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1026:. Changing climatic conditions may put beech populations in southern England under increased stress and while it may not be possible to maintain the current levels of beech in some sites it is thought that conditions for beech in north-west England will remain favourable or even improve. It is often planted in Britain. Similarly, the nature of Norwegian beech populations is subject to debate. If native, they would represent the northern range of the species. However, molecular genetic analyses support the hypothesis that these populations represent intentional introduction from Denmark before and during the
787:, capable of reaching heights of up to 50 metres (160 feet) tall and 3 m (10 ft) trunk diameter, though more typically 25–35 m (82–115 ft) tall and up to 1.5 m (5 ft) trunk diameter. A 10-year-old sapling will stand about 4 m (13 ft) tall. Undisturbed, the European beech has a lifespan of 300 years; one tree at the Valle Cervara site was more than 500 years old—the oldest known in the northern hemisphere. In cultivated forest stands trees are normally harvested at 80–120 years of age. 30 years are needed to attain full maturity (as compared to 40 for
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in
Thuringia, Germany. It is assumed that about 99% of all copper beeches in the world are descendants of this copper beech. Its leaves are purple, in many selections turning deep spinach green by mid-summer. In the United States Charles Sprague Sargent noted the earliest appearance in a nurseryman's
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The
European beech invests significantly in summer and autumn for the following spring. Conditions in summer, particularly good rainfall, determine the number of leaves included in the buds. In autumn, the tree builds the reserves that will sustain it into spring. Given good conditions, a bud can
1123:
Spring leaf budding by the
European beech is triggered by a combination of day length and temperature. Bud break each year is from the middle of April to the beginning of May, often with remarkable precision (within a few days). It is more precise in the north of its range than the south, and at
1389:
of the
European beech is used in the manufacture of numerous objects and implements. Its fine and short grain makes it an easy wood to work with, easy to soak, dye, varnish and glue. Steaming makes the wood even easier to machine. It has an excellent finish and is resistant to compression and
1037:
Though not demanding of its soil type, the
European beech has several significant requirements: a humid atmosphere (precipitation well distributed throughout the year and frequent fogs) and well-drained soil (being intolerant of excessive stagnant water). It prefers moderately fertile ground,
1045:
A beech forest is very dark and few species of plant are able to survive there, where the sun barely reaches the ground. Young beeches prefer some shade and may grow poorly in full sunlight. In a clear-cut forest a
European beech will germinate and then die of excessive dryness. Under
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and other beeches are prone to false heartwood ('red heart') a condition where drought, nutrient deficient soil, branch breakage, pathogen infestation or other stressor induces formation of protection wood. False heartwood often manifests in the areas of the trunk associated with
1221:
has one of the largest, if not the largest, grove of
European beech trees in the United States. The 2.5-acre (1 ha) public park, called 'The Longwood Mall', was planted sometime before 1850 qualifying it as the oldest stand of European beeches in the United States.
934: in) wide at the base; there are two nuts in each cupule, maturing in the autumn 5–6 months after pollination. Flower and seed production is particularly abundant in years following a hot, sunny and dry summer, though rarely for two years in a row.
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splitting and it is stiff when flexed. Milling is sometimes difficult due to cracking. The density of the wood is 720 kilograms (1,590 pounds) per cubic meter. It is particularly well suited for minor carpentry, particularly furniture. From chairs to
1038:
calcified or lightly acidic, therefore it is found more often on the side of a hill than at the bottom of clayey basin. It tolerates rigorous winter cold, but is sensitive to spring frost. In Norway's oceanic climate planted trees grow well north to
1132:
produce a shoot with ten or more leaves. The terminal bud emits a hormonal substance in the spring that halts the development of additional buds. This tendency, though very strong at the beginning of their existence, becomes weaker in older trees.
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In the woodlands of southern
Britain, beech is dominant over oak and elm south of a line from about north Suffolk across to Cardigan. Oak are the dominant forest trees north of this line. One of the most beautiful European beech forests called
1021:
for food. The beech is classified as a native in the south of
England and as a non-native in the north where it is often removed from 'native' woods. Localised pollen records have been recorded in the North of England from the Iron Age by Sir
1485:
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they contain, the nuts were nonetheless pressed to obtain an oil in 19th-century
England that was used for cooking and in lamps. They were also ground to make flour, which could be eaten after the tannins were leached out by soaking.
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It is only after the budding that root growth of the year begins. The first roots to appear are very thin (with a diameter of less than 0.5 mm). Later, after a wave of above ground growth, thicker roots grow in a steady fashion.
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exhibits deterministic leaf and shoot development and has a larger leaf area than other European hardwood trees, it is relatively more sensitive to drought and may respond to a dry summer with pre-senescent
1120:. These habitats are the home of Europe's largest predators, (the brown bear, the grey wolf and the lynx). Many trees are older than 350 years in Izvoarele Nerei and even 500 years in Uholka-Shyrokyi Luh.
795:
grows to over 30 m (100 ft), with branches being high up on the trunk. In open locations, it will become much shorter (typically 15–24 m or 50–80 ft) and more massive.
1394:(flooring) and staircases, the European beech can do almost anything other than heavy structural support, so long as it is not left outdoors. Its hardness make it ideal for making wooden
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or when plants are clipped as a hedge (making beech hedges attractive screens, even in winter), but it also often continues to occur on the lower branches when the tree is mature.
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did not arrive in England until about 4000 BC, or 2,000 years subsequent to the English Channel forming following the ice ages; it could have been an early introduction by
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branches. As branch symplast dies, the trunk wood becomes depleted of nitrogen-containing molecules essential for life; this increases risk of catastrophic trunk failure.
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System of Universal Geography: Founded on the Works of Malte-Brun and Balbi: Embracing a Historical Sketch of the Progress of Geographical Discovery …
1567:
1104:) is found in the southeast of Brussels, Belgium. Beech is a dominant tree species in France and constitutes about 10% of French forests. The largest
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Railroad Tie Decay: Comprising The Decay of Ties in Storage, by C. J. Humphrey ... Defects in Cross Ties, Caused by Fungi, by C. Audrey Richards
2672:
1814:
Packham, John R.; Hobson, Peter R.; Norris, Catherine (June 2013). "Common beech Fagus sylvatica L; survival and longevity in changing times".
1245:
catalogue in 1820, but in 1859 "the finest copper beech in America... more than fifty feet high" was noted in the grounds of Thomas Ash, Esq.,
970:, Norway, Germany, Poland, Switzerland, Bulgaria, eastern parts of Russia, Romania, through Europe to France, southern England, Spain (on the
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with sparse leaf cover it will quickly surpass them in height and, due to the beech's dense foliage, the oaks will die from lack of sunlight.
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The European beech is the most abundant hardwood species in Austrian, German and Swiss forests. The native range extends from the north, in
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1217:, which despite its tolerance of warmer climates, is slower growing, taking an average of 10 years longer to attain maturity. The town of
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have been found in Danish and Spanish beech forests. These fungi are important in enhancing uptake of water and nutrients from the soil.
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margin, 5–10 centimetres (2–4 inches) long and 3–7 cm broad, with 6–7 veins on each side of the leaf (as opposed to 7–10 veins in
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order (beeches, chestnuts, oaks, walnuts, hickories, birches, and hornbeams). The female flowers produce beechnuts, small triangular
1113:
3727:
1603:
4113:
3805:
3740:
2129:
Packham, John R.; Thomas, Peter A.; Atkinson, Mark D.; Degen, Thomas (19 October 2012). "Biological Flora of the British Isles:
2060:
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Small quantities of seeds may be produced around 10 years of age, but not a heavy crop until the tree is at least 30 years old.
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1042:, and produce seedlings and can spread naturally in Trondheim. In Sweden, beech trees do not grow as far north as in Norway.
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1997:
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primary pathogen of beech trees, causing strip-canker and wood rot. It can be found at all times of year and is not edible.
