697:. Enrique Palancar defines the role of Instrumental case as 'the role played by the object the Agent manipulates to achieve a change of state of the Patient.' Even though the difference is straightforward, because the instrumental and the comitative are expressed the same way in many languages, including
2368:
In Hausa it is ungrammatical to do the same with coordinating conjunctions. For example, if the companions were "dog and cat", it would be ungrammatical to move either "dog" or "cat" to the front of the sentence for emphasis, while it is grammatical to do so when there is a comitative marker rather
665:
also plays a major role in most languages with a comitative case. One group of languages requires both the accompanier and the companion to be either human or animate. Another group requires both to be in the same category: both human or both animate. A third group requires an animate accompanier
600:
The comitative case encodes a relationship of "accompaniment" between two participants in an event, called the "accompanier" and the "companion". In addition, there is a "relator" (which can be of multiple lexical categories, but is most commonly an
880:
The comitative case is often confused with the associative case. Before the term comitative was applied to the accompanier-companion relationship, the relationship was often called associative case, a term still used by some linguists.
588:, the preposition "with", in the sense of "in company with" or "together with", plays a substantially similar role. Other uses of "with", like in the meaning of "using" or "by means of" (I cut bread with a knife), correspond to the
1542:. The two forms may contrast, however, since the comitative always comes with the possessive suffix and thus can only be used when the agent has some sort of possession of the thing expressed by the main noun. For instance,
1901:
However, the comitative case marker cannot be used if the companion has a plural marker. So when the comitative marker is added to a noun, it obscures whether that noun is singular or plural.
908:. Although all three major types of affixes are used in at least a few languages, suffixes are the most common expression. Languages which use affixation to express the comitative include
884:
It is important to distinguish between the comitative and the associative because the associative also refers to a specific variety of the comitative case that is used in
Hungarian.
1412:
with the main noun. There is no singular-plural distinction; only the plural of the comitative exists and is used in both singular and plural senses, and thus it always appears as
927:: prepositions, postpositions and circumpositions. Examples of languages that use adpositional constructions to express comitative relations are French, which uses prepositions;
948:. In these languages, the comitative marker is usually a verb whose basic meaning is "to follow". A language which marks comitative relations with serial-verb constructions is
2898:
2058:, there are two prepositions which can be used to mark comitative. Which of the prepositions is used is determined by the classes of the accompanier and companion.
1096:
is used because Rudolf, the companion, is in accusative and singular. Below, it is used in the other case that it is allowed, with a dative plural companion.
2960:
2920:
2831:
2965:
2940:
892:
Grammatical case is a category of inflectional morphology. The comitative case is an expression of the comitative semantic relation through inflectional
941:
can also mark comitative relations, but they act very similarly to adpositions. One language that uses adverbs to mark the comitative case is
Latvian.
976:
However, it is used only when the companion is in accusative and singular or when it is in dative and plural. Otherwise the co-ordinating conjunction
2945:
2888:
555:
2202:. In Hausa, a prepositional phrase marked for comitative can be moved to the front of the sentence for emphasis, as shown in the examples below.
2905:
2695:
1274:
because NEG-be.PAST.3 NEG-some.GEN fun.GEN live.INF under foreign.GEN roof.GEN and still COM all-DAT.PL horse-DAT.PL and cart-DAT.PL
2515:
Palancar, E. L. (1999). "Instrumental
Prefixes in Amerindian Languages: An Overview to their Meanings, Origin, and Functions".
2663:
Abdoulaye, Mahamane L. (2004). "Comitative, coordinating, and inclusory constructions in Hausa". In
Haspelmath, Martin (ed.).
2485:
Stolz, Thomas; Stroh, Cornelia; Urdze, Aina (2009). "Varieties of
Comitative". In Malchukov, Andrej; Spencer, Andrew (eds.).
2444:
2405:
548:
1729:, the comitative case means either communion, fellowship, connection - or instrument, tool. It can be used either as an
2604:
2454:
2688:
1518:
It is rarely used and is mainly a feature of formal literary language, appearing very rarely in everyday speech.
541:
877:
as a whole becomes comitative. In the instrumental case, the object is declined, but no preposition is added.
3031:
2643:; Lynch, John (2004). "Coordination in Oceanic languages and Proto Oceanic". In Haspelmath, Martin (ed.).
704:
Russian is one of many languages that differentiate morphologically between instrumental and comitative:
517:
2446:
On
Comitatives and Related Categories: A Typological Study with Special Focus on the Languages of Europe
3343:
3270:
2846:
2681:
1277:'Because it was no fun to live under someone else's roof, especially with all the horses and the cart'.
17:
2742:
2725:
2715:
302:
252:
189:
169:
3233:
945:
385:
328:
323:
141:
89:
2594:
2500:
Narrog, Heiko (2009). "Varieties of
Instrumental". In Malchukov, Andrej; Spencer, Andrew (eds.).
495:
380:
333:
222:
2552:
Haspelmath, Martin (2009). "Terminology of Case". In
Malchukov, Andrej; Spencer, Andrew (eds.).
3317:
500:
472:
433:
413:
368:
363:
232:
1553:
The foreign minister, with his colleagues, is continuing the negotiations with the guerrillas
3307:
3287:
685:
The comitative relates to an accompanier and a companion, and the instrumental relates to an
373:
136:
674:
The comitative case is often conflated or confused with other similar cases, especially the
307:
297:
33:
3243:
8:
3282:
3248:
3124:
2640:
465:
393:
57:
3312:
3302:
3255:
3198:
3175:
3094:
909:
257:
237:
182:
158:
131:
1271:
jo ne-bija ne-kāda prieka dzīvot zem sveša jumta un vēl ar vis-iem zirg-iem un rat-iem
3322:
3277:
3265:
3099:
3026:
2841:
2770:
2600:
2450:
2401:
1409:
913:
694:
675:
589:
460:
453:
443:
408:
398:
338:
272:
212:
194:
82:
1521:
The much more common, less formal way of expressing "with" is with the postposition
1083:
and Nelda.NOM COM Rudolf.ACC very significantly at-look.PRET.REFL.3 on
Ernestine.ACC
3297:
3292:
3260:
3228:
3165:
3144:
3129:
3114:
3079:
2985:
2975:
2970:
2925:
2704:
1961:
1730:
1616:
949:
932:
928:
917:
698:
690:
679:
666:
and an inanimate companion. Other languages have no restrictions based on animacy.
