E (1992). 8529: 8500:(6): 515–529. 8480: 8421: 8408: 8382: 8375: 8357: 8337: 8330: 8312: 8293:Chowdhury JL. 8285: 8278: 8258: 8251: 8223: 8216: 8194: 8168:(5): 417–420. 8145: 8126:(5): 213–221. 8106: 8081: 8068: 8061: 8043: 8022: 8015: 7997: 7979: 7948: 7914:(1): 173–180. 7888: 7881: 7858: 7851: 7831: 7824: 7804: 7775:(3): 266–274. 7755: 7744:(2): 160–175. 7726: 7719: 7701: 7681: 7666: 7648: 7633: 7615: 7600: 7578: 7529: 7514: 7496: 7457: 7430: 7415: 7397: 7362: 7343: 7328: 7321:(in Spanish). 7305: 7290: 7275: 7260: 7242: 7227: 7209: 7194: 7176: 7161: 7146: 7127:(3): 547–567. 7107: 7072: 7053: 7012: 6985: 6970: 6952: 6901: 6886: 6867: 6844: 6825: 6799: 6784: 6766: 6735: 6720: 6694: 6679: 6661: 6646: 6628: 6613: 6595: 6580: 6562: 6555: 6537: 6516:(2): 157–165. 6496: 6477: 6458: 6433: 6420:School History 6407: 6400: 6382: 6367: 6349: 6334: 6304: 6274: 6241: 6211: 6186: 6164: 6122: 6103:(2): 147–151. 6087: 6058:(6): 881–887. 6027: 6000: 5973:(1): 323–341. 5957: 5942: 5917: 5894: 5887: 5868: 5843: 5817: 5792: 5776: 5725: 5699: 5676: 5653: 5638: 5620: 5597: 5568:(1): 192–199. 5548: 5541: 5515: 5472: 5446: 5431: 5416: 5375: 5326: 5312: 5305: 5285: 5259: 5234: 5204: 5176: 5146: 5095: 5062: 5019: 4990:(2): 116–123. 4970: 4967:. 19 May 2022. 4949: 4924: 4908: 4881:(9733): 2193. 4865: 4861:, January 2011 4849: 4824: 4780: 4773: 4753: 4746: 4726: 4719: 4696: 4689: 4669: 4654: 4623: 4566: 4544: 4518: 4495: 4470: 4444: 4429: 4402: 4381:(3): e85–e89. 4352: 4341:. 30 July 2024 4326: 4259: 4210: 4195: 4164: 4158:978-0415200363 4157: 4136: 4121: 4100: 4089:. 25 July 2023 4078: 4024: 3994: 3942: 3926: 3897: 3844: 3815:(3): 205–206. 3794: 3793: 3791: 3788: 3786: 3785: 3780: 3775: 3770: 3765: 3760: 3755: 3750: 3745: 3740: 3735: 3733:Harm reduction 3730: 3724: 3722: 3719: 3647: 3639: 3637: 3634: 3614:Spanish Empire 3610: 3602: 3600: 3597: 3583: 3575: 3573: 3570: 3552: 3549: 3543: 3540: 3515: 3512: 3499: 3496: 3492: 3491: 3489: 3484: 3479: 3474: 3469: 3464: 3459: 3456: 3455: 3450: 3449: 3442: 3435: 3427: 3420: 3417: 3416: 3415: 3412:liberation war 3401: 3391: 3384:Ruth Huenemann 3381: 3378:polio vaccines 3371: 3353: 3347: 3341: 3331: 3325: 3307: 3301: 3295: 3285: 3271: 3263: 3262:Notable people 3260: 3177:Main article: 3174: 3171: 3110:Wickliffe Rose 3089: 3086: 3033: 3030: 3028: 3025: 2922: 2919: 2855:epidemiologist 2846: 2843: 2839:Nuremberg Code 2791: 2788: 2758:, the regular 2750:, notably the 2726:James Newlands 2700:Edwin Chadwick 2696:United Kingdom 2644:Edwin Chadwick 2635: 2632: 2574:Jeremy Bentham 2570:Thomas Malthus 2510: 2507: 2489:Western Europe 2432:harm reduction 2207:Southeast Asia 2194:transmission. 2146: 2143: 2135: 2132: 2092:United Nations 2081: 2078: 2045: 2042: 1967: 1964: 1951:European Union 1847:health workers 1834: 1831: 1817: 1814: 1810:United Nations 1771:campaigns and 1756: 1753: 1752: 1751: 1748: 1745: 1742: 1739: 1732: 1720: 1717: 1708:film festivals 1659:Main article: 1653:Community harm 1616: 1613: 1612: 1611: 1608: 1601: 1598: 1587: 1586: 1583: 1576: 1573: 1562: 1518: 1515: 1483: 1480: 1406: 1403: 1401: 1398: 1230: 1227: 1209:); control of 1181: 1178: 1176: 1175:Priority areas 1173: 1101: 1098: 992: 989: 959:, delivery of 806: 803: 782: 779: 718:Health for all 689: 686: 625: 622: 612:), control of 513:, delivery of 366: 365: 363: 362: 355: 348: 340: 337: 336: 335: 334: 322: 307: 306: 303: 302: 297: 292: 286: 277: 276: 273: 272: 269: 268: 263: 253: 247: 244: 243: 240: 239: 236: 235: 226:World health ( 224: 219: 214: 209: 204: 199: 194: 189: 184: 179: 174: 169: 164: 159: 153: 150: 149: 146: 145: 143: 142: 136: 133: 132: 124: 123: 117: 116: 81: 80: 71: 70: 62: 61: 60: 51: 50: 42: 41: 40: 39: 38: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 14943: 14932: 14929: 14927: 14924: 14922: 14921:Global health 14919: 14917: 14914: 14912: 14909: 14907: 14904: 14902: 14899: 14897: 14894: 14892: 14891:Health policy 14889: 14887: 14884: 14882: 14879: 14877: 14876:Public health 14874: 14873: 14871: 14854: 14851: 14850: 14849: 14846: 14844: 14841: 14839: 14836: 14834: 14831: 14829: 14826: 14823: 14821: 14818: 14816: 14813: 14812: 14810: 14806: 14800: 14797: 14795: 14792: 14790: 14787: 14785: 14782: 14779: 14777: 14774: 14772: 14769: 14767: 14764: 14762: 14759: 14757: 14754: 14752: 14749: 14747: 14744: 14742: 14739: 14737: 14734: 14732: 14729: 14725: 14722: 14721: 14719: 14717: 14714: 14712: 14709: 14708: 14706: 14704: 14698: 14687: 14685: 14682: 14680: 14677: 14675: 14672: 14670: 14667: 14665: 14662: 14660: 14659:Sterilization 14657: 14655: 14652: 14650: 14647: 14645: 14642: 14640: 14637: 14633: 14630: 14628: 14627:Surgical mask 14625: 14623: 14620: 14619: 14618: 14615: 14613: 14610: 14608: 14605: 14601: 14598: 14596: 14593: 14590: 14587: 14586: 14585: 14584:Public health 14582: 14580: 14577: 14573: 14570: 14569: 14568: 14565: 14563: 14560: 14556: 14553: 14552: 14551: 14548: 14544: 14541: 14539: 14536: 14534: 14531: 14530: 14529: 14526: 14524: 14521: 14519: 14516: 14514: 14511: 14509: 14506: 14504: 14501: 14500: 14498: 14496: 14490: 14482: 14479: 14477: 14474: 14472: 14469: 14467: 14464: 14462: 14459: 14458: 14457: 14454: 14452: 14449: 14447: 14444: 14442: 14439: 14437: 14436:Phage therapy 14434: 14432: 14429: 14425: 14422: 14421: 14420: 14419:Immunotherapy 14417: 14415: 14412: 14410: 14407: 14405: 14402: 14400: 14397: 14395: 14392: 14390: 14387: 14383: 14380: 14379: 14378: 14377:Antimicrobial 14375: 14371: 14368: 14367: 14366: 14363: 14361: 14358: 