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than many other broadleaved trees though is only sometimes used for this, the high cellulose content can also be spun into
2019:
Myking, T.; Yakovlev, I.; Ersland, G. A. (2011). "Nuclear genetic markers indicate Danish origin of the Norwegian beech (
1531:
2440:"False heartwood in beech Fagus sylvatica, birch Betula pendula, B. papyrifera and ash Fraxinus excelsior - an overview"
1963:
3714:
2311:
2941:
Fruit & nuts: a comprehensive guide to the cultivation, uses and health benefits of over 300 food-producing plants
2169:
4093:
3078:
2949:
2294:
1549:
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The root system is shallow, even superficial, with large roots spreading out in all directions. European beech forms
2567:
4083:
3875:
1793:
1030:. However, the beech in Vestfold and at Seim north of Bergen in Norway is now spreading naturally and regarded as
3779:
2407:"Differences in Some Physical and Chemical Properties of Beechwood with False Heartwood, Mature Wood and Sapwood"
2348:
4073:
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3141:
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1240:) – a mutation of the European beech which was first noted in 1690 in the "Possenwald" forest near the town of
51:
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1402:
tops. The wood rots easily if it is not protected by a tar based on a distillate of its own bark (as used in
2724:
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2530:
1760:
1359:
The nuts are eaten by humans and animals. Slightly toxic to humans if eaten in large quantities due to the
17:
2694:
2465:
Leuschner, Christoph (December 2020). "Drought response of European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.)—A review".
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1914:
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1727:
1702:
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956:
948:
99:
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867:(dropped) in the autumn and instead remain on the tree until the spring. This process is called
3797:
3605:
3566:
3363:
1579:
1283:'Dawyck') – fastigiate (columnar) growth – occurs in green, gold and purple forms; named after
1076:
3823:
808:). When crenate, there is one point at each vein tip, never any points between the veins. The
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216:
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regions of the world. In North America, they are preferred for this purpose over the native
756:
family with smooth silvery-gray bark, large leaf area, and a short trunk with low branches.
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3236:
3194:
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8:
3942:
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1006:, it grows only in mountain forests, at 600–1,800 m (1,969–5,906 ft) altitude.
64:
43:
1679:
4040:
3494:
3409:
3134:
2447:
2150:
2040:
1615:
279:
94:
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2590:
A Treatise on the Theory and Practice of Landscape Gardening, Adapted to North America
975:
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3216:
3177:
2945:
2907:
2880:
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2499:
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2239:. Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL. Archived from
2187:
2177:
2146:
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1955:
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Although often regarded as native in southern England, recent evidence suggests that
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1894:
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of European beech made by horticultural selection, often repeatedly; they include:
991:
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mountain ranges), and east to northwest Turkey, where it exhibits an interspecific
804:
3906:
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3414:
3356:
3341:
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2972:
2939:
2901:
2874:
2379:
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2110:
2064:
2004:
1827:
1510:
Old stand of beech prepared for regeneration (note the young undergrowth) in the
1411:
983:
979:
944:
Ancient and Primeval Beech Forests of the Carpathians and Other Regions of Europe
764:
137:
4032:
3999:
3862:
2478:
1108:
made of beech trees are Uholka-Shyrokyi Luh (8,800 hectares or 22,000 acres) in
4078:
3955:
3231:
2283:
Romanescu, Gheorghe; Stoleriu, Cristian Constantin; Enea, Andrei (2013-05-23).
1414:, which is used as a textile akin to cotton. The code for its use in Europe is
1207:
European beech is a very popular ornamental tree in parks and large gardens in
1059:
124:
2036:
4062:
3934:
3818:
3719:
3628:
3476:
3439:
3429:
3127:
2191:
1959:
1942:
Brullo, S.; Guarino, R.; Minissale, P.; Siracusa, G.; Spampinato, G. (1999).
1921:
1688:
1511:
1269:
1241:
1208:
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232:
84:
79:
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Commarmot, Brigitte; Brändli, Urs-Beat; Hamor, Fedir; Lavnyy, Vasyl (2013).
1197:
4012:
3511:
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3331:
3248:
1998:
International foresters study Lake District's 'greener, friendlier forests'
1407:
1403:
1246:
1196:
A look down a steep gorge with European beech leading down to the ocean at
1031:
1023:
1112:
and Izvoarele Nerei (5,012 ha or 12,380 acres in one forest body) in
3844:
3766:
3637:
3351:
3159:
3150:
2559:
1259:
1018:
891:
868:
3911:
3654:
3111:) – distribution map, genetic conservation units and related resources.
2451:
1002:
Popl. . In the southern part of its range around the Mediterranean, and
241:
3732:
3551:
3531:
3469:
3456:
3306:
2966:
Scientific Opinion on Safety of smoke flavour – Primary Product – AM 01
2850:
The Audubon Society Field Guide to North American Trees: Western Region
2439:
1883:"The Utilization of European Beech Wood (Fagus sylvatica L.) in Europe"
1785:
1181:
1161:
1082:
1027:
864:
791:). Like most trees, its form depends on the location: in forest areas,
2423:
2406:
2356:
1899:
1882:
3771:
3701:
3556:
3482:
3419:
3375:
3296:
1399:
1391:
1304:
1125:
1014:
749:
3599:
1249:, New York; it must have been more than forty years old at the time.
4007:
3622:
3573:
3501:
3397:
3243:
3211:
3199:
2405:
Dzurenda, Ladislav; Dudiak, Michal; Kučerová, Viera (29 May 2023).
2081:"Lade i Trondheim: naturtyper, flora og grunnlag for skjøtselsplan"
1427:
1364:
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753:
183:
150:
3784:
3706:
3675:
3588:
3336:
3321:
3316:
1201:
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1064:
990:), which replaces it further east. In the Balkans, it shows some
967:
887:
872:
799:
772:
173:
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3085:
Images, location details, and measurements of remarkable beeches
1039:
798:
The leaves are alternate, simple, and entire or with a slightly
3578:
3424:
3380:
3326:
3311:
3301:
3286:
2349:"Zone de conservare – Parcul National Semenic Cheile-Carasului"
2310:
Apollonio, Marco; Andersen, Reidar; Putman, Rory (2010-02-04).
1395:
1360:
1003:
963:
883:
163:
2286:
Limnology of the Red Lake, Romania: An Interdisciplinary Study
1941:
1854:
EUFORGEN Technical Guidelines for Genetic Conservation and Use
3464:
3346:
3278:
3172:
3167:
1573:
Purple cultivar of Fagus sylvatica with developing beech-nuts
193:
111:
55:
2313:
European Ungulates and Their Management in the 21st Century
2229:
1559:
1541:
1386:
1343:
1256:
Heterophylla Group) – leaves deeply serrated to thread-like
784:
2438:
Hörnfeldt, Roland; Drouin, Myriam; Woxblom, Lotta (2010).
2128:
1944:"Syntaxonomical analysis of the beech forests from Sicily"
1479:
Beech planted on a march dyke (boundary hedge) in Scotland
1426:
lvatica). Common beech is also considered one of the best
1881:
Pramreiter, Maximilian; Grabner, Michael (11 July 2023).
1225:
It is frequently kept clipped to make attractive hedges.
1047:
809:
2467:
Perspectives in Plant Ecology, Evolution and Systematics
2233:
Inventory of the Largest Primeval Beech Forest in Europe
1266:
Tortuosa Group) – distinctive twisted trunk and branches
3119:
2309:
1984:
Harris, E. (2002) Goodbye to Beech? Farewell to Fagus?
2608:. Royal Horticultural Society. July 2017. p. 38.
2437:
2404:
2381:
Environment and Ecology in the Mediterranean Region II
1609:
A dark purple example of a copper beech in Mystic, CT.
1228:
Since the early 19th century there have been numerous
3004:
Association, American Wood-Preservers' (1939-01-01).
