783:
473:
512:
577:
134:
183:
317:
801:
120:
158:
358:
672:. Birds of all types are essentially identical in appearance but have slight differences in their vocalizations. Typically they are identified by their single note "chip" calls, which they give frequently and which differ considerably between types. Often computer analysis is used to distinguish the call types, but experienced observers can learn to separate the more distinctive ones by ear in the field.
1291:
363:
362:
359:
400:
Adults are often brightly coloured, with red or orange males and green or yellow females, but there is wide variation in beak size and shape, and call types, leading to different classifications of variants, some of which have been named as subspecies. The species is known as "red crossbill" in North
546:
wrote that "It sometimes is met with in great numbers in this country, but its visits are not regular", adding that many hundreds arrived in 1821. Bewick then cites
Matthew Paris as writing "In 1254, in the fruit season, certain wonderful birds, which had never before been seen in England, appeared,
437:
crossbills. These species were formerly considered subspecies of the red crossbill, and though they show very slight differences in bill size and shape, they are very difficult to visually distinguish from the red crossbill and are generally best identified by call. The plumage differences between
364:
663:
presented by the various species of conifer. There are about 10 North
American and 18 Eurasian types so far identified, with many known to affiliate with a particular conifer species or a suite of similar conifer species. While each type may be seen to feed on many different conifer species when
507:
because they may be present in certain years and not in others. The various types of red crossbill (see
Taxonomy and Systematics) prefer different types of conifers, and therefore may differ in the regularity, timing, and direction of their irruptions. A few populations, such as the Newfoundland
409:
Crossbills are characterized by the mandibles crossing at their tips, which gives the group its
English name. Using their crossed mandibles for leverage, crossbills are able to efficiently separate the scales of conifer cones and extract the seeds on which they feed. Adult males tend to be red or
537:
occur very infrequently, and were remarked upon by writers dating back to the 13th century. These irruptions led in the twentieth century to the establishment of permanent breeding colonies in
England, and more recently in Ireland. The first known irruption, recorded in England by the chronicler
722:
As research into the species has progressed, types are increasingly being found to be genetically distinct and elevated to the subspecies level. It is expected that this trend will continue, and it is also likely that more of these subspecies will eventually be recognized as full species.
361:
508:
crossbill (North
American type 8), are resident and do not undertake significant movements. When they are not breeding, the various types of red crossbill may flock together, and may also flock with other species of crossbill.
542:, was in 1254; the next, also in England, appears to have been in 1593 (by which time the earlier irruption had apparently been entirely forgotten, since the crossbills were described as "unknown" in England). The engraver
770:. These populations also differ on plumage, with the Balearic, North African and Cyprus subspecies having yellower males, and the Balkan type having deep purple-pink males; this, however, merely reflects the differing
503:, as conifer seed production may vary considerably year to year and birds disperse widely to breed and forage when the cone crop in their particular vicinity fails. In many areas of their range they are considered
495:
seeds, its primary food source. They typically nest in late summer (June–September) when the seeds of most conifer species mature, but may nest at any time of year if they locate an area with a suitable cone crop.
360:
553:
by which they divided the apples as with a forceps or knife. The parts of the apples which they left were as if they had been infected with poison." Bewick further records an account by Sir
564:
and for the purpose of dividing the apple, their beaks were admirably adapted by nature, for they turn back, and strike one point upon the other, so as to show... the transverse
730:
area may possibly be better referred to either the parrot crossbill or to new species in their own right, but more research is needed. These include the
Balearic crossbill (
679:
feature (call note) and not all of them have yet been proven to be genetically distinct. Those populations which have been found to be genetically distinct are considered
422:, with which it overlaps considerably in range. The two-barred crossbill has two bright white wing bars, while the wings of the red crossbill are entirely brownish-black.
1981:
425:
The red crossbill is the only dark-winged crossbill throughout most of its range, but it overlaps at least seasonally with the small ranges of the very similar
397:
family
Fringillidae. Crossbills have distinctive mandibles, crossed at the tips, which enable them to extract seeds from conifer cones and other fruits.
2579:
2370:
2435:
2554:
1598:
1678:
Benkman, Craig W.; Young, Matthew A. (2020-03-04), Billerman, Shawn M; Keeney, Brooke K; Rodewald, Paul G; Schulenberg, Thomas S (eds.),
782:
1815:
1757:
Systema
Naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis
2321:
561:"that in the apple season of 1593, an immense multitude of unknown birds came into England... swallowing nothing but the pippins,
2383:
1842:
Parchman, T. L.; C. W. Benkman (2006). "Patterns of genetic variation in the adaptive radiation of New World crossbills (Aves:
2474:
1823:
668:
the populations against interbreeding, which over time has resulted in their diverging genetically, phenotypically, and even
2388:
2574:
1809:
683:. Three populations formerly considered to be subspecies of red crossbill are now recognized by most authorities as full
2023:
2344:
2269:
2063:
2518:
2569:
2300:
17:
2440:
1924:
2313:
2282:
607:
307:
472:
438:
these four crossbills are negligible, there being more variation between individual birds than between species.
