2408:
at zero. Although CIECAM97s was a successful model to spur and direct colorimetric research, Fairchild felt that for practical applications some changes were necessary. Those relevant for lightness calculations were to, rather than use several discrete values for the surround factor c, allow for linear interpolation of c and thereby allowing the model to be used under intermediate surround conditions, and to simplify z to remove the special case for large stimuli because he felt it was irrelevant for imaging applications. Based on experimental results, Hunt, Li, Juan and Luo proposed a number of improvements. Relevant for the topic at hand is that they suggested lowering z slightly. Li and Luo found that a colour space based on such a modified CIECAM97s using lightness as one of the coordinates was more perceptually uniform than CIELAB.
647:
690:
635:
663:
722:
706:
835:
4508:
268:
4518:
3882:
248:
3473:
40:
1917:
2068:(International Commission on Illumination, colour appearance model, 1997, simple version) was standardised. CIECAM97s distinguishes between lightness, how light something appears compared to a similarly lit white object, and brightness, how much light appears to shine from something. According to CIECAM97s the lightness of a sample is:
2346:, ranging from 1 to 123, numbers which follow from the way the cone responses are averaged and which are ultimately based on a rough estimate for the useful range of nerve impulses per second, and which has a fairly large intermediate range where it roughly follows a square root curve. The brightness according to CIECAM97s is then:
2549:
2412:
saturation will change at low luminance levels. But CIECAM97s predicts much larger deviations than are generally thought likely and therefore Hunt, Li and Luo suggested using a cone response curve which approximates a power curve for a much larger range of stimuli, so hue and saturation are better preserved.
2431:
But all the quantities that feed into this formula change in some way. The parameter c is now continuously variable as discussed above and z = 1.48 + √n. Although this is higher than z in CIECAM97s, the total effective power factor is very similar because the effective power factor of the achromatic
2398:
instead of from J. This formula has the effect of pulling up the lightness and brightness of coloured samples. The larger the chroma, the stronger the effect; for very saturated colours C can be close to 100 or even higher. The absolute sine term has a sharp V-shaped valley with a zero at yellow and
1997:
At first glance, you might approximate the lightness function by a cube root, an approximation that is found in much of the technical literature. However, the linear segment near black is significant, and so the 116 and 16 coefficients. The best-fit pure power function has an exponent of about 0.42,
321:
In HSV, all triples with value 0 are pure black. If the hue and saturation are held constant, then increasing the value increases the luminance, such that a value of 1 is the lightest color with the given hue and saturation. HSL is similar, except that all triples with lightness 1 are pure white. In
2407:
The achromatic response in CIECAM97s is a weighted addition of cone responses minus 2.05. Since the total noise term adds up to 3.05, this means that A and consequentially J and Q aren't zero for absolute black. To fix this, Li, Luo & Hunt suggested subtracting 3.05 instead, so the scale starts
2358:
The factor 1.24 / c is a surround factor that reflects that scenes appear brighter in dark surrounding conditions. Suggestions for a more comprehensive model, CIECAM97C, were also formulated, to take into account several effects at extremely dark or bright conditions, coloured lighting, as well as
318:, the displayed luminance is relative to the hue and chroma for a given lightness value, in other words the selected lightness value does not predict the actual displayed luminance nor the perception thereof. Both systems use coordinate triples, where many triples can map onto the same color.
2411:
Because of the shape of the cone response S-curve, when the luminance of a colour is reduced, even if its spectral composition remains the same, the different cone responses do not quite change at the same rate with respect to each other. It is plausible therefore that the perceived hue and
2318:
1760:
2554:
As before, this formula assumes bright conditions. Apart from 1220, which results from an arbitrarily assumed cone response constant, the various constants in CIECAM02 were fitted to experimental data sets. The expression for the brightness has also changed considerably:
325:
While HSL, HSV, and similar spaces serve well enough to choose or adjust a single color, they are not perceptually uniform. They trade off accuracy for computational simplicity, as they were created in an era where computer technology was restricted in performance.
2679:
322:
both models, all pure saturated colors indicate the same lightness or value, but this does not relate to the displayed luminance which is determined by the hue. I.e. yellow is higher luminance than blue, even if the lightness value is set at a given number.
2190:
compared to bright white, and that therefore a sample in such a surround should be perceived at its proper lightness. The quantity A models the achromatic cone response; it is colour dependent but for a grey sample under bright conditions it works out as:
2050:
model of biochemical reactions. In the 70s the same relationship was found in a number of other vertebrates and in 1982, using microelectrodes to measure cone responses in living rhesus macaques, Valeton and Van Norren found the following relationship:
2059:
where V is the measured potential, I the light intensity and σ a constant. In 1986 Seim and
Valberg realised that this relationship might aid in the construction of a more uniform colour space. This inspired advances in colour modelling and when the
2438:
1606:
1084:
2149:
1992:
767:
for brightness perception, reflecting the fact that lightness is proportional to the number of nerve impulses per nerve fiber per unit time. The remainder of this section is a chronology of lightness models, leading to
102:
This distinction is meaningful because human vision's lightness perception is non-linear relative to light. Doubling the quantity of light does not result in a doubling in perceived lightness, only a modest increase.
1173:
2197:
1912:{\displaystyle f(t)={\begin{cases}t^{\frac {1}{3}}&{\text{if }}t>\left({\frac {6}{29}}\right)^{3}\\{\frac {1}{3}}\left({\frac {29}{6}}\right)^{2}t+{\frac {4}{29}}&{\text{otherwise}}\end{cases}}}
2700:. Though the CIELAB space and relatives do not account for this effect on lightness, it may be implied in the Munsell color model. Light levels may also affect perceived chromaticity, as with the
257:
gamut mapped in CIELAB space. Notice that the lines pointing to the red, green, and blue primaries are not evenly spaced by hue angle, and are of unequal length. The primaries also have different
763:
remarked "Should we use a logarithmic curve or curve of squares?" Neither option turned out to be quite correct; scientists eventually converged on a roughly cube-root curve, consistent with the
1427:
965:
1492:
2561:
1361:
1307:
1238:
2858:
Priest, Irwin G.; Gibson, K.S.; McNicholas, H.J. (September 1920). "An examination of the
Munsell color system. I: Spectral and total reflection and the Munsell scale of Value".
2415:
All these proposals, as well as others relating to chromaticity, resulted in a new colour appearance model, CIECAM02. In this model, the formula for lightness remains the same:
2363:, where highly chromatic samples appear lighter and brighter in comparison to a neutral grey. To model the latter effect, in CIECAM97C the formula for J is adjusted as follows:
895:
537:
498:
3252:
Pauli, Hartmut K.A. (1976). "Proposed extension of the CIE recommendation on "Uniform color spaces, color spaces, and color-difference equations, and metric color terms"".
459:
2544:{\displaystyle {\frac {\text{A}}{{\text{N}}_{\text{bb}}}}={\frac {1220}{1+{\frac {27.13}{\left({\frac {{\sqrt{5{\text{L}}_{\text{A}}}}{\text{Y}}}{10}}\right)^{0.42}}}}}}
2696:
of images worthwhile. Beside this phenomenon there are other effects involving perception of lightness. Chromaticity can affect perceived lightness as described by the
909:, and Isaac Godlove launch a study on the Munsell neutral value scale, considering several proposals relating the relative luminance to the Munsell value, and suggest:
584:
362:
190:
155:
85:
1533:
624:
604:
557:
422:
402:
382:
210:
124:
2084:
In this formula, for a small sample under bright conditions in a surrounding field with a relative luminance n compared to white, c has been chosen such that:
99:
will appear to a standard observer. While luminance is a linear measurement of light, lightness is a linear prediction of the human perception of that light.
296:. For example Munsell value 0 is pure black, and value 10 is pure white. Colors with a discernible hue must therefore have values in between these extremes.