14354: 14351: 14350: 14349: 14346: 14345: 14343: 14339: 14336: 14334: 14326: 14319: 14317: 14314: 14312: 14309: 14307: 14304: 14302: 14299: 14297: 14294: 14291: 14289: 14286: 14284: 14281: 14278: 14276: 14273: 14270: 14268:Genitourinary 14267: 14263: 14260: 14259: 14258: 14255: 14251: 14248: 14246: 14243: 14242: 14240: 14239: 14237: 14231: 14221: 14218: 14216: 14213: 14211: 14208: 14206: 14203: 14201: 14198: 14196: 14193: 14191: 14188: 14186: 14183: 14181: 14178: 14176: 14173: 14171: 14168: 14166: 14163: 14161: 14158: 14154: 14151: 14149: 14146: 14145: 14144: 14141: 14139: 14136: 14134: 14131: 14130: 14128: 14126:in population 14122: 14116: 14113: 14111: 14108: 14106: 14103: 14101: 14098: 14096: 14093: 14091: 14090:Herd immunity 14088: 14086: 14083: 14081: 14078: 14076: 14073: 14071: 14068: 14066: 14063: 14061: 14058: 14056: 14053: 14052: 14050: 14048: 14044: 14026: 14023: 14022: 14020: 14016: 14009: 14008: 14006: 14002: 13995: 13994: 13992: 13988: 13982: 13979: 13978: 13976: 13974:Genitourinary 13972: 13966: 13962: 13960: 13957: 13955: 13952: 13950: 13947: 13946: 13944: 13940: 13934: 13931: 13929: 13926: 13924: 13921: 13917: 13916:Contamination 13914: 13913: 13912: 13909: 13908: 13906: 13902: 13894: 13891: 13889: 13886: 13885: 13884:Vector-borne 13883: 13879: 13876: 13874: 13871: 13870: 13868: 13864: 13861: 13858: 13856: 13853: 13851: 13848: 13847: 13845: 13843: 13840: 13839: 13837: 13831: 13825: 13822: 13820: 13817: 13813: 13810: 13809: 13808: 13805: 13803: 13800: 13799: 13797: 13793: 13790: 13786: 13780: 13777: 13776: 13774: 13768: 13762: 13759: 13755: 13752: 13748: 13745: 13742: 13739: 13738: 13737: 13734: 13733: 13731: 13727: 13724: 13722: 13719: 13718: 13716: 13714: 13711: 13710: 13708: 13704: 13700: 13694: 13691: 13689: 13686: 13684: 13681: 13679: 13676: 13675: 13673: 13671: 13670:Cross-species 13667: 13664: 13660: 13653: 13650: 13647: 13644: 13642: 13639: 13637: 13634: 13631: 13630: 13628: 13624: 13621: 13617: 13611: 13610:Window period 13608: 13606: 13603: 13601: 13598: 13596: 13593: 13591: 13588: 13586: 13583: 13581: 13578: 13576: 13575:Latent period 13573: 13571: 13568: 13566: 13563: 13561: 13558: 13556: 13553: 13551: 13548: 13546: 13543: 13541: 13538: 13537: 13535: 13529: 13526: 13524: 13520: 13510: 13507: 13505: 13502: 13500: 13497: 13495: 13492: 13490: 13487: 13485: 13482: 13478: 13475: 13474: 13472: 13470: 13467: 13465: 13462: 13460: 13457: 13455: 13454:Deforestation 13452: 13450: 13447: 13443: 13440: 13438: 13435: 13434: 13432: 13430: 13427: 13424: 13421: 13419: 13416: 13415: 13413: 13411: 13407: 13399:Stress levels 13398: 13395: 13391: 13388: 13387: 13385: 13382: 13379: 13376: 13373: 13370: 13369: 13368: 13365: 13363: 13360: 13358: 13355: 13353: 13350: 13346: 13343: 13341: 13338: 13337: 13336: 13333: 13331: 13328: 13326: 13323: 13321: 13318: 13316: 13313: 13312: 13310: 13308: 13304: 13298: 13295: 13291: 13288: 13286: 13283: 13281: 13278: 13277: 13276: 13273: 13269: 13266: 13264: 13261: 13259: 13256: 13254: 13251: 13250: 13249: 13246: 13244: 13241: 13237: 13234: 13233: 13232: 13231:Pathogenicity 13229: 13225: 13222: 13221: 13220: 13217: 13215: 13212: 13210: 13207: 13206: 13204: 13202: 13198: 13195: 13191: 13186: 13182: 13174: 13169: 13167: 13162: 13160: 13155: 13154: 13151: 13139: 13138: 13133: 13129: 13127: 13122: 13117: 13115: 13114: 13105: 13103: 13102: 13093: 13092: 13089: 13083: 13080: 13078: 13077:Human science 13075: 13073: 13072: 13068: 13066: 13063: 13062: 13060: 13056: 13050: 13047: 13046: 13044: 13040: 13034: 13033:Vegan studies 13031: 13029: 13026: 13022: 13019: 13017: 13014: 13013: 13012: 13009: 13007: 13004: 13002: 12999: 12997: 12996:Public health 12994: 12992: 12989: 12987: 12984: 12982: 12979: 12975: 12972: 12970: 12967: 12965: 12962: 12961: 12959: 12955: 12952: 12950: 12947: 12945: 12942: 12940: 12937: 12935: 12932: 12931: 12930:Philosophies 12929: 12927: 12926:Media studies 12924: 12922: 12919: 12917: 12914: 12912: 12909: 12907: 12904: 12902: 12901:Human ecology 12899: 12897: 12894: 12892: 12889: 12887: 12884: 12882: 12879: 12877: 12874: 12870: 12867: 12865: 12862: 12861: 12859: 12857: 12854: 12852: 12849: 12847: 12844: 12842: 12839: 12837: 12834: 12832: 12829: 12827: 12824: 12822: 12819: 12817: 12814: 12812: 12811:Anthrozoology 12809: 12805: 12802: 12800: 12797: 12796: 12794: 12793: 12791: 12787: 12779: 12776: 12774: 12771: 12769: 12766: 12764: 12761: 12759: 12756: 12755: 12754: 12751: 12747: 12744: 12742: 12739: 12737: 12736:developmental 12734: 12732: 12729: 12727: 12724: 12723: 12722: 12719: 12715: 12712: 12710: 12709:public policy 12707: 12705: 12702: 12700: 12697: 12695: 12692: 12691: 12690: 12687: 12683: 12680: 12679: 12678: 12675: 12671: 12668: 12666: 12663: 12661: 12660:legal systems 12658: 12656: 12655:legal history 12653: 12651: 12650:jurisprudence 12648: 12647: 12646: 12643: 12639: 12636: 12634: 12631: 12629: 12626: 12624: 12621: 12619: 12616: 12614: 12611: 12609: 12606: 12605: 12604: 12601: 12597: 12594: 12592: 12589: 12587: 12584: 12582: 12579: 12578: 12577: 12574: 12570: 12567: 12565: 12562: 12560: 12557: 12555: 12552: 12551: 12550: 12547: 12543: 12540: 12538: 12535: 12533: 12530: 12528: 12525: 12524: 12523: 12520: 12519: 12517: 12513: 12507: 12504: 12502: 12499: 12497: 12494: 12493: 12490: 12486: 12479: 12474: 12472: 12467: 12465: 12460: 12459: 12456: 12444: 12443: 12434: 12430: 12429:Organizations 12427: 12425: 12422: 12420: 12417: 12416: 12415: 12414: 12405: 12404: 12401: 12395: 12392: 12390: 12387: 