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1652:, they might independently have acquired similar genetic sequences. Theobald's "formal test" was accordingly criticised by Takahiro Yonezawa and colleagues for not including consideration of convergence. They argued that Theobald's test was insufficient to distinguish between the competing hypotheses. Theobald has defended his method against this claim, arguing that his tests distinguish between phylogenetic structure and mere sequence similarity. Therefore, Theobald argued, his results show that "real universally
62:
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1689:. During the course of evolution, this RNA world was replaced by the evolutionary emergence of the DNA world. A world of independently self-replicating RNA genomes apparently no longer exists (RNA viruses are dependent on host cells with DNA genomes). Because the RNA world is apparently gone, it is not clear how scientific evidence could be brought to bear on the question of whether there was a single origin of life event from which all life descended.
4696:
1634:. This has led to questions about the single ancestry of life. However, biologists consider it very unlikely that completely unrelated proto-organisms could have exchanged genes, as their different coding mechanisms would have resulted only in garble rather than functioning systems. Later, however, many organisms all derived from a single ancestor could readily have shared genes that all worked in the same way, and it appears that they have.
1470:(DNA triplets) that code redundantly for the same amino acid. Since many species use the same codon at the same place to specify an amino acid that can be represented by more than one codon, that is evidence for their sharing a recent common ancestor. Had the amino acid sequences come from different ancestors, they would have been coded for by any of the redundant codons, and since the correct amino acids would already have been in place,
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862:"We do not know all the possible transitional gradations between the simplest and the most perfect organs; it cannot be pretended that we know all the varied means of Distribution during the long lapse of years, or that we know how imperfect the Geological Record is. Grave as these several difficulties are, in my judgment they do not overthrow the theory of descent from a few created forms with subsequent modification".
1681:, and that this implies a single origin for life. Although such a universal common ancestor may have existed, such a complex entity is unlikely to have arisen spontaneously from non-life and thus a cell with a DNA genome cannot reasonably be regarded as the origin of life. To understand the origin of life, it has been proposed that DNA based cellular life descended from relatively simple pre-cellular self-replicating
1629:
could have occurred during early evolution. Bacteria today remain capable of gene exchange between distantly-related lineages. This weakens the basic assumption of phylogenetic analysis, that similarity of genomes implies common ancestry, because sufficient gene exchange would allow lineages to share
835:
endued with animality, with the power of acquiring new parts attended with new propensities, directed by irritations, sensations, volitions, and associations; and thus possessing the faculty of continuing to improve by its own inherent activity, and of delivering down those improvements by generation
775:
There is grandeur in this view of life, with its several powers, having been originally breathed into a few forms or into one; and that, whilst this planet has gone cycling on according to the fixed law of gravity, from so simple a beginning endless forms most beautiful and most wonderful have been,
1511:
throughout all living organisms, especially how the rotating elements are bound to the membrane. This supports the assumption of a LUCA as a cellular organism, although primordial membranes may have been semipermeable and evolved later to the membranes of modern bacteria, and on a second path to
1578:
Another important piece of evidence is from detailed phylogenetic trees (i.e., "genealogic trees" of species) mapping out the proposed divisions and common ancestors of all living species. In 2010, Douglas L. Theobald published a statistical analysis of available genetic data, mapping them to
885:
No reliable observation has ever been found to contradict the general notion of common descent. It should come as no surprise, then, that the scientific community at large has accepted evolutionary descent as a historical reality since Darwin's time and considers it among the most reliably
688:, in which multiple species derive from a single ancestral population. The more recent the ancestral population two species have in common, the more closely are they related. The most recent common ancestor of all currently living organisms is the last universal ancestor, which lived about
830:
ould it be too bold to imagine, that in the great length of time, since the earth began to exist, perhaps millions of ages before the commencement of the history of mankind, would it be too bold to imagine, that all warm-blooded animals have arisen from one living filament, which
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could change the codons, but it would be extremely unlikely to make all the redundant codons in a whole sequence match exactly across multiple lineages. Similarly, shared nucleotide sequences, especially where these are apparently neutral such as the positioning of
857:
But he precedes that remark by, "Analogy would lead me one step further, namely, to the belief that all animals and plants have descended from some one prototype. But analogy may be a deceitful guide." And in the subsequent edition, he asserts rather,
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sequences and DNA sequences. Proteins with the same three-dimensional structure need not have identical amino acid sequences; any irrelevant similarity between the sequences is evidence for common descent. In certain cases, there are several
1586:, etc. Recently, it has been possible to construct these trees using molecular data, based on similarities and differences between genetic and protein sequences. All these methods produce essentially similar results, even though most
2697:: "Despite all the variety among these forms, they seem to have been produced according to a common archetype, and this analogy among them reinforces our suspicion that they are actually akin, produced by a common original mother."
668:
applicable when one species is the ancestor of two or more species later in time. According to modern evolutionary biology, all living beings could be descendants of a unique ancestor commonly referred to as the
791:
The idea that all living things (including things considered non-living by science) are related is a recurring theme in many indigenous worldviews across the world. Later on, in the 1740s, the French
2730:
Darwin, C. R. 1860. On the origin of species by means of natural selection, or the preservation of favoured races in the struggle for life. London: John Murray. 2nd edition, second issue, page 466
853:
Therefore I should infer from analogy that probably all the organic beings which have ever lived on this earth have descended from some one primordial form, into which life was first breathed.
1495:
Biologists often point to the universality of many aspects of cellular life as supportive evidence to the more compelling evidence listed above. These similarities include the energy carrier
1590:
has no influence over external morphology. That phylogenetic trees based on different types of information agree with each other is strong evidence of a real underlying common descent.
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1507:- rather than through universal common descent - and therefore resulted in convergent evolution. In contrast, there is evidence for homology of the central subunits of
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333:
2421:
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Ohtomo, Yoko; Kakegawa, Takeshi; Ishida, Akizumi; et al. (January 2014). "Evidence for biogenic graphite in early
Archaean Isua metasedimentary rocks".
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carrying out core functions like DNA replication. The fact that only one such set of enzymes exists is convincing evidence of a single ancestry. 6,331
2640:
2028:
Weiss, Madeline C.; Sousa, Filipa L.; Mrnjavac, Natalia; Neukirchen, Sinje; Roettger, Mayo; Nelson-Sathi, Shijulal; Martin, William F. (2016-07-25).
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1981:
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3148:"On universal common ancestry, sequence similarity, and phylogenetic structure: The sins of P-values and the virtues of Bayesian evidence"
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1966:
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Knight, Robin; Freeland, Stephen J.; Landweber, Laura F. (January 2001). "Rewiring the keyboard: evolvability of the genetic code".
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1426:. The universality of this code is generally regarded by biologists as definitive evidence in favor of universal common descent.
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The possibility is mentioned, above, that all living organisms may be descended from an original single-celled organism with a
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On the Origin of
Species by Means of Natural Selection, or the Preservation of Favoured Races in the Struggle for Life
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1461:, and therefore they provide compelling support for universal common descent. Such evidence has come from two areas:
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All known forms of life are based on the same fundamental biochemical organization: genetic information encoded in
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commented that "practically no naturalists of position and recognized attainment doubt the theory of descent."
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1726:(1970). "The Scientific Movement and the Diffusion of Scientific Ideas, 1688–1751". In Bromley, J. S. (ed.).
