1610:
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1663:, they might independently have acquired similar genetic sequences. Theobald's "formal test" was accordingly criticised by Takahiro Yonezawa and colleagues for not including consideration of convergence. They argued that Theobald's test was insufficient to distinguish between the competing hypotheses. Theobald has defended his method against this claim, arguing that his tests distinguish between phylogenetic structure and mere sequence similarity. Therefore, Theobald argued, his results show that "real universally
73:
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1700:. During the course of evolution, this RNA world was replaced by the evolutionary emergence of the DNA world. A world of independently self-replicating RNA genomes apparently no longer exists (RNA viruses are dependent on host cells with DNA genomes). Because the RNA world is apparently gone, it is not clear how scientific evidence could be brought to bear on the question of whether there was a single origin of life event from which all life descended.
4707:
1645:. This has led to questions about the single ancestry of life. However, biologists consider it very unlikely that completely unrelated proto-organisms could have exchanged genes, as their different coding mechanisms would have resulted only in garble rather than functioning systems. Later, however, many organisms all derived from a single ancestor could readily have shared genes that all worked in the same way, and it appears that they have.
1481:(DNA triplets) that code redundantly for the same amino acid. Since many species use the same codon at the same place to specify an amino acid that can be represented by more than one codon, that is evidence for their sharing a recent common ancestor. Had the amino acid sequences come from different ancestors, they would have been coded for by any of the redundant codons, and since the correct amino acids would already have been in place,
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873:"We do not know all the possible transitional gradations between the simplest and the most perfect organs; it cannot be pretended that we know all the varied means of Distribution during the long lapse of years, or that we know how imperfect the Geological Record is. Grave as these several difficulties are, in my judgment they do not overthrow the theory of descent from a few created forms with subsequent modification".
1692:, and that this implies a single origin for life. Although such a universal common ancestor may have existed, such a complex entity is unlikely to have arisen spontaneously from non-life and thus a cell with a DNA genome cannot reasonably be regarded as the origin of life. To understand the origin of life, it has been proposed that DNA based cellular life descended from relatively simple pre-cellular self-replicating
1640:
could have occurred during early evolution. Bacteria today remain capable of gene exchange between distantly-related lineages. This weakens the basic assumption of phylogenetic analysis, that similarity of genomes implies common ancestry, because sufficient gene exchange would allow lineages to share
846:
endued with animality, with the power of acquiring new parts attended with new propensities, directed by irritations, sensations, volitions, and associations; and thus possessing the faculty of continuing to improve by its own inherent activity, and of delivering down those improvements by generation
786:
There is grandeur in this view of life, with its several powers, having been originally breathed into a few forms or into one; and that, whilst this planet has gone cycling on according to the fixed law of gravity, from so simple a beginning endless forms most beautiful and most wonderful have been,
1522:
throughout all living organisms, especially how the rotating elements are bound to the membrane. This supports the assumption of a LUCA as a cellular organism, although primordial membranes may have been semipermeable and evolved later to the membranes of modern bacteria, and on a second path to
1589:
Another important piece of evidence is from detailed phylogenetic trees (i.e., "genealogic trees" of species) mapping out the proposed divisions and common ancestors of all living species. In 2010, Douglas L. Theobald published a statistical analysis of available genetic data, mapping them to
896:
No reliable observation has ever been found to contradict the general notion of common descent. It should come as no surprise, then, that the scientific community at large has accepted evolutionary descent as a historical reality since Darwin's time and considers it among the most reliably
699:, in which multiple species derive from a single ancestral population. The more recent the ancestral population two species have in common, the more closely are they related. The most recent common ancestor of all currently living organisms is the last universal ancestor, which lived about
841:
ould it be too bold to imagine, that in the great length of time, since the earth began to exist, perhaps millions of ages before the commencement of the history of mankind, would it be too bold to imagine, that all warm-blooded animals have arisen from one living filament, which
1489:
could change the codons, but it would be extremely unlikely to make all the redundant codons in a whole sequence match exactly across multiple lineages. Similarly, shared nucleotide sequences, especially where these are apparently neutral such as the positioning of
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But he precedes that remark by, "Analogy would lead me one step further, namely, to the belief that all animals and plants have descended from some one prototype. But analogy may be a deceitful guide." And in the subsequent edition, he asserts rather,
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sequences and DNA sequences. Proteins with the same three-dimensional structure need not have identical amino acid sequences; any irrelevant similarity between the sequences is evidence for common descent. In certain cases, there are several
1597:, etc. Recently, it has been possible to construct these trees using molecular data, based on similarities and differences between genetic and protein sequences. All these methods produce essentially similar results, even though most
2708:: "Despite all the variety among these forms, they seem to have been produced according to a common archetype, and this analogy among them reinforces our suspicion that they are actually akin, produced by a common original mother."
679:
applicable when one species is the ancestor of two or more species later in time. According to modern evolutionary biology, all living beings could be descendants of a unique ancestor commonly referred to as the
802:
The idea that all living things (including things considered non-living by science) are related is a recurring theme in many indigenous worldviews across the world. Later on, in the 1740s, the French
2741:
Darwin, C. R. 1860. On the origin of species by means of natural selection, or the preservation of favoured races in the struggle for life. London: John Murray. 2nd edition, second issue, page 466
864:
Therefore I should infer from analogy that probably all the organic beings which have ever lived on this earth have descended from some one primordial form, into which life was first breathed.
1506:
Biologists often point to the universality of many aspects of cellular life as supportive evidence to the more compelling evidence listed above. These similarities include the energy carrier
1601:
has no influence over external morphology. That phylogenetic trees based on different types of information agree with each other is strong evidence of a real underlying common descent.
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1518:- rather than through universal common descent - and therefore resulted in convergent evolution. In contrast, there is evidence for homology of the central subunits of
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344:
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2394:
Ohtomo, Yoko; Kakegawa, Takeshi; Ishida, Akizumi; et al. (January 2014). "Evidence for biogenic graphite in early
Archaean Isua metasedimentary rocks".
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1742:
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carrying out core functions like DNA replication. The fact that only one such set of enzymes exists is convincing evidence of a single ancestry. 6,331
2651:
2039:
Weiss, Madeline C.; Sousa, Filipa L.; Mrnjavac, Natalia; Neukirchen, Sinje; Roettger, Mayo; Nelson-Sathi, Shijulal; Martin, William F. (2016-07-25).
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1992:
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3159:"On universal common ancestry, sequence similarity, and phylogenetic structure: The sins of P-values and the virtues of Bayesian evidence"
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1977:
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Knight, Robin; Freeland, Stephen J.; Landweber, Laura F. (January 2001). "Rewiring the keyboard: evolvability of the genetic code".
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1437:. The universality of this code is generally regarded by biologists as definitive evidence in favor of universal common descent.
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The possibility is mentioned, above, that all living organisms may be descended from an original single-celled organism with a
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On the Origin of
Species by Means of Natural Selection, or the Preservation of Favoured Races in the Struggle for Life
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1472:, and therefore they provide compelling support for universal common descent. Such evidence has come from two areas:
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All known forms of life are based on the same fundamental biochemical organization: genetic information encoded in
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commented that "practically no naturalists of position and recognized attainment doubt the theory of descent."
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1737:(1970). "The Scientific Movement and the Diffusion of Scientific Ideas, 1688–1751". In Bromley, J. S. (ed.).