12385: 12382: 12380: 12377: 12375: 12372: 12370: 12367: 12365: 12362: 12360: 12357: 12355: 12352: 12350: 12349:Public health 12347: 12345: 12342: 12340: 12337: 12335: 12332: 12330: 12327: 12325: 12322: 12320: 12317: 12315: 12312: 12310: 12307: 12305: 12302: 12300: 12297: 12295: 12292: 12290: 12287: 12285: 12282: 12280: 12277: 12275: 12272: 12270: 12267: 12265: 12262: 12261: 12259: 12255: 12249: 12246: 12243: 12242:United States 12239: 12236: 12233: 12232:United States 12229: 12226: 12224: 12221: 12219: 12216: 12215: 12213: 12209: 12203: 12200: 12198: 12195: 12193: 12190: 12188: 12185: 12183: 12180: 12178: 12175: 12173: 12170: 12168: 12165: 12163: 12160: 12156: 12153: 12151: 12148: 12146: 12143: 12141: 12138: 12136: 12133: 12132: 12131: 12128: 12126: 12123: 12121: 12118: 12116: 12113: 12111: 12110:Diving safety 12108: 12106: 12103: 12101: 12098: 12096: 12093: 12092: 12090: 12086: 12080: 12077: 12074: 12071: 12069: 12066: 12064: 12061: 12059: 12056: 12055: 12053: 12049: 12038: 12035: 12033: 12030: 12027: 12024: 12021: 12018: 12015: 12012: 12009: 12006: 12005: 12003: 11999: 11993: 11990: 11988: 11985: 11983: 11980: 11979: 11977: 11975:International 11973: 11970: 11968:organizations 11965: 11961: 11955: 11952: 11950: 11947: 11945: 11942: 11940: 11937: 11935: 11932: 11930: 11927: 11925: 11922: 11921: 11919: 11915: 11909: 11906: 11904: 11901: 11899: 11896: 11894: 11891: 11889: 11886: 11884: 11881: 11879: 11876: 11872: 11869: 11867: 11864: 11862: 11859: 11857: 11854: 11853: 11852: 11849: 11848: 11846: 11844: 11841:Occupational 11838: 11832: 11829: 11827: 11824: 11822: 11819: 11817: 11814: 11812: 11811:Sports injury 11809: 11807: 11804: 11802: 11799: 11797: 11794: 11792: 11789: 11787: 11784: 11782: 11779: 11777: 11774: 11772: 11769: 11767: 11764: 11762: 11759: 11757: 11756:Low back pain 11754: 11752: 11749: 11747: 11744: 11742: 11739: 11737: 11734: 11732: 11729: 11727: 11724: 11722: 11719: 11717: 11714: 11712: 11709: 11707: 11706:Farmer's lung 11704: 11702: 11699: 11697: 11694: 11692: 11689: 11687: 11684: 11682: 11679: 11677: 11674: 11672: 11669: 11667: 11664: 11662: 11659: 11657: 11654: 11652: 11649: 11647: 11644: 11642: 11639: 11637: 11634: 11632: 11629: 11627: 11624: 11622: 11619: 11617: 11614: 11612: 11609: 11608: 11606: 11604: 11599: 11596:Occupational 11593: 11589: 11582: 11577: 11575: 11570: 11568: 11563: 11562: 11559: 11547: 11546: 11537: 11535: 11534: 11525: 11523: 11522: 11513: 11512: 11509: 11499: 11496: 11494: 11491: 11489: 11486: 11484: 11481: 11479: 11476: 11474: 11471: 11469: 11468:Joseph Lister 11466: 11464: 11461: 11459: 11456: 11454: 11451: 11450: 11448: 11444: 11436: 11433: 11431: 11428: 11426: 11423: 11421: 11418: 11417: 11415: 11413: 11410: 11409: 11407: 11403: 11396: 11392: 11390: 11387: 11385: 11382: 11378: 11375: 11373: 11370: 11368: 11365: 11363: 11360: 11359: 11357: 11353: 11350: 11348: 11347:Health Canada 11345: 11344: 11342: 11338: 11335: 11334: 11332: 11328: 11325: 11323: 11320: 11319: 11317: 11313: 11310: 11309: 11307: 11303: 11300: 11299: 11297: 11296: 11294: 11292:Organizations 11290: 11287: 11279: 11273: 11270: 11268: 11265: 11263: 11260: 11258: 11255: 11253: 11250: 11248: 11245: 11243: 11240: 11238: 11235: 11233: 11230: 11228: 11225: 11224: 11222: 11216: 11208: 11205: 11203: 11200: 11199: 11198: 11195: 11193: 11190: 11186: 11183: 11181: 11178: 11176: 11173: 11171: 11168: 11166: 11163: 11161: 11158: 11156: 11153: 11152: 11150: 11149: 11147: 11141: 11135: 11132: 11130: 11129:Vaccine trial 11127: 11125: 11122: 11120: 11117: 11115: 11112: 11110: 11107: 11103: 11100: 11099: 11098: 11095: 11091: 11088: 11087: 11086: 11083: 11079: 11076: 11075: 11074: 11071: 11069: 11066: 11065: 11063: 11057: 11051: 11048: 11044: 11042: 11038: 11036: 11034: 11029: 11027: 11024: 11022: 11019: 11017: 11014: 11013: 11012: 11009: 11007: 11006:Relative risk 11004: 11002: 10999: 10997: 10994: 10993: 10991: 10985: 10979: 10976: 10972: 10969: 10967: 10966:Health equity 10964: 10962: 10959: 10958: 10957: 10954: 10952: 10949: 10947: 10944: 10942: 10939: 10937: 10934: 10932: 10931:Health system 10929: 10927: 10924: 10922: 10921:Global health 10919: 10917: 10914: 10912: 10909: 10907: 10904: 10902: 10901:Biostatistics 10899: 10898: 10896: 10894: 10890: 10884: 10881: 10879: 10876: 10874: 10871: 10869: 10866: 10862: 10859: 10857: 10854: 10852: 10849: 10847: 10844: 10842: 10839: 10837: 10834: 10833: 10832: 10829: 10827: 10824: 10822: 10819: 10815: 10812: 10811: 10810: 10807: 10803: 10800: 10798: 10795: 10793: 10790: 10788: 10785: 10783: 10780: 10778: 10775: 10774: 10773: 10770: 10766: 10763: 10761: 10758: 10756: 10753: 10751: 10748: 10747: 10746: 10743: 10739: 10736: 10734: 10731: 10730: 10729: 10726: 10724: 10721: 10719: 10716: 10712: 10709: 10708: 10707: 10704: 10703: 10701: 10699: 10695: 10689: 10686: 10684: 10681: 10679: 10676: 10674: 10671: 10669: 10666: 10664: 10661: 10659: 10656: 10654: 10651: 10649: 10646: 10644: 10643:Right to food 10641: 10639: 10636: 10634: 10631: 10629: 10626: 10622: 10619: 10617: 10614: 10612: 10609: 10607: 10604: 10602: 10599: 10598: 10597: 10594: 10592: 10589: 10587: 10584: 10581: 10577: 10576:Mental health 10574: 10572: 10569: 10567: 10564: 10562: 10559: 10557: 10554: 10552: 10549: 10545: 10542: 10540: 10537: 10536: 10535: 10532: 10530: 10527: 10525: 10524:Housing First 10522: 10518: 10515: 10513: 10512:Health system 10510: 10509: 10508: 10507:Health policy 10505: 10503: 10500: 10498: 10495: 10493: 10490: 10488: 10485: 10483: 10480: 10478: 10475: 10471: 10468: 10466: 10463: 10462: 10461: 10458: 10456: 10453: 10451: 10448: 10446: 10443: 10441: 10438: 10436: 10433: 10431: 10428: 10427: 10425: 10421: 10417: 10416:Public health 10410: 10405: 10403: 10398: 10396: 10391: 10390: 10387: 10379:from Wikidata 10378: 10377: 10365: 10361: 10360: 10348: 10344: 10343: 10331: 10327: 10326: 10314: 10310: 10309: 10297: 10293: 10292: 10280: 10276: 10275: 10263: 10262: 10259: 10253: 10252:Public health 10245: 10240: 10235: 10233: 10228: 10223: 10221: 10216: 10211: 10209: 10199: 10197: 10192: 10187: 10185: 10180: 10175: 10173: 10163: 10162: 10159: 10152: 10151: 10144: 10123: 10119: 10113: 10102: 10101: 10093: 10078:. 