990:
vary greatly in their quality over small spatial scales. Pairs breeding at those sites of highest quality are more likely to be occupied by a breeding pairs at all population sizes, and more likely to successfully fledge a chick. They first breed at four to nine years old, but most individuals recruit into the breeding population at ages six or seven, although birds may disperse (permanently depart their natal colony) if space is limited. Annual survival probability for birds aged 6–15 is 0.895, and average lifespan is about 20 years. Breeding success increases with age up to age 9–10 to 0.7 fledglings per pair, then declines in the oldest age birds, perhaps indicating
763:
748:
1179:
1841:
107:
1033:
729:
42:
1201:
82:
1232:
1218:
792:
229:
1141:
971:
707:, and back into winter plumage soon after leaving the breeding colonies in July to August. The plumage of first winter birds is the same as the adult winter plumage. However, their moult into first summer plumage occurs later in the year than in adults. First year birds often remain in winter plumage as late as May, and their first summer plumage usually retains some white feathers around the throat.
1080:
1187:
is in close attendance for up to two months. The chicks are able to fly roughly two weeks after fledging. Up until then the male feeds and cares for the chick at sea. In its migration south the chick swims about 1,000 km (600 mi). The female remains at the nest site for up to 36 days after the chick has fledged (average 16 days).
1160:, this means that they carry one fish at time. The fish is held lengthways in the adult's bill, with the fish's tail hanging from the end of the beak. The returning adult will form its wings into a 'tent' to protect the chick. The adult points its head downwards and the chick swallows the fish head first.
1174:
colony in 2007, food availability was low. Adults spent more of their time-budget foraging for their chicks and had to leave them unattended at times. Unattended chicks were attacked by breeding neighbour which often led to their deaths. Non-breeding and failed breeders continued to show alloparental
1114:
are opportunist egg thieves. Eggs are also knocked from ledges during fights. If the first egg is lost, the female may lay a second egg. This egg is usually lighter than the first, with a lighter yolk. Chicks from second eggs grow quicker than those from first eggs. However this rapid growth comes at
1186:
The chicks will leave the nest after 16 to 30 days (average 20–22 days), and glide down into the sea, slowing their fall by fluttering as they are not yet able to fly. Chicks glide from heights as high as 457 m (1,499 ft) to the water below. Once the young chick has left the nest, the male
989:
The common murre nests in densely packed colonies (known as "loomeries"), with up to twenty pairs occupying one square metre at peak season. Common murres do not make nests and lay their eggs on bare rock ledges, under rocks, or the ground. Despite the high density of murre breeding sites, sites may
1877:
Buckingham, Lila; Bogdanova, Maria I.; Green, Jonathan A.; Dunn, Ruth E.; Wanless, Sarah; Bennett, Sophie; Bevan, Richard M.; Call, Andrew; Canham, Michael; Corse, Colin J.; Harris, Michael P.; Heward, Christopher J.; Jardine, David C.; Lennon, Jim; Parnaby, David; Redfern, Chris P. F.; Scott, Liz;
1166:
behaviour is frequently observed. Non-breeding and failed breeders show great interest in other chicks, and will attempt to brood or feed them. This activity is more common as the chicks get older and begin to explore their ledge. There has also been a record of a pair managing to raise two chicks.
1005:
is common both between mates and between neighbours. Allopreening helps to reduce parasites, and it may also have important social functions. Frequency of allopreening a neighbour correlates well with current breeding success. Allopreening may function as a stress-reducer; ledges with low levels of
816:
is islands, rocky shores, cliffs and sea stacks. The population is large, perhaps 7.3 million breeding pairs or 18 million individuals. It had been stable, but in 2016 a massive die-off of the birds in the northeast
Pacific was reported. The birds seem emaciated and starving; no etiology has been
323:
and can regulate its body temperature after 10 days. Some 20 days after hatching the chick leaves its nesting ledge and heads for the sea, unable to fly, but gliding for some distance with fluttering wings, accompanied by its male parent. Male guillemots spend more time diving, and dive more deeply
803:
that forages for food by swimming underwater using its wings for propulsion. Dives usually last less than one minute, but the bird swims underwater for distances of over 30 m (100 ft) on a regular basis. Diving depths up to 180 m (590 ft) have been recorded and birds can remain
327:
Both male and female common murres moult after breeding and become flightless for 1–2 months. Some populations have short migration distances, instead remaining close to the breeding site year-round. Such populations return to the nest site from autumn onwards. Adult birds balance their energetic
717:
The chicks are downy with blackish feathers on top and white below. By 12 days old, contour feathers are well developed in areas except for the head. At 15 days, facial feathers show the dark eyestripe against the white throat and cheek. They jump from the breeding cliffs at 20–21 days old, long
1137:. They are born downy and by 10 days old they are able to regulate their own temperature. Except in times of food shortage there is at least one parent present at all times, and both parents are present 10–30% of the time. Both parents alternate between brooding the chick or foraging for food.
1098:
The eggs vary in colour and pattern to help the parents recognize them, each egg's pattern being unique. Colours include white, green, blue or brown with spots or speckles in black or lilac. After laying, the female will look at the egg before starting the first incubation shift. Both parents
1285:
When common murres are feeding their young, they return with one fish at a time. The provisioning time relates to the distance of the feeding areas from the colony and the numbers of available fish. There is a strong non-linear relationship between fish density and colony attendance during
1145:
307:
Common murres are fast in direct flight but are not very agile. They are highly mobile underwater using their wings to 'fly' through the water column, where they typically dive to depths of 30–60 m (100–195 ft). Depths of up to 180 m (590 ft) have been recorded.
1142:
52:
852:. UK populations are generally distributed near their breeding colonies year-round, but have been found to make long-distance migrations as far north as the Barents Sea. Common murres rest on the water in the winter and this may have consequences for their metabolism. In the
1084:
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The common murre has a variety of calls, including a soft purring noise, but the main call of the adults, often deafening at large colonies, is a growling "murrrr"; the chicks have a food-begging call, a high-pitched whistle "willee", with considerable carrying power.
1071:
Eggs are laid between May and July for the
Atlantic populations and March to July for those in the Pacific. The female spends less time ashore during the two weeks before laying. When laying, she assumes a "phoenix-like" posture: her body raised upright on vertical
869:
The common murre can venture far from its breeding grounds to forage; distances of 100 km (60 mi) and more are often observed though if sufficient food is available closer by, birds only travel much shorter distances. The common murre mainly eats small
782:
of 2 g/cm means that this species is not very agile and take-off is difficult. Common murres become flightless for 45–60 days while moulting their primary feathers. The sound of the wing beats of the murres are often described as similar to a helicopter.
1277:. This act was designed to reduce the effects of shooting and egg collecting during the breeding season. Current concerns include managing the effect of visitor numbers at wildlife reserves. Common murres have been shown to be sensitive to visitor numbers.
1144:
956:
is occasionally eaten, but it has poor nutritional value. The amount of these fish is increasing in the common murre's diet. Since 2003, the snake pipefish has increased in numbers in the North-east
Atlantic and North Sea and sandeel numbers have declined.
3402:
1083:
1249:
Major oil spills double the winter mortality of breeding adults but appear to have little effect on birds less than three years old. This loss of breeding birds can be compensated by increased recruitment of 4–6 year olds to breeding colonies.
460:
The official common name for this species is Common Murre according to the IOC World Bird List, Version 11.2. while Common
Guillemot is used in the UK, Ireland, and often elsewhere in Europe where English is used as a second language.