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arrived at the idea that all organisms had a common ancestor, and had diverged through random variation and
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1441:(non-polar) side-chains are well organised, suggesting that these enabled the earliest organisms to create
552:
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2332:"The Last Universal Common Ancestor: emergence, constitution and genetic legacy of an elusive forerunner"
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and others as energy sources. Analysis of small sequence differences in widely shared substances such as
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phylogenetic trees, that gave "strong quantitative support, by a formal test, for the unity of life."
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further supports universal common descent. Some 23 proteins are found in all organisms, serving as
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2751:"Descent with modification was accepted by most scientists not long after publication of Darwin's
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Theobald, Douglas L. (13 May 2010). "A formal test of the theory of universal common ancestry".
819:) that the similarity of animal forms implies a common original type, and thus a common parent.
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4305:
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4008:
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2897:"Primal Eukaryogenesis: On the Communal Nature of Precellular States, Ancestral to Modern Life"
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Traditionally, these trees have been built using morphological methods, such as appearance,
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in 1859. Scientists accepted it because it explained so many facets of the living world."
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2570:"Reconstruction of the ancestral metazoan genome reveals an increase in genomic novelty"
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common to all living animals have been identified; these may have arisen from a single
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common to all living animals have been identified; these may have arisen from a single
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20:
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849:, were that it was probable that there was only one progenitor for all life forms:
308:
4086:
2463:"Microbially Induced Sedimentary Structures Recording an Ancient Ecosystem in the
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4226:
4053:
4042:
3996:
3939:
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3472:
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would not have driven any change in the codons, however much time was available.
878:
759:
261:
251:
113:
2045:
4442:
4314:
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3611:
3527:
2641:"We Are All Related: Indigenous Knowledge Reaffirmed by Digitized Tree of Life"
2595:
2336:
2261:
1883:
1808:
1769:
1406:(the "translation table" according to which DNA information is translated into
840:
823:
762:
343:
28:
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2784:
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with water-repelling regions able to support the essential electron exchange (
61:
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1834:
Evolution: Genesis and
Revelations: With Readings from Empedocles to Wilson
1761:
1648:
If early organisms had been driven by the same environmental conditions to
1503:. It is, however, possible that these similarities resulted because of the
1467:
1437:
seems to be strongly optimised. Richard Egel argues that in particular the
1430:
1403:
967:
935:
514:
499:
283:
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38:"Common ancestor" redirects here. For use of the term in graph theory, see
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4666:
4537:
4266:
3801:
3631:
3537:
3495:
3246:
2527:
2454:
2083:
Forterre, Patrick; Gribaldo, Simonetta; Brochier, CĂ©line (October 2005).
1438:
955:
947:
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524:
241:
191:
4106:
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3201:
29+ Evidences for
Macroevolution: The Scientific Case for Common Descent
3123:
3098:
3066:
3041:
3017:
29+ Evidences for
Macroevolution: The Scientific Case for Common Descent
2921:
2168:
1410:, and hence proteins) is nearly identical for all known lifeforms, from
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4350:
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3771:
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3589:
3584:
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1820:
Zoonomia; or The laws of organic life: in three parts (Volume 1) (1818)
1705:
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70:
2467:. 3.48 Billion-Year-Old Dresser Formation, Pilbara, Western Australia"
1817:. Vol. 1 (4th American ed.). Philadelphia, PA: Edward Earle.
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1882:. Translated, with an introduction, by Werner S. Pluhar; foreword by
1669:
1631:
1457:
Similarities which have no adaptive relevance cannot be explained by
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171:
91:
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1812:
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2030:"The physiology and habitat of the last universal common ancestor"
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established and fundamentally important facts in all of science.
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1678:
1499:(ATP), and the fact that all amino acids found in proteins are
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1419:
1319:
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603:
2330:
Glansdorff, Nicolas; Ying Xu; Labedan, Bernard (9 July 2008).
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1614:
1446:
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16:
Characteristic of a group of organisms with a common ancestor
2027:
692:. The two earliest pieces of evidence for life on Earth are
943:
736:
674:
2382:
3040:
Yonezawa, Takahiro; Hasegawa, Masami (16 December 2010).
2532:"The Very First Animal Appeared Amid an Explosion of DNA"
2453:
1682:
1675:
911:
907:
723:. All currently living organisms on Earth share a common
3013:"Prediction 1.3: Consilience of independent phylogenies"
2329:
2082:
2818:
2753:
On the Origin of
Species by Means of Natural Selection
731:
during early evolution has led to questions about the
19:
For use of the term in linguistics and philology, see
4710:
2085:"[Luca: the last universal common ancestor]"
922:, then translated into proteins by (highly similar)
2866:"All Species Evolved From Single Cell, Study Finds"
2568:Paps, Jordi; Holland, Peter W. H. (30 April 2018).
1452:
2206:"Origins of life: Common ancestry put to the test"
1922:
1831:
1728:The Rise of Great Britain and Russia, 1688–1715/25
4734:
3039:
2522:
2520:
1523:
866:Common descent was widely accepted amongst the
843:'s views about common descent, as expressed in
727:heritage, though the suggestion of substantial
2987:The Vital Question: Why Is Life The Way It Is?
2563:
2561:
2422:"Oldest fossil found: Meet your microbial mom"
1487:, provide strong evidence of common ancestry.
3431:
3231:
2663:
1718:
642:
2517:
765:in the concluding sentence of his 1859 book
3042:"Was the universal common ancestry proved?"
2567:
2558:
2447:
1562:genes implies a single origin for all life.
735:(single ancestry) of life. 6,331 groups of
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2413:
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2128:
1980:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1967:Der Begriff des Instinktes einst und jetzt
1802:The Complete Work of Charles Darwin Online
1615:Gene exchange clouds phylogenetic analysis
758:process was first proposed by the British
649:
635:
3173:
3163:
3146:Theobald, Douglas L. (24 November 2011).
3122:
3097:Theobald, Douglas L. (16 December 2010).
3065:
2930:
2920:
2814:
2812:
2800:
2603:
2500:
2359:
2349:
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2100:
1630:much of their genome whether or not they
4672:Transgenerational epigenetic inheritance
3445:
3145:
3096:
2857:
2678:
2144:
1920:
1650:evolve similar biochemistry convergently
1597:
1519:
2782:
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1963:
1637:
822:In 1794, Charles Darwin's grandfather,
4735:
2953:
2809:
2718:
2706:
2626:
2526:
1925:The Making of Modern Europe, 1648-1780
1829:
1807:
1768:
961:
901:
4435:Dialogues Concerning Natural Religion
3419:
3219:
2960:. Mittal Publications. pp. 32–.
2785:"Evolution as Fact, Theory, and Path"
2741:Biology: A Guide to the Natural World
2639:Staff, I. C. T. (13 September 2018).
2638:
2420:Borenstein, Seth (13 November 2013).
1814:Zoonomia; or the Laws of Organic Life
1610:, implying multiple possible origins.
1515:
1490:
870:after Darwin's publication. In 1907,
3010:
2980:
2894:
2888:
2863:
2690:
2191:
1872:
836:to its posterity, world without end?
754:Universal common descent through an
3302:Formamide-based prebiotic chemistry
2957:Continuity And Evolution Of Animals
2457:; Christian, Daniel; Wacey, David;
13:
3840:Evolutionary developmental biology
3245:
1840:State University of New York Press
14:
4764:
3307:Alternative abiogenesis scenarios
3194:
2789:Evolution: Education and Outreach
2743:. Pearson/Prentice Hall. p. 323.