993:
786:
typically runs from 0 to 100 (often interpreted as a percentage). Typically, the relative luminance is normalized so that the "reference white" (say,
333:, we will see that they may differ substantially from a different color space or model. For example, examine the following images of a fire breather (
4134:
277:
gamut mapped in CIELAB space. Also notice that these two RGB spaces have different gamuts, and thus will have different HSL and HSV representations.
2090:
1928:
2955:
Newhall, Sidney M.; Nickerson, Dorothy; Judd, Deane B (May 1943). "Final report of the O.S.A. subcommittee on the spacing of the
Munsell colors".
1108:
2329:
is a fudge factor that is normally 1; it's only of concern when comparing brightness judgements based on slightly different reference whites.
1692:
and is tangent to the formula above at the point at which the linear extension takes effect. First, the transition point is determined to be
1183:
Jason
Saunderson and B.I. Milner introduce a subtractive constant in the previous expression, for a better fit to the Munsell value. Later,
51:. Each color differs in value from top to bottom in equal perception steps. The right column undergoes a dramatic change in perceived color.
2313:{\displaystyle {\frac {\text{A}}{{\text{N}}_{\text{bb}}}}={\frac {122}{1+2{\Bigl (}{\tfrac {1}{10}}Y{\sqrt{5L_{A}}}{\Bigr )}^{-0.73}}}+1}
2832:
2046:
As early as in 1967 a hyperbolic relationship between light intensity and cone cell responses was discovered in fish, in line with the
4285:
2061:
288:, and CIELAB, the lightness (value) achromatically constrains the maximum and minimum limits, and operates independently of the
4275:
4139:
3504:
2918:; Godlove, I.H. (December 1933). "Neutral value scales. II. A comparison of results and equations describing value scales".
4351:
2684:
Note that contrary to the suggestion from CIECAM97C, CIECAM02 contains no provision for the
Helmholtz–Kohlrausch effect.
2842:
1381:
539:. It is roughly similar, but differs at high chroma, deviating most from an achromatic signal such as linear luminance
2873:
Munsell, A.E.O.; Sloan, L.L.; Godlove, I.H. (November 1933). "Neutral value scales. I. Munsell neutral value scale".
3281:
Poynton, Charles; Funt, Brian (February 2014). "Perceptual uniformity in digital image representation and display".
4296:
2674:{\displaystyle Q={\frac {4}{c}}{\frac {\sqrt {J}}{10}}(A_{white}+4)\left({\frac {\sqrt{5L_{A}}}{10}}\right)^{0.25}}
915:
4521:
4475:
2697:
2360:
1446:
798:
3445:
Nathan
Moroney, Mark D. Fairchild, Robert William Gainer Hunt, Changjun Li, Ming Ronnier Luo & Todd Newman:
4291:
4280:
987:(OSA) on Munsell renotation. They suggest a quintic parabola (relating the reflectance in terms of the value):
3171:
Glasser, L.G.; A.H. McKinney; C.D. Reilly; P.D. Schnelle (October 1958). "Cube-root color coordinate system".
1322:
4356:
2047:
1270:
1201:
4159:
3819:
3593:
3109:
Jameson, Dorothea; Leo M. Hurvich (May 1964). "Theory of brightness and color contrast in human vision".
838:
Observe that the lightness is 50% for a relative luminance of around 18% relative to the reference white.
17:
4361:
3948:
3497:
3477:
984:
33:
864:
4126:
4019:
3677:
503:
464:
230:
both take advantage of dramatic contrasts of value to heighten drama in art. Artists may also employ
1784:
751:
lightness scale. A question of interest is the relationship between the
Munsell value scale and the
4336:
4154:
3804:
3537:
3144:
Ladd, J.H.; Pinney, J.E. (September 1955). "Empirical relationships with the
Munsell Value scale".
2339:
431:
329:
If we take an image and extract the hue, saturation, and lightness or value components for a given
3064:
Hurvich, Leo M.; Jameson, Dorothea (November 1957). "An
Opponent-Process Theory of Color Vision".
2154:
This models that a sample will appear darker on a light background than on a dark background. See
1375:
define the lightness as ten times the
Munsell value (so that the lightness ranges from 0 to 100):
4388:
4341:
4331:
4326:
4321:
2064:
held a symposium in 1996, objectives for a new standard colour model were formulated and in 1997
2990:
Moon, Parry; Spencer, Domina Eberle (May 1943). "Metric based on the composite color stimulus".
4346:
3457:
764:
92:
4270:
4025:
3569:
3490:
2174:, cz = 1, representing the assumption that most scenes have an average relative luminance of
1261:
1099:
756:
748:
274:
3744:
3333:
Towards a uniform color space: A better formula to describe the Munsell and OSA color scales
4243:
3926:
3914:
3222:
3182:
3066:
3038:
3001:
2964:
2929:
2884:
2795:
2718:
1601:{\displaystyle L^{\star }=116\left({\frac {Y}{Y_{\mathrm {n} }}}\right)^{\frac {1}{3}}-16.}
1513:
760:
744:
562:
425:
340:
304:
213:
168:
133:
48:
8:
4547:
4058:
3958:
3890:
1252:
are interested in the Munsell value as a perceptually uniform lightness scale for use in
64:
3226:
3186:
3042:
3005:
2968:
2933:
2888:
2799:
2692:
This subjective perception of luminance in a non-linear fashion is one thing that makes
4373:
3779:
3687:
3581:
3091:
1524:
752:
609:
589:
542:
428:. Notice this appears similar in perceived lightness to the original color image. Luma
407:
387:
367:
195:
109:
3208:
1437:
1264:), they relate value to reflectance by raising the reflectance to the power of 0.352:
4483:
4436:
4033:
3848:
3787:
3739:
3672:
3667:
3645:
3574:
3126:
3122:
3083:
2838:
2813:
976:
300:
3095:
1656:
4431:
4426:
4406:
4401:
4164:
3931:
3809:
3759:
3754:
3726:
3692:
3682:
3552:
3458:
CIE technical committee: Colour Appearance Models for Color Management Applications
3404:
Robert William Gainer Hunt, Changjun Li, Lu-Yin Grace Juan & Ming Ronnier Luo:
3290:
3263:
3230:
3190:
3153:
3118:
3075:
3046:
3009:
2972:
2937:
2892:
2803:
2764:
2693:
2343:
1184:
851:
4552:
4461:
4451:
4446:
4411:
4313:
4149:
4096:
3986:
3919:
3734:
3650:
3628:
2915:
2742:
2701:
2155:
1192:
1079:{\displaystyle Y=1.2219V-0.23111V^{2}+0.23951V^{3}-0.021009V^{4}+0.0008404V^{5}.}
906:
847:
787:
285:
2755:
Kuehni, Rolf G. (February 2002). "The early development of the Munsell system".
307:
can be achieved by adding white, black, or grey respectively. This also reduces
4542:
4511:
4456:
4441:
4421:
4416:
4199:
4013:
4008:
3836:
3814:
3749:
3621:
3586:
3559:
3157:
634:
293:
2338:
is the average luminance of the adapting visual field as a whole, measured in
689:
662:
461:
is a gamma-encoded luminance component of some video encoding systems such as
364:
is a perceptually uniform lightness prediction that is derived from luminance
4536:
4396:
3981:
3867:
3792:
3769:
3709:
3633:
3616:
3522:
3027:
Saunderson, Jason L.; Milner, B.I. (March 1944). "Further study of ω space".