610:
585:
581:
403:
267:
52:
3238:
3170:
3139:
2930:
2915:
2826:
2775:
2755:
2750:
686:
448:
317:
279:
119:
101:
72:
970:
In
Latvian, both instrumental and comitative are expressed with the preposition
3134:
3074:
3058:
2955:
2950:
2935:
2910:
2878:
2868:
2853:
2821:
2785:
2193:
2055:
1808:
1722:
512:
343:
262:
146:
67:
2380:
2031:
In the example, the circumfix га⟩...⟨ма is attached to the root
3337:
3203:
3160:
3106:
3084:
3053:
3038:
3021:
3006:
3001:
2980:
2893:
2873:
2863:
2836:
2816:
2811:
2806:
2790:
2765:
1726:
227:
2858:
2780:
924:
477:
312:
126:
94:
62:
3223:
3089:
3016:
2883:
2760:
609:). Use of the comitative case gives prominence to the accompanier. This
3182:
3119:
3048:
3043:
2720:
893:
606:
527:
522:
507:
438:
247:
153:
109:
2622:
Abriß der Tschuktschischen Grammatik auf der Basis der Schriftsprache
1734:
905:
631:'the professor enters the lecture-hall (together) with his students'.
217:
114:
2673:
871:
and by declining the companion in the instrumental case; the design
944:
The final way in which comitative relations can be expressed is by
242:
2575:] (2nd ed.). Karasjok, Norway: Davvi Girji. p. 399.
2153:
2094:
2008:
2000:
1910:
1847:
1828:
1725:
there are variations between them. In the largest Sami language,
1495:
1476:
1446:
1427:
1378:
and Barber drink-3SG together Balthasar-COM deep.GEN mouthful.GEN
1347:
1212:
1009:
771:
662:
569:
47:
938:
901:
897:
174:
887:
1545:
Ulkoministeri jatkaa kollegoineen neuvotteluja sissien kanssa
865:
In Russian, the comitative is marked by adding a preposition
602:
2282:(together) with children-of-3SG.M indeed 3SG.M.PFV come here
2381:"Criteria for Case Forms in Finnish and Hungarian Grammars"
2504:. New York: Oxford University Press Inc. pp. 601–608.
1086:'And Nelda and Rudolf looked very knowingly at Ernestine.'
1080:
un Nelda ar Rudolfu ļoti nozīmīgi pa-skatījās uz Ernestīni
923:
Comitative relations are also commonly expressed by using
2593:
Kenesei, István; Vago, Robert M.; Fenyvesi, Anna (1998).
2667:. Amsterdam; Philadelphia: John Benjamins. p. 180.
2647:. Amsterdam; Philadelphia: John Benjamins. p. 453.
1894:
clothes-COM and shoe-COM lie-PAST-INDEF.1SG the bed-INE
2489:. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 593–600.
1813:
In Hungarian, comitative case is marked by the suffix
2635:
2633:
2631:
2443:
Stolz, Thomas; Stroh, Cornelia; Urdze, Aina (2006).
1885:
2620:Kämpfe, Hans-Rainer; Volodin, Alexander P. (1995).
2592:
1778:
1756:
1747:
1741:
2628:
2532:
2530:
1952:'They went on vacation with their child/children.'
1897:'I was lying in bed with my clothes and shoes on.'
2639:
2624:. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag. pp. 53–54.
2556:. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 514.
2541:. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 188.
1755:An example of the object use in Northern Sami is
1381:'And Barber takes a sip together with Balthasar.'
1375:ja Barber rüüpa-b koos Balthasari-ga sügava sõõmu
3335:
2527:
2484:
2442:
1814:
2328:
2249:
2227:
2125:
2104:
2066:
1866:
1673:
1647:
1604:
1503:
1328:
1298:
1292:
669:
2689:
2619:
2012:
2004:
1964:uses a circumfix to express comitative case.
1625:
1619:
1610:
1598:
1592:
1591:Colloquial Finnish also has the postposition
1574:
1559:
1543:
1528:
1522:
1413:
1403:
1397:
1391:
1091:
977:
971:
872:
866:
654:
648:
642:
636:
549:
2658:
2656:
2654:
2364:'It is with Bala that I went to the market.'
2032:
1929:
1891:ruhá-stul és cipő-stül feküd-t-em az ágy-ban
1454:
2536:
2480:
2478:
2476:
2474:
2472:
2470:
2468:
2466:
2438:
2436:
2434:
2432:
2430:
2428:
2426:
2424:
2197:
1609:. With pronouns it is written as a suffix,
1418:. For instance, "with their big ships" is
888:Expressions of comitative semantic relation
2696:
2682:
2551:
2279:(tàare) dà yâara-n-shì fa, yaa zoo nannìyà
1588:, the former "possessed", the latter not.
960:
701:, it is often difficult to separate them.
556:
542:
2662:
2651:
2599:. New York: Routledge. pp. 212–213.
2588:
2586:
2584:
2582:
2517:Sprachtypologie und Universalienforschung
2285:'With his children indeed, he came here.'