2282:
2018:
1677:
2588:Andrew Jackson Downing and Henry Winthrop Sargent,
1813:
2852:(Chanticleer Press ed.). Knopf. p. 390.
994:with oriental beech; these hybrid trees are named
1880:
1703:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-1.RLTS.T62004722A62004725.en
4060:
2495:Defense Mechanisms of Woody Plants Against Fungi
2491:
2873:Fergus, Charles; Hansen, Amelia (2005-01-01).
2492:Blanchette, Robert; Biggs, Alan (2013-11-11).
2023:L.) populations established in 500–1,000 AD".
1467:Leaves of a weeping cultivar of European beech
3135:
2872:
2225:
2223:
2109:Laurie, James; Balbi, Adriano (1842-01-01).
1840:
3113:European Forest Genetic Resources Programme
3003:
2167:
2108:
937:
3142:
3128:
2124:
2122:
871:. This particularly occurs when trees are
240:
73:
42:
2498:. Springer Science & Business Media.
2464:
2422:
2289:. Springer Science & Business Media.
2220:
1898:
1701:
1139:
812:are long and slender, 15–30 millimetres (
3010:. American wood-preservers' association.
2078:
1191:
1166:
947:
860:mm) where the buds include flower buds.
771:
763:
3024:Some Facts about Treating Railroad Ties
2903:Trees of Pennsylvania and the Northeast
2876:Trees of New England: A Natural History
2119:
1374:, a smoke flavouring, is produced from
14:
4061:
3021:Goltra, William Francis (1912-01-01).
3020:
2964:European Food Safety Authority (EFSA)
2899:
2847:
2170:"Tables of identified ectomycorrhizae"
2161:
1722:
1720:
1114:Semenic-Cheile Carașului National Park
3604:
3603:
3123:
2994:. Niche Timbers. Accessed 20-08-2009.
2198:from the original on 30 December 2012
1062:with a range of fungi including many
3886:eb2e74d3-9e00-4539-af19-ce0e56d77679
3759:CB51DF8A-B3CA-3EF7-66FE-49F04D578576
3081:– Photographs by Louis K. Meisel, NY
3046:Scoutbase (Scout Information Centre)
2937:
2789:(Atropurpurea Group) 'Riversii' AGM"
2176:. Schwäbisch Gmünd: Einhorn-Verlag.
882:male flowers are borne in the small
856: in) thick, but thicker (to 4–5
543:Fagus sylvatica var. purpureopendula
441:Fagus sylvatica var. foliis-striatis
4069:IUCN Red List least concern species
3048:. Scout Association. Archived from
3027:. Press of The J.B. Savage Company.
2570:from the original on 6 October 2017
2377:
2168:Agerer, Reinhard, ed. (1987–2012).
1717:
1689:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
1294:'Zlatia') – leaves golden in spring
1276:Pendula Group) – branches pendulous
1124:600 m (2,000 ft) than at
483:Fagus sylvatica var. luteovariegata
24:
4109:Trees of humid continental climate
1741:from the original on 15 April 2023
1171:Detail of the tarcrust's structure
863:The leaves of beech are often not
621:Fagus sylvatica f. roseomarginatis
549:Fagus sylvatica f. purpureopendula
531:Fagus sylvatica purpurea-latifolia
521:Aiton in Hortus Kew. 3: 362 (1789)
447:Fagus sylvatica var. grandidentata
369:Fagus sylvatica var. aspleniifolia
357:Fagus sylvatica var. albovariegata
339:Fagus purpurea var. roseomarginata
25:
4130:
3071:
2384:. Cambridge Scholars Publishing.
914: in) long and 7–10 mm (
657:Fagus sylvatica var. suentelensis
615:Fagus sylvatica f. roseomarginata
585:Fagus sylvatica var. remillyensis
477:Fagus sylvatica f. luteovariegata
453:Fagus sylvatica var. heterophylla
393:Fagus sylvatica f. aureovariegata
3987:urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:305836-2
3039:"The burning properties of wood"
2829:from the original on 2 July 2020
2795:from the original on 2 July 2020
2765:from the original on 1 July 2020
2735:from the original on 2 July 2020
2705:from the original on 2 July 2020
2675:from the original on 3 July 2020
2645:from the original on 1 July 2020
2147:10.1111/j.1365-2745.2012.02017.x
1652:
1640:
1628:
1614:
1602:
1590:
1578:
1566:
1548:
1530:
1518:
1503:
1484:
1472:
1460:
1440:
836: in) long and 2–3 mm (
663:Fagus sylvatica var. suntalensis
651:Fagus sylvatica subsp. Sanguinea
567:Fagus sylvatica var. quercifolia
555:Fagus sylvatica var. pyramidalis
537:Fagus sylvatica purpurea-pendula
513:Fagus sylvatica pendula-purpurea
489:Fagus sylvatica var. miltonensis
381:Fagus sylvatica var. atropunicea
375:Fagus sylvatica f. aspleniifolia
363:Fagus sylvatica f. albovariegata
98:
3031:
3014:
2997:
2978:
2958:
2931:
2920:from the original on 2023-09-02
2893:
2866:
2841:
2825:. Royal Horticultural Society.
2807:
2791:. Royal Horticultural Society.
2777:
2761:. Royal Horticultural Society.
2747:
2731:. Royal Horticultural Society.
2717:
2701:. Royal Horticultural Society.
2687:
2671:. Royal Horticultural Society.
2657:
2641:. Royal Horticultural Society.
2627:
2615:from the original on 3 May 2020
2595:
2582:
2552:
2541:from the original on 2019-12-20
2523:
2512:from the original on 2023-09-02
2485:
2458:
2431:
2398:
2371:
2341:
2330:from the original on 2023-09-02
2303:
2276:
2250:
2174:Colour Atlas of Ectomycorrhizae
2102:
2091:from the original on 2021-06-13
2072:
2051:
2012:
1991:
1978:
1796:from the original on 2014-07-17
1678:Barstow, M.; Beech, E. (2018).
675:Fagus sylvatica proles tortuosa
633:Fagus sylvatica f. rotundifolia
573:Fagus sylvatica var. quercoides
347:(Simon-Louis ex K.Koch) Pynaert
4114:Trees of mild maritime climate
2900:Fergus, Charles (2002-01-01).
2316:. Cambridge University Press.
1935:
1907:
1874:
1834:
1807:
1778:
1753:
1737:. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
1671:
1236:copper beech or purple beech (
1187:
759:
693:Fagus sylvatica var. variegata
645:Fagus sylvatica var. sanguinea
639:Fagus sylvatica f. salicifolia
561:Fagus sylvatica f. quercifolia
471:Fagus sylvatica var. latifolia
459:Fagus sylvatica var. laciniata
405:Fagus sylvatica var. cochleata
387:Fagus sylvatica f. atropunicea
13:
1:
2262:. Lonely Planet. 1998-01-01.
1986:Quarterly Journal of Forestry
1664:
1447:The famous Upside-down Tree,
699:Fagus sylvatica var. vulgaris
669:Fagus sylvatica var. tortuosa
597:Fagus sylvatica f. retroflexa
579:Fagus sylvatica f. quercoides
519:Fagus sylvatica var. purpurea
435:Fagus sylvatica f. fastigiata
423:Fagus sylvatica var. cristata
417:Fagus sylvatica var. coriacea
411:Fagus sylvatica var. colorata
399:Fagus sylvatica f. bornyensis
2938:Lyle, Susanna (2006-03-20).
1828:10.1080/03071375.2013.767078
1298:
886:which are a hallmark of the
627:Fagus sylvatica rotundifolia
591:Fagus sylvatica remillyensis
501:Fagus sylvatica var. pendula
465:Fagus sylvatica f. laciniata
7:
4119:Trees of temperate climates
4099:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus
2848:Little, Elbert L. (1994) .