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arrived at the idea that all organisms had a common ancestor, and had diverged through random variation and
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1452:(non-polar) side-chains are well organised, suggesting that these enabled the earliest organisms to create
563:
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2343:"The Last Universal Common Ancestor: emergence, constitution and genetic legacy of an elusive forerunner"
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and others as energy sources. Analysis of small sequence differences in widely shared substances such as
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phylogenetic trees, that gave "strong quantitative support, by a formal test, for the unity of life."
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further supports universal common descent. Some 23 proteins are found in all organisms, serving as
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2762:"Descent with modification was accepted by most scientists not long after publication of Darwin's
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Theobald, Douglas L. (13 May 2010). "A formal test of the theory of universal common ancestry".
830:) that the similarity of animal forms implies a common original type, and thus a common parent.
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2908:"Primal Eukaryogenesis: On the Communal Nature of Precellular States, Ancestral to Modern Life"
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Traditionally, these trees have been built using morphological methods, such as appearance,
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in 1859. Scientists accepted it because it explained so many facets of the living world."
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2581:"Reconstruction of the ancestral metazoan genome reveals an increase in genomic novelty"
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common to all living animals have been identified; these may have arisen from a single
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common to all living animals have been identified; these may have arisen from a single
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860:, were that it was probable that there was only one progenitor for all life forms:
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2474:"Microbially Induced Sedimentary Structures Recording an Ancient Ecosystem in the
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would not have driven any change in the codons, however much time was available.
889:
770:
272:
262:
124:
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4325:
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3538:
2652:"We Are All Related: Indigenous Knowledge Reaffirmed by Digitized Tree of Life"
2606:
2347:
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1894:
1819:
1780:
1417:(the "translation table" according to which DNA information is translated into
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39:
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with water-repelling regions able to support the essential electron exchange (
72:
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1845:
Evolution: Genesis and
Revelations: With Readings from Empedocles to Wilson
1772:
1659:
If early organisms had been driven by the same environmental conditions to
1514:. It is, however, possible that these similarities resulted because of the
1478:
1448:
seems to be strongly optimised. Richard Egel argues that in particular the
1441:
1414:
978:
946:
525:
510:
294:
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49:"Common ancestor" redirects here. For use of the term in graph theory, see
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3812:
3642:
3548:
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3257:
2538:
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2094:
Forterre, Patrick; Gribaldo, Simonetta; Brochier, CĂ©line (October 2005).
1449:
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29+ Evidences for
Macroevolution: The Scientific Case for Common Descent
3134:
3109:
3077:
3052:
3028:
29+ Evidences for
Macroevolution: The Scientific Case for Common Descent
2932:
2179:
1421:, and hence proteins) is nearly identical for all known lifeforms, from
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3782:
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1831:
Zoonomia; or The laws of organic life: in three parts (Volume 1) (1818)
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81:
2478:. 3.48 Billion-Year-Old Dresser Formation, Pilbara, Western Australia"
1828:. Vol. 1 (4th American ed.). Philadelphia, PA: Edward Earle.
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1893:. Translated, with an introduction, by Werner S. Pluhar; foreword by
1680:
1642:
1468:
Similarities which have no adaptive relevance cannot be explained by
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727:
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568:
182:
102:
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1823:
1422:
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157:
2041:"The physiology and habitat of the last universal common ancestor"
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1959:
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established and fundamentally important facts in all of science.
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1689:
1510:(ATP), and the fact that all amino acids found in proteins are
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1430:
1330:
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614:
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Glansdorff, Nicolas; Ying Xu; Labedan, Bernard (9 July 2008).
3881:
1625:
1457:
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689:
27:
Characteristic of a group of organisms with a common ancestor
2038:
703:. The two earliest pieces of evidence for life on Earth are
954:
747:
685:
2393:
3051:
Yonezawa, Takahiro; Hasegawa, Masami (16 December 2010).
2543:"The Very First Animal Appeared Amid an Explosion of DNA"
2464:
1693:
1686:
922:
918:
734:. All currently living organisms on Earth share a common
3024:"Prediction 1.3: Consilience of independent phylogenies"
2340:
2093:
2829:
2764:
On the Origin of
Species by Means of Natural Selection
742:
during early evolution has led to questions about the
30:
For use of the term in linguistics and philology, see
4721:
2096:"[Luca: the last universal common ancestor]"
933:, then translated into proteins by (highly similar)
2877:"All Species Evolved From Single Cell, Study Finds"
2579:Paps, Jordi; Holland, Peter W. H. (30 April 2018).
1463:
2217:"Origins of life: Common ancestry put to the test"
1933:
1842:
1739:The Rise of Great Britain and Russia, 1688–1715/25
4745:
3050:
2533:
2531:
1534:
877:Common descent was widely accepted amongst the
854:'s views about common descent, as expressed in
738:heritage, though the suggestion of substantial
2998:The Vital Question: Why Is Life The Way It Is?
2574:
2572:
2433:"Oldest fossil found: Meet your microbial mom"
1498:, provide strong evidence of common ancestry.
3442:
3242:
2674:
1729:
653:
2528:
776:in the concluding sentence of his 1859 book
3053:"Was the universal common ancestry proved?"
2578:
2569:
2458:
1573:genes implies a single origin for all life.
746:(single ancestry) of life. 6,331 groups of
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3249:
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2424:
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2151:
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2141:
2139:
1991:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1978:Der Begriff des Instinktes einst und jetzt
1813:The Complete Work of Charles Darwin Online
1626:Gene exchange clouds phylogenetic analysis
769:process was first proposed by the British
660:
646:
3184:
3174:
3157:Theobald, Douglas L. (24 November 2011).
3133:
3108:Theobald, Douglas L. (16 December 2010).
3076:
2941:
2931:
2825:
2823:
2811:
2614:
2511:
2370:
2360:
2271:
2240:
2111:
1641:much of their genome whether or not they
4683:Transgenerational epigenetic inheritance
3456:
3156:
3107:
2868:
2689:
2155:
1931:
1661:evolve similar biochemistry convergently
1608:
1530:
2793:
2207:
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2136:
1974:
1648:
833:In 1794, Charles Darwin's grandfather,
14:
4746:
2964:
2820:
2729:
2717:
2637:
2537:
1936:The Making of Modern Europe, 1648-1780
1840:
1818:
1779:
972:
912:
4446:Dialogues Concerning Natural Religion
3430:
3230:
2971:. Mittal Publications. pp. 32–.
2796:"Evolution as Fact, Theory, and Path"
2752:Biology: A Guide to the Natural World
2650:Staff, I. C. T. (13 September 2018).
2649:
2431:Borenstein, Seth (13 November 2013).
1825:Zoonomia; or the Laws of Organic Life
1621:, implying multiple possible origins.
1526:
1501:
881:after Darwin's publication. In 1907,
3021:
2991:
2905:
2899:
2874:
2701:
2202:
1883:
847:to its posterity, world without end?
765:Universal common descent through an
3313:Formamide-based prebiotic chemistry
2968:Continuity And Evolution Of Animals
2468:; Christian, Daniel; Wacey, David;
24:
3851:Evolutionary developmental biology
3256:
1851:State University of New York Press
25:
4775:
3318:Alternative abiogenesis scenarios
3205:
2800:Evolution: Education and Outreach
2754:. Pearson/Prentice Hall. p. 323.
2306:10.1038/scientificamerican0200-90
1460:) reactions for energy transfer.