3255:
Votier, S.C.; Birkhead, T.R.; Oro, D.; Trinder, M.; Grantham, M.J.; Clark, J.A.; McCleery, R.H. & Hatchwell, B.J. (2008). "Recruitment and survival of immature seabirds in relation to oil spills and climate variability".
1059:
As a compromise between large egg size and small cross-section. Large size allows quick development of the chick. Small cross-sectional area allows the adult bird to have a small cross-section and therefore reduce drag when
1044:
shape is popularly ascribed the function of allowing the egg to spin on its axis or in an arc when disturbed, however there is no evidence to support this claim. Various hypotheses have arisen to explain the egg's shape:
51:
1066:
It helps to confine faecal contamination to the pointy end of the egg. The blunt end, where the embryo's head and air cell are located, is kept relatively free of debris, allowing gases to pass through the shell
53:
649:
The common murre is 38–46 cm (15–18 in) in length with a 61–73 cm (24–29 in) wingspan. Male and female are indistinguishable in the field and weight ranges between 945 g (2 lb
778:
The common murre flies with fast wing beats and has a flight speed of 80 km/h (50 mph). Groups of birds are often seen flying together in a line just above the sea surface. However, a high
2150:"The pyriform egg of the Common Murre (Uria aalge) is more stable on sloping surfacesEl huevo piriforme de Uria aalge es más estable en superficies inclinadasCommon Murre egg shape and stability"
1143:
1082:
1014:
Courtship displays including bowing, billing and mutual preening. The male points its head vertically and makes croaking and growling noises to attract the females. The species is
710:
Some individuals in the North
Atlantic, known as "bridled guillemots", have a white ring around the eye extending back as a white line. This is not a distinct subspecies, but a
3222:
700:. The legs and the bill are dark grey. Occasionally, adults have been seen with yellow-grey legs. In May 2008, an aberrant adult was photographed with a bright yellow bill.
997:
High densities mean that birds are close contact with neighbouring breeders. Common murres perform appeasement displays more often at high densities and more often than
324:
than females during this time. Chicks are capable of diving as soon as they hit the water. The female stays at the nest site for some 14 days after the chick has left.
1298:, are referred to as 'turrs' or 'tuirs', and are consumed. The meat is dark and quite oily, due to the birds' diet of fish. Eggs have also been harvested. Eggers from
2786:
Humphreys, Elizabeth M.; Wanless, Sarah; Bryant, David M. (2007). "Elevated metabolic costs while resting on water in a surface feeder: the Black-legged
Kittiwake
3951:
905:. Capelin and sand lances are favourite food, but what the main prey is at any one time depends much on what is available in quantity. It also eats some
641:, also known from England (particularly Cornwall) from the 17th century, is by contrast, onomatopoeic of the growling call of adult common guillemots.
2663:
Harris, Michael P.; Frederiksen, Morten; Wanless, Sarah (2007). "Within- and between-year variation in the juvenile survival of the Common
Guillemot
3091:
2889:
1063:
Due to its pyriform shape, a higher proportion of the eggshell is in contact with the cliff minimising the effects of impact by neighbouring birds.
3696:
1404:
1400:
762:
2941:
3761:
3052:
Moody, Allison T.; Wilhelm, Sabina, I.; Cameron-MacMillan, Maureen L.; Walsh, Carolyn J.; Storey, Anne E. (2004). "Divorce in common murres (
1482:
1486:
3906:
685:
is black on the head, back and wings, and has white underparts. It has a thin dark pointed bill and a small rounded black tail. After the
2746:
Harris, Michael P.; Wanless, Sarah (2006). "Laying a big e.g. on a little ledge:does it help a female Common
Guillemot if Dad's there?".
2191:
664: oz) in the south of their range to 1,044 g (2 lb 5 oz) in the north. A weight range of 775–1,250 g (1 lb
1963:"Site-dependent regulation of breeding success: Evidence for the buffer effect in the common guillemot, a colonially breeding seabird"
3354:
3237:
1156:
Provisioning is usually divided equally between each parent, but unequal provisioning effort can lead to divorce. Common murres are
3647:
3961:
3946:
3941:
3709:
3921:
1961:
Bennett, Sophie; Wanless, Sarah; Harris, Mike P.; Newell, Mark A.; Searle, Kate R.; Green, Jonathan A.; Daunt, Francis (2022).
3800:
1709:
1623:
1494:
3714:
3377:
2846:"Competition for breeding sites and site-dependent population regulation in a highly colonial seabird, the common guillemot
2035:"Age-Specific Survival, Breeding Success, and Recruitment in Common Murres (Uria Aalge) of the California Current System"
315:
at high densities. Nesting pairs may be in bodily contact with their neighbours. They make no nest; their single egg is
3670:
1167:
Adults that have lost chicks or eggs will sometimes bring fish to the nest site and try to feed their imaginary chick.
747:
689:
moult, the face is white with a dark spur behind the eye, and there are often dark streaks on the flanks. Birds of the
319:
between the adult's feet on a bare rock ledge on a cliff face. Eggs hatch after ~30 days incubation. The chick is born
3857:
3336:
3177:
3158:
3144:
3124:
3107:
3046:
2780:
2587:
2566:
1270:
has over 1000 described climbing routes. To minimise disturbance, some cliffs are subject to seasonal climbing bans.
3956:
3865:
3626:
1578:
17:
3766:
3051:
2460:
1273:
Birdwatching has conflicting effects on common murres. Birdwatchers petitioned the UK government to introduce the
3639:
3608:
2033:
Lee, Derek E.; Abraham, Christine L.; Warzybok, Peter M.; Bradley, Russell W.; Sydeman, William J. (2008-04-01).
1853:
1274:
3013:
Mahoney, Shane P.; Threlfall, William (2008). "Notes on the eggs, embryos and chick growth of Common
Guillemots
2730:
1792:
3184:
3135:
2962:
2364:"Hitting the buffers: Conspecific aggression undermines benefits of colonial breeding under adverse conditions"
2713:
Harris, Michael P.; Wanless, Sarah (2003). "Postfledging occupancy of breeding sites by female common murres (
1880:"Interspecific variation in non-breeding aggregation: a multi-colony tracking study of two sympatric seabirds"
3936:
3748:
3556:
949: oz) of food in a day on average. It is often seen carrying fish in its bill with the tail hanging out.
728:
2688:
Harris, Michael P.; Newell, Mark; Daunt, Francis; Speakman, John R.; Wanless, Sarah (2007). "Snake
Pipefish
2529:
3916:
3473:
2592:
Gill, F, Donsker, D & Rasmussen, P (Eds). 2021. IOC World Bird List (v11.2). doi: 10.14344/IOC.ML.11.2
3779:
2643:
1878:
Swann, Robert L.; Ward, Robin M.; Weston, Ewan D.; Furness, Robert W.; Daunt, Francis (17 February 2022).
328:
budgets during the winter by reducing the time that they spend flying and are able to forage nocturnally.
3533:
3112:
1612:
3538:
2772:
1443:
1349:
833:
is home to one of the most populous colonies of nesting common murres on the North American continent.
3931:
3870:
3502:
3168:
1299:
818:
573:
3295:"Low energy values of fish as a probable cause of a major seabird breeding failure in the North Sea"
2942:"Can surveillance radar be used to monitor the foraging distribution of colonially breeding alcids?"
304:. It spends most of its time at sea, only coming to land to breed on rocky cliff shores or islands.