2334:
Here Y is the relative luminance compared to white on a scale of 0 to 1 and L
2144:{\displaystyle {\text{cz}}={\frac {1+{\sqrt {n}}}{1+{\sqrt {\frac {1}{5}}}}}}
1987:{\displaystyle L^{\star }=116f\left({\frac {Y}{Y_{\mathrm {n} }}}\right)-16.}
1249:
980:
303:
model (e.g. paint, dye, or ink) lightness changes to a color through various
3170:
4231:
4194:
4187:
3993:
3976:
3968:
3909:
3901:
3764:
3608:
3267:
3234:
3194:
3087:
3050:
3013:
2976:
2941:
2896:
2817:
854:, and Harry McNicholas provide a basic estimate of the Munsell value (with
834:
308:
3321:
Light adaptation of primate cones: An analysis based on extracellular data
3130:
1629:(the subscript n suggests "normalized") and is subject to the restriction
646:
4368:
4226:
4003:
3998:
3862:
3831:
3797:
3702:
3598:
3564:
2035:
1626:
1188:
330:
315:
223:
88:
1168:{\displaystyle V=5\left({\frac {Y}{19.77}}\right)^{0.426}=1.4Y^{0.426}.}
87:
of an object. It is often judged relative to a similarly lit object. In
4378:
4221:
4049:
3953:
3941:
3697:
3660:
3655:
3638:
2713:
1253:
1095:
3294:
2954:
2808:
2783:
2768:
721:
705:
4238:
4206:
3715:
3079:
2065:
2015:
1313:
1257:
267:
227:
59:
4493:
4216:
3824:
769:
127:
3881:
4265:
3547:
1619:
797:. Since the reflectance of magnesium oxide (MgO) relative to the
247:
231:
3433:
Robert William Gainer Hunt, Changjun Li & Ming Ronnier Luo:
3380:
Changjun Li, Ming Ronnier Luo & Robert William Gainer Hunt:
3211:(November 1963). "Proposal for a New Color-Difference Formula".
4488:
4091:
4081:
3482:
3472:
3435:
Dynamic cone response functions for models of colour appearance
2913:
2872:
738:
626:
are neither perceptually uniform, nor uniform as to luminance.
162:
158:
3309:
The generation and spread of S-potentials in fish (Cyprinidae)
212:
as used for luminance. In some color ordering systems such as
4116:
4111:
4101:
4071:
3542:
3513:
96:
39:
3358:
Some comments on using the CIECAM97s colour-appearance model
656:* (further transformed back to sRGB for consistent display).
4106:
4086:
4066:
3936:
3853:
3254:
3213:
3173:
3029:
2992:
2920:
2904:
This paper contains a historical survey stretching to 1760.
2875:
2038:" because its lightness is midway between black and white.
1905:
254:
2989:
4182:
4076:
3841:
1497:
This formula approximates the Munsell value function for
289:
44:
3063:
3026:
2857:
2246:
1102:
express the value in terms of the relative luminance:
284:
In some colorspaces or color systems such as Munsell,
106:
The symbol for perceptual lightness is usually either
3370:
The structure of the CIE 1997 colour appearance model
3108:
2564:
2441:
2200:
2093:
1931:
1763:
1536:
1449:
1384:
1325:
1273:
1204:
1111:
996:
918:
867:
612:
592:
565:
545:
506:
467:
434:
410:
390:
370:
343:
237:
198:
171:
136:
112:
67:
337:). The original is in the sRGB color space. CIELAB
3368:Ming Ronnier Luo & Robert William Gainer Hunt:
3394:A revision of CIECAM97s for practical applications
3347:§ The CIE Color Appearance Model (1997), CIECAM97s
2673:
2543:
2312:
2143:
1986:
1911:
1600:
1486:
1421:
1355:
1301:
1232:
1167:
1078:
959:
889:
618:
598:
578:
551:
531:
492:
453:
416:
396:
376:
356:
204:
184:
149:
118:
95:, lightness is a prediction of how an illuminated
79:
4135:Linguistic relativity and the color naming debate
3307:Ken-Ichi Naka & William Albert Hugh Rushton:
2287:
2240:
1422:{\displaystyle L^{\star }=25.29{\sqrt{Y}}-18.38.}
4534:
3143:
1655:. Pauli removes this restriction by computing a
3146:Proceedings of the Institute of Radio Engineers
1754:is computed. This gives the two-part function:
2745:, though as mere statements, without examples.
2737:Most of the disadvantages below are listed in
2687:
2034:), has a lightness value of 50. It is called "
3498:
1256:. After considering one logarithmic and five
640:Fig. 1a. Color photograph (sRGB color space).
3319:Jean Mathieu Valeton & Dirk van Norren:
2342:. The achromatic response follows a kind of
2158:for more information on the topic. When n =
960:{\displaystyle V^{2}=1.4742Y-0.004743Y^{2}.}
739:Relationship to value and relative luminance
3423:A uniform colour space based upon CIECAM97s
3280:
2862:(3). United States Bureau of Standards: 27.
1487:{\displaystyle W^{\star }=25{\sqrt{Y}}-17.}
4517:
3505:
3491:
2391:where C is the chroma and h the hue angle
1191:claim that this corrects for simultaneous
2957:Journal of the Optical Society of America
2807:
2739:A Technical Introduction to Digital Video
4286:International Commission on Illumination
3242:The asterisks are not used in the paper.
3207:
2062:International Commission on Illumination
1356:{\displaystyle V=2.468{\sqrt{Y}}-1.636.}
833:
695:Fig. 1d. Component average: "intensity"
38:
2830:
2784:"Light Energy and Brightness Sensation"
1302:{\displaystyle V=2.217Y^{0.352}-1.324.}
14:
4535:
4276:Color Association of the United States
3201:
2754:
1233:{\displaystyle V=2.357Y^{0.343}-1.52.}
3486:
3251:
1312:Realizing this is quite close to the
192:("Lstar") is not to be confused with
3421:Changjun Li & Ming Ronnier Luo:
2837:. John Wiley and Sons. p. 200.
2781:
3447:The CIECAM02 color appearance model
3331:Thorstein Seim & Arne Valberg:
2782:Hunt, Robert W. G. (May 18, 1957).
2399:a broad plateau in the deep blues.
1625:tristimulus value of the reference
858:running from 0 to 1 in this case):
24:
4140:Blue–green distinction in language
2018:, having an exact reflectance of (
1966:
1569:
1094:Using Table II of the OSA report,
515:
476:
443:
238:Lightness in different colorspaces
25:
4564:
3466:
3406:Further improvements to CIECAM97s
3382:A revision of the CIECAM97s model
831:if MgO is used as the reference.
4516:
4507:
4506:
4297:International Colour Association
3880:
3512:
3471:
3410:Further refinements to CIECAM97s
2757:Color Research & Application
890:{\displaystyle V=10{\sqrt {Y}}.}
720:
704:
688:
661:
645:
633:
266:
246:
234:, subtle manipulation of value.