4731:
4705:
4696:
4695:
1975:Ziegler, Heinrich Ernst (1904).
1743:The New Cambridge Modern History
1636:Theobald noted that substantial
1464:Selectively neutral similarities
627:
626:
613:
71:
4508:Extended evolutionary synthesis
3697:Gene-centered view of evolution
3150:
3101:
3044:
3015:
2985:
2787:
2769:
2744:
2735:
2723:
2711:
2695:
2683:
2668:
2643:
2008:
1722:
798:History of evolutionary thought
726:found in 3.48 billion-year-old
695:Common descent is an effect of
620:Evolutionary biology portal
4636:Hologenome theory of evolution
4503:History of molecular evolution
3729:Evolutionarily stable strategy
3618:Last universal common ancestor
3394:Last universal common ancestor
2784:. Henry Holt and Company. p. 3
2334:
2265:
2215:; Penny, David (13 May 2010).
2087:
2032:
1643:shared an ancestor (monophyly)
1523:those of modern archaea also.
682:last universal common ancestor
579:Creation–evolution controversy
333:History of evolutionary theory
13:
1:
4430:Renaissance and Enlightenment
2025:
1604:
1516:laws of physics and chemistry
1444:(DNA triplets) are mapped to
4764:Most recent common ancestors
4641:Missing heritability problem
4268:Gamete differentiation/sexes
3222:The Tree of Life Web Project
2906:Egel, Richard (March 2012).
2277:"Uprooting the Tree of Life"
1674:
564:Evolution as fact and theory
7:
2057:10.1038/nmicrobiol.2016.116
1932:Treasure, Geoffrey (1985).
1811:The book is available from
1703:
901:
10:
4780:
4273:Life cycles/nuclear phases
3825:Trivers–Willard hypothesis
3032:The TalkOrigins Foundation
2607:10.1038/s41467-018-04136-5
2113:10.1051/medsci/20052110860
1899:Hackett Publishing Company
1747:Cambridge University Press
1696:molecules able to undergo
1678:
1652:
1629:
1582:
1576:
976:
908:Evidence of common descent
905:
795:
791:
599:Nature-nurture controversy
48:
29:
4691:
4591:
4516:
4420:
4347:
4303:
4158:
4062:
3879:
3838:
3771:Parent–offspring conflict
3707:
3576:Earliest known life forms
3497:
3464:
3403:
3389:Earliest known life forms
3381:
3326:
3295:
3264:
2875:Than, Ker (14 May 2010).
2813:10.1007/s12052-007-0001-z
2794:Gregory, T. Ryan (2008).
2675:Crombie & Hoskin 1970
1619:horizontal gene transfers
1385:
1355:
1345:
1337:
1329:
1323:
1297:
1289:
1259:
1251:
1242:
1234:
1228:
1204:
1174:
1166:
1158:
1149:
1098:
1074:
1066:
1058:
1048:
1042:
1037:
1034:
1031:
1028:
1023:
1018:
816:In 1790, the philosopher
486:Evolutionary neuroscience
461:Evolutionary epistemology
441:Evolutionary anthropology
421:Applications of evolution
4624:Cultural group selection
4488:The eclipse of Darwinism
4460:On the Origin of Species
4435:Transmutation of species
2001:
1841:Harris, C. Leon (1981).
1789:(1st ed.). London:
1638:horizontal gene transfer
1632:Horizontal gene transfer
925:, through the effect of
857:On the Origin of Species
779:On the Origin of Species
740:horizontal gene transfer
711:in 3.7 billion-year-old
476:Evolutionary linguistics
471:Evolutionary game theory
446:Evolutionary computation
4629:Dual inheritance theory
4468:History of paleontology
2833:Nature Reviews Genetics
1815:. Retrieved 2015-11-23.
1745:. Vol. 6. London:
822:Kritik der Urteilskraft
807:Pierre Louis Maupertuis
787:and are being, evolved.
589:Objections to evolution
496:Evolutionary psychology
491:Evolutionary physiology
436:Evolutionary aesthetics
415:Fields and applications
397:History of paleontology
4317:Punctuated equilibrium
3638:Non-adaptive radiation
3586:Evolutionary arms race
3308:Miller–Urey experiment
3280:Spontaneous generation
3176:10.1186/1745-6150-6-60
2965:Sharma, N. S. (2005).
2750:Krogh, David. (2005).
2362:10.1186/1745-6150-3-29
1622:
1585:Tree of life (biology)
1574:
1508:adenosine triphosphate
1014:Standard genetic code
899:
875:
866:
849:
789:
715:discovered in western
521:Speciation experiments
501:Experimental evolution
456:Evolutionary economics
278:Recent human evolution
136:Processes and outcomes
51:Lowest common ancestor
36:Historical linguistics
4609:Evolutionary medicine
4483:Mendelian inheritance
4191:Biological complexity
4179:Programmed cell death
3871:Phenotypic plasticity
3591:Evolutionary pressure
3581:Evidence of evolution
3479:Timeline of evolution
3022:Theobald, Douglas L.
2593:(1730 (2018)): 1730.
2586:Nature Communications
2504:10.1089/ast.2013.1030
1837:Retrieved 2015-11-23.
1653:Further information:
1630:Further information:
1612:
1564:
1520:transmembrane ATPases
977:Further information:
963:650 million years ago
906:Further information:
894:
871:
862:
844:the great First Cause
839:
784:
756:650 million years ago
713:metasedimentary rocks
701:3.9 billion years ago
481:Evolutionary medicine
426:Biosocial criminology
392:History of speciation
305:Evolutionary taxonomy
268:Timeline of evolution
4754:Evolutionary biology
4738:Evolutionary biology
4583:Teleology in biology
4478:Blending inheritance
3856:Genetic assimilation
3719:Artificial selection
3458:Evolutionary biology
2472:(16 December 2013).
1897:. Indianapolis, IN:
1890:Critique of Judgment
1655:Convergent evolution
1649:Convergent evolution
1470:convergent evolution
879:scientific community
827:Critique of Judgment
677:evolutionary biology
451:Evolutionary ecology
65:Evolutionary biology
4646:Molecular evolution
4604:Ecological genetics
4473:Transitional fossil
4263:Sexual reproduction
4103:endomembrane system
4032:pollinator-mediated
3988:dolphins and whales
3766:Parental investment
3351:Primordial sandwich
3296:Prebiotic synthesis
3266:History of research
3216:TalkOrigins Archive
3135:10.1038/nature09483
3126:2010Natur.468E..10T
3078:10.1038/nature09482
3069:2010Natur.468E...9Y
2933:10.3390/life2010170
2924:2012Life....2..170E
2881:National Geographic
2599:2018NatCo...9.1730P
2496:2013AsBio..13.1103N
2410:2014NatGe...7...25O
2298:2000SciAm.282b..90D
2285:Scientific American
2233:2010Natur.465..168S
2180:10.1038/nature09014
2172:2010Natur.465..219T
2045:Nature Microbiology
1711:The Ancestor's Tale
1015:
973:Common genetic code
921:, transcribed into
913:Common biochemistry
888:In 2008, biologist
553:Social implications
541:Universal Darwinism
531:Island biogeography
466:Evolutionary ethics
431:Ecological genetics
377:Molecular evolution
315:Transitional fossil
143:Population genetics
59:Part of a series on
4619:Cultural evolution
3734:Fisher's principle
3663:Handicap principle
3653:Parallel evolution
3517:Adaptive radiation
3382:Earliest organisms
3368:Quasispecies model
3336:GADV-protein world
2548:The New York Times
2273:Doolittle, W. Ford
1623:
1575:
1527:Phylogenetic trees
1502:Other similarities
1013:
584:Theistic evolution
516:Selective breeding
228:Parallel evolution
193:Adaptive radiation
32:Comparative method
4719:
4718:
4335:Uniformitarianism
4288:Sex-determination
3793:Sexual dimorphism
3788:Natural selection
3692:Unit of selection
3658:Signalling theory
3424:
3423:
3363:Peptide-RNA world
3346:Iron–sulfur world
3303:Pseudo-panspermia
3001:. Profile Books.