2422:
2204:
2121:
675:
The different populations of red crossbill are referred to as "types" because they are differentiated by a
2453:
2349:
1980:
Benkman, Craig W.; Smith, Julie W.; Keenan, Patrick C.; Parchman, Thomas L.; Santisteban, Leonard (2009).
418:
The distinctive crossed mandibles eliminate most other species, but this feature is shared by the similar
2181:
2112:
2186:
1576:
792:
590:
511:
2150:
2564:
2448:
2414:
664:
not breeding, each has optimal breeding success only in a particular type of conifer forest. This
182:
624:
547:
chiefly in the orchards. They were a little bigger than Larks, and eat the pippins of the apples
2505:
1737:. Roger Twysden's Latin note on the 1593 outbreak is given in William Wats's edition of Paris's
758:); and an as-yet unidentified crossbill with a parrot crossbill-sized bill feeding primarily on
2375:
2168:
2074:
1326:
1294:
2401:
2500:
1968:
1944:
617:
287:
2492:
1897:
1760:(in Latin). Vol. 1 (10th ed.). Holmiae (Stockholm): Laurentii Salvii. p. 171.
2513:
2243:
2173:
2132:
1979:
1855:
419:
2137:
8:
2336:
1553:
751:
727:
599:
504:
147:
1859:
2015:
1879:
1196:
691:
656:
430:
177:
726:
Some large-billed, pine-feeding populations currently assigned to this species in the
2487:
2217:
2209:
1871:
1867:
1819:
1797:. Vol. 14. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Museum of Comparative Zoology. p. 288.
1054:
774:
content of the cones they feed on, as these pigments are transferred to the feathers.
665:
660:
576:
1883:
1792:
1775:
2531:
2222:
2048:
2019:
2005:
1997:
1863:
1687:
1654:
1571:
1516:
1168:
899:
876:
711:
701:
434:
426:
2287:
1755:
2461:
2196:
2064:
Ageing and sexing (PDF; 2.9 MB) by Javier Blasco-Zumeta & Gerd-Michael Heinze
1359:
787:
612:
521:
2427:
2559:
2308:
2295:
1445:
1213:
581:
491:. Its movements and occurrence are linked very closely to the availability of
133:
2548:
2396:
2010:
2001:
1771:
1751:
1728:
1562:
636:
628:
603:
585:
554:
543:
539:
534:
516:
484:
316:
303:
167:
162:
70:
1306:
Correlations between different classifications of North
American crossbills
410:
orange in colour, and females green or yellow, but there is much variation.
2274:
2097:
1875:
1679:
1338:
1077:
1012:
989:
800:
759:
1691:
2409:
2357:
2106:
1423:
923:
771:
739:
254:
45:
2160:
525:(1254) of a crossbill holding a fruit in its beak, with the Latin words
119:
2526:
2466:
2326:
1780:(in German). Vol. 1. Berlin: R. Friedländer und Sohn. p. 117.
1205:
1177:
680:
669:
90:
55:
833:
Correlations between different classifications of Eurasian crossbills
2362:
2256:
1945:"Red Crossbill Overview, All About Birds, Cornell Lab of Ornithology"
676:
500:
387:
264:
234:
194:
95:
2068:
550:
but no other part of them... They had the parts of the beak crossed
2261:
2235:
2091:
2049:"Birds of Western China Obtained by the Kelly–Roosevelt Expedition"
1969:
Introduction to vocalizations of crossbills in north-western Europe
1630:"Crossbills of North America: Species and Red Crossbill Call Types"
1629:
214:
85:
80:
65:
60:
50:
1290:
2479:
2145:
767:
684:
492:
488:
100:
75:
2248:
1033:
565:
483:
Red crossbills breed in a variety of coniferous forests across
204:
2053:
Field Museum of Natural History Publication, Zoological Series
2230:
1399:
1209:
649:
639:
394:
244:
1925:"Red Crossbill call types act like species – Sibley Guides"
1655:"Bec-croisé des sapins - Loxia curvirostra - Red Crossbill"
1545:
1311:
North American red crossbill subspecies based on biometrics
477:
390:
224:
1551:
1841:
1814:. London, United Kingdom: Christopher Helm. pp.