3966:
3926:
3774:
3394:
2748:
2470:
Birkhead, Tim R. (1978). "Behavioural adaptations to high density nesting in the Common Guillemot,
1552:
703:
The adults moult into breeding plumage in December–February, even starting as early as November in
419:
373:
3740:
3675:
1049:
Pyriform eggs are more stable on a sloping surface than more elliptical eggs, such as that of the
3844:
1170:
At time of extreme food stress, the social activity of the breeding ledge can break down. On the
1040:
Common murre eggs are large (around 11% of female weight), and are pointed at one end. The egg's
352:
106:
3831:
3701:
3520:
3426:
1618:. Vol. 1: Non-passerines (4th ed.). Eastbourne, UK: Aves Press. p. 223, Note 4.
871:
853:
711:
3727:
3349:
3037:
Mitchell, P. Ian; Newton, Stephen F.; Ratcliffe, Norman & Dunn, Timothy E. (eds.) (2004):
2428:"Managing visitor access to seabird colonies: A spatial simulation and empirical observations"
1371:
1076:; wings half outstretched. The egg emerges point first and laying usually takes 5–10 minutes.
856:(which shares this winter habit) resting metabolism is 40% higher on water than it is in air.
3826:
3382:
3085:
2883:
2687:
2361:
1115:
a cost, first chicks have larger fat reserves and can withstand temporary shortages of food.
1088:
514:
201:
3818:
2896:
3852:
3525:
3484:
3464:
3306:
3265:
2897:
Lewis, Sue; Roberts, Gilbert; Harris, Michael P.; Prigmore, Carina; Wanless, Sarah (2007).
2861:
2613:
2602:"Seabird behavior as an indicator of food supplies: sensitivity across the breeding season"
1974:
1891:
1607:
450:
3389:
8:
2939:
1603:
1447:
1326:
1015:
830:
531:
337:
71:
3662:
3363:
3310:
3269:
2865:
2617:
1978:
1895:
3209:
3163:
3073:
3030:
3001:
2966:
2923:
2898:
2832:
2734:
2520:
2491:
2418:
2388:
2363:
2189:
2064:
2008:
1995:
1962:
1909:
1815:
1295:
423:
360:
236:
101:
1659:: growling "murre" calls of adult, and "willem" calls of young, common guillemots, at
1178:
637:" begging calls of the newly fledged young of the common guillemot. The American name
3813:
3569:
3332:
3281:
3277:
3173:
3154:
3140:
3120:
3103:
3042:
2928:
2874:
2845:
2805:
2785:
2776:
2705:
2680:
2583:
2562:
2487:
2444:
2427:
2393:
2056:
2012:
2000:
1913:
1705:
1619:
1490:
1073:
539:
522:
3561:
3372:
3077:
2970:
2738:
2495:
2068:
1422:
3574:
3489:
3408:
3314:
3273:
3201:
3098:
Mullarney, Killian; Svensson, Lars; Zetterström, Dan & Grant, Peter J. (1999):
3065:
3026:
2993:
2958:
2949:
2918:
2910:
2869:
2824:
2801:
2726:
2701:
2676:
2662:
2621:
2516:
2483:
2439:
2414:
2383:
2375:
2206:
2161:
2046:
1990:
1982:
1899:
1807:
1532:
1392:
1344:
1303:
1129:
979:
902:
559:
476:
341:
316:
218:
1041:
678: oz – 2 lb 12 oz) has been reported. In breeding plumage, the
3787:
3613:
3548:
1418:
1258:
Nesting common murres are prone to two main sources of recreational disturbance:
1134:
1002:
618:
497:
446:
392:
158:
3753:
800:
3634:
3621:
3292:
2792:
2599:
1427:. Vol. 2. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. p. 352.
1266:. Sea cliffs are a paradise for climbers as well as birds; a small island like
837:
614:
3069:
2405:
Barclay-Smith, Phyllis (2008). "The British contribution to bird protection".
1294:
In areas such as Newfoundland and Labrador, the birds, along with the related
3911:
3900:
3722:
3192:
2984:
2815:
2534:
2060:
1335:
1259:
1163:
1032:
1006:
allopreening show increased levels of fighting and reduced breeding success.
849:
754:
697:
543:
505:
480:
377:
345:
91:
86:
62:
3883:
3254:
3205:
2997:
2362:
Ashbrook, Kate; Wanless, Sarah; Harris, Michael P.; Hamer, Keith C. (2008).
2148:
Birkhead, Tim R.; Thompson, Jamie E.; Montgomerie, Robert (1 October 2018).
1986:
1451:
696:
are dark brown rather than black, most obviously so in colonies in southern
3449:
3385:
Includes her photograph of an aberrant common guillemot with a yellow bill.
3285:
2932:
2914:
2397:
2379:
2051:
2034:
2004:
1263:
898:
779:
626:
590:
576:, 1861) – coastal north Washington to south California (east North Pacific)
547:
320:
3139:(Volume 3: Hoatzin to Auks): 709–710, plate 59. Lynx Edicions, Barcelona.
2843:
817:
found. In general, potential threats include excessive hunting (legal in
41:
3839:
3735:
3683:
3458:
3415:
1200:
1171:
1100:
874:
841:
718:
before being fully fledged, and are cared for by the male parent at sea.
312:
3512:
2940:
Lilliendahl, K.; Solmundsson, J.; Gudmundsson, G.A.; Taylor, L. (2003).
2641:
2166:
2149:
1854:"Cape Meares State Scenic Viewpoint - Oregon State Parks and Recreation"
3878:
3792:
3652:
3319:
3294:
3213:
3005:
2836:
1819:
1660:
1399:(in Danish). Vol. 1. København : Printed by A.H. Godiche. p.
998:
991:
983:
918:
886:
690:
679:
563:
518:
465:
435:
3133:
del Hoyo, Josep; Elliott, Andrew & Sargatal, Jordi (eds.) (1996),
2626:
2601:
2593:
2211:
2190:
Birkhead, T. R.; Thompson, J. E.; Jackson, D.; Biggins, J. D. (2017).
1904:
1879:
1537:
1520:
3595:
2813:
Johnson, Robert A. (1941). "Nesting behavior of the Atlantic Murre".
1124:
1050:
878:
826:
822:
442:
431:
411:
384:
296:
distribution, occurring in low-Arctic and boreal waters in the North
293:
118:
3688:
3420:
2828:
2503:
Birkhead, Tim R.; Taylor, Antony M. (2008). "Moult of the Guillemot
1811:
1231:
1217:
3600:
3587:
3443:
3012:
1614:
The Howard & Moore Complete Checklist of the Birds of the World
1107:
1027:
953:
922:
791:
555:
551:
535:
501:
297:
138:
479:, 1763) – coastal southeast Canada, southwest Greenland, Iceland,
3497:
3373:
Common Murre Restoration Project at San Francisco Bay NWR Complex
2979:
2502:
1518:
906:
894:
882:
813:
739:
735:
686:
454:
449:
Alcini. This arrangement was originally based on analyses of auk
439:
410:
which contains several genera. The common murre is placed in the
399:
356:
301:
228:
3805:
2745:
2712:
2543:
1656:
970:
128:
3293:
Wanless, S.; Harris, M.P.; Redman, P.; Speakman, J.R. (2005).
1320:
1318:
3582:
1267:
1207:
1150:
1092:
914:
890:
845:
364:
3149:
Nettleship, David, N. & Birkhead, Tim R. (eds.) (1985):
2600:
Harding, Ann M.A.; Piatt, John F.; Schmutz, Joel A. (2007).
1876:
714:
that becomes more common the farther north the birds breed.
2899:"Fitness increases with partner and neighbour allopreening"
2731:
10.1642/0004-8038(2003)120[0075:POOBSB]2.0.CO;2
2147:
1553:"Irish List covering the whole of Ireland on 31st Dec 2019"
1315:
1111:
1103:
for the 28 to 34 days to hatching in shifts of 1–38 hours.