2295:10.1038/scientificamerican0200-90
1449:) reactions for energy transfer.
4720:
4694:
4685:
4684:
1964:Ziegler, Heinrich Ernst (1904).
1732:The New Cambridge Modern History
1625:Theobald noted that substantial
1453:Selectively neutral similarities
616:
615:
602:
60:
4497:Extended evolutionary synthesis
3686:Gene-centered view of evolution
3139:
3090:
3033:
3004:
2974:
2776:
2758:
2733:
2724:
2712:
2700:
2684:
2672:
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2632:
1997:
1711:
787:History of evolutionary thought
715:found in 3.48 billion-year-old
684:Common descent is an effect of
609:Evolutionary biology portal
4625:Hologenome theory of evolution
4492:History of molecular evolution
3718:Evolutionarily stable strategy
3607:Last universal common ancestor
3383:Last universal common ancestor
2773:. Henry Holt and Company. p. 3
2323:
2254:
2204:; Penny, David (13 May 2010).
2076:
2021:
1632:shared an ancestor (monophyly)
1512:those of modern archaea also.
671:last universal common ancestor
568:Creation–evolution controversy
322:History of evolutionary theory
1:
4419:Renaissance and Enlightenment
2014:
1593:
1505:laws of physics and chemistry
1433:(DNA triplets) are mapped to
4753:Most recent common ancestors
4630:Missing heritability problem
4257:Gamete differentiation/sexes
3211:The Tree of Life Web Project
2895:Egel, Richard (March 2012).
2266:"Uprooting the Tree of Life"
1663:
553:Evolution as fact and theory
7:
2046:10.1038/nmicrobiol.2016.116
1921:Treasure, Geoffrey (1985).
1800:The book is available from
1692:
890:
10:
4769:
4262:Life cycles/nuclear phases
3814:Trivers–Willard hypothesis
3021:The TalkOrigins Foundation
2596:10.1038/s41467-018-04136-5
2102:10.1051/medsci/20052110860
1888:Hackett Publishing Company
1736:Cambridge University Press
1685:molecules able to undergo
1667:
1641:
1618:
1571:
1565:
965:
897:Evidence of common descent
894:
784:
780:
588:Nature-nurture controversy
37:
18:
4680:
4580:
4505:
4409:
4336:
4292:
4147:
4051:
3868:
3827:
3760:Parent–offspring conflict
3696:
3565:Earliest known life forms
3486:
3453:
3392:
3378:Earliest known life forms
3370:
3315:
3284:
3253:
2864:Than, Ker (14 May 2010).
2802:10.1007/s12052-007-0001-z
2783:Gregory, T. Ryan (2008).
2664:Crombie & Hoskin 1970
1608:horizontal gene transfers
1374:
1344:
1334:
1326:
1318:
1312:
1286:
1278:
1248:
1240:
1231:
1223:
1217:
1193:
1163:
1155:
1147:
1138:
1087:
1063:
1055:
1047:
1037:
1031:
1026:
1023:
1020:
1017:
1012:
1007:
805:In 1790, the philosopher
475:Evolutionary neuroscience
450:Evolutionary epistemology
430:Evolutionary anthropology
410:Applications of evolution
4613:Cultural group selection
4477:The eclipse of Darwinism
4449:On the Origin of Species
4424:Transmutation of species
1990:
1830:Harris, C. Leon (1981).
1778:(1st ed.). London:
1627:horizontal gene transfer
1621:Horizontal gene transfer
914:, through the effect of
846:On the Origin of Species
768:On the Origin of Species
729:horizontal gene transfer
700:in 3.7 billion-year-old
465:Evolutionary linguistics
460:Evolutionary game theory
435:Evolutionary computation
4618:Dual inheritance theory
4457:History of paleontology
2822:Nature Reviews Genetics
1804:. Retrieved 2015-11-23.
1734:. Vol. 6. London:
811:Kritik der Urteilskraft
796:Pierre Louis Maupertuis
776:and are being, evolved.
578:Objections to evolution
485:Evolutionary psychology
480:Evolutionary physiology
425:Evolutionary aesthetics
404:Fields and applications
386:History of paleontology
4306:Punctuated equilibrium
3627:Non-adaptive radiation
3575:Evolutionary arms race
3297:Miller–Urey experiment
3269:Spontaneous generation
3165:10.1186/1745-6150-6-60
2954:Sharma, N. S. (2005).
2739:Krogh, David. (2005).
2351:10.1186/1745-6150-3-29
1611:
1574:Tree of life (biology)
1563:
1497:adenosine triphosphate
1003:Standard genetic code
888:
864:
855:
838:
778:
704:discovered in western
510:Speciation experiments
490:Experimental evolution
445:Evolutionary economics
267:Recent human evolution
125:Processes and outcomes
40:Lowest common ancestor
25:Historical linguistics
4598:Evolutionary medicine
4472:Mendelian inheritance
4180:Biological complexity
4168:Programmed cell death
3860:Phenotypic plasticity
3580:Evolutionary pressure
3570:Evidence of evolution
3468:Timeline of evolution
3011:Theobald, Douglas L.
2582:(1730 (2018)): 1730.
2575:Nature Communications
2493:10.1089/ast.2013.1030
1826:Retrieved 2015-11-23.
1642:Further information:
1619:Further information:
1601:
1553:
1509:transmembrane ATPases
966:Further information:
952:650 million years ago
895:Further information:
883:
860:
851:
833:the great First Cause
828:
773:
745:650 million years ago
702:metasedimentary rocks
690:3.9 billion years ago
470:Evolutionary medicine
415:Biosocial criminology
381:History of speciation
294:Evolutionary taxonomy
257:Timeline of evolution
4743:Evolutionary biology
4727:Evolutionary biology
4572:Teleology in biology
4467:Blending inheritance
3845:Genetic assimilation
3708:Artificial selection
3447:Evolutionary biology
2461:(16 December 2013).
1886:. Indianapolis, IN:
1879:Critique of Judgment
1644:Convergent evolution
1638:Convergent evolution
1459:convergent evolution
868:scientific community
816:Critique of Judgment
666:evolutionary biology
440:Evolutionary ecology
54:Evolutionary biology
4635:Molecular evolution
4593:Ecological genetics
4462:Transitional fossil
4252:Sexual reproduction
4092:endomembrane system
4021:pollinator-mediated
3977:dolphins and whales
3755:Parental investment
3340:Primordial sandwich
3285:Prebiotic synthesis
3255:History of research
3205:TalkOrigins Archive
3124:10.1038/nature09483
3115:2010Natur.468E..10T
3067:10.1038/nature09482
3058:2010Natur.468E...9Y
2922:10.3390/life2010170
2913:2012Life....2..170E
2870:National Geographic
2588:2018NatCo...9.1730P
2485:2013AsBio..13.1103N
2399:2014NatGe...7...25O
2287:2000SciAm.282b..90D
2274:Scientific American
2222:2010Natur.465..168S
2169:10.1038/nature09014
2161:2010Natur.465..219T
2034:Nature Microbiology
1700:The Ancestor's Tale
1004:
962:Common genetic code
910:, transcribed into
902:Common biochemistry
877:In 2008, biologist
542:Social implications
530:Universal Darwinism
520:Island biogeography
455:Evolutionary ethics
420:Ecological genetics
366:Molecular evolution
304:Transitional fossil
132:Population genetics
48:Part of a series on
4608:Cultural evolution
3723:Fisher's principle
3652:Handicap principle
3642:Parallel evolution
3506:Adaptive radiation
3371:Earliest organisms
3357:Quasispecies model
3325:GADV-protein world
2537:The New York Times
2262:Doolittle, W. Ford
1612:
1564:
1516:Phylogenetic trees
1491:Other similarities
1002:
573:Theistic evolution
505:Selective breeding
217:Parallel evolution
182:Adaptive radiation
21:Comparative method
4708:
4707:
4324:Uniformitarianism
4277:Sex-determination
3782:Sexual dimorphism
3777:Natural selection
3681:Unit of selection
3647:Signalling theory
3413:
3412:
3352:Peptide-RNA world
3335:Iron–sulfur world
3292:Pseudo-panspermia
2990:. Profile Books.