1456:
species in the east; Type 7: possibly a general diet
1982:"A New Species of the Red Crossbill (Fringillidae:
1599:"Identification of Scottish and Parrot Crossbills"
1577:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-1.RLTS.T22720646A111131604.en
2546:
1733:A History of British Birds, volume I, Land Birds
627:as Europe but this was restricted to Sweden by
1727:
499:This species is considered nomadic and highly
1811:The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names
1677:
1973:
1529:isolated population of the lodgepole pine (
571:
559:Additions to the Additamenta of Matt. Paris
401:America and "common crossbill" in Europe.
315:
156:
132:
118:
2580:Extant Late Pleistocene first appearances
2009:
1575:
467:
1750:
1723:
1721:
1719:
1289:
799:
781:
655:The red crossbill is in the midst of an
575:
510:
471:
356:
1807:
1790:
1770:
1652:
14:
2547:
1713:Croom Helm Ltd. London 1978 pp. 134–5.
2073:
2072:
1919:
1917:
1837:
1835:
1735:(revised ed.). pp. 234–235.
1716:
1004:Annam crossbill or Da Lat crossbill,
938:Cyprus, Turkey + Caucasus crossbill,
786:Crossbill skull and jaw anatomy from
350: Vagrant (seasonality uncertain)
2314:fa271b06-64ac-446e-9833-cd0dde66bf39
1791:Paynter, Raymond A. Jr, ed. (1968).
1624:
1622:
1620:
1618:
2555:IUCN Red List least concern species
1801:
1680:"Red Crossbill (Loxia curvirostra)"
1563:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
734:) and the North African crossbill (
718:) -- Formerly North American type 9
24:
1914:
1832:
1777:Die Vögel der paläarktischen Fauna
1498:pine species in section Trifoliae
838:Distinct Eurasian common crossbill
25:
2591:
2047:Bangs, Outram (12 October 1932).
2040:
1615:
476:Eggs from the collections of the
413:
1868:10.1111/j.1365-294x.2006.02895.x
1794:Check-List of Birds of the World
804:Distribution in North America.
533:Red crossbill irruptions in the
181:
43:
2350:red-crossbill-loxia-curvirostra
1961:
1937:
1890:
1784:
1711:Wildlife in Britain and Ireland
1552:BirdLife International (2017).
529:('a little bigger than larks').
1764:
1744:
1703:
1686:, Cornell Lab of Ornithology,
1671:
1646:
1591:
1375:(probably a junior synonym of
708:) -- Formerly Eurasian type 2D
698:) -- Formerly Eurasian type 3C
568:, one turned past the other."
404:
13:
1:
1603:Scottish Ornithologists' Club
1539:
1148:Type X - flight call "Cheep"
1503:Central American crossbill,
1284:Type F - flight call "Trip"
1256:Type C - flight call "Glip"
1241:Type B - flight call "Weet"
1163:Type A - flight call "Keep"
1133:Type E - flight call "Chip"
777:
7:
2575:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus
1270:Type D - flight call "Jip"
10:
2596:
1808:Jobling, James A. (2010).
1450:Pinus ponderosa scopulorum
1435:Rocky Mountain crossbill,
827: Nonbreeding (scarce)
793:A History of British Birds
602:by the Swedish naturalist
591:A History of British Birds
2081:
1570:: e.T22720646A111131604.
1109:Other Eurasian crossbills
891:North African crossbill,
815: Year-round (scarce)
746:); the Cyprus crossbill (
631:in 1904. The genus name
623:. Linnaeus specified the
323:
314:
293:
286:
178:Scientific classification
176:
154:
145:
140:
131:
126:
117:
34:
2002:10.1525/cond.2009.080042
1531:Pinus contorta latifolia
1444:Type 2: Rocky Mountains
1321:(Jeff Groth call types)
1319:Recorded on tree species
750:), feeding primarily on
738:), feeding primarily on
572:Taxonomy and systematics
41:Late Pleistocene–present
2570:Birds described in 1758
1452:) in the west, various
640:
1327:Newfoundland crossbill
1302:
1295:Newfoundland crossbill
829:
797:
598:The red crossbill was
595:
530:
480:
468:Breeding and irruption
369:
2501:Paleobiology Database
1949:www.allaboutbirds.org
1902:www.birds.cornell.edu
1692:10.2173/bow.redcro.01
1475:Bendire's crossbill,
1428:Pseudotsuga menziesii
1293:
1160:'Wandering crossbill'
1069:Himalayan crossbill,
1046:Tian Shan crossbill,
966:European black pine (
944:European black pine (
921:European black pine (
803:
785:
579:
527:Alaudis parum majores
514:
475:
367:
141:Female red crossbill
2309:Fauna Europaea (new)
1898:"Clements Checklist"
1238:'Bohemian crossbill'
1145:'Parakeet crossbill'
1092:Japanese crossbill,
915:Corsican crossbill,
868:Balearic crossbill,
515:Mediaeval sketch by
420:two-barred crossbill
1860:2006MolEc..15.1873P
1489:Mexican crossbill,
1307:
1267:'Phantom crossbill'
1173:Loxia ptyopsittacus
1130:'British crossbill'
1075:Himalayan hemlock (
960:Crimean crossbill,
858:list based on calls
854:The Sound Approach'
834:
752:European black pine
706:Loxia ptyopsittacus
652:for "curved bill".