2978:978-81-8293-018-6
2776:Kellogg, Vernon L
2490:(12): 1103–1124.
2397:Nature Geoscience
2275:(February 2000).
2227:(7295): 168–169.
2166:(7295): 219–222.
2100:MĂ©decine/Sciences
1951:978-0-416-72370-0
1908:978-0-87220-025-8
1860:978-0-87395-487-7
1756:978-0-521-07524-4
1698:natural selection
1599:genetic variation
1579:Phylogenetic tree
1567:phylogenetic tree
1483:natural selection
1411:
1410:
1011:
1010:
811:natural selection
732:Western Australia
670:
669:
361:Origin of Species
163:Natural selection
44:Textual criticism
16:(Redirected from
4771:
4736:
4735:
4727:
4709:
4699:
4698:
4498:Modern synthesis
4258:Multicellularity
4253:Mosaic evolution
4138:auditory ossicle
3820:Social selection
3803:Flowering plants
3798:Sexual selection
3451:
3444:
3437:
3428:
3427:
3282:(4th century BC)
3276:(5th century BC)
3251:
3244:
3237:
3228:
3227:
3199:
3198:
3188:
3178:
3154:
3148:
3147:
3137:
3110:"Theobald reply"
3105:
3099:
3098:
3080:
3048:
3042:
3041:
3039:
3038:
3030:. Version 2.89.
3019:
3013:
3012:
2989:
2983:
2982:
2962:
2956:
2955:
2945:
2935:
2903:
2897:
2896:
2894:
2892:
2883:. Archived from
2872:
2866:
2865:
2846:10.1038/35047500
2827:
2818:
2817:
2815:
2791:
2785:
2781:Darwinism To-Day
2773:
2767:
2748:
2742:
2739:
2733:
2727:
2721:
2715:
2709:
2699:
2693:
2687:
2681:
2672:
2666:
2665:
2663:
2662:
2647:
2641:
2635:
2629:
2628:
2618:
2576:
2567:
2566:
2564:
2562:
2556:
2551:. Archived from
2535:
2526:
2525:
2515:
2470:Hazen, Robert M.
2462:
2456:
2455:
2453:
2452:
2443:. Archived from
2441:Associated Press
2428:
2422:
2421:
2418:10.1038/ngeo2025
2391:
2385:
2384:
2374:
2364:
2338:
2332:
2331:
2329:
2328:
2322:
2316:. Archived from
2281:
2269:
2263:
2262:
2244:
2209:
2200:
2199:
2153:
2134:
2133:
2115:
2091:
2085:
2084:
2036:
2019:
2012:
1996:
1990:
1982:
1971:
1939:
1928:
1880:
1848:
1835:Internet Archive
1829:
1810:
1776:
1533:
1016:
1012:
983:
982:
845:
675:is a concept in
662:
655:
648:
635:
630:
629:
622:
618:
617:
594:Level of support
387:Current research
372:Modern synthesis
367:Before synthesis
320:Extinction event
78:Darwin's finches
75:
56:
55:
21:
4779:
4778:
4774:
4773:
4772:
4770:
4769:
4768:
4744:
4743:
4742:
4730:
4722:
4720:
4715:
4687:
4614:Group selection
4587:
4512:
4416:
4343:
4305:Tempo and modes
4299:
4154:
4058:
3875:
3834:
3710:
3703:
3680:Species complex
3493:
3484:History of life
3460:
3455:
3425:
3420:
3399:
3377:
3341:Clay hypothesis
3322:
3291:
3286:Primordial soup
3260:
3255:
3208:
3203:
3202:
3155:
3151:
3106:
3102:
3049:
3045:
3036:
3034:
3020:
3016:
3009:
2990:
2986:
2979:
2963:
2959:
2904:
2900:
2890:
2888:
2887:on May 15, 2010
2873:
2869:
2828:
2821:
2792:
2788:
2774:
2770:
2749:
2745:
2740:
2736:
2728:
2724:
2716:
2712:
2700:
2696:
2688:
2684:
2673:
2669:
2660:
2658:
2648:
2644:
2636:
2632:
2577:
2570:
2560:
2558:
2536:
2529:
2463:
2459:
2450:
2448:
2429:
2425:
2392:
2388:
2339:
2335:
2326:
2324:
2320:
2279:
2270:
2266:
2242:10.1038/465168a
2210:
2203:
2154:
2137:
2106:(10): 860–865.
2092:
2088:
2037:
2033:
2028:
2023:
2022:
2013:
2009:
2004:
1999:
1984:
1983:
1952:
1909:
1861:
1820:Darwin, Erasmus
1781:Darwin, Charles
1757:
1735:Hoskin, Michael
1725:
1706:
1683:
1677:
1657:
1651:
1634:
1628:
1607:
1587:
1581:
1563:
1531:
1529:
1504:
1466:
1388:
1348:
1051:
1020:
981:
975:
959:common ancestor
915:
910:
904:
890:T. Ryan Gregory
843:
800:
794:
752:common ancestor
666:
625:
612:
611:
604:
603:
554:
546:
545:
416:
408:
407:
406:
334:
326:
325:
324:
273:Human evolution
263:History of life
247:
246:Natural history
239:
238:
237:
137:
129:
84:
54:
47:
28:
23:
22:
18:Common ancestry
15:
12:
11:
5:
4777:
4767:
4766:
4761:
4756:
4741:
4740:
4717:
4716:
4714:
4713:
4703:
4692:
4689:
4688:
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4680:
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4663:
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4648:
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4631:
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4611:
4606:
4601:
4595:
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4589:
4588:
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4585:
4580:
4579:
4578:
4573:
4568:
4567:
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4556:
4551:
4546:
4541:
4536:
4526:
4520:
4518:
4514:
4513:
4511:
4510:
4505:
4500:
4495:
4490:
4485:
4480:
4475:
4470:
4465:
4464:
4463:
4454:Charles Darwin
4451:
4450:
4449:
4437:
4432:
4426:
4424:
4418:
4417:
4415:
4414:
4409:
4404:
4399:
4394:
4392:Non-ecological
4389:
4384:
4379:
4374:
4369:
4364:
4359:
4353:
4351:
4345:
4344:
4342:
4341:
4332:
4323:
4309:
4307:
4301:
4300:
4298:
4297:
4292:
4291:
4290:
4285:
4280:
4275:
4270:
4260:
4255:
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4230:
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4209:
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4182:
4181:
4176:
4165:
4163:
4156:
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4153:
4152:
4151:
4150:
4145:
4143:nervous system
4140:
4135:
4130:
4122:
4121:
4120:
4115:
4110:
4105:
4100:
4095:
4085:
4080:
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3990:
3985:
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3973:
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3904:
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3902:
3892:
3886:
3884:
3877:
3876:
3874:
3873:
3868:
3863:
3858:
3853:
3848:
3842:
3840:
3836:
3835:
3833:
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3827:
3822:
3817:
3816:
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3810:
3805:
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3699:
3689:
3684:
3683:
3682:
3677:
3667:
3666:
3665:
3655:
3650:
3645:
3643:Origin of life
3640:
3635:
3630:
3628:Microevolution
3625:
3623:Macroevolution
3620:
3615:
3610:
3609:
3608:
3598:
3593:
3588:
3583:
3578:
3573:
3568:
3563:
3561:Common descent
3558:
3557:
3556:
3546:
3541:
3539:Baldwin effect
3536:
3535:
3534:
3529:
3519:
3514:
3509:
3503:
3501:
3495:
3494:
3492:
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3405:
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3324:
3323:
3321:
3320:
3315:
3310:
3305:
3299:
3297:
3293:
3292:
3290:
3289:
3288:(19th century)
3283:
3277:
3270:
3268:
3262:
3261:
3258:Origin of life
3254:
3253:
3246:
3239:
3231:
3225:
3224:
3219:
3207:
3206:External links
3204:
3201:
3200:
3163:Biology Direct
3149:
3100:
3043:
3014:
3008:978-1781250365
3007:
2984:
2977:
2957:
2918:(1): 170–212.