2967:978-81-8293-018-6
2765:Kellogg, Vernon L
2479:(12): 1103–1124.
2386:Nature Geoscience
2264:(February 2000).
2216:(7295): 168–169.
2155:(7295): 219–222.
2089:MĂ©decine/Sciences
1940:978-0-416-72370-0
1897:978-0-87220-025-8
1849:978-0-87395-487-7
1745:978-0-521-07524-4
1687:natural selection
1588:genetic variation
1568:Phylogenetic tree
1556:phylogenetic tree
1472:natural selection
1400:
1399:
1000:
999:
800:natural selection
721:Western Australia
659:
658:
350:Origin of Species
152:Natural selection
33:Textual criticism
4760:
4725:
4724:
4716:
4698:
4688:
4687:
4487:Modern synthesis
4247:Multicellularity
4242:Mosaic evolution
4127:auditory ossicle
3809:Social selection
3792:Flowering plants
3787:Sexual selection
3440:
3433:
3426:
3417:
3416:
3271:(4th century BC)
3265:(5th century BC)
3240:
3233:
3226:
3217:
3216:
3188:
3187:
3177:
3167:
3143:
3137:
3136:
3126:
3099:"Theobald reply"
3094:
3088:
3087:
3069:
3037:
3031:
3030:
3028:
3027:
3019:. Version 2.89.
3008:
3002:
3001:
2978:
2972:
2971:
2951:
2945:
2944:
2934:
2924:
2892:
2886:
2885:
2883:
2881:
2872:. Archived from
2861:
2855:
2854:
2835:10.1038/35047500
2816:
2807:
2806:
2804:
2780:
2774:
2770:Darwinism To-Day
2762:
2756:
2737:
2731:
2728:
2722:
2716:
2710:
2704:
2698:
2688:
2682:
2676:
2670:
2661:
2655:
2654:
2652:
2651:
2636:
2630:
2624:
2618:
2617:
2607:
2565:
2556:
2555:
2553:
2551:
2545:
2540:. Archived from
2524:
2515:
2514:
2504:
2459:Hazen, Robert M.
2451:
2445:
2444:
2442:
2441:
2432:. Archived from
2430:Associated Press
2417:
2411:
2410:
2407:10.1038/ngeo2025
2380:
2374:
2373:
2363:
2353:
2327:
2321:
2320:
2318:
2317:
2311:
2305:. Archived from
2270:
2258:
2252:
2251:
2233:
2198:
2189:
2188:
2142:
2123:
2122:
2104:
2080:
2074:
2073:
2025:
2008:
2001:
1985:
1979:
1971:
1960:
1928:
1917:
1869:
1837:
1824:Internet Archive
1818:
1799:
1765:
1522:
1005:
1001:
972:
971:
834:
664:is a concept in
651:
644:
637:
624:
619:
618:
611:
607:
606:
583:Level of support
376:Current research
361:Modern synthesis
356:Before synthesis
309:Extinction event
67:Darwin's finches
64:
45:
44:
4768:
4767:
4763:
4762:
4761:
4759:
4758:
4757:
4733:
4732:
4731:
4719:
4711:
4709:
4704:
4676:
4603:Group selection
4576:
4501:
4405:
4332:
4294:Tempo and modes
4288:
4143:
4047:
3864:
3823:
3699:
3692:
3669:Species complex
3482:
3473:History of life
3449:
3444:
3414:
3409:
3388:
3366:
3330:Clay hypothesis
3311:
3280:
3275:Primordial soup
3249:
3244:
3197:
3192:
3191:
3144:
3140:
3095:
3091:
3038:
3034:
3025:
3023:
3009:
3005:
2998:
2979:
2975:
2968:
2952:
2948:
2893:
2889:
2879:
2877:
2876:on May 15, 2010
2862:
2858:
2817:
2810:
2781:
2777:
2763:
2759:
2738:
2734:
2729:
2725:
2717:
2713:
2705:
2701:
2689:
2685:
2677:
2673:
2662:
2658:
2649:
2647:
2637:
2633:
2625:
2621:
2566:
2559:
2549:
2547:
2525:
2518:
2452:
2448:
2439:
2437:
2418:
2414:
2381:
2377:
2328:
2324:
2315:
2313:
2309:
2268:
2259:
2255:
2231:10.1038/465168a
2199:
2192:
2143:
2126:
2095:(10): 860–865.
2081:
2077:
2026:
2022:
2017:
2012:
2011:
2002:
1998:
1993:
1988:
1973:
1972:
1941:
1898:
1850:
1809:Darwin, Erasmus
1770:Darwin, Charles
1746:
1724:Hoskin, Michael
1714:
1695:
1672:
1666:
1646:
1640:
1623:
1617:
1596:
1576:
1570:
1552:
1520:
1518:
1493:
1455:
1377:
1337:
1040:
1009:
970:
964:
948:common ancestor
904:
899:
893:
879:T. Ryan Gregory
832:
789:
783:
741:common ancestor
655:
614:
601:
600:
593:
592:
543:
535:
534:
405:
397:
396:
395:
323:
315:
314:
313:
262:Human evolution
252:History of life
236:
235:Natural history
228:
227:
226:
126:
118:
73:
43:
36:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4766:
4756:
4755:
4750:
4745:
4730:
4729:
4706:
4705:
4703:
4702:
4692:
4681:
4678:
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4675:
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4669:
4664:
4659:
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4595:
4590:
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4568:
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4562:
4557:
4556:
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4535:
4530:
4525:
4515:
4509:
4507:
4503:
4502:
4500:
4499:
4494:
4489:
4484:
4479:
4474:
4469:
4464:
4459:
4454:
4453:
4452:
4443:Charles Darwin
4440:
4439:
4438:
4426:
4421:
4415:
4413:
4407:
4406:
4404:
4403:
4398:
4393:
4388:
4383:
4381:Non-ecological
4378:
4373:
4368:
4363:
4358:
4353:
4348:
4342:
4340:
4334:
4333:
4331:
4330:
4321:
4312:
4298:
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4290:
4289:
4287:
4286:
4281:
4280:
4279:
4274:
4269:
4264:
4259:
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4244:
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4199:
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4171:
4170:
4165:
4154:
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4145:
4144:
4142:
4141:
4140:
4139:
4134:
4132:nervous system
4129:
4124:
4119:
4111:
4110:
4109:
4104:
4099:
4094:
4089:
4084:
4074:
4069:
4064:
4058:
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4049:
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4035:
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4023:
4013:
4012:
4011:
4006:
4005:
4004:
3999:
3989:
3984:
3979:
3974:
3969:
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3962:
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3942:
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3898:
3893:
3892:
3891:
3881:
3875:
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3866:
3865:
3863:
3862:
3857:
3852:
3847:
3842:
3837:
3831:
3829:
3825:
3824:
3822:
3821:
3816:
3811:
3806:
3805:
3804:
3799:
3794:
3784:
3779:
3774:
3769:
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3757:
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3702:
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3678:
3673:
3672:
3671:
3666:
3656:
3655:
3654:
3644:
3639:
3634:
3632:Origin of life
3629:
3624:
3619:
3617:Microevolution
3614:
3612:Macroevolution
3609:
3604:
3599:
3598:
3597:
3587:
3582:
3577:
3572:
3567:
3562:
3557:
3552:
3550:Common descent
3547:
3546:
3545:
3535:
3530:
3528:Baldwin effect
3525:
3524:
3523:
3518:
3508:
3503:
3498:
3492:
3490:
3484:
3483:
3481:
3480:
3475:
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3465:
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3443:
3442:
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3411:
3410:
3408:
3407:
3402:
3396:
3394:
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3374:
3372:
3368:
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3313:
3312:
3310:
3309:
3304:
3299:
3294:
3288:
3286:
3282:
3281:
3279:
3278:
3277:(19th century)
3272:
3266:
3259:
3257:
3251:
3250:
3247:Origin of life
3243:
3242:
3235:
3228:
3220:
3214:
3213:
3208:
3196:
3195:External links
3193:
3190:
3189:
3152:Biology Direct
3138:
3089:
3032:
3003:
2997:978-1781250365
2996:
2973:
2966:
2946:
2907:(1): 170–212.