1056:
The shape allows efficient heat transfer during incubation.
910:
407:
403:
368:
178:
148:
2963:
10.1650/0010-5422(2003)105[145:CSRBUT]2.0.CO;2
1960:
1576:
see e.g. the English name column of the Finnish Bird List
1280:
2240:
The Most Perfect Thing: Inside (and Outside) a Bird's Egg
2032:
289:
168:
2844:
Kokko, H.; Harris, Michael, P.; Wanless, Sarah (2004).
2404:
1934:
1932:
1870:
1324:
2642:
Harris, Michael P.; Bull, J.; Wanless, Sarah (2000).
2454:
Evolution and Characteristics of the Atlantic Alcidae
3223:"Flight speed of guillemots, razorbills and puffins"
1442:
593:
in 1555, but derived from Old (11th century) French
2977:
1929:
1791:Piatt, John F.; Nettleship, David N. (April 1985).
1704:by John B. Dunning Jr. (Editor). CRC Press (1992),
1123:Chicks occupy an intermediate position between the
1106:Eggs can be lost due to predation or carelessness.
1099:incubate the egg using a single, centrally located
1018:, but pairs may split if breeding is unsuccessful.
836:Some birds are permanent residents; northern birds
372:that was described in 1760 by the French zoologist
3329:The Farallon Islands, Sentinels of the Golden Gate
2812:
2634:Harris, Michael P. & Birkhead, Tim R. (1985):
1775:
1611:
1350:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T22694841A132577296.en
1306:in the mid-19th century to feed the growing city.
483:, Scotland, south Norway and Baltic Sea. Includes
3182:
3898:
2980:"Morphometrics of Flightlessness in the Alcidae"
2573:Development of the young in the Atlantic Alcidae
2469:
2315:
1676:
1674:
1672:
1670:
1668:
1302:took almost half a million eggs a year from the
2527:
2425:
2308:
2306:
2080:
2078:
1790:
1602:
3952:Native birds of the Northwestern United States
3369:- USGS Patuxent Bird Identification InfoCenter
3129:Nettleship, David N. (1996): 2. Common Murre.
2638:in Nettleship & Birkhead (1985) pp 155–204
2575:in Nettleship & Birkhead (1985) pp 319–354
2143:
2141:
2139:
1741:
1739:
1558:. Irish Rare Birds Committee. 31 December 2019
1452:"Noddies, gulls, terns, skimmers, skuas, auks"
877:200 mm (8 in) long or less, such as
521:(north of Germany), northwest France and west
359:. The species is now placed together with the
2296:
2294:
2224:
2222:
2129:
2127:
2125:
1920:
1688:
1686:
1665:
340:and illustrated in 1763 by the Danish bishop
3090:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
2888:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
2303:
2273:
2115:
2113:
2094:
2092:
2090:
2075:
1826:
1479:The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names
1397:Den Danske Atlas eller Konge-Riget Dannemark
2578:Gaston, Anthony J. & Jones, Ian (1998)
2333:
2255:
2174:
2136:
1954:
1757:
1736:
1637:
1635:
1391:
1374:. National Biodiversity Network (NBN) Atlas
1253:
1190:
807:
566:islands to west Alaska and southwest Canada
3039:Seabird Populations of Britain and Ireland
2291:
2282:
2264:
2246:
2219:
2122:
1945:
1766:
1748:
1683:
1579:"Suomessa havaitut luonnonvaraiset linnut"
1503:
227:
80:
49:
40:
3318:
3117:Field Guide to the Birds of North America
2922:
2873:
2625:
2456:in Nettleship and Birkhead (1985) pp 1–51
2443:
2387:
2324:
2210:
2165:
2110:
2101:
2087:
2050:
1994:
1903:
1536:
1364:
1348:
2636:Breeding Ecology of the Atlantic Alcidae
2237:
1641:
1632:
1177:
1139:
1078:
1031:
969:
859:
790:
1476:
1281:Seabirds as indicators of marine health
589:is of French origin, first attested by
14:
3899:
3331:, Scottwall Associates:San Francisco,
3220:
3119:. National Geographic, Washington DC.
3056:): relationship to parental quality".
1729:
1727:
1519:British Ornithologists' Union (2013).
1417:
1118:
1021:
768:Mature 'bridled' bird (white eye ring)
3425:
3424:
2530:"A yellow-billed Guillemot in Norway"
2028:
2026:
2024:
2022:
1784:
1481:. London: Christopher Helm. pp.
1458:. International Ornithologists' Union
1438:
1436:
1434:
1133:and the semi-precocial chicks of the
3640:83dceec3-84e0-4766-be63-0d9122e54251
804:underwater for a couple of minutes.
3907:IUCN Red List least concern species
3058:Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology
1724:
1695:
1336:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
1289:
864:
430:. These species, together with the
24:
3383:Sheila Blamire – Norway Wildlife 2
3031:10.1111/j.1474-919X.1981.tb00928.x
2559:The Auks: an ornithologist's guide
2521:10.1111/j.1474-919X.1977.tb02048.x
2419:10.1111/j.1474-919X.1959.tb02363.x
2242:. London: Bloomsbury. p. 117.
2019:
1431:
597:, and matched by English variants
422:, 1760), which it shares with the
25:
3978:
3343:
3102:: 194–197 HarperCollins, London.
2582:Oxford University Press, Oxford.
1702:CRC Handbook of Avian Body Masses
1644:Oxford Book of British Bird Names
500:, 1932 – coastal north Norway to
3278:10.1111/j.1365-2656.2008.01421.x
2875:10.1111/j.0021-8790.2004.00813.x
2806:10.1111/j.1474-919X.2006.00618.x
2706:10.1111/j.1474-919X.2007.00780.x
2681:10.1111/j.1474-919X.2007.00667.x
2594:IOC World Bird List Version 11.2
2445:10.1111/j.1474-919X.2007.00640.x
2192:"The point of a Guillemot's egg"
1456:IOC World Bird List Version 14.1
1424:Check-List of Birds of the World
1230:
1216:
1199:
761:
746:
727:
517:, 1923 – coastal British Isles,
105:
2342:
2231:
2183:
1846:
1835:
1715:
1650:
1596:
1570:
1325:BirdLife International (2018).
1275:Sea Birds Preservation Act 1869
3962:Taxa named by Erik Pontoppidan
3947:Native birds of Western Canada
3942:Native birds of Eastern Canada
3299:Marine Ecology Progress Series
3185:"The phylogeny of the Alcidae"
3136:Handbook of Birds of the World
2606:Marine Ecology Progress Series
1884:Marine Ecology Progress Series
1793:"Diving depths of four alcids"
1545:
1512:
1470:
1411:
1385:
844:, southern California, Japan,
644:
13:
1:
3922:Birds of the Aleutian Islands
3378:Project Puffin: Common Murres
3172:. Alfred A. Knopf, New York.
2692:are poor food for seabirds".
2648:successfully feed two chicks"
2354:
1745:Mahoney & Threlfall(1981)
629:from the loud, high-pitched "
613:, all from forms of the name
3405:at VIREO (Drexel University)
2978:Livezey, Bradley C. (1988).
2762:Lundy (Climbers Club Guides)
2488:10.1016/0003-3472(78)90050-7
1781:Birkhead & Taylor (1977)
1692:Harris & Birkhead (1985)
1244:
1009:
925:. It consumes 20–32 g (
580:
7:
3113:National Geographic Society
2571:Gaston, Anthony J. (1985):
2561:. Facts on File, New York.