2257:
1499:
1450:
1130:
1112:
846:
832:
2514:
2463:
2421:
2395:
2358:
2332:
2253:
2231:
1949:child-COM go-PAST-INDEF.3PL vacation-INF
1074:
1020:
999:
27:Grammatical case denoting accompaniment
14:
3336:
2579:
2566:
2499:
2378:
2024:boy ran.out-PERF COM.PRED-gun-COM.PRED
2703:
2677:
2493:
2135:
2076:
1777:. An example of the adverbial use is
1692:
1688:
1677:
1651:
1491:
1442:
1369:
1358:
1265:
1242:
1227:
1186:
1175:
1145:
1134:
2537:Heine, Bernd; Kuteva, Tania (2006).
2354:(tàare) dà Bàlaa née na jee kàasuwaa
1487:
1438:
1120:
1055:
786:'I'll go to the cinema with my mom.'
653:is the relator. As the accompanier,
1740:It is expressed through the suffix
1281:
1261:
1238:
1223:
577:
24:
2400:. London and New York: Routledge.
2372:
2021:aʼaček ňytoskyčat-gʹè ga-mèlgar-ma
2018:а'ачек ңытоскычат-гьэ га-мэлгар-ма
1940:
1925:
1921:
1862:
1858:
1156:
1116:
861:'I cut the bread with this knife.'
858:I cut bread this.INSTR knife.INSTR
25:
3355:
2995:Possession, companion, instrument
2398:Finnish - A Comprehensive Grammar
1819:, as shown in the example below.
1716:
1466:while "with his/her big ships" is
1390:In Finnish, the comitative case (
1051:
1047:
2539:The Changing Languages of Europe
931:, which uses postpositions; and
183:Singulative-Collective-Plurative
2163:
1987:
1946:gyerek-estül men-t-ek nyaral-ni
1512:big-COM ship-OBL-PL-COM-POS.3SG
1463:big-COM ship-OBL-PL-COM-POS.3PL
595:
584:that denotes accompaniment. In
2613:
2560:
2545:
2508:
2318:
1603:and cognate with the Estonian
935:, which uses circumpositions.
147:Suffixaufnahme (case stacking)
13:
1:
2449:. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter.
2415:
2357:(together) with Bala COP 1SG.
2027:'The boy ran out with a gun.'
1291:In Estonian, the comitative (
3199:Postpositional/Prepositional
2567:Nickel, Klaus Peter (1994).
1996:
1982:
1971:
1802:
855:Ya narezal khleb etim nozhom
7:
2554:The Oxford Handbook of Case
2502:The Oxford Handbook of Case
2487:The Oxford Handbook of Case
2177:eni ɑ ixelë memin lɑ jɑjiny
1758:Dat láve álo riidalit isidi
1286:
955:
916:, which uses prefixes; and
841:
827:
816:
805:
794:
783:I go in cinema with mom.COM
766:
755:
744:
733:
722:
711:
670:Comparison to similar cases
263:Lexical aspect (Aktionsart)
10:
3360:
2665:Coordinating Constructions
2645:Coordinating Constructions
2180:1SG PRES meet COM ART girl
2033:
1956:
1806:
1709:1SG-GEN friend-GEN-PL with
1385:
965:
920:, which uses circumfixes.
3216:
3191:
3153:
3067:
2994:
2800:Location, time, direction
2799:
2743:Morphosyntactic alignment
2741:
2734:
2726:Morphosyntactic alignment
2711:
2192:The comitative marker in
1530:suurten laivojensa kanssa
1396:) consists of the suffix
946:serial-verb constructions
873:
867:
852:Я нарезал хлеб этим ножом
2187:
2183:'I met (with) the girl.'
2049:
613:sentence is an example:
386:Serial verb construction
2396:Karlsson, Fred (2018).
2379:Anhava, Jaakko (2010).
2169:
2159:
2149:
2141:
2131:
2121:
2100:
2090:
2082:
2072:
2062:
2046:to express comitative.
1993:
1979:
1968:
1626:
1620:
1509:suuri-ne laivo-i-ne-nsa
1297:) marker is the suffix
961:Indo-European languages
939:Adverbial constructions
912:, which uses suffixes;
780:Ya poydu v kino s mamoy
659:is the most prominent.
324:Honorifics (politeness)
2346:
2338:
2324:
2314:
2306:
2298:
2290:
2271:
2263:
2245:
2237:
2222:
2214:
2206:
2198:
1935:
1916:
1905:
1880:
1872:
1853:
1842:
1834:
1823:
1815:
1779:
1757:
1748:
1742:
1698:
1683:
1669:
1643:
1611:
1605:
1599:
1593:
1575:
1560:
1544:
1529:
1523:
1482:
1471:
1460:suuri-ne laivo-i-ne-en
1433:
1422:
1414:
1404:
1398:
1392:
1364:
1353:
1342:
1334:
1323:
1315:
1307:
1299:
1293:
1256:
1248:
1233:
1218:
1208:
1200:
1192:
1181:
1170:
1162:
1151:
1140:
1126:
1108:
1100:
1092:
1090:In the example above,
1069:
1061:
1042:
1034:
1026:
1015:
1005:
994:
986:
978:
972:
838:
824:
813:
802:
791:
777:Я пойду в кино с мамой
763:
752:
741:
730:
719:
708:
655:
649:
647:is the companion, and
643:
637:
501:Polypersonal agreement
137:Genitive construction
2641:Moyse-Faurie, Claire
2369:than a conjunction.
1746:in the singular and
1537:with their big ships
1402:with adjectives and
641:is the accompanier,
390:Traditional grammar
358:Syntax relationships
34:Grammatical features
2196:is the preposition
2113:3SG PRES go COM 1SG
2110:ɑngeic ɑ tro me eni
1706:mun kavereitten kaa
1583:with the guerrillas
1568:with his colleagues
308:Comparison (degree)
58:Dative construction
2116:'He goes with me.'
1768:She always argues
1721:As there are many
592:or related cases.