2887:
2856:
2808:
2775:
2757:
2749:978-0321946768
2732:
2723:
2711:
2709:, p. 397
2699:
2683:
2671:
2656:
2631:
2619:
2557:
2530:(4 May 2018).
2516:
2446:
2412:
2375:
2337:Biology Direct
2322:
2253:
2190:
2124:
2075:
2019:
2018:
2016:
2013:
2010:
2009:
1995:
1994:
1992:
1989:
1987:
1986:
1961:
1939:
1918:
1896:
1884:Mary J. Gregor
1874:Kant, Immanuel
1870:
1848:
1838:. Albany, NY:
1827:
1805:
1766:
1744:
1720:Crombie, A. C.
1715:
1713:
1710:
1709:
1708:
1703:
1694:
1691:
1668:Main article:
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889:
872:Vernon Kellogg
841:Charles Darwin
824:Erasmus Darwin
782:
779:
763:Charles Darwin
719:discovered in
673:(LUCA) of all
662:Common descent
657:
656:
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631:
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563:Social effects
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247:Common descent
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242:Origin of life
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225:
224:
219:
214:
209:
204:
199:
194:
189:
184:
179:
174:
169:
164:
159:
154:
149:
144:
139:
134:
128:
127:
124:
123:
120:
119:
117:
116:
111:
106:
100:
99:
94:
89:
84:
78:
75:
74:
65:
57:
56:
50:
49:
29:Proto-language
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4765:
4754:
4751:
4749:
4746:
4744:
4741:
4740:
4738:
4728:
4723:
4718:
4717:
4714:
4701:
4697:
4693:
4691:
4683:
4682:
4679:
4673:
4670:
4668:
4665:
4663:
4660:
4658:
4655:
4651:
4648:
4647:
4646:
4645:Phylogenetics
4643:
4641:
4638:
4636:
4633:
4631:
4628:
4626:
4623:
4619:
4616:
4614:
4611:
4609:
4606:
4605:
4604:
4601:
4599:
4596:
4594:
4591:
4589:
4586:
4585:
4583:
4579:
4573:
4570:
4566:
4563:
4561:
4558:
4554:
4551:
4550:
4549:
4548:Structuralism
4546:
4544:
4541:
4539:
4536:
4534:
4531:
4529:
4526:
4524:
4523:Catastrophism
4521:
4520:
4519:
4516:
4514:
4511:
4510:
4508:
4504:
4498:
4495:
4493:
4490:
4488:
4485:
4483:
4482:Neo-Darwinism
4480:
4478:
4475:
4473:
4470:
4468:
4465:
4463:
4460:
4458:
4455:
4451:
4450:
4446:
4445:
4444:
4441:
4437:
4436:
4432:
4431:
4430:
4427:
4425:
4422:
4420:
4417:
4416:
4414:
4412:
4408:
4402:
4399:
4397:
4396:Reinforcement
4394:
4392:
4389:
4387:
4384:
4382:
4379:
4377:
4374:
4372:
4369:
4367:
4364:
4362:
4359:
4357:
4354:
4352:
4349:
4347:
4344:
4343:
4341:
4339:
4335:
4329:
4328:Catastrophism
4325:
4322:
4320:
4319:Macromutation
4316:
4315:Micromutation
4313:
4311:
4307:
4303:
4300:
4299:
4297:
4295:
4291:
4285:
4282:
4278:
4275:
4273:
4270:
4268:
4265:
4263:
4260:
4258:
4255:
4254:
4253:
4250:
4248:
4245:
4243:
4240:
4238:
4235:
4233:
4230:
4228:
4225:
4223:
4222:Immune system
4220:
4218:
4215:
4213:
4210:
4208:
4205:
4203:
4200:
4196:
4193:
4192:
4191:
4188:
4186:
4183:
4181:
4178:
4176:
4173:
4169:
4166:
4164:
4161:
4160:
4159:
4156:
4155:
4153:
4151:
4146:
4138:
4135:
4133:
4130:
4128:
4125:
4123:
4120:
4118:
4115:
4114:
4112:
4108:
4105:
4103:
4100:
4098:
4095:
4093:
4090:
4088:
4085:
4083:
4082:symbiogenesis
4080:
4079:
4078:
4075:
4073:
4070:
4068:
4065:
4063:
4060:
4059:
4057:
4055:
4050:
4044:
4041:
4039:
4036:
4034:
4031:
4029:
4026:
4022:
4019:
4018:
4017:
4014:
4010:
4007:
4003:
4000:
3998:
3995:
3994:
3993:
3990:
3988:
3985:
3983:
3980:
3978:
3975:
3973:
3970:
3966:
3963:
3961:
3958:
3957:
3956:
3953:
3951:
3948:
3947:
3946:
3943:
3941:
3938:
3934:
3931:
3930:
3929:
3926:
3924:
3921:
3919:
3916:
3914:
3911:
3907:
3904:
3903:
3902:
3899:
3897:
3894:
3890:
3887:
3886:
3885:
3882:
3880:
3877:
3876:
3874:
3872:
3867:
3861:
3858:
3856:
3853:
3851:
3848:
3846:
3843:
3841:
3838:
3836:
3833:
3832:
3830:
3826:
3820:
3817:
3815:
3812:
3810:
3807:
3803:
3800:
3798:
3795:
3793:
3790:
3789:
3788:
3785:
3783:
3780:
3778:
3775:
3773:
3770:
3768:
3765:
3761:
3758:
3756:
3753:
3752:
3751:
3750:Kin selection
3748:
3746:
3745:Genetic drift
3743:
3741:
3738:
3734:
3731:
3730:
3729:
3726:
3724:
3721:
3719:
3716:
3714:
3711:
3709:
3706:
3705:
3703:
3701:
3695:
3687:
3684:
3683:
3682:
3679:
3677:
3674:
3670:
3667:
3665:
3662:
3661:
3660:
3657:
3653:
3650:
3649:
3648:
3645:
3643:
3640:
3638:
3635:
3633:
3630:
3628:
3625:
3623:
3620:
3618:
3615:
3613:
3610:
3608:
3605:
3603:
3600:
3596:
3593:
3592:
3591:
3588:
3586:
3583:
3581:
3578:
3576:
3573:
3571:
3568:
3566:
3563:
3561:
3558:
3556:
3553:
3551:
3548:
3544:
3541:
3540:
3539:
3536:
3534:
3531:
3529:
3526:
3522:
3519:
3517:
3514:
3513:
3512:
3509:
3507:
3504:
3502:
3499:
3497:
3494:
3493:
3491:
3489:
3485:
3479:
3476:
3474:
3471:
3469:
3466:
3464:
3461:
3459:
3456:
3455:
3452:
3448:
3441:
3436:
3434:
3429:
3427:
3422:
3421:
3418:
3406:
3403:
3401:
3398:
3397:
3395:
3391:
3384:
3381:
3379:
3376:
3375:
3373:
3369:
3363:
3360:
3358:
3355:
3353:
3350:
3348:
3345:
3341:
3338:
3337:
3336:
3333:
3331:
3328:
3326:
3323:
3322:
3320:
3318:
3314:
3308:
3305:
3303:
3300:
3298:
3295:
3293:
3290:
3289:
3287:
3283:
3276:
3273:
3270:
3267:
3264:
3261:
3260:
3258:
3256:
3252:
3248:
3241:
3236:
3234:
3229:
3227:
3222:
3221:
3218:
3212:
3209:
3206:
3202:
3199:
3198:
3185:
3181:
3176:
3171:
3166:
3161:
3157:
3153:
3149:
3142:
3134:
3130:
3125:
3120:
3116:
3112:
3109:(7326): E10.