644:, "crosswise"; and
279:L. curvirostra
148:Conservation status
127:Male red crossbill
1684:Birds of the World
1505:L. c. mesamericana
1461:Sierra crossbill,
1364:Tsuga heterophylla
1350:Lesser crossbill,
1305:
1303:
1281:'Scarce crossbill'
1197:Scottish crossbill
1071:L. c. himalayensis
1052:Schrenk's spruce (
1048:L. c. tianschanica
1006:L. c. meridionalis
832:
830:
798:
692:Scottish Crossbill
657:adaptive radiation
600:formally described
596:
531:
481:
370:
344: Non-breeding
2542:
2541:
2532:Loxia-curvirostra
2488:Open Tree of Life
2138:Loxia_curvirostra
2113:Loxia curvirostra
2083:Loxia curvirostra
2075:Taxon identifiers
2011:20.500.11919/2936
1848:Molecular Ecology
1825:978-1-4081-2501-4
1556:Loxia curvirostra
1537:
1536:
1521:Loxia sinesciuris
1491:L. c. stricklandi
1371:Sitka crossbill,
1314:Jeff Groth's list
1288:
1287:
1055:Picea schrenkiana
1027:Altai crossbill,
983:L. c. luzoniensis
981:Luzon crossbill,
940:L. c. guillemardi
821: Nonbreeding
764:Pinus heldreichii
748:L. c. guillemardi
716:Loxia sinesciuris
621:Loxia curvirostra
580:'The Cross-Bill'
383:Loxia curvirostra
368:Loxia curvirostra
365:
355:
354:
297:Loxia curvirostra
171:
16:(Redirected from
2587:
2535:
2534:
2522:
2521:
2509:
2508:
2496:
2495:
2483:
2482:
2470:
2469:
2457:
2456:
2444:
2443:
2431:
2430:
2428:NHMSYS0000530454
2418:
2417:
2405:
2404:
2392:
2391:
2379:
2378:
2366:
2365:
2353:
2352:
2340:
2339:
2330:
2329:
2317:
2316:
2304:
2303:
2291:
2290:
2278:
2277:
2265:
2264:
2252:
2251:
2239:
2238:
2226:
2225:
2213:
2212:
2200:
2199:
2190:
2189:
2177:
2176:
2164:
2163:
2154:
2153:
2151:135564AAF6B01DA2
2141:
2140:
2128:
2127:
2117:
2116:
2115:
2102:
2101:
2100:
2070:
2069:
2060:
2035:
2034:
2032:
2031:
2022:. Archived from
2013:
1977:
1971:
1965:
1959:
1958:
1956:
1955:
1941:
1935:
1934:
1932:
1931:
1921:
1912:
1911:
1909:
1908:
1894:
1888:
1887:
1854:(7): 1873–1887.
1839:
1830:
1829:
1805:
1799:
1798:
1788:
1782:
1781:
1768:
1762:
1761:
1748:
1742:
1736:
1725:
1714:
1707:
1701:
1700:
1699:
1698:
1675:
1669:
1668:
1666:
1665:
1650:
1644:
1643:
1641:
1640:
1626:
1613:
1612:
1610:
1609:
1595:
1589:
1588:
1586:
1584:
1579:
1549:
1517:Cassia crossbill
1316:using call types
1308:
1304:
1253:'Glip crossbill'
1182:Pinus sylvestris
1169:Parrot crossbill
1029:L. c. altaiensis
900:Pinus halepensis
877:Pinus halepensis
835:
831:
826:
820:
814:
809: Year-round
808:
744:Pinus halepensis
712:Cassia Crossbill
702:Parrot Crossbill
643:
378:common crossbill
366:
349:
343:
337:
331:
319:
299:
186:
185:
165:
160:
159:
136:
122:
112:
42:
38:Temporal range:
32:
31:
21:
18:Common crossbill
2595:
2594:
2590:
2589:
2588:
2586:
2585:
2584:
2565:Holarctic birds
2545:
2544:
2543:
2538:
2530:
2525:
2517:
2512:
2504:
2499:
2491:
2486:
2478:
2473:
2465:
2462:Observation.org
2460:
2452:
2447:
2439:
2434:
2426:
2421:
2413:
2408:
2400:
2395:
2387:
2382:
2374:
2369:
2361:
2356:
2348:
2343:
2335:
2333:
2325:
2320:
2312:
2307:
2299:
2294:
2286:
2281:
2273:
2268:
2260:
2255:
2247:
2242:
2234:
2229:
2221:
2216:
2208:
2203:
2195:
2193:
2185:
2180:
2172:
2167:
2159:
2157:
2149:
2144:
2136:
2131:
2125:
2120:
2111:
2110:
2105:
2096:
2095:
2090:
2077:
2046:
2043:
2038:
2029:
2027:
1978:
1974:
1967:Magnus S Robb:
1966:
1962:
1953:
1951:
1943:
1942:
1938:
1929:
1927:
1923:
1922:
1915:
1906:
1904:
1896:
1895:
1891:
1840:
1833:
1826:
1806:
1802:
1789:
1785:
1769:
1765:
1749:
1745:
1741:(London, 1640).