2288:Harris & Wanless (2003)
2228:Harris & Wanless (2006)
965:
960:
530:Salomonsen, 1932 – coastal
383:, a waterbird mentioned by
331:
10:
3983:
3403:Common murre photo gallery
3183:Strauch, J.G. Jr. (1985).
3153:. Academic Press, London.
1646:. Oxford University Press.
1477:Jobling, James A. (2010).
1025:
840:south to open waters near
3433:
3409:Interactive range map of
3258:Journal of Animal Ecology
3169:The Sibley Guide to Birds
3070:10.1007/s00265-004-0856-8
2854:Journal of Animal Ecology
2133:Gaston & Jones (1998)
1967:Journal of Animal Ecology
1583:Yhdessä lintujen puolesta
1343:: e.T22694841A132577296.
786:
773:
426:or Brunnich's guillemot,
398:The auks are a family of
376:. The genus name is from
242:
235:
226:
207:
200:
102:Scientific classification
100:
78:
69:
60:
48:
39:
34:
3395:Internet Bird Collection
2767:Harrison, Peter (1988):
2542:(7): 306. Archived from
2528:Blamire, Sheila (2008).
2466:. Retrieved 2008-JAN-13.
2426:Beale, Colin M. (2007).
1642:Lockwood, W. B. (1984).
1585:. BirdLife Suomi Finland
1450:, eds. (December 2023).
1309:
1254:Recreational disturbance
1191:Relationship with humans
808:Distribution and habitat
374:Mathurin Jacques Brisson
3957:Birds described in 1763
3676:common-murre-uria-aalge
3355:BirdGuides: Guillemot (
3221:Vaughn, H.R.H. (1937).
2760:Harrison, Paul (2008):
2461:Animal Diversity Web –
1987:10.1111/1365-2656.13674
1926:Humphreys et al. (2007)
1680:Mullarney et al. (1999)
1372:"Uria aalge: Guillemot"
992:reproductive senescence
387:. The specific epithet
311:Common murres breed in
61:Bird calls recorded in
3327:White, Peter; (1995),
2915:10.1098/rsbl.2007.0258
2380:10.1098/rsbl.2008.0417
2279:Ashbrook et al. (2008)
2238:Birkhead, Tim (2016).
2052:10.1525/auk.2008.07007
1832:Mitchell et al. (2004)
1183:
1153:
1149:Adults feeding chick,
1095:
1037:
986:
854:black-legged kittiwake
799:The common murre is a
796:
622:
249:Pontoppidan, 1763
3827:Paleobiology Database
3236:: 123. Archived from
3206:10.1093/auk/102.3.520
2998:10.1093/auk/105.4.681
2557:Freethy, Ron (1987):
2452:Bédard, Jean (1985):
2339:Harding et al. (2007)
2261:Wanless et al. (2005)
1181:
1148:
1087:
1035:
973:
860:Behaviour and ecology
794:
542:(east Russia), south
336:The common murre was
3937:Birds of Scandinavia
3635:Fauna Europaea (new)
3390:"Common murre media"
3151:The Atlantic Alcidae
2459:Bennett, J. (2001):
2348:White, Peter; (1995)
2321:Barclay-Smith (1959)
2300:Votier et al. (2008)
2270:Harris et al. (2000)
1951:Harris et al. (2008)
1858:oregonstateparks.org
1206:Common murre chick,
468:are now recognised:
3917:Birds of the Arctic
3350:The RSPB: Guillemot
3311:2005MEPS..294....1W
3270:2008JAnEc..77..974V
3164:Sibley, David Allen
2866:2004JAnEc..73..367K
2690:Entelurus aequoreus
2644:"Common Guillemots
2618:2007MEPS..352..269H
2167:10.1642/AUK-18-38.1
2119:Moody et al. (2005)
2107:Kokko et al. (2004)
2098:Lewis et al. (2007)
1979:2022JAnEc..91..752B
1896:2022MEPS..684..181B
1237:Common murre family
1158:single-prey loaders
1119:Growth of the chick
1022:Eggs and incubation
831:Cape Meares, Oregon
680:nominate subspecies
532:Kamchatka Peninsula
257:Linnaeus, 1766
72:Conservation status
3416:IUCN Red List maps
3320:10.3354/meps294001
3100:Collins Bird Guide
3041:. Poyser, London.
3017:in Newfoundland".
2580:The Auks, Alcidae.
1521:"The British List"
1446:; Donsker, David;
1296:thick-billed murre
1184:
1154:
1096:
1038:
987:
797:
508:(northwest Russia)
424:thick-billed murre
361:thick-billed murre
338:formally described
3894:
3893:
3814:Open Tree of Life
3427:Taxon identifiers
2652:Atlantic Seabirds
2627:10.3354/meps07072
2212:10.1111/ibi.12458
1905:10.3354/meps13960
1842:A massive die-off
1733:Nettleship (1996)
1710:978-0-8493-4258-5
1625:978-0-9568611-0-8
1538:10.1111/ibi.12069
1496:978-1-4081-2501-4
1448:Rasmussen, Pamela
1419:Peters, James Lee
1393:Pontoppidan, Erik
1146:
1085:
976:U. a. californica
625:, but ultimately
601:(attested 1631),
570:U. a. californica
540:Commander Islands
523:Iberian Peninsula
395:word for an auk.
272:
271:
95:
54:
16:(Redirected from
3974:
3932:Birds of Iceland
3887:
3886:
3874:
3873:
3861:
3860:
3848:
3847:
3835:
3834:
3822:
3821:
3809:
3808:
3796:
3795:
3783:
3782:
3770:
3769:
3757:
3756:
3754:NBNSYS0000000041
3744:
3743:
3731:
3730:
3718:
3717:
3705:
3704:
3692:
3691:
3679:
3678:
3666:
3665:
3656:
3655:
3643:
3642:
3630:
3629:
3617:
3616:
3604:
3603:
3591:
3590:
3578:
3577:
3565:
3564:
3552:
3551:
3542:
3541:
3529:
3528:
3516:
3515:
3506:
3505:
3503:39F29B55EF9A542F
3493:
3492:
3480:
3479:
3469:
3468:
3467:
3454:
3453:
3452:
3422:
3421:
3399:
3324:
3322:
3289:
3251:
3249:
3248:
3242:
3227:
3217:
3189:
3095:
3089:
3081:
3034:
3009:
2974:
2946:
2936:
2926:
2893:
2887:
2879:
2877:
2840:
2809:
2788:Rissa tridactyla
2773:Christopher Helm
2757:
2742:
2709:
2684:
2659:
2631:
2629:
2554:
2552:
2551:
2524:
2499:
2476:Animal Behaviour
2449:
2447:
2422:
2401:
2391:
2349:
2346:
2340:
2337:
2331:
2328:
2322:
2319:
2313:
2310:
2301:
2298:
2289:
2286:
2280:
2277:
2271:
2268:
2262:
2259:
2253:
2250:
2244:
2243:
2235:
2229:
2226:
2217:
2216:
2214:
2196:
2187:
2181:
2178:
2172:
2171:
2169:
2160:(4): 1020–1032.
2145:
2134:
2131:
2120:
2117:
2108:
2105:
2099:
2096:
2085:
2082:
2073:
2072:
2054:
2030:
2017:
2016:
1998:
1958:
1952:
1949:
1943:
1936:
1927:
1924:
1918:
1917:
1907:
1874:
1868:
1867:
1865:
1864:
1850:
1844:
1839:
1833:
1830:
1824:
1823:
1797:
1788:
1782:
1779:
1773:
1770:
1764:
1761:
1755:
1752:
1746:
1743:
1734:
1731:
1722:
1719:
1713:
1699:
1693:
1690:
1681:
1678:
1663:
1654:
1648:
1647:
1639:
1630:
1629:
1617:
1608:Remsen, J.V. Jr.