3451:
3439:
3427:
3415:
3398:
3386:
3374:
3362:
3350:
3337:
3325:
3313:
3301:
3274:
3245:
3164:
3137:
3102:
3057:
3020:
2371:= J + (100 – J) (C / 300) |sin(
532:{\displaystyle (Y^{\prime }UV)}
493:{\displaystyle (Y^{\prime }IQ)}
4292:International Color Consortium
4281:International Colour Authority
3283:Color Research and Application
2983:
2948:
2907:
2866:
2851:
2824:
2775:
2748:
2731:
2624:
2593:
1773:
1767:
526:
507:
487:
468:
448:
435:
74:
68:
58:is a visual perception of the
13:
1:
4357:List of Crayola crayon colors
2724:
790:) has a tristimulus value of
454:{\displaystyle (Y^{\prime })}
216:, Lightness is referenced as
3356:Robert William Gainer Hunt:
3123:10.1016/0042-6989(64)90037-9
1527:uses the following formula:
7:
4160:Traditional colors of Japan
3937:Achromatic colors (Neutral)
3820:Multi-primary color display
3594:Spectral power distribution
2707:
2698:Helmholtz–Kohlrausch effect
2688:Other psychological effects
2394:Q is then calculated from J
2361:Helmholtz–Kohlrausch effect
2350:Q = (1.24 / c) (J / 100) (A
799:perfect reflecting diffuser
10:
4569:
3158:10.1109/JRPROC.1955.277892
1505:(it is not applicable for
985:Optical Society of America
34:Lightness (disambiguation)
31:
4502:
4474:
4387:
4312:
4305:
4256:
4175:
4125:
4057:
4048:
4020:Color realism (art style)
3967:
3900:
3889:
3878:
3778:
3725:
3678:Evolution of color vision
3607:
3530:
3521:
2048:Michaelis–Menten kinetics
1089:
983:prepare a report for the
782:runs from 0 to 10, while
4337:List of colors (compact)
4155:Color in Chinese culture
3805:Digital image processing
3538:Electromagnetic spectrum
2432:response is much lower:
747:has long been used as a
559:or non-linear lightness
4342:List of colors by shade
3345:Color Appearance Models
2402:
2041:
2014:. An approximately 18%
1922:The lightness is then:
1519:
1432:
1366:
1316:, they simplify it to:
1243:
1178:
970:
900:
842:
727:Fig. 1f. HSL lightness
668:Fig. 1c. Rec. 601 luma
305:tints, shades, or tones
93:color appearance models
4347:List of color palettes
3268:10.1364/JOSA.66.000866
3235:10.1364/JOSA.53.001318
3195:10.1364/JOSA.48.000736
3051:10.1364/JOSA.34.000167
3014:10.1364/JOSA.33.000270
2977:10.1364/JOSA.33.000385
2942:10.1364/JOSA.23.000419
2897:10.1364/JOSA.23.000394
2831:Valberg, Arne (2006).
2675:
2545:
2314:
2145:
1988:
1913:
1602:
1512:) and is used for the
1488:
1423:
1357:
1303:
1234:
1169:
1080:
961:
891:
839:
620:
600:
580:
553:
533:
494:
455:
418:
398:
378:
358:
206:
186:
151:
120:
81:
52:
4271:Color Marketing Group
4026:On Vision and Colours
3959:Tinctures in heraldry
3570:Structural coloration
3480:at Wikimedia Commons
2676:
2546:
2315:
2146:
1989:
1914:
1603:
1489:
1424:
1358:
1304:
1235:
1170:
1081:
962:
892:
837:
621:
601:
581:
579:{\displaystyle L^{*}}
554:
534:
495:
456:
419:
399:
379:
359:
357:{\displaystyle L^{*}}
207:
187:
185:{\displaystyle L^{*}}
152:
150:{\displaystyle L^{*}}
121:
82:
42:
4352:List of color spaces
4244:Tint, shade and tone
4127:Cultural differences
3942:Polychromatic colors
3927:Complementary colors
3915:Monochromatic colors
3067:Psychological Review
2719:Tint, shade and tone
2562:
2439:
2198:
2091:
1929:
1761:
1734:, then the slope of
1657:linear extrapolation
1534:
1514:CIE 1964 color space
1447:
1440:simplifies this to:
1382:
1323:
1271:
1202:
1109:
994:
916:
865:
749:perceptually uniform
610:
590:
563:
543:
504:
465:
432:
408:
388:
368:
341:
196:
169:
134:
110:
65:
32:For other uses, see
4332:List of colors: N–Z
4327:List of colors: G–M
4322:List of colors: A–F
3392:Mark D. Fairchild:
3343:Mark D. Fairchild:
3227:1963JOSA...53.1318W
3187:1958JOSA...48..736G
3043:1944JOSA...34..167S
3006:1943JOSA...33..270M
2969:1943JOSA...33..385N
2934:1933JOSA...23..419G
2889:1933JOSA...23..394M
2860:Technical Paper 167
2800:1957Natur.179Q1026H
2055:1 / V ~ 1 + (σ / I)
1248:Ladd and Pinney of
905:Alexander Munsell,
765:Stevens's power law
711:Fig. 1e. HSV value
426:CIE XYZ color space
384:, but discards the
80:{\displaystyle (L)}
49:Munsell color model
27:Property of a color
4379:List of web colors
4374:List of RAL colors
3780:Color reproduction
3745:Lüscher color test
3582:Color of chemicals
2834:Light Vision Color
2671:
2541:
2310:
2255:
2141:
1984:
1909:
1904:
1598:
1484:
1419:
1353:
1299:
1262:Stevens' power law
1230:
1165:
1076:
957:
887:
840:
753:relative luminance
616:
596:
576:
549:
529:
490:
451:
414:
394:
374:
354:
202:
182:
147:
116:
77:
53:
4530:
4529:
4470:
4469:
4252:
4251:
4044:
4043:
4034:Theory of Colours
3876:
3875:
3788:Color photography
3740:Color preferences
3683:Impossible colors
3673:Color vision test
3668:Color temperature
3646:Color calibration
3575:Animal coloration
3476:Media related to
3295:10.1002/col.21768
3221:(11): 1318–1319.
2914:Munsell, A.E.O.;
2809:10.1038/1791026a0
2769:10.1002/col.10002
2694:gamma compression
2659:
2655:
2591:
2587:
2579:
2539:
2536:
2524:
2518:
2513:
2504:
2499:
2459:
2456:
2451:
2446:
2330:
2302:
2282:
2254:
2218:
2215:
2210:
2205:
2139:
2136:
2135:
2116:
2097:
1972:
1900:
1893:
1867:
1852:
1828:
1807:
1799:
1589:
1575:
1476:
1411:
1345:
1134:
977:Dorothy Nickerson
882:
757:Weber–Fechner law
619:{\displaystyle V}
599:{\displaystyle L}
552:{\displaystyle Y}
417:{\displaystyle Z}
397:{\displaystyle X}
377:{\displaystyle Y}
301:subtractive color
205:{\displaystyle L}
119:{\displaystyle J}
16:(Redirected from
4560:
4520:
4519:
4510:
4509:
4310:
4309:
4176:Color dimensions
4165:Human skin color
4055:
4054:
3932:Analogous colors
3898:
3897:
3884:
3810:Color management
3727:Color psychology
3693:Opponent process
3609:Color perception
3528:
3527:
3507:
3500:
3493:
3484:
3483:
3475:
3460:
3455:
3449:
3443:
3437:
3431:
3425:
3419:
3413:
3402:
3396:
3390:
3384:
3378:
3372:
3366:
3360:
3354:
3348:
3341:
3335:
3329:
3323:
3317:
3311:
3305:
3299:
3298:
3278:
3272:
3271:
3249:
3243:
3238:
3209:Wyszecki, Günter
3205:
3199:
3198:
3168:
3162:
3161:
3141:
3135:
3134:
3117:(1–2): 135–154.