7 June 2021 10077: 10074: 10068: 10053: 10049: 10043: 10035: 10031: 10027: 10023: 10019: 10015: 10011: 10007: 10000: 9985: 9981: 9974: 9959:. 2 June 2020 9958: 9954: 9948: 9940: 9936: 9932: 9926: 9922: 9918: 9914: 9907: 9899: 9895: 9891: 9887: 9882: 9877: 9873: 9869: 9865: 9861: 9857: 9850: 9842: 9838: 9833: 9828: 9824: 9820: 9816: 9812: 9808: 9801: 9799: 9790: 9786: 9781: 9776: 9772: 9768: 9764: 9757: 9749: 9742: 9734: 9727: 9719: 9715: 9708: 9700: 9696: 9692: 9688: 9684: 9680: 9673: 9665: 9664: 9656: 9648: 9641: 9633: 9626: 9618: 9612: 9608: 9604: 9600: 9593: 9585: 9578: 9571: 9565: 9557: 9553: 9549: 9545: 9538: 9530: 9523: 9515: 9508: 9500: 9499: 9491: 9473: 9467: 9459: 9455: 9451: 9447: 9443: 9439: 9435: 9431: 9424: 9422: 9420: 9404: 9400: 9394: 9386: 9385: 9377: 9369: 9368: 9360: 9345: 9341: 9335: 9320: 9316: 9312: 9308: 9302: 9286: 9279: 9271: 9267: 9260: 9252: 9248: 9243: 9238: 9234: 9230: 9226: 9222: 9218: 9211: 9203: 9199: 9194: 9189: 9185: 9181: 9177: 9170: 9162: 9158: 9152: 9144: 9140: 9135: 9130: 9126: 9122: 9118: 9114: 9110: 9103: 9095: 9091: 9085: 9077: 9071: 9067: 9060: 9052: 9048: 9041: 9033: 9029: 9024: 9019: 9015: 9011: 9007: 9000: 8992: 8988: 8984: 8980: 8975: 8970: 8966: 8962: 8958: 8951: 8935: 8931: 8925: 8910: 8906: 8899: 8884: 8880: 8873: 8854: 8850: 8843: 8837: 8829: 8823: 8819: 8818: 8810: 8802: 8798: 8794: 8790: 8786: 8782: 8775: 8767: 8760: 8753: 8747: 8739: 8735: 8731: 8729:9780300132885 8725: 8721: 8720: 8712: 8704: 8697: 8689: 8683: 8679: 8672: 8664: 8658: 8654: 8653: 8645: 8637: 8633: 8628: 8623: 8619: 8615: 8611: 8607: 8603: 8596: 8588: 8582: 8578: 8571: 8569: 8567: 8565: 8553: 8546: 8545: 8539:reprinted in 8533: 8525: 8521: 8516: 8511: 8507: 8503: 8499: 8495: 8491: 8484: 8476: 8472: 8467: 8462: 8457: 8452: 8448: 8444: 8440: 8436: 8432: 8425: 8418: 8412: 8404: 8397: 8391: 8389: 8387: 8378: 8372: 8368: 8361: 8353: 8346: 8344: 8342: 8333: 8327: 8323: 8316: 8300: 8296: 8289: 8281: 8275: 8271: 8270: 8262: 8254: 8252:1-59448-925-4 8248: 8244: 8240: 8238: 8237:The Ghost Map 8233: 8227: 8219: 8217:0-19-513544-X 8213: 8209: 8205: 8198: 8187: 8183: 8179: 8175: 8171: 8167: 8163: 8156: 8149: 8141: 8137: 8133: 8129: 8125: 8121: 8117: 8110: 8095: 8091: 8085: 8078: 8072: 8064: 8062:9781580465274 8058: 8054: 8047: 8032: 8026: 8018: 8016:9781580460361 8012: 8008: 8001: 7992: 7991: 7983: 7967: 7963: 7962:excerpt from 7959: 7952: 7933: 7929: 7925: 7921: 7917: 7913: 7909: 7902: 7895: 7893: 7884: 7878: 7874: 7873: 7868: 7862: 7854: 7848: 7844: 7843: 7835: 7827: 7821: 7817: 7816: 7808: 7800: 7796: 7791: 7786: 7782: 7778: 7774: 7770: 7766: 7759: 7751: 7747: 7743: 7739: 7738: 7730: 7722: 7716: 7712: 7705: 7697: 7690: 7688: 7686: 7677: 7673: 7669: 7663: 7659: 7652: 7644: 7640: 7636: 7630: 7626: 7619: 7611: 7607: 7603: 7601:0-520-02341-2 7597: 7592: 7591: 7582: 7574: 7570: 7565: 7560: 7556: 7552: 7548: 7544: 7540: 7533: 7525: 7521: 7517: 7511: 7507: 7500: 7491: 7486: 7481: 7476: 7473:(246): 3–33. 7472: 7468: 7461: 7453: 7449: 7446:(4): 508–25. 7445: 7441: 7434: 7426: 7422: 7418: 7412: 7409:. Routledge. 7408: 7401: 7393: 7389: 7385: 7381: 7377: 7373: 7366: 7358: 7354: 7347: 7339: 7332: 7324: 7320: 7316: 7309: 7301: 7294: 7286: 7279: 7271: 7267: 7263: 7261:0-521-03474-4 7257: 7253: 7246: 7238: 7234: 7230: 7224: 7220: 7213: 7205: 7201: 7197: 7191: 7187: 7180: 7172: 7165: 7157: 7150: 7142: 7138: 7134: 7130: 7126: 7122: 7118: 7111: 7103: 7099: 7095: 7091: 7088:(3): 369–89. 7087: 7083: 7076: 7069:(2): 475–489. 7068: 7064: 7057: 7049: 7045: 7040: 7035: 7032:(1): 82–105. 7031: 7027: 7026:Urban History 7023: 7016: 7008: 7004: 7000: 6996: 6989: 6981: 6977: 6973: 6971:0-19-820431-0 6967: 6963: 6956: 6948: 6944: 6939: 6934: 6929: 6924: 6920: 6916: 6912: 6905: 6897: 6890: 6882: 6878: 6871: 6863: 6859: 6855: 6848: 6840: 6836: 6829: 6821: 6817: 6813: 6809: 6808:Ibn Riḍwān 'A 6803: 6795: 6791: 6787: 6781: 6777: 6770: 6762: 6758: 6754: 6750: 6746: 6739: 6731: 6727: 6723: 6717: 6713: 6709: 6705: 6698: 6690: 6686: 6682: 6676: 6672: 6665: 6657: 6653: 6649: 6643: 6639: 6632: 6624: 6620: 6616: 6610: 6606: 6599: 6591: 6587: 6583: 6577: 6573: 6566: 6558: 6552: 6548: 6541: 6533: 6529: 6524: 6519: 6515: 6511: 6507: 6500: 6492: 6488: 6481: 6473: 6469: 6462: 6447: 6443: 6437: 6422:. 