1600:
1594:
1593:
1591:
1590:
1574:
1568:
1567:
1565:
1563:
1557:
1549:
1543:
1542:
1540:
1516:
1510:
1507:
1501:
1500:
1474:
1468:
1467:
1465:
1463:
1440:
1429:
1428:
1415:
1409:
1408:
1389:
1383:
1382:
1380:
1379:
1368:
1362:
1361:
1359:
1357:
1352:
1322:
1304:Farallon Islands
1290:As a food source
1234:
1223:Breeding plumage
1220:
1203:
1147:
1130:Synthliboramphus
1127:chicks of genus
1086:
980:Farallon Islands
948:
947:
943:
940:
934:
933:
929:
903:Atlantic herring
865:Food and feeding
848:and the western
765:
750:
734:Adult in winter
731:
677:
676:
672:
669:
663:
662:
658:
655:
560:Aleutian Islands
558:; north Japan);
554:; formerly also
495:U. a. hyperborea
342:Erik Pontoppidan
280:common guillemot
266:
258:
250:
231:
213:
110:
109:
89:
84:
83:
56:
55:
44:
32:
31:
21:
18:Common guillemot
3982:
3981:
3977:
3976:
3975:
3973:
3972:
3971:
3967:Holarctic birds
3927:Birds of Europe
3897:
3896:
3895:
3890:
3882:
3877:
3869:
3864:
3856:
3851:
3843:
3838:
3830:
3825:
3817:
3812:
3804:
3799:
3791:
3788:Observation.org
3786:
3778:
3773:
3765:
3760:
3752:
3747:
3739:
3734:
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3721:
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3700:
3695:
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3638:
3633:
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3599:
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3568:
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3555:
3547:
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3537:
3532:
3524:
3519:
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3509:
3501:
3496:
3488:
3483:
3477:
3472:
3463:
3462:
3457:
3448:
3447:
3442:
3429:
3388:
3364:Common Murre -
3346:
3341:
3246:
3244:
3240:
3225:
3187:
3083:
3082:
2944:
2903:Biology Letters
2881:
2880:
2829:10.2307/4079099
2549:
2547:
2368:Biology Letters
2357:
2352:
2347:
2343:
2338:
2334:
2329:
2325:
2320:
2316:
2312:Harrison (2008)
2311:
2304:
2299:
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2287:
2283:
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2269:
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2256:
2251:
2247:
2236:
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2227:
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2188:
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2179:
2175:
2146:
2137:
2132:
2123:
2118:
2111:
2106:
2102:
2097:
2088:
2084:Birkhead (1978)
2083:
2076:
2031:
2020:
1959:
1955:
1950:
1946:
1937:
1930:
1925:
1921:
1875:
1871:
1862:
1860:
1852:
1851:
1847:
1840:
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1827:
1812:10.2307/4086771
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1789:
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1749:
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1679:
1666:
1655:
1651:
1640:
1633:
1626:
1610:, eds. (2013).
1604:Dickinson, E.C.
1601:
1597:
1588:
1586:
1577:
1575:
1571:
1561:
1559:
1555:
1551:
1550:
1546:
1517:
1513:
1508:
1504:
1497:
1475:
1471:
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1432:
1416:
1412:
1390:
1386:
1377:
1375:
1370:
1369:
1365:
1355:
1353:
1323:
1316:
1312:
1292:
1286:chick-rearing.
1283:
1256:
1247:
1242:
1241:
1240:
1239:
1238:
1235:
1226:
1225:
1224:
1221:
1212:
1211:
1210:
1204:
1193:
1140:
1135:Atlantic puffin
1121:
1091:steals an egg,
1079:
1030:
1024:
1012:
968:
963:
945:
941:
938:
936:
931:
927:
926:
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757:
751:
742:
732:
674:
670:
667:
665:
660:
656:
653:
651:
647:
583:
546:(north Japan),
402:related to the
334:
264:
256:
254:Colymbus troile
248:
222:
215:
209:
196:
159:Charadriiformes
104:
96:
85:
81:
74:
50:
28:
27:Species of bird
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3980:
3970:
3969:
3964:
3959:
3954:
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3924:
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3797:
3784:
3771:
3758:
3745:
3732:
3719:
3706:
3693:
3680:
3667:
3657:
3644:
3631:
3622:Fauna Europaea
3618:
3605:
3592:
3579:
3566:
3553:
3543:
3530:
3517:
3507:
3494:
3481:
3470:
3455:
3439:
3437:
3431:
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3419:
3418:
3406:
3400:
3386:
3380:
3375:
3370:
3361:
3352:
3345:
3344:External links
3342:
3340:
3339:
3325:
3290:
3264:(5): 974–983.
3252:
3218:
3200:(3): 520–539.
3180:
3161:
3147:
3127:
3110:
3096:
3049:
3035:
3010:
2992:(4): 681–698.
2975:
2957:(1): 145–150.
2937:
2909:(4): 386–389.
2894:
2841:
2823:(2): 153–163.
2810:
2783:
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2350:
2341:
2332:
2323:
2314:
2302:
2290:
2281:
2272:
2263:
2254:
2245:
2230:
2218:
2205:(2): 255–265.
2182:
2180:Johnson (1941)
2173:
2135:
2121:
2109:
2100:
2086:
2074:
2045:(2): 316–325.
2018:
1953:
1944:
1928:
1919:
1869:
1845:
1834:
1825:
1806:(2): 293–297.
1783:
1774:
1765:
1763:Livezey (1988)
1756:
1747:
1735:
1723:
1721:Blamire (2008)
1714:
1694:
1682:
1664:
1657:External audio
1649:
1631:
1624:
1595:
1569:
1544:
1511:
1509:Strauch (1985)
1502:
1495:
1469:
1430:
1421:, ed. (1934).