2479:10.1016/j.ppees.2020.125576
2025:Tree Genetics & Genomes
1309:Royal Horticultural Society
1102:Forêt de Soignes/Zoniënwoud
705:Fagus sylvatica var. zlatia
687:Fagus sylvatica f. tricolor
681:Fagus sylvatica f. tortuosa
525:Fagus sylvatica f. purpurea
429:Fagus sylvatica f. cristata
10:
4135:
1735:Plants of the World Online
1433:
1053:
953:Fagus sylvatica pliocenica
941:
713:(Späth ex E.Goeze) Schelle
609:Fagus sylvatica f. rohanii
507:Fagus sylvatica f. pendula
351:Fagus sylvatica var. aenea
3612:
3542:
3455:
3277:
3157:
2603:"AGM Plants – Ornamental"
2378:Efe, Recep (2014-03-17).
2037:10.1007/s11295-010-0358-y
1659:Immature fruit of a beech
1380:
1334:'Pendula' (weeping beech)
986:with the oriental beech (
711:Fagus sylvatica f. zlatia
377:(Dum.Cours.) C.K.Schneid.
285:
278:
248:
239:
222:
215:
95:Scientific classification
93:
71:
62:
50:
41:
34:
27:Species of deciduous tree
4094:Plants described in 1753
3567:Queensland macadamia nut
3149:
1696:: e.T62004722A62004725.
1238:Fagus sylvatica purpurea
1219:Brookline, Massachusetts
1177:Biscogniauxia nummularia
938:Distribution and habitat
4084:Garden plants of Europe
2209:Ramaria flavo-saponaria
1354:
1287:in the Scottish Borders
1180:(beech tarcrust) is an
1074:, and with the species
748:, is a large, graceful
603:Fagus sylvatica rohanii
569:(C.K.Schneid.) Geerinck
495:Fagus sylvatica pendula
345:Fagus purpurea tricolor
3364:Johnstone River almond
1816:Arboricultural Journal
1497:Belfast Botanic Garden
1204:
1172:
1140:Diseases and Pathogens
1077:Ramaria flavosaponaria
959:
777:
776:Shoot with nut cupules
769:
768:Copper beech in autumn
401:Simon-Louis ex Beissn.
4074:Edible nuts and seeds
3292:Australian cashew nut
3079:Beech Tree Collection
2259:Romania & Moldova
2058:Bøk – en kulturvekst?
1841:Wühlisch, G. (2008).
1597:Copper beech (spring)
1372:Primary Product AM 01
1313:Award of Garden Merit
1285:Dawyck Botanic Garden
1195:
1170:
1017:humans, who used the
951:
775:
767:
689:Simon-Louis ex K.Koch
587:(Simon-Louis) A.Henry
437:Simon-Louis ex K.Koch
2823:'Aslpeniifolia' AGM"
2729:'Dawyck Purple' AGM"
2444:Ecological Bulletins
1765:The Morton Arboretum
1406:). It is better for
1089:Cenococcum geophilum
1071:Laccaria amethystina
1068:species, as well as
611:(Körb.) C.K.Schneid.
509:(Dum.Cours.) Schelle
431:(Dum.Cours.) Schelle
303:Fagus comptoniifolia
3370:Irvingia gabonensis
3055:on 23 December 2012
2906:. Stackpole Books.
1525:European Beech Bark
297:Fagus aspleniifolia
65:Conservation status
3527:Single-leaf pinyon
3107:2016-10-20 at the
3091:2012-06-05 at the
2990:2010-11-11 at the
2971:2018-05-04 at the
2699:'Dawyck Gold' AGM"
2215:(Raidl, Scattolin)
2135:Journal of Ecology
2115:. A. and C. Black.
2063:2017-03-12 at the
2003:2010-01-28 at the
1948:Annali di Botanica
1843:"European beech –
1205:
1173:
960:
957:Museum of Toulouse
805:F. orientalis
778:
770:
497:(Dum.Cours.) Lodd.
335:(Aiton) Dum.Cours.
4056:
4055:
3920:Open Tree of Life
3606:Taxon identifiers
3597:
3596:
3495:Monkey-puzzle nut
3357:Shellbark hickory
3342:Mockernut hickory
3302:Borneo tallow nut
2913:978-0-8117-2092-2
2886:978-0-7627-3795-6
2505:978-3-662-01642-8
2424:10.3390/f14061123
2391:978-1-4438-5773-4
2323:978-0-521-76061-4
2269:978-0-86442-329-0
2183:978-3-921703-77-9
1915:"Fagus sylvatica"
1900:10.3390/f14071419
1495:'Aspleniifolia',
1449:Hyde Park, London
1252:fern-leaf beech (
1086:Pat. species and
880:F. sylvatica
793:F. sylvatica
733:
732:
551:(H.Jaeger) Rehder
299:(Dum.Cours.) Raf.
208:F. sylvatica
88:
16:(Redirected from
4126:
4089:Ornamental trees
4049:
4048:
4036:
4035:
4026:
4025:
4016:
4015:
4003:
4002:
3990:
3989:
3977:
3976:
3964:
3963:
3951:
3950:
3938:
3937:
3928:
3927:
3915:
3914:
3902:
3901:
3889:
3888:
3879:
3878:
3866:
3865:
3863:NBNSYS0000003840
3853:
3852:
3840:
3839:
3827:
3826:
3814:
3813:
3801:
3800:
3788:
3787:
3775:
3774:
3762:
3761:
3749:
3748:
3736:
3735:
3723:
3722:
3710:
3709:
3697:
3696:
3684:
3683:
3671:
3670:
3658:
3657:
3648:
3647:
3646:
3633:
3632:
3631:
3601:
3600:
3352:Shagbark hickory
3254:Malabar chestnut
3144:
3137:
3130:
3121:
3120:
3065:
3064:
3062:
3060:
3054:
3043:
3035:
3029:
3028:
3018:
3012:
3011:
3001:
2995:
2982:
2976:
2962:
2956:
2955:
2944:. Timber Press.
2935:
2929:
2928:
2926:
2925:
2897:
2891:
2890:
2879:. Globe Pequot.
2870:
2864:
2863:
2845:
2839:
2838:
2836:
2834:
2811:
2805:
2804:
2802:
2800:
2781:
2775:
2774:
2772:
2770:
2751:
2745:
2744:
2742:
2740:
2721:
2715:
2714:
2712:
2710:
2691:
2685:
2684:
2682:
2680:
2661:
2655:
2654:
2652:
2650:
2631:
2625:
2624:
2622:
2620:
2614:
2607:
2599:
2593:
2586:
2580:
2579:
2577:
2575:
2556:
2550:
2549:
2547:
2546:
2527:
2521:
2520:
2518:
2517:
2489:
2483:
2482:
2462:
2456:
2455:
2435:
2429:
2428:
2426:
2402:
2396:
2395:
2375:
2369:
2368:
2366:
2364:
2355:. Archived from
2345:
2339:
2338:
2336:
2335:
2307:
2301:
2300:
2280:
2274:
2273:
2254:
2248:
2247:
2245:
2238:
2227:
2218:
2217:
2205:
2203:
2165:
2159:
2158:
2141:(6): 1557–1608.
2126:
2117:
2116:
2106:
2100:
2099:
2097:
2096:
2087:(in Norwegian).
2076:
2070:
2069:
2055:
2049:
2048:
2016:
2010:
1995:
1989:
1982:
1976:
1975:
1973:
1971:
1962:. Archived from
1939:
1933:
1932:
1930:
1928:
1919:
1911:
1905:
1904:
1902:
1878:
1872:
1871:
1869:
1868:
1862:
1856:. Archived from
1851:
1838:
1832:
1831:
1811:
1805:
1804:
1802:
1801:
1782:
1776:
1775:
1773:
1771:
1761:"European beech"
1757:
1751:
1750:
1748:
1746:
1724:
1715:
1714:
1712:
1710:
1705:
1675:
1656:
1644:
1635:Swollen leaf bud
1632:
1618:
1606:
1594:
1582:
1570:
1552:
1534:
1522:
1507:
1488:
1476:
1464:
1451:, an example of
1444:
1430:for fireplaces.