1739:Chronica Majora
1726:
1717:
1709:Perry, Richard
1708:
1704:
1696:
1694:
1676:
1672:
1663:
1661:
1659:www.oiseaux.net
1651:
1647:
1638:
1636:
1628:
1627:
1616:
1607:
1605:
1597:
1596:
1592:
1582:
1580:
1550:
1546:
1542:
1463:L. c. grinnelli
1373:L. c. sitkensis
1360:western hemlock
1320:
1315:
917:L. c. corsicana
893:L. c. poliogyna
870:L. c. balearica
862:
857:
849:
844:
839:
828:
824:
822:
818:
816:
812:
810:
806:
788:William Yarrell
780:
736:L. c. poliogyna
732:L. c. balearica
613:Systema Naturae
606:in 1758 in the
574:
522:Chronica Majora
470:
463:: 27–29 cm
416:
407:
357:
351:
347:
345:
341:
339:
335:
333:
329:
310:
301:
295:
282:
180:
172:
161:
157:
150:
113:
111:
110:
109:
108:
103:
98:
93:
88:
83:
78:
73:
68:
63:
58:
53:
48:
40:
39:
36:
28:
27:Species of bird
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2593:
2583:
2582:
2577:
2572:
2567:
2562:
2557:
2540:
2539:
2537:
2536:
2523:
2510:
2497:
2484:
2471:
2458:
2445:
2432:
2419:
2406:
2393:
2380:
2367:
2354:
2341:
2331:
2318:
2305:
2296:Fauna Europaea
2292:
2279:
2266:
2253:
2240:
2227:
2214:
2201:
2191:
2178:
2165:
2155:
2142:
2129:
2118:
2103:
2087:
2085:
2079:
2078:
2067:
2066:
2061:
2059:(11): 343–379.
2042:
2041:External links
2039:
2037:
2036:
1996:(1): 169–176.
1972:
1960:
1936:
1913:
1889:
1831:
1824:
1800:
1783:
1772:Hartert, Ernst
1763:
1752:Linnaeus, Carl
1743:
1729:Bewick, Thomas
1715:
1702:
1670:
1645:
1614:
1590:
1543:
1541:
1538:
1535:
1534:
1527:
1524:
1519:(described as
1513:
1512:
1510:
1507:
1500:
1499:
1496:
1493:
1486:
1485:
1482:
1479:
1477:L. c. bendirei
1472:
1471:
1468:
1465:
1458:
1457:
1446:ponderosa pine
1442:
1439:
1432:
1431:
1421:
1418:
1412:
1411:
1396:
1393:
1387:
1386:
1383:
1380:
1368:
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1357:
1354:
1347:
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1317:
1312:
1286:
1285:
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1279:
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1271:
1268:
1265:
1263:
1261:
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1257:
1254:
1251:
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1246:
1243:
1242:
1239:
1236:
1234:
1232:
1229:
1228:
1226:
1224:
1221:
1218:Pinus contorta
1214:lodgepole pine
1203:
1193:
1192:
1190:
1188:
1185:
1175:
1165:
1164:
1161:
1158:
1155:
1153:
1150:
1149:
1146:
1143:
1140:
1138:
1135:
1134:
1131:
1128:
1125:
1123:
1120:
1119:
1117:
1115:
1113:
1111:
1105:
1104:
1102:
1100:
1098:
1096:
1094:L. c. japonica
1089:
1088:
1086:
1084:
1082:
1073:
1066:
1065:
1063:
1061:
1059:
1050:
1043:
1042:
1040:
1038:
1036:
1031:
1024:
1023:
1021:
1019:
1017:
1008:
1001:
1000:
998:
996:
994:
985:
978:
977:
975:
973:
971:
964:
957:
956:
954:
952:
949:
942:
935:
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930:
928:
919:
912:
911:
909:
907:
904:
895:
888:
887:
885:
883:
881:
872:
865:
864:
859:
851:
850:based on calls
846:
841:
823:
817:
811:
805:
779:
776:
720:
719:
709:
699:
594:(1847 edition)
582:wood engraving
573:
570:
469:
466:
465:
464:
458:
452:
415:
414:Identification
412:
406:
403:
353:
352:
346:
340:
338: Resident
334:
332: Breeding
328:
326:L. curvirostra
321:
320:
312:
311:
302:
291:
290:
284:
283:
276:
274:
270:
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258:
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174:
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155:
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84:
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69:
64:
59:
54:
49:
44:
37:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2592:
2581:
2578:
2576:
2573:
2571:
2568:
2566:
2563:
2561:
2558:
2556:
2553:
2552:
2550:
2533:
2528:
2524:
2520:
2515:
2511:
2507:
2502:
2498:
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2390:
2385:
2381:
2377:
2372:
2368:
2364:
2359:
2355:
2351:
2346:
2342:
2338:
2337:red-crossbill
2332:
2328:
2323:
2319:
2315:
2310:
2306:
2302:
2297:
2293:
2289:
2284:
2280:
2276:
2271:
2267:
2263:
2258:
2254:
2250:
2245:
2241:
2237:
2232:
2228:
2224:
2219:
2215:
2211:
2206:
2202:
2198:
2192:
2188:
2183:
2179:
2175:
2170:
2166:
2162:
2156:
2152:
2147:
2143:
2139:
2134:
2130:
2123:
2119:
2114:
2108:
2104:
2099:
2093:
2089:
2088:
2086:
2084:
2080:
2076:
2071:
2065:
2062:
2058:
2054:
2050:
2045:
2044:
2026:on 2019-04-29
2025:
2021:
2017:
2012:
2007:
2003:
1999:
1995:
1991:
1987:
1986:) From Idaho"
1985:
1976:
1970:
1964:
1950:
1946:
1940:
1926:
1920:
1918:
1903:
1899:
1893:
1885:
1881:
1877:
1873:
1869:
1865:
1861:
1857:
1853:
1849:
1845:
1838:
1836:
1827:
1821:
1817:
1813:
1812:
1804:
1796:
1795:
1787:
1779:
1778:
1773:
1767:
1759:
1758:
1753:
1747:
1740:
1734:
1730:
1724:
1722:
1720:
1712:
1706:
1693:
1689:
1685:
1681:
1674:
1660:
1656:
1653:Oiseaux.net.
1649:
1635:
1631:
1625:
1623:
1621:
1619:
1604:
1600:
1594:
1578:
1573:
1569:
1565:
1564:
1559:
1557:
1548:
1544:
1532:
1528:
1525:
1522:
1518:
1515:
1514:
1511:
1508:
1506:
1502:
1501:
1497:
1494:
1492:
1488:
1487:
1483:
1480:
1478:
1474:
1473:
1469:
1466:
1464:
1460:
1459:
1455:
1451:
1447:
1443:
1440:
1438:
1434:
1433:
1429:
1425:
1422:
1419:
1417:
1416:L. c. neogaea
1414:
1413:
1410:
1409:Pinus strobus
1406:
1402:
1401:
1397:
1394:
1392:
1391:L. c. neogaea
1389:
1388:
1384:
1381:
1378:
1374:
1370:
1369:
1365:
1361:
1358:
1355:
1353:
1349:
1348:
1344:
1343:Picea mariana
1340:
1337:
1334:
1332:
1328:
1325:
1324:
1318:
1313:
1310:
1309:
1300:
1296:
1292:
1283:
1280:
1278:
1276:
1274:
1273:
1269:
1266:
1264:
1262:
1260:
1259:
1255:
1252:
1249:
1247:
1245:
1244:
1240:
1237:
1235:
1233:
1231:
1230:
1227:
1225:
1222:
1219:
1215:
1211:
1207:
1204:
1202:
1201:Loxia scotica
1198:
1195:
1194:
1191:
1189:
1186:
1183:
1179:
1176:
1174:
1170:
1167:
1166:
1162:
1159:
1156:
1154:
1152:
1151:
1147:
1144:
1141:
1139:
1137:
1136:
1132:
1129:
1126:
1124:
1122:
1121:
1118:
1116:
1114:
1112:
1110:
1107:
1106:
1103:
1101:
1099:
1097:
1095:
1091:
1090:
1087:
1085:
1083:
1080:
1079:
1074:
1072:
1068:
1067:
1064:
1062:
1060:
1057:
1056:
1051:
1049:
1045:
1044:
1041:
1039:
1037:
1035:
1032:
1030:
1026:
1025:
1022:
1020:
1018:
1015:
1014:
1009:
1007:
1003:
1002:
999:
997:
995:
992:
991:
986:
984:
980:
979:
976:
974:
972:
969:
965:
963:
959:
958:
955:
953:
950:
947:
943:
941:
937:
936:
933:
931:
929:
926:
925:
920:
918:
914:
913:
910:
908:
905:
902:
901:
897:Aleppo pine (
896:
894:
890:
889:
886:
884:
882:
879:
878:
874:Aleppo pine (
873:
871:
867:
866:
860:
855:
852:
848:Summers' list
847:
842:
837:
836:
802:
795:
794:
789:
784:
775:
773:
769:
765:
761:
757:
753:
749:
745:
741:
737:
733:
729:
728:Mediterranean
724:
717:
713:
710:
707:
703:
700:
697:
696:Loxia scotica