25 May 2020 6421: 6417: 6411: 6403: 6397: 6393: 6386: 6378: 6374: 6370: 6364: 6360: 6353: 6345: 6338: 6322: 6318: 6314: 6308: 6292: 6288: 6284: 6278: 6262: 6258: 6254: 6248: 6246: 6229: 6225: 6221: 6215: 6207: 6200: 6193: 6191: 6182: 6178: 6174: 6168: 6160: 6156: 6152: 6148: 6144: 6140: 6133: 6131: 6129: 6127: 6118: 6114: 6110: 6106: 6102: 6098: 6091: 6083: 6079: 6074: 6069: 6065: 6061: 6057: 6053: 6049: 6042: 6040: 6038: 6036: 6034: 6032: 6023: 6019: 6015: 6011: 6004: 5996: 5992: 5988: 5984: 5980: 5976: 5972: 5968: 5961: 5953: 5946: 5931: 5927: 5921: 5913: 5909: 5905: 5898: 5890: 5888:9789241563970 5884: 5880: 5879: 5872: 5857: 5853: 5847: 5831: 5827: 5821: 5806: 5802: 5796: 5789: 5787: 5780: 5772: 5768: 5763: 5758: 5753: 5748: 5744: 5740: 5736: 5729: 5714: 5710: 5703: 5695: 5691: 5687: 5680: 5672: 5668: 5664: 5657: 5649: 5645: 5641: 5635: 5631: 5624: 5616: 5612: 5608: 5601: 5593: 5589: 5584: 5579: 5575: 5571: 5567: 5563: 5559: 5552: 5544: 5538: 5534: 5530: 5526: 5519: 5511: 5507: 5503: 5499: 5495: 5491: 5487: 5483: 5476: 5460: 5456: 5450: 5443: 5442: 5435: 5428: 5427: 5420: 5404: 5399: 5395: 5391: 5384: 5382: 5380: 5371: 5367: 5362: 5357: 5353: 5349: 5345: 5341: 5337: 5330: 5322: 5316: 5308: 5302: 5298: 5297: 5289: 5274: 5270: 5263: 5248: 5244: 5238: 5222: 5218: 5214: 5208: 5197: 5193: 5186: 5180: 5164: 5160: 5156: 5150: 5142: 5138: 5133: 5128: 5123: 5118: 5114: 5110: 5106: 5099: 5084: 5080: 5076: 5072: 5066: 5058: 5054: 5050: 5046: 5042: 5038: 5034: 5030: 5023: 5015: 5011: 5006: 5001: 4997: 4993: 4989: 4985: 4981: 4974: 4966: 4965:NIHR Evidence 4962: 4956: 4954: 4938: 4934: 4928: 4921: 4919: 4912: 4904: 4900: 4896: 4892: 4888: 4884: 4880: 4876: 4869: 4862: 4860: 4853: 4837: 4831: 4829: 4812: 4807: 4803: 4799: 4795: 4791: 4784: 4776: 4770: 4766: 4765: 4757: 4749: 4743: 4740:. Routledge. 4739: 4738: 4730: 4722: 4716: 4712: 4711: 4703: 4701: 4692: 4686: 4683:. Routledge. 4682: 4681: 4673: 4665: 4661: 4657: 4651: 4647: 4640: 4638: 4636: 4634: 4632: 4630: 4628: 4619: 4615: 4610: 4605: 4601: 4597: 4593: 4589: 4585: 4581: 4580:Annals of GIS 4577: 4570: 4563: 4559: 4556: 4555: 4548: 4533: 4529: 4522: 4514: 4510: 4506: 4499: 4484: 4480: 4474: 4459: 4455: 4448: 4440: 4436: 4432: 4426: 4422: 4421: 4413: 4411: 4409: 4407: 4398: 4394: 4389: 4384: 4380: 4376: 4372: 4365: 4363: 4361: 4359: 4357: 4340: 4336: 4330: 4322: 4318: 4314: 4310: 4305: 4300: 4296: 4292: 4287: 4282: 4278: 4274: 4270: 4263: 4255: 4251: 4246: 4241: 4237: 4233: 4229: 4225: 4221: 4214: 4206: 4202: 4198: 4192: 4188: 4181: 4179: 4177: 4175: 4173: 4171: 4169: 4160: 4154: 4150: 4143: 4141: 4132: 4128: 4124: 4118: 4114: 4107: 4105: 4088: 4082: 4074: 4070: 4065: 4060: 4056: 4052: 4048: 4044: 4040: 4033: 4031: 4029: 4020: 4016: 4012: 4008: 4001: 3999: 3989: 3984: 3980: 3976: 3972: 3968: 3964: 3960: 3956: 3949: 3947: 3938: 3933: 3931: 3914: 3910: 3904: 3902: 3893: 3889: 3885: 3881: 3877: 3873: 3869: 3865: 3861: 3857: 3851: 3849: 3840: 3836: 3832: 3828: 3823: 3818: 3814: 3810: 3806: 3799: 3795: 3784: 3781: 3779: 3776: 3774: 3771: 3769: 3766: 3764: 3761: 3759: 3756: 3754: 3753:Health system 3751: 3749: 3748:Health policy 3746: 3744: 3743:Health equity 3741: 3739: 3736: 3734: 3731: 3729: 3728:Global health 3726: 3725: 3718: 3716: 3712: 3707: 3703: 3694: 3690: 3686: 3682: 3680: 3676: 3672: 3668: 3664: 3659: 3651: 3644: 3636:United States 3630: 3626: 3622: 3618: 3615: 3607: 3592: 3587: 3580: 3569: 3562: 3557: 3548: 3539: 3537: 3533: 3529: 3525: 3521: 3511: 3509: 3505: 3488: 3487:United States 3485: 3483: 3480: 3478: 3475: 3473: 3470: 3468: 3465: 3463: 3460: 3457: 3448: 3443: 3441: 3436: 3434: 3429: 3428: 3425: 3413: 3409: 3405: 3402: 3399: 3395: 3392: 3389: 3385: 3382: 3379: 3375: 3372: 3369: 3365: 3361: 3357: 3354: 3351: 3348: 3345: 3342: 3339: 3335: 3332: 3329: 3328:Louis Pasteur 3326: 3323: 3319: 3315: 3311: 3308: 3305: 3302: 3299: 3296: 3293: 3289: 3286: 3283: 3279: 3275: 3274:Edward Jenner 3272: 3269: 3266: 3265: 3259: 3257: 3253: 3249: 3245: 3241: 3236: 3233: 3229: 3225: 3221: 3216: 3214: 3210: 3206: 3203:(MPH) or the 3202: 3194: 3190: 3185: 3180: 3170: 3168: 3164: 3158: 3156: 3152: 3147: 3144:in 1915. The 3143: 3139: 3135: 3131: 3127: 3123: 3119: 3114: 3111: 3107: 3103: 3102:William Welch 3099: 3095: 3094:United States 3085: 3083: 3079: 3074: 3072: 3068: 3064: 3060: 3056: 3055:health policy 3052: 3048: 3044: 3043:biostatistics 3040: 3024: 3022: 3019:identified a 3018: 3017:Carlos Chagas 3014: 3010: 3009:James Carroll 3006: 3002: 2998: 2994: 2990: 2986: 2982: 2979:to eliminate 2978: 2975: 2971: 2967: 2966:Joseph Lister 2963: 2959: 2955: 2951: 2947: 2943: 2942:Louis Pasteur 2939: 2931: 2927: 2918: 2916: 2911: 2907: 2903: 2898: 2896: 2892: 2888: 2884: 2883:miasma theory 2880: 2876: 2872: 2868: 2860: 2856: 2851: 2842: 2840: 2836: 2832: 2829:, German for 2828: 2824: 2820: 2815: 2813: 2812:New York City 2805: 2801: 2796: 2787: 2784: 2780: 2775: 2773: 2769: 2765: 2761: 2757: 2753: 2749: 2744: 2742: 2737: 2736:(1858–1875). 2735: 2731: 2727: 2723: 2719: 2715: 2712: 2708: 2703: 2701: 2697: 2693: 2689: 2683: 2681: 2677: 2673: 2669: 2665: 2661: 2657: 2653: 2645: 2640: 2631: 2629: 2625: 2622: 2618: 2614: 2610: 2606: 2602: 2598: 2594: 2590: 2589:Edward Jenner 2586: 2581: 2579: 2575: 2571: 2567: 2563: 2559: 2556: 2552: 2548: 2544: 2540: 2536: 2532: 2529:. This rapid 2528: 2524: 2520: 2516: 2506: 2503: 2499: 2495: 2490: 2486: 2482: 2478: 2474: 2470: 2466: 2461: 2459: 2455: 2451: 2446: 2445:Neighborhoods 2442: 2437: 2433: 2429: 2425: 2421: 2417: 2413: 2409: 2405: 2401: 2397: 2393: 2389: 2385: 2380: 2378: 2374: 2370: 2366: 2362: 2358: 2354: 2350: 2347: 2343: 2339: 2335: 2331: 2327: 2322: 2320: 2316: 2311: 2307: 2303: 2302:architectural 2299: 2295: 2292:and nonhuman 2291: 2287: 2283: 2279: 2275: 2271: 2267: 2263: 2255: 2250: 2246: 2244: 2240: 2236: 2232: 2228: 2224: 2220: 2216: 2212: 2208: 2204: 2200: 2195: 2193: 2189: 2185: 2184:immunological 2182:, especially 2181: 2180:bioindicators 2176: 2175:philosophical 2172: 2168: 2164: 2156: 