1410:
1384:
1363:
1313:
1311:
1308:
1291:
1288:
1282:
1279:
1255:
1252:
1246:
1243:
1236:
1229:
1228:
1227:
1222:
1215:
1214:
1213:
1205:
1198:
1197:
1196:
1195:
1194:
1192:
1189:
1120:
1117:
1069:
1068:
1064:
1061:
1057:
1054:
1023:
1020:
1011:
1008:
967:
964:
962:
959:
954:snake pipefish
866:
863:
861:
858:
809:
806:
788:
785:
775:
772:
771:
770:
767:
760:
758:
753:in flight off
752:
745:
743:
733:
726:
705:U. a. albionis
694:U. a. albionis
646:
643:
582:
579:
578:
577:
567:
550:(northwest of
528:U. a. inornata
525:
512:U. a. albionis
509:
492:
414:(murre) genus
349:Colymbus aalge
333:
330:
270:
269:
268:
267:
259:
251:
246:Colymbus aalge
240:
239:
233:
232:
224:
223:
216:
205:
204:
198:
197:
190:
188:
184:
183:
176:
172:
171:
166:
162:
161:
156:
152:
151:
146:
142:
141:
136:
132:
131:
126:
122:
121:
116:
112:
111:
98:
97:
79:
76:
75:
70:
67:
66:
58:
57:
46:
45:
37:
36:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3979:
3968:
3965:
3963:
3960:
3958:
3955:
3953:
3950:
3948:
3945:
3943:
3940:
3938:
3935:
3933:
3930:
3928:
3925:
3923:
3920:
3918:
3915:
3913:
3910:
3908:
3905:
3904:
3902:
3885:
3880:
3876:
3872:
3867:
3863:
3859:
3854:
3850:
3846:
3841:
3837:
3833:
3828:
3824:
3820:
3815:
3811:
3807:
3802:
3798:
3794:
3789:
3785:
3781:
3776:
3772:
3768:
3763:
3759:
3755:
3750:
3746:
3742:
3737:
3733:
3729:
3724:
3720:
3716:
3711:
3707:
3703:
3698:
3694:
3690:
3685:
3681:
3677:
3672:
3668:
3664:
3658:
3654:
3649:
3645:
3641:
3636:
3632:
3628:
3623:
3619:
3615:
3610:
3606:
3602:
3597:
3593:
3589:
3584:
3580:
3576:
3571:
3567:
3563:
3558:
3554:
3550:
3544:
3540:
3535:
3531:
3527:
3522:
3518:
3514:
3508:
3504:
3499:
3495:
3491:
3486:
3482:
3475:
3471:
3466:
3460:
3456:
3451:
3445:
3441:
3440:
3438:
3436:
3432:
3428:
3423:
3417:
3413:
3412:
3407:
3404:
3401:
3397:
3396:
3391:
3387:
3384:
3381:
3379:
3376:
3374:
3371:
3368:
3367:
3362:
3360:
3358:
3353:
3351:
3348:
3347:
3338:
3337:0-942087-10-0
3334:
3330:
3326:
3321:
3316:
3312:
3308:
3304:
3300:
3296:
3291:
3287:
3283:
3279:
3275:
3271:
3267:
3263:
3259:
3253:
3243:on 2016-03-05
3239:
3235:
3231:
3230:British Birds
3224:
3219:
3215:
3211:
3207:
3203:
3199:
3195:
3194:
3186:
3181:
3179:
3178:0-679-45122-6
3175:
3171:
3170:
3165:
3162:
3160:
3159:0-12-515671-5
3156:
3152:
3148:
3146:
3145:84-87334-20-2
3142:
3138:
3137:
3132:
3128:
3126:
3125:0-7922-6877-6
3122:
3118:
3114:
3111:
3109:
3108:0-00-711332-3
3105:
3101:
3097:
3093:
3087:
3079:
3075:
3071:
3067:
3063:
3059:
3055:
3050:
3048:
3047:0-7136-6901-2
3044:
3040:
3036:
3032:
3028:
3024:
3020:
3016:
3011:
3007:
3003:
2999:
2995:
2991:
2987:
2986:
2981:
2976:
2972:
2968:
2964:
2960:
2956:
2952:
2951:
2943:
2938:
2934:
2930:
2925:
2920:
2916:
2912:
2908:
2904:
2900:
2895:
2891:
2885:
2876:
2871:
2867:
2863:
2859:
2855:
2851:
2849:
2842:
2838:
2834:
2830:
2826:
2822:
2818:
2817:
2811:
2807:
2803:
2799:
2795:
2794:
2789:
2784:
2782:
2781:0-7470-1410-8
2778:
2774:
2770:
2766:
2764:Climbers Club
2763:
2759:
2755:
2751:
2750:
2749:British Birds
2744:
2740:
2736:
2732:
2728:
2724:
2720:
2716:
2711:
2707:
2703:
2699:
2695:
2691:
2686:
2682:
2678:
2674:
2670:
2666:
2661:
2657:
2653:
2649:
2647:
2640:
2637:
2633:
2628:
2623:
2619:
2615:
2611:
2607:
2603:
2598:
2595:
2591:
2589:
2588:0-19-854032-9
2585:
2581:
2577:
2574:
2570:
2568:
2567:0-8160-1696-8
2564:
2560:
2556:
2546:on 2008-06-26
2545:
2541:
2537:
2536:
2535:Birding World
2531:
2526:
2522:
2518:
2514:
2510:
2506:
2501:
2497:
2493:
2489:
2485:
2481:
2477:
2473:
2468:
2465:
2464:
2458:
2455:
2451:
2446:
2441:
2437:
2433:
2429:
2424:
2420:
2416:
2412:
2408:
2403:
2399:
2395:
2390:
2385:
2381:
2377:
2373:
2369:
2365:
2360:
2359:
2345:
2336:
2327:
2318:
2309:
2307:
2297:
2295:
2285:
2276:
2267:
2258:
2252:Gaston (1985)
2249:
2241:
2234:
2225:
2223:
2213:
2208:
2204:
2200:
2193:
2186:
2177:
2168:
2163:
2159:
2155:
2151:
2144:
2142:
2140:
2130:
2128:
2126:
2116:
2114:
2104:
2095:
2093:
2091:
2081:
2079:
2070:
2066:
2062:
2058:
2053:
2048:
2044:
2040:
2036:
2029:
2027:
2025:
2023:
2014:
2010:
2006:
2002:
1997:
1992:
1988:
1984:
1980:
1976:
1972:
1968:
1964:
1957:
1948:
1941:
1935:
1933:
1923:
1915:
1911:
1906:
1901:
1897:
1893:
1889:
1885:
1881:
1873:
1859:
1855:
1849:
1843:
1838:
1829:
1821:
1817:
1813:
1809:
1805:
1801:
1794:
1787:
1778:
1772:Bédard (1985)
1769:
1760:
1754:Vaughn (1937)
1751:
1742:
1740:
1730:
1728:
1718:
1711:
1707:
1703:
1698:
1689:
1687:
1677:
1675:
1673:
1671:
1669:
1662:
1658:
1653:
1645:
1638:
1636:
1627:
1621:
1616:
1615:
1609:
1605:
1599:
1584:
1580:
1573:
1554:
1548:
1539:
1534:
1530:
1526:
1522:
1515:
1506:
1498:
1492:
1488:
1484:
1480:
1473:
1457:
1453:
1449:
1445:
1439:
1437:
1435:
1426:
1425:
1420:
1414:
1406:
1402:
1398:
1394:
1388:
1373:
1367:
1351:
1346:
1342:
1338:
1337:
1332:
1330:
1321:
1319:
1314:
1307:
1305:
1301:
1300:San Francisco
1297:
1287:
1278:
1276:
1271:
1269:
1265:
1261:
1260:rock-climbing
1251:
1233:
1219:
1209:
1202:
1188:
1182:Chick, Alaska
1180:
1176:
1173:
1168:
1165:
1164:Alloparenting
1161:
1159:
1152:
1138:
1136:
1132:
1131:
1126:
1116:
1113:
1109:
1104:
1102:
1094:
1090:
1077:
1075:
1065:
1062:
1058:
1055:
1052:
1048:
1047:
1046:
1043:
1034:
1029:
1019:
1017:
1007:
1004:
1000:
995:
993:
985:
981:
977:
972:
958:
955:
950:
924:
920:
916:
912:
908:
904:
900:
896:
892:
888:
884:
880:
876:
873:
857:
855:
851:
850:Mediterranean
847:
843:
839:
834:
832:
828:
824:
820:
815:
812:The breeding
805:
802:
801:pursuit-diver
793:
784:
781:
764:
759:
756:
755:Skomer Island
749:
744:
741:
737:
730:
725:
724:
723:
719:
715:
713:
708:
706:
701:
699:
695:
692:
688:
687:post-breeding
684:
681:
642:
640:
636:
632:
628:
624:
620:
616:
612:
608:
604:
600:
596:
592:
588:
585:The spelling
575:
571:
568:
565:
561:
557:
553:
549:
545:
544:Kuril Islands
541:
537:
533:
529:
526:
524:
520:
516:
513:
510:
507:
506:Novaya Zemlya
503:
499:
496:
493:
490:
486:
482:
481:Faroe Islands
478:
474:
471:
470:
469:
467:
462:
458:
456:
452:
448:
444:
441:
437:
433:
429:
425:
421:
417:
413:
409:
405:
401:
396:
394:
390:
386:
382:
379:
378:Ancient Greek
375:
371:
370:
366:
362:
358:
354:
353:type locality
350:
347:
346:binomial name
343:
339:
329:
325:
322:
318:
314:
309:
305:
303:
299:
295:
291:
288:) is a large
287:
286:
281:
277:
263:
260:
255:
252:
247:
244:
243:
241:
238:
234:
230:
225:
220:
214:
212:
206:
203:
202:Binomial name
199:
195:
194:
193:U. aalge
189:
186:
185:
182:
181:
177:
174:
173:
170:
167:
164:
163:
160:
157:
154:
153:
150:
147:
144:
143:
140:
137:
134:
133:
130:
127:
124:
123:
120:
117:
114:
113:
108:
103:
99:
93:
88:
87:Least Concern
77:
73:
68:
64:
63:Pembrokeshire
59:
47:
43:
38:
35:Common murre
33:
30:
19:
3663:common-murre
3434:
3410:
3393:
3365:
3356:
3328:
3302:
3298:
3261:
3257:
3245:. Retrieved
3238:the original
3233:
3229:
3197:
3191:
3167:
3150:
3134:
3130:
3116:
3099:
3086:cite journal
3061:
3057:
3053:
3038:
3022:
3018:
3014:
2989:
2983:
2954:
2948:
2906:
2902:
2884:cite journal
2857:
2853:
2847:
2820:
2814:
2797:
2791:
2787:
2768:
2761:
2753:
2747:
2722:
2718:
2714:
2697:
2693:
2689:
2672:
2668:
2664:
2655:
2651:
2645:
2635:
2609:
2605:
2579:
2572:
2558:
2548:. Retrieved
2544:the original
2539:
2533:
2512:
2508:
2504:
2479:
2475:
2471:
2462:
2453:
2435:
2431:
2410:
2406:
2374:(6): 630–3.