693:
690:
689:
688:
686:
682:
678:
673:
671:
667:
662:
658:
653:
651:
647:
642:
638:
637:Ancient Greek
634:
630:
629:Ernst Hartert
626:
622:
619:
618:binomial name
615:
614:
609:
608:tenth edition
605:
604:Carl Linnaeus
601:
593:
592:
587:
586:Thomas Bewick
583:
578:
569:
567:
563:
560:
556:
555:Roger Twysden
552:
549:
545:
544:Thomas Bewick
541:
540:Matthew Paris
536:
535:British Isles
528:
524:
523:
518:
517:Matthew Paris
513:
509:
506:
502:
497:
494:
490:
486:
485:North America
479:
474:
462:
459:
456:
453:
450:
447:
446:
445:
443:
439:
436:
432:
428:
423:
421:
411:
402:
398:
396:
392:
389:
386:) is a small
385:
384:
379:
375:
374:red crossbill
327:
322:
318:
313:
309:
305:
300:
298:
292:
289:
288:Binomial name
285:
281:
280:
275:
272:
271:
268:
267:
263:
260:
259:
256:
253:
250:
249:
246:
243:
240:
239:
236:
235:Passeriformes
233:
230:
229:
226:
223:
220:
219:
216:
213:
210:
209:
206:
203:
200:
199:
196:
193:
190:
189:
184:
179:
175:
169:
164:
163:Least Concern
153:
149:
144:
139:
135:
130:
125:
121:
116:
102:
97:
92:
87:
82:
77:
72:
67:
62:
57:
52:
47:
35:Red crossbill
33:
30:
19:
2082:
2056:
2052:
2028:. Retrieved
2024:the original
1993:
1989:
1983:
1975:
1963:
1952:. Retrieved
1948:
1939:
1928:. Retrieved
1905:. Retrieved
1901:
1892:
1851:
1847:
1843:
1810:
1803:
1793:
1786:
1776:
1766:
1756:
1746:
1738:
1732:
1710:
1705:
1695:, retrieved
1683:
1673:
1662:. Retrieved
1658:
1648:
1637:. Retrieved
1633:
1606:. Retrieved
1602:
1593:
1581:. Retrieved
1567:
1561:
1555:
1547:
1530:
1520:
1504:
1490:
1476:
1462:
1453:
1449:
1436:
1427:
1415:
1408:
1405:Picea glauca
1404:
1398:
1390:
1376:
1372:
1363:
1351:
1342:
1339:black spruce
1331:L. c. percna
1330:
1299:L. c. percna
1298:
1217:
1200:
1181:
1172:
1108:
1093:
1078:Tsuga dumosa
1076:
1070:
1053:
1047:
1028:
1013:Pinus kesiya
1011:
1010:Khasi pine (
1005:
990:Pinus kesiya
988:
987:Khasi pine (
982:
967:
962:L. c. mariae
961:
945:
939:
922:
916:
898:
892:
875:
869:
863:flight call
853:
845:tree species
791:
763:
760:Bosnian pine
755:
747:
743:
735:
731:
725:
721:
715:
705:
695:
674:
654:
645:
632:
620:
611:
597:
589:
562:
558:
551:
548:
532:
526:
520:
498:
482:
460:
454:
451:: 20 cm
448:
442:Measurements
441:
440:
424:
417:
408:
399:
382:
381:
377:
373:
371:
325:
296:
294:
278:
277:
265:
245:Fringillidae
29:
2449:Neotropical
2410:NatureServe
2358:iNaturalist
2107:Wikispecies
1583:12 November
1437:L. c. benti
1424:Douglas fir
1377:L. c. minor
1352:L. c. minor
968:Pinus nigra
946:Pinus nigra
924:Pinus nigra
840:populations
772:anthocyanin
756:Pinus nigra
740:Aleppo pine
646:curvirostra
405:Description
255:Carduelinae
251:Subfamily:
2549:Categories
2527:Xeno-canto
2030:2019-09-23
1990:The Condor
1954:2021-07-05
1930:2021-07-05
1907:2021-07-05
1697:2021-07-05
1664:2020-09-29
1639:2021-07-05
1608:2021-07-05
1540:References
1441:Types 2, 7
1206:Scots pine
1178:Scots pine
861:Call-type,
843:Associated
681:subspecies
677:phenotypic
670:speciating
616:under the
2415:2.1009908
1481:Type 2, 7
1467:Type 2, 7
1403:species,
778:Diversity
766:) in the
659:into the
505:irregular
501:irruptive
457:: 40-53 g
388:passerine
324:Range of
273:Species:
201:Kingdom:
195:Eukaryota
2402:22720646
2376:10967943
2210:bob16660
2174:22720646
2169:BirdLife
2158:BioLib:
2092:Wikidata
1884:41768936
1876:16689904
1774:(1904).