258:Grammatical aspect
3344:Grammatical cases
3331:
3330:
3212:
3211:
2705:Grammatical cases
2569:Samisk Grammatikk
2407:978-1-138-82104-0
2385:Studia Orientalia
1780:Mun čálán bleahka
1712:'with my friends'
1410:possessive suffix
676:instrumental case
590:instrumental case
566:
565:
461:Topic and Comment
444:Thematic relation
339:Reflexive pronoun
253:Tense–aspect–mood
213:Associated motion
195:Universal grinder
16:(Redirected from
3351:
3224:Classical Arabic
2739:
2738:
2698:
2691:
2684:
2675:
2674:
2669:
2668:
2660:
2649:
2648:
2637:
2626:
2625:
2617:
2611:
2610:
2590:
2577:
2576:
2564:
2558:
2557:
2549:
2543:
2542:
2534:
2525:
2524:
2512:
2506:
2505:
2497:
2491:
2490:
2482:
2461:
2460:
2440:
2411:
2392:
2360:
2334:
2330:
2320:
2259:
2255:
2251:
2233:
2229:
2201:
2165:
2155:
2137:
2127:
2106:
2096:
2078:
2068:
2045:
2042:
2039:
2036:
2035:
2014:
2010:
2006:
2002:
1989:
1942:
1931:
1927:
1923:
1912:
1887:
1868:
1864:
1860:
1849:
1830:
1818:
1798:
1795:
1788:
1785:
1776:
1773:
1766:
1763:
1751:
1745:
1694:
1690:
1679:
1675:
1653:
1649:
1638:
1635:
1632:
1629:
1623:
1614:
1608:
1602:
1596:
1587:
1584:
1581:
1578:
1573:contrasted with
1572:
1569:
1566:
1563:
1557:
1554:
1551:
1547:
1541:
1538:
1535:
1532:
1526:
1505:
1501:
1497:
1493:
1489:
1478:
1456:
1452:
1448:
1444:
1440:
1429:
1417:
1407:
1401:
1395:
1371:
1360:
1349:
1330:
1302:
1296:
1282:Uralic languages
1267:
1263:
1244:
1240:
1229:
1225:
1214:
1188:
1177:
1158:
1147:
1136:
1132:
1122:
1118:
1114:
1095:
1076:
1057:
1053:
1049:
1022:
1011:
1001:
981:
975:
876:
875:
870:
869:
848:
834:
773:
680:associative case
658:
652:
646:
640:
582:grammatical case
579:
558:
551:
544:
292:General features
207:Related to verbs
42:Related to nouns
30:
29:
21:
3359:
3358:
3354:
3353:
3352:
3350:
3349:
3348:
3334:
3333:
3332:
3327:
3271:Old High German
3208:
3187:
3149:
3063:
2990:
2795:
2730:
2707:
2702:
2672:
2661:
2652:
2638:
2629:
2618:
2614:
2607:
2591:
2580:
2565:
2561:
2550:
2546:
2535:
2528:
2513:
2509:
2498:
2494:
2483:
2464:
2457:
2441:
2422:
2418:
2408:
2375:
2373:Further reading
2366:
2352:
2344:
2336:
2322:
2312:
2304:
2296:
2287:
2277:
2269:
2261:
2243:
2235:
2220:
2212:
2190:
2185:
2175:
2167:
2157:
2147:
2139:
2129:
2118:
2108:
2098:
2088:
2080:
2070:
2052:
2043:
2040:
2037:
2029:
2016:
1991:
1977:
1959:
1954:
1944:
1933:
1914:
1899:
1889:
1878:
1870:
1851:
1840:
1832:
1811:
1805:
1796:
1789:
1786:
1774:
1767:
1764:
1752:in the plural.
1719:
1714:
1704:
1696:
1681:
1666:
1656:
1636:
1633:
1630:
1615:. Compare also
1597:, derived from
1585:
1582:
1579:
1570:
1567:
1564:
1555:
1552:
1549:
1539:
1536:
1533:
1516:
1507:
1480:
1468:
1458:
1431:
1388:
1383:
1373:
1362:
1351:
1340:
1332:
1321:
1313:
1289:
1284:
1279:
1269:
1254:
1246:
1231:
1216:
1206:
1198:
1190:
1179:
1168:
1160:
1149:
1138:
1124:
1106:
1088:
1078:
1067:
1059:
1040:
1032:
1024:
1013:
1003:
992:
968:
963:
958:
890:
863:
850:
836:
822:
811:
800:
788:
775:
761:
750:
739:
728:
717:
672:
644:i suoi studenti
628:
625:
621:entra nell'aula
619:
598:
574:comitative case
562:
533:
532:
491:
483:
482:
429:
421:
420:
359:
351:
350:
320:(verbal number)
318:Pluractionality
293:
285:
284:
208:
200:
199:
179:
120:Collective noun
102:Construct state
43:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3357:
3347:
3346:
3329:
3328:
3326:
3325:
3320:
3318:Serbo-Croatian
3315:
3310:
3305:
3300:
3295:
3290:
3285:
3280:
3275:
3274:
3273:
3263:
3258:
3253:
3252:
3251:
3246:
3244:Middle English
3236:
3231:
3226:
3220:
3218:
3214:
3213:
3210:
3209:
3207:
3206:
3201:
3195:
3193:
3189:
3188:
3186:
3185:
3180:
3179:
3178:
3168:
3163:
3157:
3155:
3154:Cause, purpose
3151:
3150:
3148:
3147:
3142:
3137:
3132:
3127:
3125:Multiplicative
3122:
3117:
3112:
3109:
3104:
3103:
3102:
3097:
3087:
3082:
3077:
3071:
3069:
3065:
3064:
3062:
3061:
3056:
3051:
3046:
3041:
3036:
3035:
3034:
3024:
3019:
3014:
3009:
3004:
2998:
2996:
2992:
2991:
2989:
2988:
2983:
2978:
2973:
2968:
2963:
2961:Superdirective
2958:
2953:
2948:
2943:
2938:
2933:
2928:
2923:
2918:
2913:
2908:
2903:
2902:
2901:
2891:
2886:
2881:
2876:
2871:
2866:
2861:
2856:
2851:
2850:
2849:
2839:
2834:
2829:
2824:
2819:
2814:
2809:
2803:
2801:
2797:
2796:
2794:
2793:
2788:
2783:
2778:
2773:
2768:
2763:
2758:
2753:
2747:
2745:
2736:
2732:
2731:
2729:
2728:
2723:
2718:
2712:
2709:
2708:
2701:
2700:
2693:
2686:
2678:
2671:
2670:
2650:
2627:
2612:
2605:
2578:
2559:
2544:
2526:
2507:
2492:
2462:
2455:
2419:
2417:
2414:
2413:
2412:
2406:
2393:
2374:
2371:
2345:
2337:
2323:
2313:
2305:
2297:
2289:
2288:
2270:
2262:
2244:
2236:
2221:
2213:
2205:
2204:
2189:
2186:
2168:
2158:
2148:
2140:
2130:
2120:
2119:
2099:
2089:
2081:
2071:
2061:
2060:
2051:
2048:
1992:
1983:ňytoskyčat-gʹè
1980:ңытоскычат-гьэ
1978:
1967:
1966:
1958:
1955:
1934:
1915:
1904:
1903:
1879:
1871:
1852:
1841:
1833:
1822:
1821:
1809:Sociative case
1804:
1801:
1723:Sami languages
1718:
1717:Sami languages
1715:
1697:
1682:
1668:
1667:
1642:
1641:
1576:sissien kanssa
1483:laivo-i-ne-nsa
1481:
1470:
1469:
1432:
1421:
1420:
1408:+ a mandatory
1387:
1384:
1363:
1352:
1341:
1333:
1322:
1314:
1306:
1305:
1288:
1285:
1283:
1280:
1255:
1247:
1232:
1217:
1207:
1199:
1191:
1180:
1169:
1161:
1150:
1139:
1125:
1107:
1099:
1098:
1068:
1060:
1041:
1033:
1025:
1014:
1004:
993:
985:
984:
967:
964:
962:
959:
957:
954:
889:
886:
837:
823:
812:
801:
790:
789:
762:
751:
740:
729:
718:
707:
706:
671:
668:
635:In this case,
633:
632:
629:
626:
623:
617:
597:
594:
564:
563:
561:
560:
553:
546:
538:
535:
534:
531:
530:
525:
520:
515:
513:Empty category
510:
505:
504:
503:
492:
489:
488:
485:
484:
481:
480:
475:
470:
469:
468:
458:
457:
456:
451:
441:
436:
430:
427:
426:
423:
422:
419:
418:
417:
416:
411:
406:
401:
396:
388:
383:
378:
377:
376:
371:
360:
357:
356:
353:
352:
349:
348:
347:
346:
344:Reflexive verb
341:
331:
326:
321:
315:
310:
305:
300:
294:
291:
290:
287:
286:
283:
282:
277:
276:
275:
270:
265:
260:
250:
245:
240:
235:
230:
225:
220:
215:
209:
206:
205:
202:
201:
198:
197:
192:
187:
186:
185:
180:
178:
177:
172:
167:
163:
156:
151:
150:
149:
144:
134:
129:
124:
123:
122:
117:
112:
104:
99:
98:
97:
87:
86:
85:
80:
75:
70:
68:Quirky subject
65:
60:
50:
44:
41:
40:
37:
36:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3356:
3345:
3342:
3341:
3339:
3324:
3321:
3319:
3316:
3314:
3311:
3309:
3306:
3304:
3301:
3299:
3296:
3294:
3291:
3289:
3286:
3284:
3281:
3279:
3276:
3272:
3269:
3268:
3267:
3264:
3262:
3259:
3257:
3254:
3250:
3247:
3245:
3242:
3241:
3240:
3237:
3235:
3234:Archaic Dutch
3232:
3230:
3227:
3225:
3222:
3221:
3219:
3215:
3205:
3202:
3200:
3197:
3196:
3194:
3190:
3184:
3181:
3177:
3174:
3173:
3172:
3169:
3167:
3164:
3162:
3159:
3158:
3156:
3152:
3146:
3143:
3141:
3138:
3136:
3133:
3131:
3128:
3126:
3123:
3121:
3118:
3116:
3113:
3110:
3108:
3105:
3101:
3098:
3096:
3093:
3092:
3091:
3088:
3086:
3083:
3081:
3078:
3076:
3073:
3072:
3070:
3068:State, manner
3066:
3060:
3057:
3055:
3052:
3050:
3047:
3045:
3042:
3040:
3037:
3033:
3030:
3029:
3028:
3025:
3023:
3020:
3018:
3015:
3013:
3010:
3008:
3005:
3003:
3000:
2999:
2997:
2993:
2987:
2984:
2982:
2979:
2977:
2974:
2972:
2969:
2967:
2964:
2962:
2959:
2957:
2954:
2952:
2949:
2947:
2944:
2942:
2939:
2937:
2934:
2932:
2929:
2927:
2924:
2922:
2921:Postdirective
2919:
2917:
2914:
2912:
2909:
2907:
2904:
2900:
2897:
2896:
2895:
2892:
2890:
2887:
2885:
2882:
2880:
2877:
2875:
2872:
2870:
2867:
2865:
2862:
2860:
2857:
2855:
2852:
2848:
2845:
2844:
2843:
2840:
2838:
2835:
2833:
2832:Approximative
2830:
2828:
2825:
2823:
2820:
2818:
2815:
2813:
2810:
2808:
2805:
2804:
2802:
2798:
2792:
2789:
2787:
2784:
2782:
2779:
2777:
2774:
2772:
2769:
2767:
2764:
2762:
2759:
2757:
2754:
2752:
2749:
2748:
2746:
2744:
2740:
2737:
2733:
2727:
2724:
2722:
2719:
2717:
2716:List of cases
2714:
2713:
2710:
2706:
2699:
2694:
2692:
2687:
2685:
2680:
2679:
2676:
2666:
2659:
2657:
2655:
2646:
2642:
2636:
2634:
2632:
2623:
2616:
2608:
2606:9780415021395
2602:
2598:
2597:
2589:
2587:
2585:
2583:
2574:
2570:
2563:
2555:
2548:
2540:
2533:
2531:
2522:
2518:
2511:
2503:
2496:
2488:
2481:
2479:
2477:
2475:
2473:
2471:
2469:
2467:
2458:
2456:9783110197648
2452:
2448:
2447:
2439:
2437:
2435:
2433:
2431:
2429:
2427:
2425:
2420:
2409:
2403:
2399:
2394:
2390:
2386:
2382:
2377:
2376:
2370:
2365:
2362:
2355:
2351:
2348:
2343:
2340:
2335:
2326:
2321:
2316:
2311:
2308:
2303:
2300:
2295:
2292:
2286:
2283:
2280:
2276:
2273:
2268:
2265:
2260:
2247:
2242:
2239:
2234:
2224:
2219:
2216:
2211:
2208:
2203:
2200:
2195:
2184:
2181:
2178:
2174:
2171:
2166:
2161:
2156:
2151:
2146:
2143:
2138:
2133:
2128:
2123:
2117:
2114:
2111:
2107:
2102:
2097:
2092:
2087:
2084:
2079:
2074:
2069:
2064:
2059:
2057:
2047:
2028:
2025:
2022:
2019:
2015:
1998:
1995:
1990:
1984:
1981:
1976:
1973:
1970:
1965:
1963:
1953:
1950:
1947:
1943:
1937:
1932:
1918:
1913:
1907:
1902:
1898:
1895:
1892:
1888:
1882:
1877:
1874:
1869:
1855:
1850:
1844:
1839:
1836:
1831:
1825:
1820:
1817:
1810:
1800:
1793:
1784:
1783:
1771:
1762:
1761:
1753:
1750:
1744:
1738:
1736:
1732:
1728:
1727:Northern Sami
1724:
1713:
1710:
1707:
1703:
1700:
1695:
1685:
1680:
1671:
1665:
1662:
1659:
1655:
1645:
1640:
1628:
1622:
1618:
1613:
1607:
1601:
1595:
1589:
1577:
1562:
1546:
1531:
1525:
1519:
1515:
1513:
1510:
1506:
1484:
1479:
1473:
1467:
1464:
1461:
1457:
1435:
1434:laivo-i-ne-en
1430:
1424:
1419:
1416:
1411:
1406:
1400:
1394:
1382:
1379:
1376:
1372:
1366:
1361:
1355:
1350:
1344:
1343:Balthasari-ga
1339:
1336:
1331:
1325:
1320:
1317:
1312:
1309:
1304:
1301:
1295:
1278:
1275:
1272:
1268:
1258:
1253:
1250:
1245:
1235:
1230:
1220:
1215:
1210:
1205:
1202:
1197:
1194:
1189:
1183:
1178:
1172:
1167:
1164:
1159:
1153:
1148:
1142:
1137:
1128:
1123:
1110:
1105:
1102:
1097:
1094:
1087:
1084:
1081:
1077:
1071:
1066:
1063:
1058:
1044:
1039:
1038:significantly
1036:
1031:
1028:
1023:
1017:
1012:
1007:
1002:
996:
991:
988:
983:
980:
974:
953:
951:
947:
942:
940:
936:
934:
930:
926:
921:
919:
915:
911:
907:
903:
899:
895:
885:
882:
878:
862:
859:
856:
853:
849:
843:
840:
835:
829:
826:
821:
818:
815:
810:
807:
804:
799:
796:
793:
787:
784:
781:
778:
774:
768:
765:
760:
757:
754:
749:
746:
743:
738:
735:
732:
727:
724:
721:
716:
713:
710:
705:
702:
700:
696:
692:
688:
683:
681:
677:
667:
664:
660:
657:
656:il professore
651:
645:
639:
638:il professore
630:
622:
616:
615:
614:
612:
608:
604:
593:
591:
587:
583:
575:
571:
559:
554:
552:
547:
545:
540:
539:
537:
536:
529:
526:
524:
521:
519:
518:Incorporation
516:
514:
511:
509:
506:
502:
499:
498:
497:
494:
493:
487:
486:
479:
476:
474:
471:
467:
464:
463:
462:
459:
455:
452:
450:
447:
446:
445:
442:
440:
437:
435:
432:
431:
425:
424:
415:
412:
410:
407:
405:
402:
400:
397:
395:
392:
391:
389:
387:
384:
382:
379:
375:
372:
370:
367:
366:
365:
362:
361:
355:
354:
345:
342:
340:
337:
336:
335:
332:
330:
327:
325:
322:
319:
316:
314:
311:
309:
306:
304:
301:
299:
296:
295:
289:
288:
281:
278:
274:
271:
269:
266:
264:
261:
259:
256:
255:
254:
251:
249:
246:
244:
241:
239:
236:
234:
231:
229:
228:Evidentiality
226:
224:
221:
219:
216:
214:
211:
210:
204:
203:
196:
193:
191:
188:
184:
181:
176:
173:
171:
168:
165:
164:
162:
161:
160:
157:
155:
152:
148:
145:
143:
140:
139:
138:
135:
133:
130:
128:
125:
121:
118:
116:
113:
111:
108:
107:
106:Countability
105:
103:
100:
96:
93:
92:
91:
88:
84:
81:
79:
76:
74:
71:
69:
66:
64:
61:
59:
56:
55:
54:
51:
49:
46:
45:
39:
38:
35:
32:
31:
19:
3027:Instrumental
3011:
2966:Superelative
2941:Subdirective
2899:-qualitative
2842:Distributive
2771:Intransitive
2664:
2644:
2621:
2615:
2595:
2573:Sami Grammar
2572:
2568:
2562:
2553:
2547:
2538:
2520:
2516:
2510:
2501:
2495:
2486:
2445:
2397:
2388:
2384:
2367:
2363:
2356:
2353:
2349:
2341:
2327:
2317:
2309:
2301:
2293:
2284:
2281:
2278:
2274:
2266:
2248:
2240:
2226:children-of-
2225:
2217:
2209:
2191:
2182:
2179:
2176:
2172:
2162:
2152:
2144:
2134:
2124:
2115:
2112:
2109:
2103:
2093:
2085:
2075:
2065:
2053:
2030:
2026:
2023:
2020:
2017:
1999:
1997:ga-mèlgar-ma
1994:га-мэлгар-ма
1985:
1974:
1960:
1951:
1948:
1945:
1938:
1919:
1908:
1906:gyerek-estül
1900:
1896:
1893:
1890:
1883:
1875:
1856:
1845:
1837:
1826:
1812:
1791:
1781:
1769:
1759:
1754:
1739:
1720:
1711:
1708:
1705:
1701:
1686:
1672:
1663:
1661:1SG.GEN-with
1660:
1657:
1646:
1634:with a house
1590:
1561:kollegoineen
1520:
1517:
1514:
1511:
1508:
1485:
1474:
1465:
1462:
1459:
1436:
1425:
1389:
1380:
1377:
1374:
1367:
1356:
1345:
1337:
1326:
1318:
1310:
1290:
1276:
1273:
1270:
1259:
1251:
1236:
1221:
1211:
1203:
1195:
1184:
1173:
1165:
1154:
1143:
1129:
1111:
1103:
1089:
1085:
1082:
1079:
1072:
1064:
1045:
1037:
1029:
1018:
1008:
997:
989:
969:
943:
937:
922:
891:
883:
879:
864:
860:
857:
854:
851:
844:
830:
819:
808:
797:
785:
782:
779:
776:
769:
758:
747:
736:
725:
714:
703:
684:
673:
661:
634:
620:
599:
596:Core meaning
573:
567:
478:Veridicality
369:Transitivity
313:Egophoricity
127:Definiteness
95:Measure word
83:Instrumental
77:
63:Dative shift
3249:Old English
3217:Declensions
3166:Benefactive
3145:Translative
3130:Orientative
3115:Instructive
3080:Comparative
3032:-comitative
2986:Terminative
2976:Superlative
2971:Superessive
2926:Postelative
2223:yâara-n-shì
1816:-stul/-stül
1772:her husband
1684:kavereitten
1393:komitatiivi
1043:pa-skatījās
925:adpositions
906:circumfixes
618:accompanier
414:Predicative
334:Reciprocity
303:Boundedness
223:Conjugation
190:Specificity
3308:Lithuanian
3140:Semblative
3049:Possessive
3012:Comitative
2946:Subelative
2931:Postessive
2916:Pertingent
2889:Limitative
2827:Apudessive
2776:Nominative
2756:Accusative
2751:Absolutive
2721:Declension
2523:: 151–166.
2416:References
2391:: 239–244.
2294:(together)
2210:(together)
1854:feküd-t-em
1807:See also:
1346:Balthasar-
1294:kaasaütlev
1073:Ernestine.
894:affixation
607:adposition
580:com) is a
528:Markedness
523:Inflection
508:Declension
439:Mirativity
248:Mirativity
154:Noun class
142:Possession
110:Count noun
90:Classifier
78:Comitative
73:Nominative
18:Comitative
3288:Hungarian
3135:Revertive
3075:Adverbial
3059:Sociative
3054:Privative
3044:Possessed
2956:Sublative
2951:Subessive
2936:Prolative
2911:Perlative
2879:Intrative
2869:Inelative
2854:Egressive
2847:-temporal
2822:Antessive
2786:Partitive
2596:Hungarian
2361:go market
1939:vacation-
1936:nyaral-ni
1843:cipő-stül
1824:ruhá-stul
1803:Hungarian
1735:adverbial
1733:or as an
1664:'with me'
1621:-nka/-nkä
1368:mouthful.
1070:Ernestīni
982:is used.
910:Hungarian
627:companion
496:Agreement
490:Phenomena
428:Semantics
394:Predicate
381:Branching
218:Clusivity
115:Mass noun
3338:Category
3261:Georgian
3204:Vocative
3161:Aversive
3107:Exessive
3085:Equative
3039:Ornative
3022:Genitive
3007:Caritive
3002:Abessive
2981:Temporal
2894:Locative
2874:Inessive
2864:Illative
2837:Delative
2817:Allative
2812:Adessive
2807:Ablative
2791:Pegative
2766:Ergative
2347:kàasuwaa
1986:ran.out-
1917:men-t-ek
1827:clothes-
1790:I write
1624:, e.g.,
1527:, e.g.,
1472:suuri-ne
1423:suuri-ne
1338:together
1287:Estonian
1234:zirg-iem
1174:foreign.
1046:at-look.
1035:nozīmīgi
956:Examples
902:suffixes
898:prefixes
693:, and a
678:and the
473:Volition
434:Contrast
364:Argument
329:Polarity
243:Telicity
233:Modality
166:Singular
3313:Russian
3303:Latvian
3256:Finnish
3239:English
3095:-formal
2859:Elative
2781:Oblique
2291:(tàare)
2272:nannìyà
2207:(tàare)
1962:Chukchi
1957:Chukchi
1881:ágy-ban
1687:friend-
1658:mun-kaa
1644:mun-kaa
1627:talonka
1617:Ingrian
1386:Finnish
1324:rüüpa-b
1257:rat-iem
1219:vis-iem
1127:ne-kāda
1109:ne-bija
1104:because
1019:Rudolf.