3108:
3104:
3100:
3093:
3085:
3081:
3077:
3073:
3068:
3063:
3059:
3055:
3051:
3047:
3043:
3036:
3022:
3018:
3014:
3007:
2999:
2993:
2989:
2988:
2983:
2977:
2969:
2963:
2959:
2958:
2950:
2942:
2938:
2933:
2928:
2923:
2918:
2914:
2910:
2906:
2902:
2898:
2891:
2875:
2871:
2867:
2860:
2852:
2848:
2844:
2840:
2836:
2832:
2828:
2824:
2823:
2815:
2813:
2803:
2798:
2794:
2790:
2786:
2779:
2772:
2771:
2766:
2761:
2754:
2750:
2746:
2742:
2736:
2727:
2721:, p. 484
2720:
2715:
2708:
2703:
2696:
2692:
2687:
2681:, p. 142
2680:
2679:Treasure 1985
2675:
2669:
2665:
2660:
2646:
2642:
2635:
2629:, p. 490
2628:
2623:
2615:
2611:
2606:
2601:
2597:
2593:
2589:
2585:
2581:
2577:
2576:
2571:
2564:
2562:
2546:on 2022-01-01
2544:
2539:
2538:
2533:
2529:
2523:
2521:
2512:
2508:
2503:
2498:
2494:
2490:
2486:
2482:
2478:
2474:
2473:
2468:
2466:
2460:
2456:
2450:
2436:on 2019-11-10
2435:
2431:
2427:
2423:
2416:
2408:
2404:
2400:
2396:
2392:
2388:
2387:
2379:
2371:
2367:
2362:
2357:
2352:
2347:
2343:
2339:
2338:
2333:
2326:
2312:on 2006-09-07
2308:
2304:
2300:
2296:
2292:
2288:
2284:
2280:
2276:
2275:
2267:
2263:
2257:
2249:
2245:
2241:
2237:
2232:
2227:
2223:
2219:
2215:
2211:
2207:
2203:
2197:
2195:
2186:
2182:
2178:
2174:
2170:
2166:
2162:
2158:
2154:
2150:
2149:
2141:
2139:
2137:
2135:
2133:
2131:
2129:
2120:
2116:
2112:
2108:
2103:
2098:
2094:
2090:
2086:
2079:
2071:
2067:
2063:
2059:
2055:
2051:
2047:
2043:
2039:
2035:
2031:
2024:
2020:
2006:
2000:
1996:
1983:
1977:
1969:
1968:
1962:
1958:
1954:
1950:
1946:
1942:
1936:
1932:
1927:
1926:
1919:
1915:
1911:
1907:
1903:
1899:
1893:
1889:
1885:
1881:
1880:
1875:
1871:
1867:
1863:
1859:
1855:
1851:
1845:
1841:
1836:
1835:
1828:
1825:
1822: at the
1821:
1816:
1815:
1810:
1806:
1803:
1797:
1793:
1789:
1785:
1781:
1777:
1776:
1771:
1767:
1763:
1759:
1755:
1751:
1747:
1741:
1737:
1733:
1729:
1725:
1721:
1717:
1716:
1707:
1704:
1702:
1701:
1697:
1696:
1690:
1688:
1684:
1680:
1677:
1671:
1661:
1659:
1656:proteins are
1655:
1651:
1645:
1635:
1633:
1628:
1622:
1609:
1605:
1600:
1591:
1589:
1585:
1580:
1575:
1569:
1561:
1560:ribosomal RNA
1557:
1513:
1510:
1506:
1502:
1498:
1488:
1486:
1482:
1477:
1476:Genetic drift
1473:
1469:
1464:
1460:
1450:
1448:
1444:
1440:
1436:
1432:
1429:The way that
1427:
1425:
1421:
1417:
1413:
1409:
1405:
1395:
1392:
1389:
1386:
1385:
1381:
1379:
1371:
1368:
1365:
1364:
1360:
1357:
1354:
1351:
1350:
1347:
1341:
1339:
1331:
1329:
1323:
1321:
1315:
1311:
1307:
1304:
1301:
1299:
1296:
1293:
1292:
1289:
1283:
1281:
1275:
1272:
1269:
1268:
1264:
1261:
1258:
1255:
1254:
1251:
1245:
1243:
1237:
1234:
1228:
1226:
1220:
1216:
1212:
1209:
1206:
1203:
1202:
1198:
1196:
1190:
1187:
1184:
1183:
1179:
1176:
1173:
1170:
1169:
1166:
1160:
1158:
1152:
1150:
1144:
1141:
1137:
1133:
1130:
1127:
1125:
1122:
1119:
1116:
1113:
1112:
1109:
1106:
1103:
1101:
1098:
1095:
1092:
1090:
1084:
1083:
1079:
1076:
1073:
1070:
1069:
1066:
1060:
1058:
1052:
1050:
1044:
1042:
1034:
1030:
1016:
1006:
995:
993:
990:
987:
984:
981:
979:
978:
974:
973:
969:
959:
957:
953:
949:
945:
941:
937:
933:
929:
925:
921:
917:
913:
909:
898:
887:
882:
880:
875:
873:
869:
863:
859:
854:
850:
848:
847:
842:
837:
827:
825:
820:
818:
817:
812:
808:
807:Immanuel Kant
803:
801:
797:
794:
793:mathematician
788:
777:
772:
770:
769:
764:
761:
757:
752:
750:
746:
742:
738:
734:
730:
726:
722:
718:
714:
711:
710:microbial mat
707:
703:
699:
695:
691:
687:
682:
680:
676:
672:
667:
663:
652:
647:
645:
640:
638:
633:
632:
630:
629:
623:
613:
610:
605:
599:
598:
597:
596:
589:
586:
584:
581:
579:
576:
574:
571:
569:
566:
564:
561:
559:
556:
554:
551:
549:
546:
545:
539:
538:
531:
528:
526:
523:
521:
518:
516:
513:
511:
508:
506:
503:
501:
498:
496:
495:Phylogenetics
493:
491:
488:
486:
483:
481:
478:
476:
473:
471:
468:
466:
463:
461:
458:
456:
453:
451:
448:
446:
443:
441:
438:
436:
433:
431:
428:
426:
423:
421:
418:
416:
413:
411:
408:
407:
401:
400:
391:
387:
384:
382:
379:
377:
374:
372:
369:
367:
364:
362:
359:
357:
354:
352:
351:
347:
345:
342:
340:
339:Before Darwin
337:
335:
332:
330:
327:
326:
319:
318:
310:
307:
305:
302:
300:
297:
295:
292:
290:
287:
285:
282:
280:
277:
275:
272:
268:
265:
264:
263:
260:
258:
255:
253:
250:
248:
245:
243:
240:
239:
232:
231:
223:
220:
218:
215:
213:
210:
208:
205:
203:
200:
198:
195:
193:
190:
188:
185:
183:
180:
178:
175:
173:
170:
168:
167:Genetic drift
165:
163:
160:
158:
155:
153:
150:
148:
145:
143:
140:
138:
135:
133:
130:
129:
122:
121:
115:
112:
110:
107:
105:
102:
101:
98:
95:
93:
90:
88:
85:
83:
80:
79:
77:
76:
72:
68:
63:
59:
58:
55:
52:
51:
47:
46:
41:
34:
30:
26:
22:
4657:Polymorphism
4640:Astrobiology
4588:Biogeography
4543:Saltationism
4533:Orthogenesis
4518:Alternatives
4447:
4433:
4366:Cospeciation
4361:Cladogenesis
4310:Saltationism
4267:Mating types
4190:Color vision
4175:Avian flight
4097:mitochondria
3835:Canalisation
3713:Biodiversity
3549:
3458:Introduction
3405:Paleobiology
3400:Astrobiology
3155:
3151:
3141:
3106:
3102:
3092:
3052:(7326): E9.
3049:
3045:
3035:
3024:. Retrieved
3016:
3006:
2986:
2976:
2956:
2949:
2904:
2900:
2890:
2878:. Retrieved
2874:the original
2869:
2859:
2829:(1): 49–58.
2826:
2820:
2792:
2788:
2778:
2769:
2760:
2752:
2740:
2735:
2726:
2714:
2702:
2686:
2674:
2659:
2648:. Retrieved
2644:
2634:
2622:
2579:
2573:
2548:. Retrieved
2543:the original
2535:
2528:Zimmer, Carl
2476:
2472:Astrobiology
2470:
2464:
2455:Noffke, Nora
2449:
2438:. Retrieved
2434:the original
2415:
2393:(1): 25–28.
2390:
2384:
2378:
2341:
2335:
2325:
2314:. Retrieved
2307:the original
2281:(2): 90–95.
2278:
2272:
2256:
2213:
2209:
2152:
2146:
2092:
2088:
2078:
2040:(9): 16116.
2037:
2033:
2023:
1999:
1965:
1929:. New York:
1924:
1878:
1833:
1813:
1774:
1727:
1712:Bibliography
1698:
1673:
1647:
1624:
1604:tree of life
1581:
1577:
1494:
1456:
1428:
1404:genetic code
1401:
975:
968:Genetic code
936:cytochrome c
905:
884:
881:noted that:
876:
865:
861:
856:
852:
844:
839:
829:
821:
814:
810:
804:
790:
774:
766:
756:evolutionary
753:
696:found to be
683:
661:
660:
515:Sociobiology
500:Paleontology
348:
284:Biogeography
279:Biodiversity
246:
197:Coextinction
187:Co-operation
162:Polymorphism
87:Introduction
4667:Systematics
4538:Mutationism
4356:Catagenesis
4284:Snake venom
4217:Eusociality
4195:in primates
4185:Cooperation
4113:In animals
3933:butterflies
3906:Cephalopods
3896:Brachiopods
3828:Development
3802:Mate choice
3555:Convergence
3538:Coevolution
3496:Abiogenesis
2880:22 November
2719:Darwin 1859
2707:Darwin 1818
2666:, pp.
2627:Darwin 1859
2202:Steel, Mike
2003:Now called
1780:John Murray
1606:shows many
1501:left-handed
1485:pseudogenes
1439:hydrophobic
1435:amino acids
1408:amino acids
996:Stop codon
977:Amino acids
956:Precambrian
950:that lived
749:Precambrian
743:that lived
525:Systematics
334:Renaissance
212:Convergence
202:Contingency
192:Coevolution
4737:Categories
4528:Lamarckism
4506:Philosophy
4429:David Hume
4391:Peripatric
4386:Parapatric
4371:Ecological
4351:Anagenesis
4346:Allopatric
4338:Speciation
4302:Gradualism
4227:Metabolism
4087:chromosome
4077:Eukaryotes
3855:Modularity
3772:Population
3698:Population
3659:Speciation
3637:Panspermia
3590:Extinction
3585:Exaptation
3560:Divergence
3533:Cladistics
3521:Reciprocal
3501:Adaptation
3317:Protocells
3263:Panspermia
3026:2009-11-20
2982:Lane, Nick
2767:. (1907).
2693:, p.
2650:2021-05-05
2440:2015-11-22
2426:Yahoo News
2316:2015-11-22
2015:References
1706:Urmetazoan
1658:homologous
1594:Objections
1584:embryology
1572:See also:
1463:amino acid
1298:Methionine
1242:Asparagine
1225:Isoleucine
1132:Tryptophan
918:- and RNA-
785:See also:
760:naturalist
686:speciation
299:Cladistics
222:Extinction
207:Divergence
177:Speciation
157:Adaptation
71:John Gould
4662:Protocell
4513:Darwinism
4401:Sympatric
4150:processes
4038:Tetrapods
3987:Kangaroos
3913:Dinosaurs
3850:Inversion
3819:Variation
3740:Gene flow
3733:Inclusive
3543:Mutualism
3488:Evolution
3362:RNA world
3347:PAH world
3203:from the
3158:(1): 60.
2795:: 46–52.
2691:Kant 1987
2248:205055573
2111:0767-0974
2054:2058-5276
1976:cite book
1876:(1987) .
1811:(1818) .