1417:
1404:railway sleepers
1376:Fagus sylvatica.
1307:have gained the
988:Fagus orientalis
933:
932:
928:
923:
922:
918:
913:
912:
908:
903:
902:
898:
855:
854:
850:
845:
844:
840:
835:
834:
830:
827:
821:
820:
816:
725:(Dippel) F.Boden
717:Fagus sylvestris
707:Späth ex E.Goeze
635:(Jackman) Rehder
263:Fagus orientalis
261:
253:
249:Distribution map
244:
228:
103:
102:
82:
77:
76:
46:
32:
31:
21:
4134:
4133:
4129:
4128:
4127:
4125:
4124:
4123:
4104:Trees of Europe
4059:
4058:
4057:
4052:
4044:
4039:
4031:
4029:
4021:
4019:
4011:
4006:
3998:
3993:
3985:
3980:
3972:
3967:
3959:
3954:
3948:Fagus sylvatica
3946:
3941:
3935:Fagus_sylvatica
3933:
3931:
3923:
3918:
3910:
3907:Observation.org
3905:
3897:
3892:
3884:
3882:
3874:
3869:
3861:
3856:
3848:
3843:
3835:
3830:
3822:
3817:
3809:
3804:
3796:
3791:
3783:
3778:
3770:
3765:
3757:
3752:
3744:
3739:
3731:
3726:
3718:
3713:
3705:
3700:
3692:
3687:
3679:
3674:
3666:
3661:
3653:
3651:
3644:Fagus sylvatica
3642:
3641:
3636:
3627:
3626:
3621:
3614:Fagus sylvatica
3608:
3598:
3593:
3538:
3512:Colorado pinyon
3451:
3273:
3153:
3148:
3118:
3109:Wayback Machine
3100:Fagus sylvatica
3093:Wayback Machine
3074:
3069:
3068:
3058:
3056:
3052:
3041:
3037:
3036:
3032:
3019:
3015:
3002:
2998:
2992:Wayback Machine
2983:
2979:
2973:Wayback Machine
2963:
2959:
2952:
2936:
2932:
2923:
2921:
2914:
2898:
2894:
2887:
2871:
2867:
2860:
2846:
2842:
2832:
2830:
2817:Fagus sylvatica
2813:
2812:
2808:
2798:
2796:
2787:Fagus sylvatica
2783:
2782:
2778:
2768:
2766:
2757:Fagus sylvatica
2753:
2752:
2748:
2738:
2736:
2727:Fagus sylvatica
2723:
2722:
2718:
2708:
2706:
2697:Fagus sylvatica
2693:
2692:
2688:
2678:
2676:
2667:Fagus sylvatica
2663:
2662:
2658:
2648:
2646:
2637:Fagus sylvatica
2633:
2632:
2628:
2618:
2616:
2612:
2605:
2601:
2600:
2596:
2587:
2583:
2573:
2571:
2558:
2557:
2553:
2544:
2542:
2531:"Longwood Mall"
2529:
2528:
2524:
2515:
2513:
2506:
2490:
2486:
2463:
2459:
2436:
2432:
2403:
2399:
2392:
2376:
2372:
2362:
2360:
2347:
2346:
2342:
2333:
2331:
2324:
2308:
2304:
2297:
2281:
2277:
2270:
2256:
2255:
2251:
2243:
2236:
2228:
2221:
2213:Fagus selvatica
2201:
2199:
2184:
2166:
2162:
2131:Fagus sylvatica
2127:
2120:
2107:
2103:
2094:
2092:
2077:
2073:
2067:
2065:Wayback Machine
2056:
2052:
2021:Fagus sylvatica
2017:
2013:
2008:forestry.gov.uk
2005:Wayback Machine
1996:
1992:
1983:
1979:
1969:
1967:
1940:
1936:
1926:
1924:
1917:
1913:
1912:
1908:
1879:
1875:
1866:
1864:
1860:
1849:
1845:Fagus sylvatica
1839:
1835:
1812:
1808:
1799:
1797:
1784:
1783:
1779:
1769:
1767:
1759:
1758:
1754:
1744:
1742:
1730:Fagus sylvatica
1726:
1725:
1718:
1708:
1706:
1682:Fagus sylvatica
1676:
1672:
1667:
1660:
1657:
1648:
1645:
1636:
1633:
1624:
1622:Fagus sylvatica
1619:
1610:
1607:
1598:
1595:
1586:
1583:
1574:
1571:
1562:
1556:Fagus sylvatica
1553:
1544:
1538:Fagus sylvatica
1535:
1526:
1523:
1514:
1508:
1499:
1491:Leaves of var.
1489:
1480:
1477:
1468:
1465:
1456:
1445:
1436:
1415:
1383:
1357:
1352:
1349:'Aspleniifolia'
1331:'Dawyck Purple'
1301:
1292:Fagus sylvatica
1281:Fagus sylvatica
1274:Fagus sylvatica
1264:Fagus sylvatica
1254:Fagus sylvatica
1190:
1145:Fagus sylvatica
1142:
1060:ectomycorrhizas
1056:
946:
940:
930:
926:
925:
920:
916:
915:
910:
906:
905:
900:
896:
895:
894:15–20 mm (
852:
848:
847:
842:
838:
837:
832:
828:
825:
823:
818:
814:
813:
781:Fagus sylvatica
762:
737:Fagus sylvatica
729:
728:
581:(Pers.) Aug.DC.
527:(Aiton) Schelle
327:Fagus laciniata
311:Hurter ex A.DC.
259:
257:
255:Fagus sylvatica
251:
250:
235:
230:
226:Fagus sylvatica
224:
211:
97:
89:
78:
74:
67:
36:Fagus sylvatica
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4132:
4122:
4121:
4116:
4111:
4106:
4101:
4096:
4091:
4086:
4081:
4076:
4071:
4054:
4053:
4051:
4050:
4046:wfo-0000966507
4037:
4027:
4017:
4004:
3991:
3978:
3965:
3952:
3939:
3929:
3916:
3903:
3890:
3880:
3867:
3854:
3841:
3828:
3815:
3802:
3789:
3776:
3763:
3750:
3737:
3724:
3711:
3698:
3685:
3672:
3659:
3649:
3634:
3618:
3616:
3610:
3609:
3595:
3594:
3592:
3591:
3586:
3581:
3576:
3571:
3570:
3569:
3564:
3554:
3548:
3546:
3540:
3539:
3537:
3536:
3535:
3534:
3529:
3524:
3522:Mexican pinyon
3519:
3514:
3509:
3499:
3498:
3497:
3492:
3479:
3474:
3473:
3472:
3461:
3459:
3453:
3452:
3450:
3449:
3448:
3447:
3442:
3440:English walnut
3437:
3432:
3422:
3417:
3412:
3407:
3400:
3395:
3394:
3393:
3388:
3386:Planted karuka
3378:
3373:
3366:
3361:
3360:
3359:
3354:
3349:
3344:
3334:
3329:
3324:
3319:
3314:
3309:
3304:
3299:
3294:
3289:
3283:
3281:
3275:
3274:
3272:
3271:
3266:
3264:Red bopple nut
3261:
3256:
3251:
3246:
3241:
3240:
3239:
3234:
3229:
3227:European hazel
3224:
3219:
3217:American hazel
3209:
3208:
3207:
3205:Sweet chestnut
3197:
3192:
3187:
3186:
3185:
3183:European beech
3180:
3178:American beech
3170:
3164:
3162:
3160:botanical nuts
3155:
3154:
3147:
3146:
3139:
3132:
3124:
3117:
3116:
3096:
3082:
3075:
3073:
3072:External links
3070:
3067:
3066:
3030:
3013:
2996:
2977:
2975:8 January 2010
2957:
2950:
2930:
2912:
2892:
2885:
2865:
2858:
2840:
2806:
2776:
2759:'Pendula' AGM"
2746:
2716:
2686:
2656:
2626:
2594:
2581:
2564:Tree-Guide.com
2560:"Copper Beech"
2551:
2522:
2504:
2484:
2457:
2430:
2397:
2390:
2370:
2340:
2322:
2302:
2295:
2275:
2268:
2249:
2246:on 2013-08-14.