1016:Rudolfu
966:Latvian
950:Chinese
933:Bambara
918:Chukchi
914:Totonac
874:с мамой
806:narezal
803:нарезал
699:English
695:patient
663:Animacy
624:relator
611:Italian
586:English
570:grammar
454:Patient
409:Adjunct
399:Subject
374:Valency
48:Animacy
3323:Slovak
3278:Gothic
3266:German
3176:-final
3171:Causal
3111:Formal
3100:-modal
3090:Essive
3017:Dative
2906:Medial
2884:Lative
2761:Direct
2603:
2453:
2404:
2350:market
2241:indeed
2170:jɑjiny
2063:ɑngeic
2034:мэлгар
1972:aʼaček
1969:а'ачек
1909:child-
1749:-iguin
1731:object
1600:kanssa
1558:, has
1524:kanssa
1354:sügava
1327:drink-
1319:Barber
1316:Barber
1237:horse-
1152:dzīvot
1141:prieka
1133:-some.
998:Nelda.
929:Wayãpi
845:knife.
842:nozhom
748:cinema
691:object
572:, the
404:Object
298:Affect
238:Person
175:Plural
159:Number
132:Gender
3298:Latin
3293:Irish
3283:Hindi
3229:Czech
3192:Other
3183:Final
3120:Modal
2735:Cases
2571:[
2307:Bàlaa
2194:Hausa
2188:Hausa
2150:memin
2142:ixelë
2056:Drehu
2050:Drehu
2007:-gun-
1926:INDEF
1863:INDEF
1846:shoe-
1654:-with
1486:ship-
1437:ship-
1415:-ine-
1365:sõõmu
1357:deep.
1260:cart-
1204:still
1185:roof.
1182:jumta
1171:sveša
1166:under
1155:live.
995:Nelda
896:, by
847:INSTR
839:ножом
833:INSTR
831:this.
820:bread
817:khleb
767:mamoy
764:мамой
723:poydu
720:пойду
689:, an
687:agent
603:affix
578:abbr.
466:Focus
449:Agent
280:Voice
273:Tense
2601:ISBN
2451:ISBN
2402:ISBN
2310:Bala
2302:with
2275:here
2267:come
2218:with
2173:girl
2145:meet
2136:PRES
2077:PRES
2013:PRED
2005:PRED
1988:PERF
1922:PAST
1884:bed-
1859:PAST
1857:lie-
1792:with
1770:with
1702:with
1612:-kaa
1475:big-
1426:big-
1405:-ne-
1335:koos
1222:all-
1144:fun.
1117:PAST
1115:-be.
1052:REFL
1048:PRET
1030:very
1027:ļoti
904:and
828:etim
825:этим
814:хлеб
770:mom.
759:with
745:kino
742:кино
268:Mood
170:Dual
53:Case
2389:108
2339:jee
2329:1SG
2319:COP
2315:née
2264:zoo
2258:PFV
2250:3SG
2246:yaa
2238:fa,
2228:3SG
2164:ART
2154:COM
2126:1SG
2122:eni
2105:1SG
2101:eni
2095:COM
2083:tro
2067:3SG
2054:In
2041:gun
2009:COM
2001:COM
1975:boy
1941:INF
1930:3PL
1920:go-
1911:COM
1886:INE
1876:the
1867:1SG
1848:COM
1838:and
1829:COM
1794:ink
1743:-in
1699:kaa
1689:GEN
1678:GEN
1674:1SG
1670:mun
1652:GEN
1648:1SG
1606:-ga
1594:kaa
1504:3SG
1500:POS
1496:COM
1488:OBL
1477:COM
1455:3PL
1451:POS
1447:COM
1439:OBL
1428:COM
1399:-ne
1370:GEN
1359:GEN
1348:COM
1329:3SG
1311:and
1300:-ga
1262:DAT
1252:and
1239:DAT
1224:DAT
1213:COM
1201:vēl
1196:and
1187:GEN
1176:GEN
1163:zem
1157:INF
1146:GEN
1135:GEN
1131:NEG
1113:NEG
1075:ACC
1021:ACC
1010:COM
1000:NOM
990:and
809:cut
772:COM
650:con
605:or
568:In
3340::
2653:^
2630:^
2581:^
2529:^
2521:52
2519:.
2465:^
2423:^
2387:.
2383:.
2359:RP
2342:go
2333:RP
2325:na
2299:dà
2215:dà
2199:dà
2160:lɑ
2091:me
2086:go
1873:az
1835:és
1799:.
1782:in
1760:in
1737:.
1693:PL
1639:.
1548:,
1492:PL
1443:PL
1308:ja
1303:.
1266:PL
1249:un
1243:PL
1228:PL
1209:ar
1193:un
1101:jo
1093:ar
1065:on
1062:uz
1006:ar
987:un
979:un
973:ar
952:.
900:,
795:Ya
737:in
726:go
712:Ya
682:.
2697:e
2690:t
2683:v
2609:.
2459:.
2410:.
2331:.
2256:.
2254:M
2252:.
2232:M
2230:.
2132:ɑ
2073:ɑ
2044:'
2038:'
2011:.
2003:.
1928:.
1924:-
1865:.
1861:-
1797:'
1787:'
1775:'
1765:'
1691:-
1676:-
1650:.
1637:'
1631:'
1586:'
1580:'
1571:'
1565:'
1556:'
1550:'
1540:'
1534:'
1502:.
1498:-
1494:-
1490:-
1453:.
1449:-
1445:-
1441:-
1264:.
1241:.
1226:.
1121:3
1119:.
1056:3
1054:.
1050:.
868:с
798:I
792:Я
756:s
753:с
734:v
731:в
715:I
709:Я
576:(
557:e
550:t
543:v
20:)
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