2898:
2867:
2819:
2786:
2768:
2760:978-0321946768
2743:
2734:
2722:
2720:, p. 397
2710:
2694:
2682:
2667:
2642:
2630:
2568:
2541:(4 May 2018).
2527:
2457:
2423:
2386:
2348:Biology Direct
2333:
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2020:
2006:
2005:
2003:
2000:
1998:
1997:
1972:
1950:
1929:
1907:
1895:Mary J. Gregor
1885:Kant, Immanuel
1881:
1859:
1849:. Albany, NY:
1838:
1816:
1777:
1755:
1731:Crombie, A. C.
1726:
1724:
1721:
1720:
1719:
1714:
1705:
1702:
1679:Main article:
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914:
911:
903:
900:
883:Vernon Kellogg
852:Charles Darwin
835:Erasmus Darwin
793:
790:
774:Charles Darwin
730:discovered in
684:(LUCA) of all
673:Common descent
668:
667:
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623:
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270:
265:
260:
258:Common descent
255:
253:Origin of life
249:
248:
245:
244:
241:
240:
236:
235:
230:
225:
220:
215:
210:
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200:
195:
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145:
139:
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130:
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122:
117:
111:
110:
105:
100:
95:
89:
86:
85:
76:
68:
67:
61:
60:
40:Proto-language
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4776:
4765:
4762:
4760:
4757:
4755:
4752:
4751:
4749:
4739:
4734:
4729:
4728:
4725:
4712:
4708:
4704:
4702:
4694:
4693:
4690:
4684:
4681:
4679:
4676:
4674:
4671:
4669:
4666:
4662:
4659:
4658:
4657:
4656:Phylogenetics
4654:
4652:
4649:
4647:
4644:
4642:
4639:
4637:
4634:
4630:
4627:
4625:
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4612:
4610:
4607:
4605:
4602:
4600:
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4596:
4594:
4590:
4584:
4581:
4577:
4574:
4572:
4569:
4565:
4562:
4561:
4560:
4559:Structuralism
4557:
4555:
4552:
4550:
4547:
4545:
4542:
4540:
4537:
4535:
4534:Catastrophism
4532:
4531:
4530:
4527:
4525:
4522:
4521:
4519:
4515:
4509:
4506:
4504:
4501:
4499:
4496:
4494:
4493:Neo-Darwinism
4491:
4489:
4486:
4484:
4481:
4479:
4476:
4474:
4471:
4469:
4466:
4462:
4461:
4457:
4456:
4455:
4452:
4448:
4447:
4443:
4442:
4441:
4438:
4436:
4433:
4431:
4428:
4427:
4425:
4423:
4419:
4413:
4410:
4408:
4407:Reinforcement
4405:
4403:
4400:
4398:
4395:
4393:
4390:
4388:
4385:
4383:
4380:
4378:
4375:
4373:
4370:
4368:
4365:
4363:
4360:
4358:
4355:
4354:
4352:
4350:
4346:
4340:
4339:Catastrophism
4336:
4333:
4331:
4330:Macromutation
4327:
4326:Micromutation
4324:
4322:
4318:
4314:
4311:
4310:
4308:
4306:
4302:
4296:
4293:
4289:
4286:
4284:
4281:
4279:
4276:
4274:
4271:
4269:
4266:
4265:
4264:
4261:
4259:
4256:
4254:
4251:
4249:
4246:
4244:
4241:
4239:
4236:
4234:
4233:Immune system
4231:
4229:
4226:
4224:
4221:
4219:
4216:
4214:
4211:
4207:
4204:
4203:
4202:
4199:
4197:
4194:
4192:
4189:
4187:
4184:
4180:
4177:
4175:
4172:
4171:
4170:
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4166:
4164:
4162:
4157:
4149:
4146:
4144:
4141:
4139:
4136:
4134:
4131:
4129:
4126:
4125:
4123:
4119:
4116:
4114:
4111:
4109:
4106:
4104:
4101:
4099:
4096:
4094:
4093:symbiogenesis
4091:
4090:
4089:
4086:
4084:
4081:
4079:
4076:
4074:
4071:
4070:
4068:
4066:
4061:
4055:
4052:
4050:
4047:
4045:
4042:
4040:
4037:
4033:
4030:
4029:
4028:
4025:
4021:
4018:
4014:
4011:
4009:
4006:
4005:
4004:
4001:
3999:
3996:
3994:
3991:
3989:
3986:
3984:
3981:
3977:
3974:
3972:
3969:
3968:
3967:
3964:
3962:
3959:
3958:
3957:
3954:
3952:
3949:
3945:
3942:
3941:
3940:
3937:
3935:
3932:
3930:
3927:
3925:
3922:
3918:
3915:
3914:
3913:
3910:
3908:
3905:
3901:
3898:
3897:
3896:
3893:
3891:
3888:
3887:
3885:
3883:
3878:
3872:
3869:
3867:
3864:
3862:
3859:
3857:
3854:
3852:
3849:
3847:
3844:
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3841:
3837:
3831:
3828:
3826:
3823:
3821:
3818:
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3811:
3809:
3806:
3804:
3801:
3800:
3799:
3796:
3794:
3791:
3789:
3786:
3784:
3781:
3779:
3776:
3772:
3769:
3767:
3764:
3763:
3762:
3761:Kin selection
3759:
3757:
3756:Genetic drift
3754:
3752:
3749:
3745:
3742:
3741:
3740:
3737:
3735:
3732:
3730:
3727:
3725:
3722:
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3716:
3714:
3712:
3706:
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3690:
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3681:
3678:
3676:
3673:
3672:
3671:
3668:
3664:
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3659:
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3651:
3649:
3646:
3644:
3641:
3639:
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3634:
3631:
3629:
3626:
3624:
3621:
3619:
3616:
3614:
3611:
3607:
3604:
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3602:
3599:
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3594:
3592:
3589:
3587:
3584:
3582:
3579:
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3574:
3572:
3569:
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3564:
3562:
3559:
3555:
3552:
3551:
3550:
3547:
3545:
3542:
3540:
3537:
3533:
3530:
3528:
3525:
3524:
3523:
3520:
3518:
3515:
3513:
3510:
3508:
3505:
3504:
3502:
3500:
3496:
3490:
3487:
3485:
3482:
3480:
3477:
3475:
3472:
3470:
3467:
3466:
3463:
3459:
3452:
3447:
3445:
3440:
3438:
3433:
3432:
3429:
3417:
3414:
3412:
3409:
3408:
3406:
3402:
3395:
3392:
3390:
3387:
3386:
3384:
3380:
3374:
3371:
3369:
3366:
3364:
3361:
3359:
3356:
3352:
3349:
3348:
3347:
3344:
3342:
3339:
3337:
3334:
3333:
3331:
3329:
3325:
3319:
3316:
3314:
3311:
3309:
3306:
3304:
3301:
3300:
3298:
3294:
3287:
3284:
3281:
3278:
3275:
3272:
3271:
3269:
3267:
3263:
3259:
3252:
3247:
3245:
3240:
3238:
3233:
3232:
3229:
3223:
3220:
3217:
3213:
3210:
3209:
3196:
3192:
3187:
3182:
3177:
3172:
3168:
3164:
3160:
3153:
3145:
3141:
3136:
3131:
3127:
3123:
3120:(7326): E10.