2219:
2182:
2160:
2118:
2101:
2079:Eli Fremstad.
2071:
2068:(in Norwegian)
2050:
2031:(3): 587–596.
2011:
1990:
1977:
1934:
1906:
1873:
1833:
1806:
1777:
1752:
1716:
1669:
1668:
1666:
1663:
1662:
1661:
1658:
1651:
1649:
1646:
1639:
1637:
1634:
1627:
1625:
1620:
1613:
1611:
1608:
1601:
1599:
1596:
1589:
1587:
1584:
1577:
1575:
1572:
1565:
1563:
1554:
1547:
1545:
1536:
1529:
1527:
1524:
1517:
1515:
1509:
1502:
1500:
1490:
1483:
1481:
1478:
1471:
1469:
1466:
1459:
1457:
1446:
1439:
1435:
1432:
1382:
1379:
1356:
1353:
1351:
1350:
1338:
1335:
1332:
1329:
1326:
1323:
1317:
1303:The following
1300:
1297:
1296:
1295:
1290:golden beech (
1288:
1279:Dawyck beech (
1277:
1267:
1257:
1250:
1214:F. grandifolia
1189:
1186:
1157:European Beech
1141:
1138:
1106:virgin forests
1055:
1052:
939:
936:
789:American beech
761:
758:
742:European beech
731:
730:
727:
726:
723:Fagus tortuosa
720:
714:
708:
702:
696:
690:
684:
678:
672:
666:
660:
654:
648:
642:
636:
630:
624:
618:
617:(Cripps) Domin
612:
606:
600:
594:
588:
582:
576:
570:
564:
558:
552:
546:
540:
534:
528:
522:
516:
510:
504:
498:
492:
486:
480:
479:(Weston) Domin
474:
468:
467:(Vignet) Domin
462:
456:
450:
444:
438:
432:
426:
420:
414:
408:
402:
396:
390:
389:(Weston) Domin
384:
378:
372:
366:
365:(Weston) Domin
360:
354:
348:
342:
336:
333:Fagus purpurea
330:
324:
318:
315:Fagus echinata
312:
306:
300:
294:
291:Castanea fagus
287:
286:
283:
282:
276:
275:
246:
245:
237:
236:
231:
220:
219:
213:
212:
205:
203:
199:
198:
191:
187:
186:
181:
177:
176:
171:
167:
166:
161:
154:
153:
148:
141:
140:
135:
128:
127:
122:
115:
114:
109:
105:
104:
91:
90:
72:
69:
68:
63:
60:
59:
48:
47:
39:
38:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4131:
4120:
4117:
4115:
4112:
4110:
4107:
4105:
4102:
4100:
4097:
4095:
4092:
4090:
4087:
4085:
4082:
4080:
4077:
4075:
4072:
4070:
4067:
4066:
4064:
4047:
4042:
4038:
4034:
4028:
4024:
4018:
4014:
4009:
4005:
4001:
3996:
3992:
3988:
3983:
3979:
3975:
3970:
3966:
3962:
3957:
3953:
3949:
3944:
3940:
3936:
3930:
3926:
3921:
3917:
3913:
3908:
3904:
3900:
3895:
3891:
3887:
3881:
3877:
3872:
3868:
3864:
3859:
3855:
3851:
3846:
3842:
3838:
3833:
3829:
3825:
3820:
3816:
3812:
3807:
3803:
3799:
3794:
3790:
3786:
3781:
3777:
3773:
3768:
3764:
3760:
3755:
3751:
3747:
3742:
3738:
3734:
3729:
3725:
3721:
3716:
3712:
3708:
3703:
3699:
3695:
3690:
3686:
3682:
3677:
3673:
3669:
3664:
3660:
3656:
3650:
3645:
3639:
3635:
3630:
3624:
3620:
3619:
3617:
3615:
3611:
3607:
3602:
3590:
3587:
3585:
3582:
3580:
3577:
3575:
3572:
3568:
3565:
3563:
3562:Macadamia nut
3560:
3559:
3558:
3555:
3553:
3550:
3549:
3547:
3545:
3541:
3533:
3530:
3528:
3525:
3523:
3520:
3518:
3515:
3513:
3510:
3508:
3507:Chilgoza pine
3505:
3504:
3503:
3500:
3496:
3493:
3491:
3488:
3487:
3485:
3484:
3480:
3478:
3475:
3471:
3470:Burrawang nut
3468:
3467:
3466:
3463:
3462:
3460:
3458:
3454:
3446:
3443:
3441:
3438:
3436:
3433:
3431:
3428:
3427:
3426:
3423:
3421:
3418:
3416:
3413:
3411:
3408:
3406:
3405:
3401:
3399:
3396:
3392:
3389:
3387:
3384:
3383:
3382:
3379:
3377:
3374:
3372:
3371:
3367:
3365:
3362:
3358:
3355:
3353:
3350:
3348:
3345:
3343:
3340:
3339:
3338:
3335:
3333:
3330:
3328:
3325:
3323:
3320:
3318:
3317:Chilean hazel
3315:
3313:
3310:
3308:
3305:
3303:
3300:
3298:
3295:
3293:
3290:
3288:
3285:
3284:
3282:
3280:
3276:
3270:
3269:Yellow walnut
3267:
3265:
3262:
3260:
3257:
3255:
3252:
3250:
3247:
3245:
3242:
3238:
3235:
3233:
3230:
3228:
3225:
3223:
3220:
3218:
3215:
3214:
3213:
3210:
3206:
3203:
3202:
3201:
3198:
3196:
3193:
3191:
3188:
3184:
3181:
3179:
3176:
3175:
3174:
3171:
3169:
3166:
3165:
3163:
3161:
3156:
3152:
3145:
3140:
3138:
3133:
3131:
3126:
3125:
3122:
3114:
3110:
3106:
3102:
3101:
3097:
3094:
3090:
3086:
3083:
3080:
3077:
3076:
3051:
3047:
3040:
3034:
3026:
3025:
3017:
3009:
3008:
3000:
2993:
2989:
2986:
2985:Steamed Beech
2981:
2974:
2970:
2967:
2961:
2953:
2951:9780881927597
2947:
2943:
2942:
2934:
2919:
2915:
2909:
2905:
2904:
2896:
2888:
2882:
2878:
2877:
2869:
2861:
2855:
2851:
2844:
2828:
2824:
2822:
2818:
2810:
2794:
2790:
2788:
2780:
2764:
2760:
2758:
2750:
2734:
2730:
2728:
2720:
2704:
2700:
2698:
2690:
2674:
2670:
2669:'Dawyck' AGM"
2668:
2660:
2644:
2640:
2638:
2630:
2611:
2604:
2598:
2591:
2585:
2569:
2565:
2561:
2555:
2540:
2536:
2535:Brookline, MA
2532:
2526:
2511:
2507:
2501:
2497:
2496:
2488:
2480:
2476:
2472:
2468:
2461:
2453:
2449:
2446:(53): 61–76.