3106:
3100:
3099:
3080:10.1037/h0041403
3061:
3055:
3054:
3024:
3018:
3017:
2987:
2981:
2980:
2952:
2946:
2945:
2911:
2905:
2900:
2870:
2864:
2863:
2855:
2849:
2848:
2828:
2822:
2821:
2811:
2779:
2773:
2772:
2752:
2746:
2735:
2680:
2678:
2677:
2672:
2670:
2669:
2664:
2660:
2654:
2649:
2648:
2647:
2634:
2633:
2617:
2616:
2592:
2583:
2582:
2580:
2572:
2550:
2548:
2547:
2542:
2540:
2538:
2537:
2535:
2534:
2529:
2525:
2520:
2519:
2516:
2514:
2512:
2507:
2506:
2505:
2502:
2500:
2497:
2490:
2487:
2477:
2465:
2460:
2458:
2457:
2454:
2452:
2449:
2444:
2443:
2386:
2384:
2383:
2380:
2377:
2324:
2319:
2317:
2316:
2311:
2303:
2301:
2300:
2299:
2291:
2290:
2283:
2281:
2276:
2275:
2274:
2261:
2256:
2247:
2244:
2243:
2224:
2219:
2217:
2216:
2213:
2211:
2208:
2203:
2202:
2189:
2187:
2186:
2183:
2180:
2173:
2171:
2170:
2167:
2164:
2150:
2148:
2147:
2142:
2140:
2138:
2137:
2128:
2127:
2118:
2117:
2112:
2103:
2098:
2095:
2033:
2031:
2030:
2027:
2024:
2013:
2011:
2010:
2007:
2004:
1993:
1991:
1990:
1985:
1977:
1973:
1971:
1970:
1969:
1956:
1941:
1940:
1918:
1916:
1915:
1910:
1908:
1907:
1901:
1898:
1894:
1886:
1878:
1877:
1872:
1868:
1860:
1853:
1845:
1839:
1838:
1833:
1829:
1821:
1808:
1805:
1801:
1800:
1792:
1753:
1751:
1749:
1748:
1745:
1742:
1733:
1731:
1729:
1728:
1725:
1722:
1715:
1713:
1712:
1704:
1701:
1691:
1684:
1682:
1680:
1679:
1671:
1668:
1654:
1652:
1650:
1649:
1641:
1638:
1607:
1605:
1604:
1599:
1591:
1590:
1582:
1580:
1576:
1574:
1573:
1572:
1559:
1546:
1545:
1511:
1504:
1493:
1491:
1490:
1485:
1477:
1475:
1467:
1459:
1458:
1428:
1426:
1425:
1420:
1412:
1410:
1402:
1394:
1393:
1362:
1360:
1359:
1354:
1346:
1344:
1336:
1308:
1306:
1305:
1300:
1292:
1291:
1239:
1237:
1236:
1231:
1223:
1222:
1193:contrast effects
1185:Dorothea Jameson
1174:
1172:
1171:
1166:
1161:
1160:
1145:
1144:
1139:
1135:
1127:
1085:
1083:
1082:
1077:
1072:
1071:
1056:
1055:
1040:
1039:
1024:
1023:
975:Sidney Newhall,
966:
964:
963:
958:
953:
952:
928:
927:
896:
894:
893:
888:
883:
878:
830:
828:
826:
825:
822:
819:
807:
796:
724:
708:
692:
676:
674:
665:
652:Fig. 1b. CIELAB
649:
637:
625:
623:
622:
617:
605:
603:
602:
597:
585:
583:
582:
577:
575:
574:
558:
556:
555:
550:
538:
536:
535:
530:
519:
518:
499:
497:
496:
491:
480:
479:
460:
458:
457:
452:
447:
446:
423:
421:
420:
415:
403:
401:
400:
395:
383:
381:
380:
375:
363:
361:
360:
355:
353:
352:
336:
270:
250:
211:
209:
208:
203:
191:
189:
188:
183:
181:
180:
156:
154:
153:
148:
146:
145:
125:
123:
122:
117:
86:
84:
83:
78:
21:
4568:
4567:
4563:
4562:
4561:
4559:
4558:
4557:
4533:
4532:
4531:
4526:
4498:
4466:
4383:
4301:
4258:
4248:
4171:
4150:Blue in culture
4121:
4040:
3987:Secondary color
3963:
3920:black-and-white
3892:
3885:
3872:
3774:
3760:National colors
3755:Political color
3735:Color symbolism
3721:
3651:Color constancy
3629:Color blindness
3603:
3560:Spectral colors
3517:
3511:
3469:
3464:
3463:
3456:
3452:
3444:
3440:
3432:
3428:
3420:
3416:
3408:(also cited as
3403:
3399:
3391:
3387:
3379:
3375:
3367:
3363:
3355:
3351:
3342:
3338:
3330:
3326:
3318:
3314:
3306:
3302:
3279:
3275:
3250:
3246:
3206:
3202:
3181:(10): 736–740.
3169:
3165:
3142:
3138:
3111:Vision Research
3107:
3103:
3062:
3058:
3025:
3021:
2988:
2984:
2953:
2949:
2928:(12): 419–425.
2912:
2908:
2883:(11): 394–411.
2871:
2867:
2856:
2852:
2845:
2829:
2825:
2780:
2776:
2753:
2749:
2743:Charles Poynton
2736:
2732:
2727:
2710:
2702:Purkinje effect
2690:
2665:
2650:
2643:
2639:
2635:
2632:
2628:
2627:
2600:
2596:
2581:
2571:
2563:
2560:
2559:
2530:
2515:
2508:
2501:
2496:
2495:
2491:
2489:
2488:
2486:
2482:
2481:
2476:
2469:
2464:
2453:
2448:
2447:
2442:
2440:
2437:
2436:
2426:
2422:
2405:
2397:
2381:
2378:
2375:
2374:
2372:
2370:
2353:
2337:
2328:
2292:
2286:
2285:
2284:
2277:
2270:
2266:
2262:
2260:
2245:
2239:
2238:
2228:
2223:
2212:
2207:
2206:
2201:
2199:
2196:
2195:
2184:
2181:
2178:
2177:
2175:
2168:
2165:
2162:
2161:
2159:
2156:contrast effect
2126:
2119:
2111:
2104:
2102:
2094:
2092:
2089:
2088:
2079:
2075:
2044:
2028:
2025:
2022:
2021:
2019:
2008:
2005:
2002:
2001:
1999:
1965:
1964:
1960:
1955:
1951:
1936:
1932:
1930:
1927:
1926:
1903:
1902:
1897:
1895:
1885:
1873:
1859:
1855:
1854:
1844:
1841:
1840:
1834:
1820:
1816:
1815:
1804:
1802:
1791:
1787:
1780:
1779:
1762:
1759:
1758:
1746:
1743:
1740:
1739:
1737:
1735:
1726:
1723:
1720:
1719:
1717:
1711:
1705:
1702:
1697:
1696:
1694:
1693:
1686:
1678:
1672:
1669:
1664:
1663:
1661:
1660:
1648:
1642:
1639:
1634:
1633:
1631:
1630:
1617:
1581:
1568:
1567:
1563:
1558:
1554:
1553:
1541:
1537:
1535:
1532:
1531:
1522:
1506:
1498:
1471:
1466:
1454:
1450:
1448:
1445:
1444:
1438:Günter Wyszecki
1435:
1406:
1401:
1389:
1385:
1383:
1380:
1379:
1369:
1340:
1335:
1324:
1321:
1320:
1287:
1283:
1272:
1269:
1268:
1260:functions (per
1246:
1218:
1214:
1203:
1200:
1199:
1181:
1156:
1152:
1140:
1126:
1122:
1121:
1110:
1107:
1106:
1092:
1067:
1063:
1051:
1047:
1035:
1031:
1019:
1015:
995:
992:
991:
973:
948:
944:
923:
919:
917:
914:
913:
903:
877:
866:
863:
862:
845:
823:
820:
817:
816:
814:
809:
808:corresponds to
802:
791:
788:magnesium oxide
755:. Aware of the
741:
736:
735:
734:
733:
732:
725:
717:
716:
709:
701:
700:
693:
682:
681:
680:
679:
678:
672:
669:
666:
658:
657:
650:
642:
641:
638:
611:
608:
607:
591:
588:
587:
570:
566:
564:
561:
560:
544:
541:
540:
514:
510:
505:
502:
501:
475:
471:
466:
463:
462:
442:
438:
433:
430:
429:
409:
406:
405:
389:
386:
385:
369:
366:
365:
348:
344:
342:
339:
338:
334:
282:
281:
280:
279:
278:
271:
263:
262:
251:
240:
197:
194:
193:
176:
172:
170:
167:
166:
141:
137:
135:
132:
131:
111:
108:
107:
66:
63:
62:
37:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4566:
4556:
4555:
4550:
4545:
4528:
4527:
4525:
4524:
4514:
4503:
4500:
4499:
4497:
4496:
4491:
4486:
4480:
4478:
4472:
4471:
4468:
4467:
4465:
4464:
4459:
4454:
4449:
4444:
4439:
4434:
4429:
4424:
4419:
4414:
4409:
4404:
4399:
4393:
4391:
4385:
4384:
4382:
4381:
4376:
4371:
4366:
4365:
4364:
4354:
4349:
4344:
4339:
4334:
4329:
4324:
4318:
4316:
4307:
4303:
4302:
4300:
4299:
4294:
4289:
4283:
4278:
4273:
4268:
4262:
4260:
4254:
4253:
4250:
4249:
4247:
4246:
4241:
4236:
4235:
4234:
4229:
4224:
4219:
4214:
4204:
4203:
4202:
4192:
4191:
4190:
4179:
4177:
4173:
4172:
4170:
4169:
4168:
4167:
4162:
4157:
4152:
4146:Color history
4144:
4143:
4142:
4131:
4129:
4123:
4122:
4120:
4119:
4114:
4109:
4104:
4099:
4094:
4089:
4084:
4079:
4074:
4069:
4063:
4061:
4052:
4046:
4045:
4042:
4041:
4039:
4038:
4030:
4029:(Schopenhauer)
4022:
4017:
4014:Color analysis
4011:
4009:Color triangle
4006:
4001:
3996:
3991:
3990:
3989:
3984:
3973:
3971:
3965:
3964:
3962:
3961:
3956:
3951:
3946:
3945:
3944:
3939:
3934:
3929:
3924:
3923:
3922:
3906:
3904:
3895:
3887:
3886:
3879:
3877:
3874:
3873:
3871:
3870:
3865:
3860:
3859:
3858:
3857:
3856:
3846:
3845:
3844:
3829:
3828:
3827:
3822:
3815:Color printing
3812:
3807:
3802:
3801:
3800:
3795:
3784:
3782:
3776:
3775:
3773:
3772:
3767:
3762:
3757:
3752:
3750:Kruithof curve
3747:
3742:
3737:
3731:
3729:
3723:
3722:
3720:
3719:
3712:
3707:
3706:
3705:
3700:
3690:
3685:
3680:
3675:
3670:
3665:
3664:
3663:
3653:
3648:
3643:
3642:
3641:
3636:
3626:
3625:
3624:
3622:Sonochromatism
3613:
3611:
3605:
3604:
3602:
3601:
3596:
3591:
3590:
3589:
3579:
3578:
3577:
3572:
3562:
3557:
3556:
3555:
3550:
3545:
3534:
3532:
3525:
3519:
3518:
3510:
3509:
3502:
3495:
3487:
3468:
3467:External links
3465:
3462:
3461:
3450:
3438:
3426:
3414:
3397:
3385:
3373:
3361:
3349:
3336:
3324:
3312:
3300:
3273:
3262:(8): 866–867.
3244:
3200:
3163:
3136:
3101:
3074:(6): 384–404.
3056:
3037:(3): 167–173.
3019:
3000:(5): 270–277.
2982:
2963:(7): 385–418.
2947:
2906:
2865:
2850:
2844:978-0470849026
2843:
2823:
2794:(4568): 1026.
2774:
2747:
2729:
2728:
2726:
2723:
2722:
2721:
2716:
2709:
2706:
2689:
2686:
2682:
2681:
2668:
2663:
2658:
2653:
2646:
2642:
2638:
2631:
2626:
2623:
2620:
2615:
2612:
2609:
2606:
2603:
2599:
2595:
2590:
2586:
2578:
2575:
2570:
2567:
2552:
2551:
2533:
2528:
2523:
2511:
2494:
2485:
2480:
2475:
2472:
2468:
2463:
2429:
2428:
2424:
2420:
2404:
2401:
2395:
2389:
2388:
2368:
2356:
2355:
2351:
2335:
2332:
2331:
2326:
2321:
2320:
2309:
2306:
2298:
2295:
2289:
2280:
2273:
2269:
2265:
2259:
2253:
2250:
2242:
2237:
2234:
2231:
2227:
2222:
2152:
2151:
2134:
2131:
2125:
2122:
2115:
2110:
2107:
2101:
2082:
2081:
2077:
2073:
2057:
2056:
2043:
2040:
1995:
1994:
1983:
1980:
1976:
1968:
1963:
1959:
1954:
1950:
1947:
1944:
1939:
1935:
1920:
1919:
1906:
1896:
1892:
1889:
1884:
1881:
1876:
1871:
1866:
1863:
1858:
1851:
1848:
1843:
1842:
1837:
1832:
1827:
1824:
1819:
1814:
1811:
1803:
1798:
1795:
1790:
1786:
1785:
1783:
1778:
1775:
1772:
1769:
1766:
1709:
1676:
1646:
1615:
1609:
1608:
1597:
1594:
1588:
1585:
1579:
1571:
1566:
1562:
1557:
1552:
1549:
1544:
1540:
1521:
1518:
1495:
1494:
1483:
1480:
1474:
1470:
1465:
1462:
1457:
1453:
1434:
1431:
1430:
1429:
1418:
1415:
1409:
1405:
1400:
1397:
1392:
1388:
1368:
1365:
1364:
1363:
1352:
1349:
1343:
1339:
1334:
1331:
1328:
1310:
1309:
1298:
1295:
1290:
1286:
1282:
1279:
1276:
1245:
1242:
1241:
1240:
1229:
1226:
1221:
1217:
1213:
1210:
1207:
1180:
1177:
1176:
1175:
1164:
1159:
1155:
1151:
1148:
1143:
1138:
1133:
1130:
1125:
1120:
1117:
1114:
1100:Domina Spencer
1091:
1088:
1087:
1086:
1075:
1070:
1066:
1062:
1059:
1054:
1050:
1046:
1043:
1038:
1034:
1030:
1027:
1022:
1018:
1014:
1011:
1008:
1005:
1002:
999:
972:
969:
968:
967:
956:
951:
947:
943:
940:
937:
934:
931:
926:
922:
902:
899:
898:
897:
886:
881:
876:
873:
870:
844:
841:
761:Albert Munsell
740:
737:
726:
719:
718:
710:
703:
702:
694:
687:
686:
685:
684:
683:
667:
660:
659:
651:
644:
643:
639:
632:
631:
630:
629:
628:
615:
595:
573:
569:
548:
528:
525:
522:
517:
513:
509:
489:
486:
483:
478:
474:
470:
450:
445:
441:
437:
413:
393:
373:
351:
347:
272:
265:
264:
252:
245:
244:
243:
242:
241:
239:
236:
201:
179:
175:
144:
140:
115:
76:
73:
70:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4565:
4554:
4551:
4549:
4546:
4544:
4541:
4540:
4538:
4523:
4515:
4513:
4505:
4504:
4501:
4495:
4492:
4490:
4487:
4485:
4482:
4481:
4479:
4477:
4473:
4463:
4460:
4458:
4455:
4453:
4450:
4448:
4445:
4443:
4440:
4438:
4435:
4433:
4430:
4428:
4425:
4423:
4420:
4418:
4415:
4413:
4410:
4408:
4405:
4403:
4400:
4398:
4395:
4394:
4392:
4390:
4386:
4380:
4377:
4375:
4372:
4370:
4367:
4363:
4360:
4359:
4358:
4355:
4353:
4350:
4348:
4345:
4343:
4340:
4338:
4335:
4333:
4330:
4328:
4325:
4323:
4320:
4319:
4317:
4315:
4311:
4308:
4304:
4298:
4295:
4293:
4290:
4287:
4284:
4282:
4279:
4277:
4274:
4272:
4269:
4267:
4264:
4263:
4261:
4259:organizations
4255:
4245:
4242:
4240:
4237:
4233:
4230:
4228:
4225:
4223:
4220:
4218:
4215:
4213:
4210:
4209:
4208:
4205:
4201:
4200:Pastel colors
4198:
4197:
4196:
4193:
4189:
4186:
4185:
4184:
4181:
4180:
4178:
4174:
4166:
4163:
4161:
4158:
4156:
4153:
4151:
4148:
4147:
4145:
4141:
4138:
4137:
4136:
4133:
4132:
4130:
4128:
4124:
4118:
4115:
4113:
4110:
4108:
4105:
4103:
4100:
4098:
4095:
4093:
4090:
4088:
4085:
4083:
4080:
4078:
4075:
4073:
4070:
4068:
4065:
4064:
4062:
4060:
4056:
4053:
4051:
4047:
4036:
4035:
4031:
4028:
4027:
4023:
4021:
4018:
4015:
4012:
4010:
4007:
4005:
4002:
4000:
3997:
3995:
3992:
3988:
3985:
3983:
3982:Primary color
3980:
3979:
3978:
3975:
3974:
3972:
3970:
3966:
3960:
3957:
3955:
3952:
3950:
3949:Light-on-dark
3947:
3943:
3940:
3938:
3935:
3933:
3930:
3928:
3925:
3921:
3918:
3917:
3916:
3913:
3912:
3911:
3908:
3907:
3905:
3903:
3899:
3896:
3894:
3888:
3883:
3869:
3868:Color mapping
3866:
3864:
3861:
3855:
3852:
3851:
3850:
3847:
3843:
3840:
3839:
3838:
3835:
3834:
3833:
3830:
3826:
3823:
3821:
3818:
3817:
3816:
3813:
3811:
3808:
3806:
3803:
3799:
3796:
3794:
3793:Color balance
3791:
3790:
3789:
3786:
3785:
3783:
3781:
3777:
3771:
3770:Chromotherapy
3768:
3766:
3763:
3761:
3758:
3756:
3753:
3751:
3748:
3746:
3743:
3741:
3738:
3736:
3733:
3732:
3730:
3728:
3724:
3718:
3717:
3713:
3711:
3710:Tetrachromacy
3708:
3704:
3701:
3699:
3696:
3695:
3694:
3691:
3689:
3686:
3684:
3681:
3679:
3676:
3674:
3671:
3669:
3666:
3662:
3659:
3658:
3657:
3654:
3652:
3649:
3647:
3644:
3640:
3637:
3635:
3634:Achromatopsia
3632:
3631:
3630:
3627:
3623:
3620:
3619:
3618:
3617:Chromesthesia
3615:
3614:
3612:
3610:
3606:
3600:
3597:
3595:
3592:
3588:
3585:
3584:
3583:
3580:
3576:
3573:
3571:
3568:
3567:
3566:
3563:
3561:
3558:
3554:
3551:
3549:
3546:
3544:
3541:
3540:
3539:
3536:
3535:
3533:
3531:Color physics
3529:
3526:
3524:
3523:Color science
3520:
3515:
3508:
3503:
3501:
3496:
3494:
3489:
3488:
3485:
3481:
3479:
3474:
3459:
3454:
3448:
3442:
3436:
3430:
3424:
3418:
3411:
3407:
3401:
3395:
3389:
3383:
3377:
3371:
3365:
3359:
3353:
3346:
3340:
3334:
3328:
3322:
3316:
3310:
3304:
3296:
3292:
3288:
3284:
3277:
3269:
3265:
3261:
3257:
3256:
3248:
3241:
3236:
3232:
3228:
3224:
3220:
3216:
3215:
3210:
3204:
3196:
3192:
3188:
3184:
3180:
3176:
3175:
3167:
3159:
3155:
3151:
3147:
3140:
3132:
3128:
3124:
3120:
3116:
3112:
3105:
3097:
3093:
3089:
3085:
3081:
3077:
3073:
3069:
3068:
3060:
3052:
3048:
3044:
3040:
3036:
3032:
3031:
3023:
3015:
3011:
3007:
3003:
2999:
2995:
2994:
2986:
2978:
2974:
2970:
2966:
2962:
2958:
2951:
2943:
2939:
2935:
2931:
2927:
2923:
2922:
2917:
2910:
2903:
2898:
2894:
2890:
2886:
2882:
2878:
2877:
2869:
2861:
2854:
2846:
2840:
2836:
2835:
2827:
2819:
2815:
2810:
2805:
2801:
2797:
2793:
2789:
2785:
2778:
2770:
2766:
2762:
2758:
2751:
2744:
2740:
2734:
2730:
2720:
2717:
2715:
2712:
2711:
2705:
2703:
2699:
2695:
2685:
2666:
2661:
2656:
2651:
2644:
2640:
2636:
2629:
2621:
2618:
2613:
2610:
2607:
2604:
2601:
2597:
2588:
2584:
2576:
2573:
2568:
2565:
2558:
2557:
2556:
2531:
2526:
2521:
2509:
2492:
2483:
2478:
2473:
2470:
2466:
2461:
2435:
2434:
2433:
2418:
2417:
2416:
2413:
2409:
2400:
2392:
2366:
2365:
2364:
2362:
2349:
2348:
2347:
2345:
2341:
2323:
2322:
2307:
2304:
2296:
2293:
2278:
2271:
2267:
2263:
2257:
2251:
2248:
2235:
2232:
2229:
2225:
2220:
2194:
2193:
2192:
2157:
2132:
2129:
2123:
2120:
2113:
2108:
2105:
2099:
2087:
2086:
2085:
2071:
2070:
2069:
2067:
2063:
2054:
2053:
2052:
2049:
2039:
2037:
2017:
1981:
1978:
1974:
1961:
1957:
1952:
1948:
1945:
1942:
1937:
1933:
1925:
1924:
1923:
1890:
1887:
1882:
1879:
1874:
1869:
1864:
1861:
1856:
1849:
1846:
1835:
1830:
1825:
1822:
1817:
1812:
1809:
1796:
1793:
1788:
1781:
1776:
1770:
1764:
1757:
1756:
1755:
1708:
1700:
1689:
1675:
1667:
1658:
1645:
1637:
1628:
1624:
1621:
1614:
1595:
1592:
1586:
1583:
1577:
1564:
1560:
1555:
1550:
1547:
1542:
1538:
1530:
1529:
1528:
1526:
1517:
1515:
1509:
1502:
1481:
1478:
1472:
1468:
1463:
1460:
1455:
1451:
1443:
1442:
1441:
1439:
1416:
1413:
1407:
1403:
1398:
1395:
1390:
1386:
1378:
1377:
1376:
1374:
1350:
1347:
1341:
1337:
1332:
1329:
1326:
1319:
1318:
1317:
1315:
1296:
1293:
1288:
1284:
1280:
1277:
1274:
1267:
1266:
1265:
1263:
1259:
1255:
1251:
1250:Eastman Kodak
1227:
1224:
1219:
1215:
1211:
1208:
1205:
1198:
1197:
1196:
1194:
1190:
1186:
1162:
1157:
1153:
1149:
1146:
1141:
1136:
1131:
1128:
1123:
1118:
1115:
1112:
1105:
1104:
1103:
1101:
1097:
1073:
1068:
1064:
1060:
1057:
1052:
1048:
1044:
1041:
1036:
1032:
1028:
1025:
1020:
1016:
1012:
1009:
1006:
1003:
1000:
997:
990:
989:
988:
986:
982:
978:
954:
949:
945:
941:
938:
935:
932:
929:
924:
920:
912:
911:
910:
908:
884:
879:
874:
871:
868:
861:
860:
859:
857:
853:
852:Kasson Gibson
849:
836:
832:
812:
805:
800:
794:
789:
785:
781:
777:
773:
771:
766:
762:
758:
754:
750:
746:
745:Munsell value
730:
723:
714:
707:
698:
691:
675:
664:
655:
648:
636:
627:
613:
593:
571:
567:
546:
523:
520:
511:
484:
481:
472:
439:
427:
411:
391:
371:
349:
345:
332:
327:
323:
319:
317:
312:
310:
306:
302:
297:
295:
291:
287:
276:
269:
260:
256:
249:
235:
233:
229:
225:
221:
219:
215:
199:
177:
173:
164:
160:
142:
138:
129:
113:
104:
100:
98:
94:
90:
71:
61:
57:
50:
46:
41:
35:
30:
19:
4232:Fluorescence
4211:
4195:Colorfulness
4188:Dichromatism
4032:
4024:
3994:Chromaticity
3977:Color mixing
3969:Color theory
3902:Color scheme
3765:Chromophobia
3714:
3470:
3453:
3446:
3441:
3434:
3429:
3422:
3417:
3409:
3405:
3400:
3393:
3388:
3381:
3376:
3369:
3364:
3357:
3352:
3344:
3339:
3332:
3327:
3320:
3315:
3308:
3303:
3286:
3282:
3276:
3259:
3253:
3247:
3239:
3218:
3212:
3203:
3178:
3172:
3166:
3149:
3145:
3139:
3114:
3110:
3104:
3071:
3065:
3059:
3034:
3028:
3022:
2997:
2991:
2985:
2960:
2956:
2950:
2925:
2919:
2909:
2901:
2880:
2874:
2868:
2859:
2853:
2833:
2826:
2791:
2787:
2777:
2763:(1): 20–27.