3119:
3115:
3111:
3104:
3096:
3092:
3088:
3084:
3079:
3074:
3070:
3066:
3062:
3058:
3054:
3047:
3033:
3029:
3025:
3018:
3010:
3004:
3000:
2999:
2994:
2988:
2980:
2974:
2970:
2969:
2961:
2953:
2949:
2944:
2939:
2934:
2929:
2925:
2921:
2917:
2913:
2909:
2902:
2886:
2882:
2878:
2871:
2863:
2859:
2855:
2851:
2847:
2843:
2839:
2835:
2834:
2826:
2824:
2814:
2809:
2805:
2801:
2797:
2790:
2783:
2782:
2777:
2772:
2765:
2761:
2757:
2753:
2747:
2738:
2732:, p. 484
2731:
2726:
2719:
2714:
2707:
2703:
2698:
2692:, p. 142
2691:
2690:Treasure 1985
2686:
2680:
2676:
2671:
2657:
2653:
2646:
2640:, p. 490
2639:
2634:
2626:
2622:
2617:
2612:
2608:
2604:
2600:
2596:
2592:
2588:
2587:
2582:
2575:
2573:
2557:on 2022-01-01
2555:
2550:
2549:
2544:
2540:
2534:
2532:
2523:
2519:
2514:
2509:
2505:
2501:
2497:
2493:
2489:
2485:
2484:
2479:
2477:
2471:
2467:
2461:
2447:on 2019-11-10
2446:
2442:
2438:
2434:
2427:
2419:
2415:
2411:
2407:
2403:
2399:
2398:
2390:
2382:
2378:
2373:
2368:
2363:
2358:
2354:
2350:
2349:
2344:
2337:
2323:on 2006-09-07
2319:
2315:
2311:
2307:
2303:
2299:
2295:
2291:
2287:
2286:
2278:
2274:
2268:
2260:
2256:
2252:
2248:
2243:
2238:
2234:
2230:
2226:
2222:
2218:
2214:
2208:
2206:
2197:
2193:
2189:
2185:
2181:
2177:
2173:
2169:
2165:
2161:
2160:
2152:
2150:
2148:
2146:
2144:
2142:
2140:
2131:
2127:
2123:
2119:
2114:
2109:
2105:
2101:
2097:
2090:
2082:
2078:
2074:
2070:
2066:
2062:
2058:
2054:
2050:
2046:
2042:
2035:
2031:
2017:
2011:
2007:
1994:
1988:
1980:
1979:
1973:
1969:
1965:
1961:
1957:
1953:
1947:
1943:
1938:
1937:
1930:
1926:
1922:
1918:
1914:
1910:
1904:
1900:
1896:
1892:
1891:
1886:
1882:
1878:
1874:
1870:
1866:
1862:
1856:
1852:
1847:
1846:
1839:
1836:
1833: at the
1832:
1827:
1826:
1821:
1817:
1814:
1808:
1804:
1800:
1796:
1792:
1788:
1787:
1782:
1778:
1774:
1770:
1766:
1762:
1758:
1752:
1748:
1744:
1740:
1736:
1732:
1728:
1727:
1718:
1715:
1713:
1712:
1708:
1707:
1701:
1699:
1695:
1691:
1688:
1682:
1672:
1670:
1667:proteins are
1666:
1662:
1656:
1646:
1644:
1639:
1633:
1620:
1616:
1611:
1602:
1600:
1596:
1591:
1586:
1580:
1572:
1571:ribosomal RNA
1568:
1524:
1521:
1517:
1513:
1509:
1499:
1497:
1493:
1488:
1487:Genetic drift
1484:
1480:
1475:
1471:
1461:
1459:
1455:
1451:
1447:
1443:
1440:The way that
1438:
1436:
1432:
1428:
1424:
1420:
1416:
1406:
1403:
1400:
1397:
1396:
1392:
1390:
1382:
1379:
1376:
1375:
1371:
1368:
1365:
1362:
1361:
1358:
1352:
1350:
1342:
1340:
1334:
1332:
1326:
1322:
1318:
1315:
1312:
1310:
1307:
1304:
1303:
1300:
1294:
1292:
1286:
1283:
1280:
1279:
1275:
1272:
1269:
1266:
1265:
1262:
1256:
1254:
1248:
1245:
1239:
1237:
1231:
1227:
1223:
1220:
1217:
1214:
1213:
1209:
1207:
1201:
1198:
1195:
1194:
1190:
1187:
1184:
1181:
1180:
1177:
1171:
1169:
1163:
1161:
1155:
1152:
1148:
1144:
1141:
1138:
1136:
1133:
1130:
1127:
1124:
1123:
1120:
1117:
1114:
1112:
1109:
1106:
1103:
1101:
1095:
1094:
1090:
1087:
1084:
1081:
1080:
1077:
1071:
1069:
1063:
1061:
1055:
1053:
1045:
1041:
1027:
1017:
1006:
1004:
1001:
998:
995:
992:
990:
989:
985:
984:
980:
970:
968:
964:
960:
956:
952:
948:
944:
940:
936:
932:
928:
924:
920:
909:
898:
893:
891:
886:
884:
880:
874:
870:
865:
861:
859:
858:
853:
848:
838:
836:
831:
829:
828:
823:
819:
818:Immanuel Kant
814:
812:
808:
805:
804:mathematician
799:
788:
783:
781:
780:
775:
772:
768:
763:
761:
757:
753:
749:
745:
741:
737:
733:
729:
725:
722:
721:microbial mat
718:
714:
710:
706:
702:
698:
693:
691:
687:
683:
678:
674:
663:
658:
656:
651:
649:
644:
643:
641:
640:
634:
624:
621:
616:
610:
609:
608:
607:
600:
597:
595:
592:
590:
587:
585:
582:
580:
577:
575:
572:
570:
567:
565:
562:
560:
557:
556:
550:
549:
542:
539:
537:
534:
532:
529:
527:
524:
522:
519:
517:
514:
512:
509:
507:
506:Phylogenetics
504:
502:
499:
497:
494:
492:
489:
487:
484:
482:
479:
477:
474:
472:
469:
467:
464:
462:
459:
457:
454:
452:
449:
447:
444:
442:
439:
437:
434:
432:
429:
427:
424:
422:
419:
418:
412:
411:
402:
398:
395:
393:
390:
388:
385:
383:
380:
378:
375:
373:
370:
368:
365:
363:
362:
358:
356:
353:
351:
350:Before Darwin
348:
346:
343:
341:
338:
337:
330:
329:
321:
318:
316:
313:
311:
308:
306:
303:
301:
298:
296:
293:
291:
288:
286:
283:
279:
276:
275:
274:
271:
269:
266:
264:
261:
259:
256:
254:
251:
250:
243:
242:
234:
231:
229:
226:
224:
221:
219:
216:
214:
211:
209:
206:
204:
201:
199:
196:
194:
191:
189:
186:
184:
181:
179:
178:Genetic drift
176:
174:
171:
169:
166:
164:
161:
159:
156:
154:
151:
149:
146:
144:
141:
140:
133:
132:
126:
123:
121:
118:
116:
113:
112:
109:
106:
104:
101:
99:
96:
94:
91:
90:
88:
87:
83:
79:
74:
70:
69:
66:
63:
62:
58:
57:
52:
45:
41:
37:
33:
19:
4668:Polymorphism
4651:Astrobiology
4599:Biogeography
4554:Saltationism
4544:Orthogenesis
4529:Alternatives
4458:
4444:
4377:Cospeciation
4372:Cladogenesis
4321:Saltationism
4278:Mating types
4201:Color vision
4186:Avian flight
4108:mitochondria
3846:Canalisation
3724:Biodiversity
3560:
3469:Introduction
3416:Paleobiology
3411:Astrobiology
3166:
3162:
3152:
3117:
3113:
3103:
3063:(7326): E9.