2445:
2441:
2434:
2425:
2420:
2416:
2412:
2408:
2401:
2393:
2387:
2383:
2382:
2374:
2359:on 2022-03-09
2358:
2354:
2350:
2344:
2329:
2325:
2319:
2315:
2314:
2306:
2298:
2296:9789400767577
2292:
2288:
2287:
2279:
2271:
2265:
2261:
2260:
2253:
2242:
2235:
2234:
2226:
2224:
2216:
2214:
2210:
2197:
2193:
2189:
2185:
2179:
2175:
2171:
2164:
2156:
2152:
2148:
2144:
2140:
2136:
2132:
2125:
2123:
2114:
2113:
2105:
2090:
2086:
2082:
2075:
2066:
2062:
2059:
2054:
2046:
2042:
2038:
2034:
2030:
2026:
2022:
2015:
2009:
2006:
2002:
1999:
1994:
1987:
1981:
1966:on 2013-12-13
1965:
1961:
1957:
1953:
1949:
1945:
1938:
1923:
1922:Flora Iberica
1916:
1910:
1901:
1896:
1892:
1888:
1884:
1877:
1863:on 2019-08-19
1859:
1855:
1848:
1846:
1837:
1829:
1825:
1821:
1817:
1810:
1795:
1791:
1787:
1781:
1766:
1762:
1756:
1740:
1736:
1733:
1731:
1723:
1721:
1704:
1699:
1695:
1691:
1690:
1685:
1683:
1674:
1670:
1655:
1650:
1647:Inflorescence
1643:
1638:
1631:
1626:
1623:
1617:
1612:
1605:
1600:
1593:
1588:
1581:
1576:
1569:
1564:
1561:
1557:
1551:
1546:
1543:
1539:
1533:
1528:
1521:
1516:
1513:
1512:Sonian Forest
1506:
1501:
1498:
1494:
1487:
1482:
1475:
1470:
1463:
1458:
1454:
1450:
1443:
1438:
1437:
1431:
1429:
1425:
1421:
1413:
1409:
1405:
1401:
1397:
1393:
1388:
1378:
1377:
1373:
1369:
1366:
1362:
1348:
1345:
1342:
1339:
1336:
1333:
1330:
1328:'Dawyck Gold'
1327:
1324:
1322:
1319:
1318:
1316:
1314:
1310:
1306:
1293:
1289:
1286:
1282:
1278:
1275:
1271:
1270:weeping beech
1268:
1265:
1261:
1258:
1255:
1251:
1248:
1243:
1242:Sondershausen
1239:
1235:
1234:
1233:
1231:
1226:
1223:
1220:
1216:
1215:
1210:
1203:
1199:
1194:
1185:
1183:
1179:
1178:
1169:
1165:
1163:
1158:
1153:
1151:
1146:
1137:
1133:
1129:
1127:
1121:
1119:
1115:
1111:
1107:
1103:
1099:
1098:Sonian Forest
1093:
1091:
1090:
1085:
1084:
1079:
1078:
1073:
1072:
1067:
1066:
1061:
1051:
1049:
1043:
1041:
1035:
1033:
1029:
1025:
1020:
1016:
1012:
1007:
1005:
1001:
997:
993:
992:hybridisation
989:
985:
981:
977:
973:
969:
965:
958:
954:
950:
945:
935:
893:
889:
885:
881:
876:
874:
870:
866:
861:
859:
811:
807:
806:
801:
796:
794:
790:
786:
782:
774:
766:
757:
755:
751:
747:
743:
739:
738:
724:
721:
718:
715:
712:
709:
706:
703:
700:
697:
694:
691:
688:
685:
682:
679:
676:
673:
670:
667:
664:
661:
658:
655:
653:(Amo) Arcang.
652:
649:
646:
643:
640:
637:
634:
631:
628:
625:
622:
619:
616:
613:
610:
607:
604:
601:
598:
595:
592:
589:
586:
583:
580:
577:
574:
571:
568:
565:
562:
559:
556:
553:
550:
547:
544:
541:
538:
535:
532:
529:
526:
523:
520:
517:
514:
511:
508:
505:
502:
499:
496:
493:
490:
487:
484:
481:
478:
475:
472:
469:
466:
463:
460:
457:
454:
451:
448:
445:
442:
439:
436:
433:
430:
427:
424:
421:
418:
415:
412:
409:
406:
403:
400:
397:
394:
391:
388:
385:
382:
379:
376:
373:
370:
367:
364:
361:
358:
355:
352:
349:
346:
343:
340:
337:
334:
331:
328:
325:
322:
319:
316:
313:
310:
307:
304:
301:
298:
295:
292:
289:
288:
284:
281:
277:
274:
272:
268:
264:
256:
247:
243:
238:
234:
229:
227:
221:
218:
217:Binomial name
214:
210:
209:
204:
201:
200:
197:
196:
192:
189:
188:
185:
182:
179:
178:
175:
172:
169:
168:
165:
162:
159:
156:
155:
152:
149:
146:
143:
142:
139:
136:
133:
130:
129:
126:
125:Tracheophytes
123:
120:
117:
116:
113:
110:
107:
106:
101:
96:
92:
86:
81:
80:Least Concern
70:
66:
61:
57:
53:
52:Alpine forest
49:
45:
40:
37:
33:
30:
19:
3613:
3574:Paradise nut
3481:
3430:Black walnut
3404:Panda oleosa
3402:
3368:
3222:Beaked hazel
3182:
3099:
3057:. Retrieved
3050:the original
3045:
3033:
3023:
3016:
3006:
2999:
2980:
2960:
2940:
2933:
2922:. Retrieved
2902:
2895:
2875:
2868:
2849:
2843:
2831:. Retrieved
2821:heterophylla
2820:
2816:
2809:
2797:. Retrieved
2786:
2779:
2767:. Retrieved
2756:
2749:
2737:. Retrieved
2726:
2719:
2707:. Retrieved
2696:
2689:
2677:. Retrieved
2666:
2659:
2647:. Retrieved
2636:
2629:
2617:. Retrieved
2597:
2589:
2584:
2572:. Retrieved
2563:
2554:
2543:. Retrieved
2534:
2525:
2514:. Retrieved
2494:
2487:
2470:
2466:
2460:
2443:
2433:
2414:
2410:
2400:
2380:
2373:
2361:. Retrieved
2357:the original
2352:
2343:
2332:. Retrieved
2312:
2305:
2285:
2278:
2258:
2252:
2241:the original
2232:
2212:
2208:
2207:
2200:. Retrieved
2173:
2163:
2138:
2134:
2130:
2111:
2104:
2093:. Retrieved
2084:
2074:
2053:
2028:
2024:
2020:
2014:
2007:
1993:
1985:
1980:
1968:. Retrieved
1964:the original
1951:
1947:
1937:
1925:. Retrieved
1909:
1890:
1886:
1876:
1865:. Retrieved
1858:the original
1853:
1844:
1836:
1822:(2): 64–73.
1819:
1815:
1809:
1798:. Retrieved
1790:Bomeninfo.nl
1789:
1786:"Tall Trees"
1780:
1768:. Retrieved
1764:
1755:
1743:. Retrieved
1734:
1729:
1707:. Retrieved
1693:
1687:
1681:
1673:
1621:
1555:
1537:
1493:heterophylla
1492:
1453:F. sylvatica
1452:
1423:
1419:
1384:
1375:
1371:
1370:
1358:
1347:heterophylla
1346:
1341:F. sylvatica
1340:
1321:F. sylvatica
1320:
1302:
1291:
1280:
1273:
1263:
1253:
1247:Throggs Neck
1237:
1227:
1224:
1213:
1206:
1175:
1174:
1156:
1154:
1150:symplastless
1144:
1143:
1134:
1130:
1122:
1101:
1094:
1087:
1081:
1075:
1069:
1063:
1057:
1044:
1036:
1024:Harry Godwin
1011:F. sylvatica
1010:
1008:
999:
995:
987:
961:
952:
879:
877:
862:
857:
803:
797:
792:
780:
779:
752:tree in the
746:common beech
745:
741:
736:
735:
734:
722:
716:
710:
704:
698:
692:
686:
683:(Pépin) Hegi
680:
677:(Pépin) Rouy
674:
668:
662:
656:
650:
644:
638:
632:
626:
620:
614:
608:
602:
596:
590:
584:
578:
572:
566:
563:C.K.Schneid.