2151: 2141: 2131: 2129: 2125: 2121: 2117: 2113: 2112:food security 2110:, hunger and 2109: 2105: 2101: 2097: 2093: 2087: 2077: 2074: 2070: 2065: 2063: 2059: 2055: 2051: 2041: 2039: 2034: 2032: 2028: 2024: 2020: 2016: 2012: 2007: 2006:globalization 2002: 1995: 1991: 1987: 1986:Guinea-Bissau 1982: 1977: 1973: 1963: 1960: 1956: 1952: 1947: 1944: 1940: 1936: 1932: 1928: 1924: 1919: 1917: 1913: 1909: 1905: 1901: 1897: 1893: 1888: 1884: 1876: 1872: 1867: 1863: 1860: 1856: 1852: 1848: 1844: 1840: 1827: 1822: 1813: 1811: 1807: 1803: 1802:global health 1798: 1796: 1790: 1787: 1782: 1778: 1774: 1770: 1766: 1762: 1749: 1746: 1743: 1740: 1737: 1733: 1731: 1727: 1726: 1725: 1716: 1713: 1709: 1705: 1701: 1696: 1692: 1688: 1687:carbohydrates 1684: 1680: 1676: 1672: 1671:reward system 1668: 1662: 1654: 1650: 1646: 1642: 1638: 1637:Economic cost 1634: 1631:" found that 1630: 1626: 1621: 1609: 1606: 1605:health policy 1602: 1599: 1596: 1592: 1591: 1590: 1584: 1581: 1577: 1574: 1571: 1570:dissemination 1567: 1563: 1560: 1559: 1558: 1552: 1547: 1543: 1541: 1537: 1533: 1529: 1524: 1514: 1512: 1508: 1504: 1500: 1496: 1492: 1491:United States 1487: 1479: 1477: 1473: 1469: 1468:food security 1465: 1461: 1457: 1453: 1449: 1445: 1441: 1437: 1433: 1432:Ebola vaccine 1429: 1425: 1421: 1416: 1412: 1400:Organizations 1397: 1393: 1391: 1387: 1383: 1379: 1378:active travel 1375: 1371: 1367: 1363: 1359: 1355: 1350: 1347: 1343: 1339: 1335: 1334: 1327: 1325: 1321: 1317: 1313: 1309: 1305: 1301: 1297: 1292: 1290: 1286: 1282: 1278: 1274: 1269: 1267: 1263: 1262:heart disease 1259: 1255: 1251: 1247: 1240: 1235: 1226: 1224: 1220: 1216: 1212: 1208: 1205:(for example 1204: 1195: 1191: 1186: 1172: 1169: 1165: 1160: 1158: 1154: 1150: 1145: 1142: 1138: 1134: 1133:deontological 1130: 1126: 1123: 1119: 1115: 1106: 1097: 1095: 1090: 1088: 1084: 1080: 1076: 1072: 1068: 1067:tertiary care 1064: 1059: 1057: 1053: 1049: 1045: 1041: 1037: 1033: 1028: 1026: 1022: 1018: 1014: 1010: 1002: 1001:polio vaccine 997: 988: 986: 982: 978: 975:, increasing 974: 970: 966: 962: 958: 957:breastfeeding 954: 949: 947: 946:veterinarians 943: 939: 935: 931: 927: 926:data managers 923: 919: 915: 911: 907: 903: 899: 895: 891: 887: 883: 878: 876: 872: 871:gender issues 868: 864: 860: 856: 852: 851:mental health 848: 847:public policy 844: 840: 836: 832: 828: 824: 820: 819:biostatistics 816: 812: 802: 800: 796: 792: 788: 778: 776: 772: 768: 764: 760: 757: 756:health equity 753: 748: 746: 742: 738: 734: 729: 727: 723: 719: 715: 711: 710:global health 703: 702:global health 699: 694: 688:Related terms 685: 683: 679: 675: 674:psychological 671: 667: 663: 659: 655: 654:organizations 651: 647: 643: 635: 630: 621: 619: 615: 611: 607: 603: 599: 595: 591: 587: 583: 578: 575: 571: 567: 563: 559: 555: 550: 548: 544: 540: 537:, increasing 536: 532: 528: 524: 520: 516: 512: 511:breastfeeding 508: 504: 500: 497:of cases and 496: 492: 488: 487:tertiary care 484: 480: 476: 475:gender issues 472: 468: 464: 460: 456: 452: 451:mental health 448: 447:public policy 444: 440: 436: 432: 428: 424: 420: 416: 415:biostatistics 412: 408: 403: 401: 397: 396:psychological 393: 389: 385: 381: 377: 372: 371:Public health 361: 356: 354: 349: 347: 342: 341: 339: 338: 333: 328: 323: 321: 311: 310: 309: 308: 301: 298: 296: 293: 291: 288: 287: 284: 280: 275: 274: 267: 264: 261: 257: 254: 252: 249: 248: 242: 241: 233: 229: 228:Global health 225: 223: 220: 218: 215: 213: 210: 208: 205: 203: 202:Mental health 200: 198: 195: 193: 192:Health policy 190: 188: 185: 183: 180: 178: 175: 173: 170: 168: 165: 163: 160: 158: 155: 154: 148: 147: 141: 138: 137: 135: 134: 130: 126: 125: 122: 121:Public health 119: 118: 114: 110: 109: 101: 97: 94:in Germany), 93: 89: 85: 75: 66: 55: 46: 37: 33: 19: 14906:Primary care 14583: 14567:Notification 14538:Hand washing 14533:Food hygiene 14518:Disinfection 14414:Immunization 14365:Anthelmintic 14353:prophylactic 14241:Respiratory 14165:Hyperendemic 14115:WAIFW matrix 13770:Environment- 13523:Transmission 13499:Urbanization 13297:Host tropism 13193:Determinants 13179:Concepts in 13135: 13111: 13099: 13069: 12995: 12876:Food studies 12816:Area studies 12569:mathematical 12564:econometrics 12522:Anthropology 12440: 12411: 12348: 12238:Right to sit 12228:Potty parity 11821:Tennis elbow 11816:Surfer's ear 11761:Mesothelioma 11731:Hearing loss 11543: 11531: 11519: 11488:Radium Girls 11483:Typhoid Mary 11170:Microbiology 11040: 11032: 10916:Epidemiology 10814:Organization 10765:Oral hygiene 10755:Hand washing 10733:Healthy diet 10663:Right to sit 10556:Labor rights 10415: 10374: 10357: 10340: 10323: 10306: 10294:from Commons 10289: 10272: 10251: 10148: 10126:. Retrieved 10124:. 7 May 2021 10121: 10112: 10099: 10092: 10080:. Retrieved 10075: 10067: 10055:. Retrieved 10051: 10042: 10009: 10005: 9999: 9987:. Retrieved 9983: 9973: 9961:. Retrieved 9956: 9947: 9912: 9906: 9863: 9859: 9849: 9817:(1): 56–57. 9814: 9810: 9770: 9766: 9756: 9747: 9741: 9732: 9726: 9717: 9713: 9707: 9682: 9678: 9672: 9662: 9655: 9646: 9640: 9631: 9625: 9598: 9592: 9583: 9577: 9569: 9564: 9547: 9543: 9537: 9528: 9522: 9513: 9507: 9497: 9490: 9478:. Retrieved 9466: 9436:(1): 79–92. 9433: 9429: 9406:. Retrieved 9402: 9393: 9383: 9376: 9366: 9359: 9347:. Retrieved 9343: 9334: 9324:23 September 9322:. Retrieved 9310: 9301: 9289:. Retrieved 9278: 9269: 9265: 9259: 9227:(1): 36–44. 9224: 9220: 9210: 9183: 9179: 9169: 9161:history.info 9160: 9151: 9116: 9112: 9102: 9093: 9084: 9065: 9059: 9050: 9046: 9040: 9013: 9010:Epidemiology 9009: 8999: 8967:(3): 67–69. 