3060:
3056:
3046:
3035:. Retrieved
3027:
3017:
2997:
2987:
2967:
2960:
2915:
2911:
2901:
2889:. Retrieved
2885:the original
2880:
2870:
2840:(1): 49–58.
2837:
2831:
2803:
2799:
2789:
2780:
2771:
2763:
2751:
2746:
2737:
2725:
2713:
2697:
2685:
2670:
2659:. Retrieved
2655:
2645:
2633:
2590:
2584:
2559:. Retrieved
2554:the original
2546:
2539:Zimmer, Carl
2487:
2483:Astrobiology
2481:
2475:
2466:Noffke, Nora
2460:
2449:. Retrieved
2445:the original
2426:
2404:(1): 25–28.
2401:
2395:
2389:
2352:
2346:
2336:
2325:. Retrieved
2318:the original
2292:(2): 90–95.
2289:
2283:
2267:
2224:
2220:
2163:
2157:
2103:
2099:
2089:
2051:(9): 16116.
2048:
2044:
2034:
2010:
1976:
1940:. New York:
1935:
1889:
1844:
1824:
1785:
1738:
1723:Bibliography
1709:
1684:
1658:
1635:
1615:tree of life
1592:
1588:
1505:
1467:
1439:
1415:genetic code
1412:
986:
979:Genetic code
947:cytochrome c
916:
895:
892:noted that:
887:
876:
872:
867:
863:
855:
850:
840:
832:
825:
821:
815:
801:
785:
777:
767:evolutionary
764:
707:found to be
694:
672:
671:
526:Sociobiology
511:Paleontology
359:
295:Biogeography
290:Biodiversity
257:
208:Coextinction
198:Co-operation
173:Polymorphism
98:Introduction
4678:Systematics
4549:Mutationism
4367:Catagenesis
4295:Snake venom
4228:Eusociality
4206:in primates
4196:Cooperation
4124:In animals
3944:butterflies
3917:Cephalopods
3907:Brachiopods
3839:Development
3813:Mate choice
3566:Convergence
3549:Coevolution
3507:Abiogenesis
2891:22 November
2730:Darwin 1859
2718:Darwin 1818
2677:, pp.
2638:Darwin 1859
2213:Steel, Mike
2014:Now called
1791:John Murray
1617:shows many
1512:left-handed
1496:pseudogenes
1450:hydrophobic
1446:amino acids
1419:amino acids
1007:Stop codon
988:Amino acids
967:Precambrian
961:that lived
760:Precambrian
754:that lived
536:Systematics
345:Renaissance
223:Convergence
213:Contingency
203:Coevolution
4748:Categories
4539:Lamarckism
4517:Philosophy
4440:David Hume
4402:Peripatric
4397:Parapatric
4382:Ecological
4362:Anagenesis
4357:Allopatric
4349:Speciation
4313:Gradualism
4238:Metabolism
4098:chromosome
4088:Eukaryotes
3866:Modularity
3783:Population
3709:Population
3670:Speciation
3648:Panspermia
3601:Extinction
3596:Exaptation
3571:Divergence
3544:Cladistics
3532:Reciprocal
3512:Adaptation
3328:Protocells
3274:Panspermia
3037:2009-11-20
2993:Lane, Nick
2778:. (1907).
2704:, p.
2661:2021-05-05
2451:2015-11-22
2437:Yahoo News
2327:2015-11-22
2026:References
1717:Urmetazoan
1669:homologous
1605:Objections
1595:embryology
1583:See also:
1474:amino acid
1309:Methionine
1253:Asparagine
1236:Isoleucine
1143:Tryptophan
929:- and RNA-
796:See also:
771:naturalist
697:speciation
310:Cladistics
233:Extinction
218:Divergence
188:Speciation
168:Adaptation
82:John Gould
4673:Protocell
4524:Darwinism
4412:Sympatric
4161:processes
4049:Tetrapods
3998:Kangaroos
3924:Dinosaurs
3861:Inversion
3830:Variation
3751:Gene flow
3744:Inclusive
3554:Mutualism
3499:Evolution
3373:RNA world
3358:PAH world
3214:from the
3169:(1): 60.
2806:: 46–52.
2702:Kant 1987
2259:205055573
2122:0767-0974
2065:2058-5276
1987:cite book
1887:(1987) .
1822:(1818) .
1807:741260650
1681:RNA world
1675:RNA world
1665:conserved
1569:based on
1244:Threonine
1206:Glutamine
1168:Histidine
1024:2nd base
993:nonpolar
935:ribosomes
820:wrote in
744:monophyly
728:sandstone
717:Greenland
569:Dysgenics
285:Phylogeny
183:Gene flow
153:Diversity
148:Variation
4701:Category
4576:Vitalism
4571:Theistic
4564:Spandrel
4248:Morality
4243:Monogamy
4118:plastids
4083:Flagella
4039:Reptiles
4020:sea cows
4003:primates
3912:Molluscs
3890:Bacteria
3778:Mutation
3711:genetics
3687:Taxonomy
3633:Mismatch
3613:Homology
3527:Cheating
3522:Altruism
3404:Research
3195:22114984
3087:21164432
2995:(2015).
2952:25382122
2862:12267003
2854:11253070
2656:Ict News
2625:29712911
2522:24205812
2381:18613974
2314:10710791
2251:20463725
2188:20463738
2130:16197904
2073:27562259
2016:homology
1968:11623262
1960:85000255
1925:13796153
1917:86014852
1869:81002555
1799:06017473
1783:(1859).