2371:
2367:
2344:
2335:
2330:Beale (2007)
2326:
2317:
2284:
2275:
2266:
2257:
2248:
2239:
2233:
2202:
2198:
2185:
2176:
2157:
2153:
2103:
2042:
2038:
1970:
1966:
1956:
1947:
1939:
1938:Lilliendahl
1922:
1887:
1883:
1872:
1861:. Retrieved
1857:
1848:
1837:
1828:
1803:
1799:
1786:
1777:
1768:
1759:
1750:
1717:
1701:
1697:
1652:
1643:
1613:
1598:
1587:. Retrieved
1582:
1572:
1560:. Retrieved
1547:
1528:
1524:
1514:
1505:
1478:
1472:
1460:. Retrieved
1455:
1423:
1413:
1396:
1387:
1376:. Retrieved
1366:
1354:. Retrieved
1340:
1334:
1328:
1293:
1284:
1272:
1264:birdwatching
1257:
1248:
1185:
1169:
1162:
1157:
1155:
1128:
1122:
1105:
1097:
1089:Herring gull
1070:
1039:
1013:
1003:Allopreening
996:
988:
975:
951:
899:Atlantic cod
868:
835:
819:Newfoundland
811:
798:
780:wing loading
777:
720:
716:
712:polymorphism
709:
704:
702:
693:
682:
648:
638:
634:
630:
627:onomatopoeic
610:
606:
602:
598:
594:
591:Pierre Belon
586:
584:
569:
548:Teuri Island
538:, Kuril and
527:
511:
494:
488:
484:
472:
463:
459:
445:make up the
427:
415:
397:
388:
380:
367:
348:
335:
326:
310:
306:
284:
283:
279:
276:common murre
275:
273:
261:
253:
245:
210:
208:
192:
191:
179:
29:
3840:SeaLifeBase
3775:Neotropical
3736:NatureServe
3684:iNaturalist
3459:Wikispecies
2800:: 106–111.
2771:(2nd ed.).
2658:(2): 92–94.
2612:: 269–274.
2482:: 321–331.
2438:: 102–111.
2413:: 115–122.
1973:(4): 0–14.
1890:: 181–197.
1531:: 635–676.
1444:Gill, Frank
1356:12 November
1172:Isle of May
1101:brood patch
1067:unimpeded;.
919:crustaceans
887:sand lances
875:forage fish
842:New England
683:U. a. aalge
645:Description
477:Pontoppidan
473:U. a. aalge
294:circumpolar
292:. It has a
262:Uria troile
219:Pontoppidan
3901:Categories
3884:Uria-aalge
3879:Xeno-canto
3490:Uria_aalge
3465:Uria aalge
3435:Uria aalge
3411:Uria aalge
3366:Uria aalge
3357:Uria aalge
3247:2015-11-08
3064:(3): 224.
3054:Uria aalge
3025:(2): 211.
3015:Uria aalge
2860:(2): 367.
2848:Uria aalge
2775:, London.
2756:: 230–235.
2715:Uria aalge
2700:(2): 413.
2675:(3): 472.
2665:Uria aalge
2646:Uria aalge
2550:2008-08-17
2505:Uria aalge
2472:Uria aalge
2463:Uria aalge
2355:References
1863:2019-12-16
1661:xeno-canto
1589:2024-08-15
1378:2020-01-31
1329:Uria aalge
1036:Murre eggs
1026:See also:
1016:monogamous
999:razorbills
984:California
974:Part of a
827:oil spills
691:subspecies
564:Bering Sea
519:Heligoland
498:Salomonsen
489:spiloptera
485:intermedia
466:subspecies
451:morphology
436:little auk
391:is an old
344:under the
300:and North
285:Uria aalge
211:Uria aalge
2515:: 80–85.
2061:0004-8038
2013:246813729
1914:244752949
1562:15 August
1245:Pollution
1125:precocial
1060:swimming.
1051:razorbill
1010:Courtship
923:amphipods
909:, marine
879:polar cod
872:schooling
823:pollution
623:Guillaume
587:guillemot
581:Etymology
574:Bryant, H
443:great auk
432:razorbill
428:U. lomvia
412:guillemot
385:Athenaeus
317:incubated
187:Species:
125:Kingdom:
119:Eukaryota
3741:2.100098
3728:22694841
3702:11222277
3526:22694841
3521:BirdLife
3510:BioLib:
3444:Wikidata
3286:18624739
3166:(2000):
3115:(2002):
3078:25443607
2971:29136400
2933:17550875
2769:Seabirds
2739:86711711
2496:53154295
2398:18796390
2069:85018537
2005:35157312
1405:Plate 26
1395:(1763).
1042:pyriform
1028:Bird egg
978:colony,
966:Colonies
961:Breeding
921:such as
907:molluscs
895:sandeels
795:Skeleton
556:Hokkaido
552:Hokkaido
536:Sakhalin
515:Witherby
502:Svalbard
438:and the
400:seabirds
332:Taxonomy
313:colonies
298:Atlantic
265:Linnaeus
237:Synonyms
165:Family:
139:Chordata
135:Phylum:
129:Animalia
115:Domain:
92:IUCN 3.1
65:, Wales
3653:2481342
3562:bob6340
3498:Avibase
3307:Bibcode
3305:: 1–8.
3266:Bibcode
3214:4086647
3006:4087381
2924:2390679
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