8964: 8960: 8950: 8938:. Retrieved 8933: 8924: 8912:. Retrieved 8908: 8898: 8886:. Retrieved 8882: 8872: 8860:. Retrieved 8853:the original 8836: 8816: 8809: 8784: 8780: 8774: 8765: 8759: 8751: 8746: 8718: 8711: 8702: 8696: 8677: 8671: 8651: 8644: 8609: 8605: 8595: 8576: 8552:the original 8543: 8532: 8497: 8493: 8483: 8438: 8434: 8424: 8411: 8402: 8366: 8360: 8351: 8321: 8315: 8303:. Retrieved 8299:the original 8288: 8268: 8261: 8235: 8226: 8203: 8197: 8165: 8161: 8148: 8123: 8119: 8109: 8097:. Retrieved 8093: 8084: 8076: 8071: 8052: 8046: 8034:. Retrieved 8025: 8006: 8000: 7989: 7982: 7970:. Retrieved 7965: 7961: 7951: 7939:. Retrieved 7932:the original 7911: 7907: 7871: 7861: 7841: 7834: 7814: 7807: 7772: 7768: 7758: 7741: 7735: 7729: 7710: 7704: 7657: 7651: 7624: 7618: 7589: 7581: 7546: 7542: 7532: 7505: 7499: 7470: 7460: 7443: 7439: 7433: 7406: 7400: 7378:(2): 531–7. 7375: 7371: 7365: 7356: 7352: 7346: 7337: 7331: 7322: 7318: 7308: 7299: 7293: 7284: 7278: 7251: 7245: 7218: 7212: 7185: 7179: 7170: 7164: 7155: 7149: 7124: 7120: 7110: 7085: 7081: 7075: 7066: 7062: 7056: 7029: 7025: 7015: 6998: 6994: 6988: 6961: 6955: 6921:(1): 44–60. 6918: 6914: 6904: 6895: 6889: 6880: 6876: 6870: 6861: 6857: 6853: 6847: 6838: 6834: 6828: 6811: 6802: 6775: 6769: 6752: 6748: 6744: 6738: 6703: 6697: 6670: 6664: 6637: 6631: 6604: 6598: 6571: 6565: 6546: 6540: 6513: 6509: 6499: 6490: 6486: 6480: 6471: 6467: 6461: 6450:, retrieved 6445: 6436: 6424:. Retrieved 6419: 6410: 6391: 6385: 6358: 6352: 6343: 6337: 6325:. Retrieved 6321:the original 6316: 6307: 6295:. Retrieved 6286: 6277: 6265:. Retrieved 6256: 6232:. 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rate 13219:Infectivity 13137:Wikiversity 13028:Social work 12916:Linguistics 12841:Criminology 12758:criminology 12741:personality 12699:comparative 12677:Linguistics 12670:private law 12527:archaeology 12274:Drug policy 12211:Legislation 11917:Professions 11741:Indium lung 11636:Brucellosis 11631:Berylliosis 11545:WikiProject 11285:and history 11165:Engineering 10878:Vaccination 10750:Food safety 10274:Definitions 9685:(1): 1–40. 9550:(1): 4–22. 9291:7 September 8036:17 December 6755:: 201–214. 6327:25 November 6297:25 November 6267:25 November 6234:25 November 6145:: 759–765. 5247:www.who.int 4937:www.who.int 4817:17 December 4811:10419/67297 4586:(1): 1–12. 3738:Health care 3715:common good 3356:Nora Wattie 3334:Robert Koch 3318:Great Stink 3268:John Graunt 3211:(DrPH) and 3193:Anglosphere 3005:Walter Reed 2954:Ronald Ross 2946:Robert Koch 2879:germ theory 2688:engineering 2664:Neil Arnott 2585:vaccination 2481:Black Death 2458:processions 2408:Road master 2351:across the 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12532:cultural 12424:Journals 12413:Category 12339:Overwork 12257:See also 12010:(Canada) 12001:National 11964:Agencies 11826:Tinnitus 11696:Erethism 11603:injuries 11598:diseases 11521:Category 11220:sciences 11155:Additive 10826:Safe sex 10797:Medicine 10711:Theories 10482:Genomics 10460:Eugenics 10450:Deviance 10430:Auxology 10244:COVID-19 10232:Cannabis 10172:Medicine 10026:34979071 9939:24830052 9890:33764801 9841:26562115 9789:29346058 9699:21162337 9458:42129995 9450:10081239 9251:11772756 9202:25494050 9143:24516751 9032:18552594 8862:30 March 8636:10800418 8524:23969636 8475:35507632 8435:PLOS ONE 8234:(2006). 8186:Archived 8182:15282346 7928:11622856 7869:(1952). 7867:Finer SE 7573:27303653 7392:21674275 7141:18831288 7102:16540700 7007:43777964 6947:30556517 6883:: 53–82. 6858:in Galen 6468:Nagarjun 6291:Archived 6283:"Health" 6261:Archived 6228:Archived 6082:24756557 5987:36692395 5930:Statista 5912:54966941 5771:33756152 5592:29995303 5510:21969020 5502:26702114 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Craft 2414:through 2404:muhtasib 2282:climates 2254:smallpox 2231:Americas 2215:Buddhism 2071:and the 1892:maternal 1873:test in 1826:Zimbabwe 1769:safe sex 1582:options; 1566:research 1540:smallpox 1448:COVID-19 1440:HIV/AIDS 1424:smallpox 1300:diabetes 1296:HIV/AIDS 1277:maternal 1275:is poor 1256:such as 1196:, 1993). 1044:pathogen 902:midwives 795:injuries 791:mitigate 714:research 566:maternal 523:outdoors 388:pandemic 295:Journals 14528:Hygiene 14466:booster 14399:Asepsis 14138:Endemic 14133:Cluster 13717:Source 13652:Biofilm 13489:Poverty 13459:Ecology 13437:El Niño 13390:Smoking 13268:factors 13209:Biofilm 13185:Outline 13113:Commons 12944:history 12934:science 12869:studies 12603:History 12515:Primary 12501:History 12496:Outline 12442:Commons 12022:(Spain) 12016:(Italy) 11843:hygiene 11641:Burnout 11533:Commons 11446:History 11343:Canada 11318:Europe 10802:Nursing 10782:Hygiene 10745:Hygiene 10470:Liberal 10423:General 10184:Society 10158:Portals 10128:2 March 10082:2 March 10057:2 March 9989:2 March 9963:2 March 9881:9890672 9832:4695931 9714:Dynamis 9556:6991034 9408:9 April 9399:"Ghana" 9272:: 1297. 