1796:741260650
1670:RNA world
1664:RNA world
1654:conserved
1558:based on
1233:Threonine
1195:Glutamine
1157:Histidine
1013:2nd base
982:nonpolar
924:ribosomes
809:wrote in
733:monophyly
717:sandstone
706:Greenland
558:Dysgenics
274:Phylogeny
172:Gene flow
142:Diversity
137:Variation
4690:Category
4565:Vitalism
4560:Theistic
4553:Spandrel
4237:Morality
4232:Monogamy
4107:plastids
4072:Flagella
4028:Reptiles
4009:sea cows
3992:primates
3901:Molluscs
3879:Bacteria
3767:Mutation
3700:genetics
3676:Taxonomy
3622:Mismatch
3602:Homology
3516:Cheating
3511:Altruism
3393:Research
3184:22114984
3076:21164432
2984:(2015).
2941:25382122
2851:12267003
2843:11253070
2645:Ict News
2614:29712911
2511:24205812
2370:18613974
2303:10710791
2240:20463725
2177:20463738
2119:16197904
2062:27562259
2005:homology
1957:11623262
1949:85000255
1914:13796153
1906:86014852
1858:81002555
1788:06017473
1772:(1859).
1754:57014935
1693:See also
1443:peptides
1412:bacteria
1376:Glutamic
1336:Aspartic
1288:Arginine
1165:Arginine
1065:Cysteine
1057:Tyrosine
891:Evidence
698:biogenic
694:graphite
622:Category
548:Eugenics
390:timeline
371:Evo-devo
329:Overview
147:Mutation
109:Evidence
104:Glossary
4748:Descent
4581:Related
4411:History
4272:Meiosis
4207:Empathy
4202:Emotion
4102:nucleus
4043:Viruses
4033:Spiders
3945:Mammals
3928:Insects
3728:Fitness
3664:Species
3463:Outline
3175:3314578
3133:4317014
3111:Bibcode
3084:4318346
3054:Bibcode
2932:4187143
2909:Bibcode
2605:5928047
2584:Bibcode
2502:3870916
2481:Bibcode
2395:Bibcode
2361:2478661
2283:Bibcode
2218:Bibcode
2185:4422345
2157:Bibcode
2070:2997255
1970:. Jena.
1931:Methuen
1866:7278190
1762:7588392
1481:introns
1420:animals
1416:archaea
1346:Glycine
1328:Alanine
1235:
1149:Proline
1134:
1089:Leucine
1041:alanine
1039:Phenyl-
991:acidic
954:in the
940:enzymes
926:, with
920:enzymes
916:protein
826:asked:
781:History
747:in the
725:genetic
713:fossils
114:History
97:Outline
4713:Portal
4700:Portal
4376:Hybrid
4212:Ethics
4054:organs
4016:Plants
4002:lemurs
3997:humans
3982:horses
3972:hyenas
3960:wolves
3955:canids
3889:origin
3385:(LUCA)
3182:
3172:
3131:
3103:Nature
3082:
3074:
3046:Nature
2994:
2964:
2939:
2929:
2849:
2841:
2747:
2612:
2602:
2509:
2499:
2368:
2358:
2344:: 29.
2301:
2246:
2238:
2210:Nature
2183:
2175:
2148:Nature
2117:
2109:
2068:
2060:
2052:
1955:
1947:
1937:
1912:
1904:
1894:
1864:
1856:
1846:
1794:
1786:
1760:
1752:
1742:
1679:genome
1468:codons
1431:codons
1424:plants
1320:Valine
1280:Lysine
1250:Serine
1049:Serine
988:basic
985:polar
620:
344:Darwin
31:, and
4163:Death
4158:Aging
4137:brain
3923:Fungi
3884:Birds
3797:Fungi
3595:Event
3478:Index
3129:S2CID
3080:S2CID
2847:S2CID
2668:62–63
2550:4 May
2310:(PDF)
2269:(PDF)
2244:S2CID
2181:S2CID
2066:S2CID
1991:Notes
1602:2005
1447:redox
1010:base
944:genes
932:NADPH
737:genes
679:Earth
82:Index
4650:Tree
4122:hair
4062:Cell
3965:dogs
3950:cats
3940:Life
3918:Fish
3871:taxa
3180:PMID
3072:PMID
2992:ISBN
2962:ISBN
2937:PMID
2901:Life
2882:2017
2839:PMID
2745:ISBN
2610:PMID
2552:2018
2507:PMID
2366:PMID
2299:PMID
2236:PMID
2173:PMID
2115:PMID
2107:ISSN
2058:PMID
2050:ISSN
1982:link
1953:OCLC
1945:LCCN
1935:ISBN
1910:OCLC
1902:LCCN
1892:ISBN
1862:OCLC
1854:LCCN
1844:ISBN
1792:OCLC
1784:LCCN
1758:OCLC
1750:LCCN
1740:ISBN
1483:and
1422:and
1414:and
1402:The
1396:GGG
1393:GAG
1390:GCG
1387:GTG
1382:GGA
1378:acid
1372:GAA
1369:GCA
1366:GTA
1361:GGC
1358:GAC
1355:GCC
1352:GTC
1342:GGT
1338:acid
1332:GAT
1324:GCT
1316:GTT
1308:AGG
1305:AAG
1302:ACG
1294:ATG
1284:AGA
1276:AAA
1273:ACA
1270:ATA
1265:AGC
1262:AAC
1259:ACC
1256:ATC
1246:AGT
1238:AAT
1229:ACT
1221:ATT
1213:CGG
1210:CAG
1207:CCG
1204:CTG
1199:CGA
1191:CAA
1188:CCA
1185:CTA
1180:CGC
1177:CAC
1174:CCC
1171:CTC
1161:CGT
1153:CAT
1145:CCT
1142:CTT
1128:TGG
1124:Stop
1120:TAG
1117:TCG
1114:TTG
1108:Stop
1104:TGA
1100:Stop
1096:TAA
1093:TCA
1085:TTA
1080:TGC
1077:TAC
1074:TCC
1071:TTC
1061:TGT
1053:TAT
1045:TCT
1035:TTT
708:and
675:life
92:Main
4148:Of
4117:eye
4067:DNA
4052:Of
3869:Of
3170:PMC
3160:doi
3119:doi
3107:468
3062:doi
3050:468
2927:PMC
2917:doi
2831:doi
2797:doi
2695:304
2600:PMC
2592:doi
2497:PMC
2489:doi
2403:doi
2356:PMC
2346:doi
2291:doi
2279:282
2226:doi
2214:465
2165:doi
2153:465
2097:doi
2042:doi
1683:RNA
1676:DNA
1660:."
1418:to
1008:1st
928:ATP
912:RNA
908:DNA
677:on
69:by
4739::
3178:.
3168:.
3154:.
3150:.
3127:.
3117:.
3105:.
3101:.
3078:.
3070:.
3060:.
3048:.
3044:.
3015:.
2935:.
2925:.
2915:.
2903:.
2899:.
2868:.
2845:.
2837:.
2825:.
2811:^
2791:.
2787:.
2643:.
2608:.
2598:.
2590:.
2578:.
2572:.
2560:^
2534:.
2519:^
2505:.
2495:.
2487:.
2477:13
2475:.
2469:.
2465:ca
2428:.
2424:.
2401:.
2389:.
2364:.
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2340:.
2334:.
2297:.
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2277:.
2271:.
2242:.
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2179:.
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2093:21
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2036:.
2032:.
1978:}}
1974:{{
1951:.
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1730:.
1722:;
1554:A
1313:G
1218:A
1139:C
1032:T
1027:G
1024:A
1021:C
1018:T
958:.
930:,
802:.
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751:.
681:.
27:,
23:,
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