1754:(1758).
1731:(1847).
1523:in 2009)
666:isolates
635:is from
625:locality
557:for the
461:Wingspan
431:Scottish
304:Linnaeus
241:Family:
215:Chordata
211:Phylum:
205:Animalia
191:Domain:
168:IUCN 3.1
2480:1484470
2327:9629160
2249:1051010
2146:Avibase
2020:9166193
1856:Bibcode
1818:, 231.
1509:Type 11
1210:larches
1034:Spruces
768:Balkans
685:species
610:of his
566:sickles
519:in his
493:conifer
489:Eurasia
393:in the
261:Genus:
231:Order:
221:Class:
166: (
107:↓
2506:161535
2493:298778
2454:redcro
2389:179259
2334:GNAB:
2283:EURING
2262:LOXICU
2236:redcro
2197:redcro
2126:redcro
2098:Q26552
2018:
1882:
1874:
1822:
1526:Type 9
1495:Type 6
1484:ditto
1470:ditto
1420:Type 4
1395:Type 1
1385:ditto
1382:Type 3
1356:Type 3
1335:Type 8
825:
819:
813:
807:
796:(1843)
661:niches
455:Weight
449:Length
435:Cassia
433:, and
427:parrot
348:
342:
336:
330:
2560:Loxia
2441:64802
2371:IRMNG
2363:10411
2301:97478
2288:16660
2270:EUNIS
2231:eBird
2223:3W8WP
2194:BOW:
2016:S2CID
1984:Loxia
1880:S2CID
1844:Loxia
1634:eBird
1454:Pinus
1400:Tsuga
650:Latin
641:loxos
633:Loxia
395:finch
266:Loxia
2519:9676
2475:OBIS
2436:NCBI
2397:IUCN
2384:ITIS
2322:GBIF
2275:1123
2257:EPPO
2187:9635
2182:BOLD
2161:9014
1872:PMID
1846:)".
1820:ISBN
1585:2021
1568:2017
970:)(?)
487:and
478:MHNT
391:bird
372:The
308:1758
225:Aves
46:Preęž’
2514:TSA
2467:284
2423:NBN
2345:IBC
2244:EoL
2218:CoL
2205:BTO
2133:ADW
2122:ABA
2006:hdl
1998:doi
1994:111
1864:doi
1816:125
1688:doi
1572:doi
790:'s
648:is
588:'s
584:in
376:or
2551::
2529::
2516::
2503::
2490::
2477::
2464::
2451::
2438::
2425::
2412::
2399::
2386::
2373::
2360::
2347::
2324::
2311::
2298::
2285::
2272::
2259::
2246::
2233::
2220::
2207::
2184::
2171::
2148::
2135::
2124::
2109::
2094::
2057:18
2055:.
2051:.
2014:.
2004:.
1992:.
1988:.
1947:.
1916:^
1900:.
1878:.
1870:.
1862:.
1852:15
1850:.
1834:^
1718:^
1682:,
1657:.
1632:.
1617:^
1601:.
1566:.
1560:.
1533:)
1430:)
1407:,
1366:)
1345:)
1329:,
1250:4E
1223:3C
1212:,
1208:,
1199:,
1187:2D
1171:,
1157:2B
1142:1B
1127:1A
951:5D
906:3E
687::
444::
429:,
306:,
96:Pg
2033:.
2008::
2000::
1957:.
1933:.
1910:.
1886:.
1866::
1858::
1828:.
1690::
1667:.
1642:.
1611:.
1587:.
1574::
1558:"
1554:"
1448:(
1426:(
1379:)
1362:(
1341:(
1301:)
1297:(
1220:)
1216:(
1184:)
1180:(
1081:)
1058:)
1016:)
993:)
948:)
927:)
903:)
880:)
856:s
762:(
754:(
742:(
714:(
704:(
694:(
380:(
170:)
101:N
91:K
86:J
81:T
76:P
71:C
66:D
61:S
56:O
51:ęž’
20:)
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