1765:57014935
1704:See also
1454:peptides
1423:bacteria
1387:Glutamic
1347:Aspartic
1299:Arginine
1176:Arginine
1076:Cysteine
1068:Tyrosine
902:Evidence
709:biogenic
705:graphite
633:Category
559:Eugenics
401:timeline
382:Evo-devo
340:Overview
158:Mutation
120:Evidence
115:Glossary
4759:Descent
4592:Related
4422:History
4283:Meiosis
4218:Empathy
4213:Emotion
4113:nucleus
4054:Viruses
4044:Spiders
3956:Mammals
3939:Insects
3739:Fitness
3675:Species
3474:Outline
3186:3314578
3144:4317014
3122:Bibcode
3095:4318346
3065:Bibcode
2943:4187143
2920:Bibcode
2616:5928047
2595:Bibcode
2513:3870916
2492:Bibcode
2406:Bibcode
2372:2478661
2294:Bibcode
2229:Bibcode
2196:4422345
2168:Bibcode
2081:2997255
1981:. Jena.
1942:Methuen
1877:7278190
1773:7588392
1492:introns
1431:animals
1427:archaea
1357:Glycine
1339:Alanine
1246:
1160:Proline
1145:
1100:Leucine
1052:alanine
1050:Phenyl-
1002:acidic
965:in the
951:enzymes
937:, with
931:enzymes
927:protein
837:asked:
792:History
758:in the
736:genetic
724:fossils
125:History
108:Outline
4724:Portal
4711:Portal
4387:Hybrid
4223:Ethics
4065:organs
4027:Plants
4013:lemurs
4008:humans
3993:horses
3983:hyenas
3971:wolves
3966:canids
3900:origin
3396:(LUCA)
3193:
3183:
3142:
3114:Nature
3093:
3085:
3057:Nature
3005:
2975:
2950:
2940:
2860:
2852:
2758:
2623:
2613:
2520:
2510:
2379:
2369:
2355:: 29.
2312:
2257:
2249:
2221:Nature
2194:
2186:
2159:Nature
2128:
2120:
2079:
2071:
2063:
1966:
1958:
1948:
1923:
1915:
1905:
1875:
1867:
1857:
1805:
1797:
1771:
1763:
1753:
1690:genome
1479:codons
1442:codons
1435:plants
1331:Valine
1291:Lysine
1261:Serine
1060:Serine
999:basic
996:polar
631:
355:Darwin
42:, and
4174:Death
4169:Aging
4148:brain
3934:Fungi
3895:Birds
3808:Fungi
3606:Event
3489:Index
3140:S2CID
3091:S2CID
2858:S2CID
2679:62–63
2561:4 May
2321:(PDF)
2280:(PDF)
2255:S2CID
2192:S2CID
2077:S2CID
2002:Notes
1613:2005
1458:redox
1021:base
955:genes
943:NADPH
748:genes
690:Earth
93:Index
4661:Tree
4133:hair
4073:Cell
3976:dogs
3961:cats
3951:Life
3929:Fish
3882:taxa
3191:PMID
3083:PMID
3003:ISBN
2973:ISBN
2948:PMID
2912:Life
2893:2017
2850:PMID
2756:ISBN
2621:PMID
2563:2018
2518:PMID
2377:PMID
2310:PMID
2247:PMID
2184:PMID
2126:PMID
2118:ISSN
2069:PMID
2061:ISSN
1993:link
1964:OCLC
1956:LCCN
1946:ISBN
1921:OCLC
1913:LCCN
1903:ISBN
1873:OCLC
1865:LCCN
1855:ISBN
1803:OCLC
1795:LCCN
1769:OCLC
1761:LCCN
1751:ISBN
1494:and
1433:and
1425:and
1413:The
1407:GGG
1404:GAG
1401:GCG
1398:GTG
1393:GGA
1389:acid
1383:GAA
1380:GCA
1377:GTA
1372:GGC
1369:GAC
1366:GCC
1363:GTC
1353:GGT
1349:acid
1343:GAT
1335:GCT
1327:GTT
1319:AGG
1316:AAG
1313:ACG
1305:ATG
1295:AGA
1287:AAA
1284:ACA
1281:ATA
1276:AGC
1273:AAC
1270:ACC
1267:ATC
1257:AGT
1249:AAT
1240:ACT
1232:ATT
1224:CGG
1221:CAG
1218:CCG
1215:CTG
1210:CGA
1202:CAA
1199:CCA
1196:CTA
1191:CGC
1188:CAC
1185:CCC
1182:CTC
1172:CGT
1164:CAT
1156:CCT
1153:CTT
1139:TGG
1135:Stop
1131:TAG
1128:TCG
1125:TTG
1119:Stop
1115:TGA
1111:Stop
1107:TAA
1104:TCA
1096:TTA
1091:TGC
1088:TAC
1085:TCC
1082:TTC
1072:TGT
1064:TAT
1056:TCT
1046:TTT
719:and
686:life
103:Main
4159:Of
4128:eye
4078:DNA
4063:Of
3880:Of
3181:PMC
3171:doi
3130:doi
3118:468
3073:doi
3061:468
2938:PMC
2928:doi
2842:doi
2808:doi
2706:304
2611:PMC
2603:doi
2508:PMC
2500:doi
2414:doi
2367:PMC
2357:doi
2302:doi
2290:282
2237:doi
2225:465
2176:doi
2164:465
2108:doi
2053:doi
1694:RNA
1687:DNA
1671:."
1429:to
1019:1st
939:ATP
923:RNA
919:DNA
688:on
80:by
4750::
3189:.
3179:.
3165:.
3161:.
3138:.
3128:.
3116:.
3112:.
3089:.
3081:.
3071:.
3059:.
3055:.
3026:.
2946:.
2936:.
2926:.
2914:.
2910:.
2879:.
2856:.
2848:.
2836:.
2822:^
2802:.
2798:.
2654:.
2619:.
2609:.
2601:.
2589:.
2583:.
2571:^
2545:.
2530:^
2516:.
2506:.
2498:.
2488:13
2486:.
2480:.
2476:ca
2439:.
2435:.
2412:.
2400:.
2375:.
2365:.
2351:.
2345:.
2308:.
2300:.
2288:.
2282:.
2253:.
2245:.
2235:.
2223:.
2219:.
2204:^
2190:.
2182:.
2174:.
2162:.
2138:^
2124:.
2116:.
2104:21
2102:.
2098:.
2075:.
2067:.
2059:.
2047:.
2043:.
1989:}}
1985:{{
1962:.
1954:.
1944:.
1919:.
1911:.
1901:.
1871:.
1863:.
1853:.
1801:.
1793:.
1767:.
1759:.
1749:.
1741:.
1733:;
1565:A
1324:G
1229:A
1150:C
1043:T
1038:G
1035:A
1032:C
1029:T
969:.
941:,
813:.
782::
762:.
692:.
38:,
34:,
4726::
4337:/
4328:/
4319:/
4315:/
3450:e
3443:t
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3243:t
3236:v
3218:.
3197:.
3173::
3167:6
3146:.
3132::
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3097:.
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3040:.
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2954:.
2930::
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2895:.
2864:.
2844::
2838:2
2816:.
2810::
2804:1
2664:.
2627:.
2605::
2597::
2591:9
2565:.
2524:.
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2494::
2454:.
2420:.
2416::
2408::
2402:7
2383:.
2359::
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2239::
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2198:.
2178::
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