560:
554:
548:
542:
536:
530:
524:
518:
512:
506:
500:
494:
488:
482:
476:
470:
464:
458:
452:
446:
440:
434:
428:
422:
416:
410:
404:
398:
395:C.K.Schneid.
392:
386:
380:
374:
368:
362:
356:
350:
344:
338:
332:
326:
321:Fagus incisa
320:
314:
309:Fagus cuprea
308:
302:
296:
290:
270:
267:F. sylvatica
266:
262:
258:
254:
225:
223:
207:
206:
194:
157:
144:
131:
118:
35:
29:
18:Common Beech
3845:NatureServe
3767:iNaturalist
3638:Wikispecies
3584:Peanut tree
3544:Angiosperms
3517:Korean pine
3457:Gymnosperms
3391:Wild karuka
3237:Asian hazel
3115:(EUFORGEN).
2619:26 February
2417:(6): 1123.
1954:: 121–132.
1927:19 November
1893:(7): 1419.
1260:dwarf beech
1188:Cultivation
869:marcescence
783:is a large
760:Description
593:Simon-Louis
533:Jacob-Makoy
138:Angiosperms
4063:Categories
3956:Plant List
3552:Brazil nut
3532:Stone pine
3477:Ginkgo nut
3307:Breadfruit
2924:2016-03-16
2859:0394507614
2545:2015-10-17
2516:2020-10-07
2473:: 125576.
2334:2020-10-07
2095:2022-04-02
1988:96 (2):97.
1970:5 December
1867:2016-10-20
1800:2010-08-30
1770:20 October
1665:References
1408:paper pulp
1337:'Riversii'
1198:Møns Klint
1182:ascomycete
1083:Tomentella
1028:Viking Age
972:Cantabrian
942:See also:
503:Dum.Cours.
425:Dum.Cours.
371:Dum.Cours.
353:Dum.Cours.
271:orientalis
3961:kew-83891
3557:Macadamia
3490:Bunya nut
3483:Araucaria
3435:Butternut
3420:Pistachio
3410:Pekea nut
3332:Gabon nut
3297:Betel nut
3249:Kurrajong
3195:Candlenut
3158:True, or
2592:1859:150.
2574:5 October
2192:263940450
1960:2239-3129
1585:Seedlings
1455:'pendula'
1428:firewoods
1400:workbench
1392:parquetry
1365:alkaloids
1305:cultivars
1299:Cultivars
1230:cultivars
1209:temperate
1126:sea level
1015:Stone Age
865:abscissed
750:deciduous
539:Van Geert
515:Graebener
202:Species:
108:Kingdom:
4030:VASCAN:
4013:13100405
4008:Tropicos
3932:PalDat:
3850:2.155879
3824:62004722
3798:10701866
3785:305836-2
3652:BioLib:
3623:Wikidata
3502:Pine nut
3445:Heartnut
3415:Pili nut
3398:Mongongo
3376:Jack nut
3259:Palm nut
3244:Kola nut
3212:Hazelnut
3200:Chestnut
3190:Breadnut
3105:Archived
3089:Archived
2988:Archived
2969:Archived
2918:Archived
2827:Archived
2793:Archived
2763:Archived
2733:Archived
2703:Archived
2673:Archived
2643:Archived
2610:Archived
2568:Archived
2539:Archived
2510:Archived
2452:41442020
2353:Pnscc.ro
2328:Archived
2196:Archived
2155:85095298
2089:Archived
2061:Archived
2045:27550587
2001:Archived
1794:Archived
1739:Archived
1325:'Dawyck'
1162:leafdrop
873:saplings
545:H.Jaeger
280:Synonyms
184:Fagaceae
180:Family:
151:Eudicots
85:IUCN 3.1
3832:MoBotPF
3733:2882316
3694:1143547
3676:Ecocrop
3629:Q146149
3589:Soybean
3337:Hickory
3322:Coconut
3232:Filbert
3059:26 July
2411:Forests
2363:2 April
2202:19 July
2085:Ntnu.no
1887:Forests
1709:21 July
1540:wood –
1434:Gallery
1396:mallets
1361:tannins
1202:Denmark
1155:As the
1118:Romania
1110:Ukraine
1065:Russula
1054:Ecology
1000:taurica
980:Central
976:Iberian
968:Denmark
929:⁄
919:⁄
909:⁄
899:⁄
888:Fagales
884:catkins
851:⁄
841:⁄
831:⁄
817:⁄
800:crenate
719:Gaertn.
665:Beissn.
659:Schelle
629:Jackman
491:A.Henry
269:subsp.
190:Genus:
174:Fagales
170:Order:
112:Plantae
83: (
4023:473477
4020:uBio:
3969:PLANTS
3925:774712
3883:NZOR:
3837:280764
3811:502590
3720:172485
3579:Peanut
3425:Walnut
3381:Karuka
3327:Durian
3312:Cashew
3287:Almond
3279:Drupes
2948:
2910:
2883:
2856:
2833:1 July
2799:1 July
2769:1 July
2739:1 July
2709:1 July
2679:1 July
2649:1 July
2502:
2450:
2388:
2320:
2293:
2266:
2190:
2180:
2153:
2043:
1958:
1745:1 June
1418:(from
1381:Timber
1032:native
1004:Sicily
964:Sweden
858:
740:, the
695:Dippel
641:Dippel
623:Dippel
599:Dippel
557:Dippel
485:Weston
473:Loudon
461:Vignet
455:Loudon
449:Dippel
443:Dippel
419:Wallr.
407:Dippel
383:Weston
359:Weston
341:Cripps
323:Dippel
317:Gilib.
265:(syn.
260:
252:
164:Rosids
4079:Fagus
3894:NZPCN
3876:28930
3793:IRMNG
3772:54227
3754:IFPNI
3746:16557
3715:EUNIS
3707:FAUSY
3681:49181
3668:3DSK5
3486:spp.
3465:Cycad
3347:Pecan
3173:Beech
3168:Acorn
3053:(PDF)
3042:(PDF)
2613:(PDF)
2606:(PDF)
2448:JSTOR
2244:(PDF)
2237:(PDF)
2151:S2CID
2041:S2CID
1918:(PDF)
1861:(PDF)
1850:(PDF)
1412:modal
996:Fagus
984:cline
754:beech
701:Aiton
671:Pépin
605:Körb.
575:Pers.
413:A.DC.
329:A.DC.
305:Desf.
293:Scop.
195:Fagus
158:Clade
145:Clade
132:Clade
119:Clade
56:Italy
4033:5958
4000:7127
3982:POWO
3974:FASY
3943:PfaF
3912:6776
3899:4639
3871:NCBI
3819:IUCN
3806:ITIS
3780:IPNI
3741:GRIN
3728:GBIF
3702:EPPO
3655:3452
3151:Nuts
3061:2013
2946:ISBN
2908:ISBN
2881:ISBN
2854:ISBN
2835:2020
2819:var
2801:2020
2771:2020
2741:2020
2711:2020
2681:2020
2651:2020
2639:AGM"
2621:2018
2576:2017
2500:ISBN
2386:ISBN
2365:2022
2318:ISBN
2291:ISBN
2264:ISBN
2204:2018
2188:OCLC
2178:ISBN
1972:2013
1956:ISSN
1929:2023
1772:2023
1747:2023
1711:2023
1694:2018
1560:MHNT
1542:MHNT
1422:gus
1416:fasy
1398:and
1387:wood
1385:The
1363:and
1355:Uses
1344:var.
1048:oaks
1040:Bodø
1019:nuts
978:and
892:nuts
810:buds
785:tree
4041:WFO
3995:RHS
3858:NBN
3689:EoL
3663:CoL
2475:doi
2419:doi
2143:doi
2139:100
2133:".
2033:doi
1895:doi
1824:doi
1732:L."
1698:doi
1315::-
1311:'s
744:or
647:Amo
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1558:–
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1200:,
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998:×
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901:8
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839:3
833:8
829:1
826:+
824:1
822:–
819:8
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