9242:1470556 9134:3916274 8801:3349628 8627:1446218 8515:5586806 8466:9067671 8443:Bibcode 8305:11 July 8140:2525688 7799:5330009 7790:1033606 7564:4899769 7452:6365216 6938:8670759 6532:7011458 6523:1805201 6117:7244686 6073:4777302 5906:. WHO. 5762:8599940 5713:theweek 5583:6329675 5409:2 March 5361:9936257 5132:8744812 5005:6503519 4609:7297184 4588:Bibcode 4321:6919716 4304:9905260 4245:1470434 4073:1983911 4064:1404931 3988:1731924 3872:Bibcode 3864:Science 3839:1126351 3561:malaria 3364:Glasgow 3322:cholera 3155:Harvard 3092:In the 2977:surgery 2970:surgery 2962:malaria 2902:dot map 2875:cholera 2817:During 2711:Liberal 2676:cholera 2578:England 2326:complex 2319:seasons 2298:medical 2294:animals 2278:humoral 2274:Galenic 2256:victims 2171:disease 2134:History 2108:poverty 2017:or the 1988:. Cuba 1916:endemic 1912:malaria 1871:malaria 1851:poverty 1675:alcohol 1633:alcohol 1532:cholera 1511:Atlanta 1452:malaria 1342:obesity 1129:liberal 1083:condoms 991:Methods 981:condoms 781:Purpose 664:. The 650:society 594:complex 590:disease 543:condoms 519:indoors 140:Outline 14736:CRISPR 14688:Zoning 14543:Gloves 13954:Fomite 13788:Routes 13683:Vector 13550:Fomite 13531:Basic 13494:Travel 13374:Gender 12804:public 12746:social 12638:social 12537:social 12125:Hazard 12088:Safety 11621:Asthma 11333:India 11308:China 11180:Safety 10861:Worker 10032: 10024: 9937: 9927: 9896: 9888: 9878: 9839: 9829: 9787: 9697: 9613: 9554: 9480:18 May 9456: 9448: 9349:25 May 9317: 9249: 9239: 9200: 9141: 9131: 9072: 9030: 8989: 8981: 8824: 8799: 8736: 8726: 8684: 8659: 8634: 8624: 8583: 8522: 8512: 8473: 8463: 8373: 8328: 8276: 8249: 8214: 8180: 8138: 8130: 8059: 8013: 7941:8 July 7926: 7879: 7849: 7822: 7797: 7787: 7717: 7674: 7664: 7641: 7631: 7608: 7598: 7571: 7561: 7522: 7512: 7450: 7423: 7413: 7390: 7268: 7258: 7235: 7225: 7202: 7192: 7139: 7100: 7046: 7005: 6978: 6968: 6945: 6935: 6818: 6792: 6782: 6749:Viator 6728: 6718: 6687: 6677: 6654: 6644: 6621: 6611: 6588: 6578: 6553: 6530: 6520: 6398: 6375: 6365: 6157: 6115: 6080: 6070: 5993: 5985: 5935:18 May 5910: 5885: 5810:18 May 5769: 5759: 5692: 5669: 5646: 5636: 5613: 5590: 5580: 5539: 5508: 5500: 5368: 5358: 5303: 5139: 5129: 5088:6 June 5055: 5047: 5029:Lancet 5012: 5002: 4901: 4893: 4875:Lancet 4771: 4744: 4717: 4687: 4662: 4652: 4616: 4606: 4511: 4437: 4427: 4395: 4319: 4311: 4301: 4283: 4273:Lancet 4252: 4242: 4203: 4193: 4155: 4129: 4119: 4071: 4061: 4017: 3985: 3977: 3890: 3837: 3829: 3599:Mexico 3572:France 3522:, the 3498:Canada 3482:Mexico 3462:Brazil 3122:Europe 3118:Canada 3108:, and 2989:plague 2910:Thames 2853:Early 2770:, the 2756:sewers 2601:scurvy 2519:London 2473:floods 2469:famine 2441:lepers 2428:guilds 2424:miasma 2400:zoning 2384:cities 2290:humans 2227:Aztecs 2223:Mayans 2199:Europe 2167:health 2122:, and 2027:UNICEF 1685:, and 1651:, and 1641:Injury 1482:Others 1474:; and 1388:, and 1360:. The 1310:, and 1258:cancer 1190:Somali 1149:health 1100:Ethics 1021:health 944:, and 722:health 676:, and 670:health 666:public 586:health 398:, and 392:health 384:public 376:health 113:series 14808:Other 14316:Fetus 14311:Mouth 14306:Tooth 14301:Blood 14288:Joint 14148:Curve 14018:Other 13965:wound 13963:Open 13933:Feces 13928:Water 13619:Modes 13477:Flood 13201:Agent 12974:urban 12778:urban 12773:rural 12623:human 12586:human 12506:Index 12264:Break 11358:U.S. 11202:HACCP 11151:Food 11043:-test 11035:-test 10621:Light 10606:Water 10325:Texts 10291:Media 10104:(PDF) 10030:S2CID 9894:S2CID 9475:(PDF) 9454:S2CID 8987:S2CID 8856:(PDF) 8845:(PDF) 8797:JSTOR 8555:(PDF) 8548:(PDF) 8399:(PDF) 8189:(PDF) 8158:(PDF) 7935:(PDF) 7904:(PDF) 7003:JSTOR 6997:[ 6726:S2CID 6489:[ 6202:(PDF) 5991:S2CID 5506:S2CID 5199:(PDF) 5188:(PDF) 5053:S2CID 4899:S2CID 4317:S2CID 3835:S2CID 3551:Ghana 3477:India 3467:China 3360:slums 2993:fleas 2605:fruit 2551:slums 2523:Leeds 2450:Islam 2373:royal 2369:diets 2361:monks 2334:Greek 2243:flies 2124:water 2062:polio 1875:Kenya 1536:polio 1523:aging 1444:Ebola 1370:built 1056:water 1023:of a 634:Dhaka 378:of a 279:Lists 100:sewer 14572:list 14493:Non- 14283:Bone 14275:Skin 13959:Soil 13949:Burn 13911:Food 13893:Tick 13555:Host 13315:Burn 13307:Host 13042:List 12075:(US) 12039:(US) 12028:(UK) 11966:and 11601:and 11134:WASH 11090:List 11078:List 10611:Soil 10376:Data 10130:2022 10084:2022 10059:2022 10022:PMID 9991:2022 9965:2022 9935:PMID 9925:ISBN 9886:PMID 9837:PMID 9785:PMID 9695:PMID 9611:ISBN 9552:PMID 9482:2020 9446:PMID 9410:2018 9351:2020 9326:2023 9315:ISSN 9293:2022 9247:PMID 9198:PMID 9139:PMID 9070:ISBN 9028:PMID 8979:ISSN 8942:2024 8916:2024 8890:2024 8864:2011 8822:ISBN 8734:OCLC 8724:ISBN 8682:ISBN 8657:ISBN 8632:PMID 8581:ISBN 8520:PMID 8471:PMID 8371:ISBN 8326:ISBN 8307:2013 8274:ISBN 8247:ISBN 8212:ISBN 8178:PMID 8136:PMID 8128:ISSN 8101:2024 8057:ISBN 8038:2012 8011:ISBN 7974:2009 7943:2013 7924:PMID 7877:ISBN 7847:ISBN 7820:ISBN 7795:PMID 7715:ISBN 7672:OCLC 7662:ISBN 7639:OCLC 7629:ISBN 7606:OCLC 7596:ISBN 7569:PMID 7520:OCLC 7510:ISBN 7448:PMID 7421:OCLC 7411:ISBN 7388:PMID 7266:OCLC 7256:ISBN 7233:OCLC 7223:ISBN 7200:OCLC 7190:ISBN 7137:PMID 7098:PMID 7044:ISSN 6976:OCLC 6966:ISBN 6943:PMID 6835:The 6816:OCLC 6790:OCLC 6780:ISBN 6716:ISBN 6685:OCLC 6675:ISBN 6652:OCLC 6642:ISBN 6619:OCLC 6609:ISBN 6586:OCLC 6576:ISBN 6551:ISBN 6528:PMID 6454:2024 6428:2024 6396:ISBN 6373:OCLC 6363:ISBN 6329:2015 6299:2015 6269:2015 6236:2015 6155:ISSN 6113:PMID 6078:PMID 5983:PMID 5937:2024 5908:OCLC 5883:ISBN 5863:2021 5838:2021 5812:2024 5767:PMID 5720:2024 5690:OCLC 5667:OCLC 5644:OCLC 5634:ISBN 5611:OCLC 5588:PMID 5537:ISBN 5498:PMID 5467:2024 5411:2022 5366:PMID 5344:2012 5301:ISBN 5280:2024 5254:2024 5229:2020 5171:2020 5137:PMID 5090:2023 5045:PMID 5010:PMID 4944:2024 4891:PMID 4844:2011 4819:2012 4769:ISBN 4742:ISBN 4715:ISBN 4685:ISBN 4660:OCLC 4650:ISBN 4614:PMID 4539:2024 4509:OCLC 4490:2024 4483:Kent 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