2760:
2756:
2750:
2738:
2733:
2691:
2683:
2553:
2430:
2414:
2410:
2406:
2393:
2390:
2357:
2333:
2153:
2083:
2058:
2045:
1996:
1921:
1732:) ≈ 0.008856
1706:
1698:
1687:
1673:
1665:
1643:
1635:
1622:
1612:
1610:
1523:
1507:
1500:
1496:
1436:
1372:
1370:
1311:
1247:
1182:
1093:
974:
907:Louise Sloan
904:
855:
848:Irwin Priest
846:
810:
803:
792:
783:
779:
778:– Munsell's
775:
774:
742:
728:
712:
696:
670:
653:
328:
324:
320:
313:
298:
283:
273:Fig 2b. The
258:
253:Fig 2a. The
222:
217:
105:
101:
55:
54:
29:
4369:Color chart
4227:Iridescence
4059:Basic terms
4050:Color terms
4004:Color wheel
3999:Color solid
3863:Color space
3849:subtractive
3832:Color model
3703:Unique hues
3599:Colorimetry
3565:Chromophore
3289:(1): 6–15.
3152:(9): 1137.
2916:Sloan, L.L.
1659:which maps
1627:white point
1189:Leo Hurvich
331:color space
316:HSL and HSV
224:Chiaroscuro
157:as used in
126:as used in
89:colorimetry
18:Color value
4548:Photometry
4537:Categories
4389:Shades of:
4222:Brightness
3954:Web colors
3910:Color tool
3893:philosophy
3798:Color cast
3698:Afterimage
3688:Metamerism
3661:Color code
3656:Color task
3639:Dichromacy
2741:(1996) by
2725:References
2714:Brightness
2419:J = 100 (A
2387:h – 45°)|,
2072:J = 100 (A
1254:television
1096:Parry Moon
981:Deane Judd
801:is 97.5%,
309:saturation
4239:Grayscale
4212:Lightness
4207:Luminance
4016:(fashion)
3716:The dress
3478:Lightness
2294:−
2066:CIECAM97s
2016:grey card
1998:far from
1979:−
1938:⋆
1899:otherwise
1752:) ≈ 903.3
1653:> 0.01
1593:−
1543:⋆
1479:−
1456:⋆
1414:−
1391:⋆
1348:−
1314:cube root
1294:−
1258:power-law
1225:−
1061:0.0008404
1042:−
1010:−
939:−
829:% ≈ 102.6
572:∗
516:′
477:′
444:′
424:, of the
350:∗
275:Adobe RGB
261:* values.
228:Tenebrism
178:∗
143:∗
60:luminance
56:Lightness
4512:Category
4494:Lighting
4217:Darkness
4037:(Goethe)
3837:additive
3825:Quattron
3096:27613265
3088:13505974
2818:13430776
2708:See also
2036:mid grey
1806:if
1503:< 98%
1499:1% <
1371:Glasser
1045:0.021009
942:0.004743
770:CIECAM02
606:and HSV
128:CIECAM02
4476:Related
4437:Magenta
4362:history
4266:Pantone
3553:Visible
3548:Rainbow
3223:Bibcode
3183:Bibcode
3131:5888593
3039:Bibcode
3002:Bibcode
2965:Bibcode
2930:Bibcode
2885:Bibcode
2796:Bibcode
2385:
2373:
2344:S-curve
2188:
2176:
2172:
2160:
2032:
2020:
2012:
2000:
1750:
1738:
1730:
1718:
1714:
1695:
1681:
1662:
1651:
1632:
1620:CIE XYZ
1618:is the
1510:< 1%
1029:0.23951
1013:0.23111
827:
815:
586:. HSL
232:shading
214:Munsell
47:in the
4553:Vision
4489:Qualia
4484:Vision
4432:Purple
4427:Violet
4407:Yellow
4402:Orange
4097:Orange
4092:Purple
4082:Yellow
3516:topics
3129:
3094:
3086:
2841:
2816:
2788:Nature
2421:sample
2074:sample
1611:where
1525:CIELAB
1417:18.38.
1373:et al.
1351:1.636.
1297:1.324.
1004:1.2219
979:, and
933:1.4742
335:fig. 1
294:chroma
163:CIELUV
159:CIELAB
43:Three
4543:Color
4522:Index
4462:Black
4452:White
4447:Brown
4412:Green
4314:Lists
4306:Names
4288:(CIE)
4257:Color
4117:Brown
4112:White
4102:Black
4072:Green
3891:Color
3587:Water
3543:Light
3514:Color
3240:Note:
3092:S2CID
2902:Note:
2479:27.13
2425:white
2352:white
2078:white
1690:* = 0
1399:25.29
1333:2.468
1289:0.352
1281:2.217
1228:1.52.
1220:0.343
1212:2.357
1158:0.426
1142:0.426
1132:19.77
795:= 100
776:Note.
299:In a
218:value
97:color
4457:Gray
4442:Pink
4422:Blue
4417:Cyan
4107:Gray
4087:Pink
4067:Blue
3854:CMYK
3255:JOSA
3214:JOSA
3174:JOSA
3127:PMID
3084:PMID
3030:JOSA
2993:JOSA
2921:JOSA
2876:JOSA
2839:ISBN
2814:PMID
2667:0.25
2532:0.42
2467:1220
2403:2002
2359:the
2354:+ 3)
2340:cd/m
2297:0.73
2042:1997
1813:>
1520:1976
1433:1964
1367:1958
1244:1955
1187:and
1179:1944
1098:and
1090:1943
971:1943
901:1933
843:1920
824:97.5
806:= 10
743:The
500:and
404:and
292:and
255:sRGB
226:and
161:and
91:and
45:hues
4397:Red
4183:Hue
4077:Red
3842:RGB
3291:doi
3264:doi
3231:doi
3191:doi
3154:doi
3119:doi
3076:doi
3047:doi
3010:doi
2973:doi
2938:doi
2893:doi
2804:doi
2792:179
2765:doi
2423:/ A
2226:122
2076:/ A
1982:16.
1946:116
1716:= (
1685:to
1683:= 0
1596:16.
1551:116
1482:17.
1150:1.4
818:100
314:In
290:hue
286:HCL
130:or
4539::
3287:39
3285:.
3260:66
3258:.
3229:.
3219:53
3217:.
3189:.
3179:48
3177:.
3150:43
3148:.
3125:.
3113:.
3090:.
3082:.
3072:64
3070:.
3045:.
3035:34
3033:.
3008:.
2998:33
2996:.
2971:.
2961:33
2959:.
2936:.
2926:23
2924:.
2891:.
2881:23
2879:.
2812:.
2802:.
2790:.
2786:.
2761:27
2759:.
2704:.
2657:10
2589:10
2522:10
2455:bb
2396:HK
2369:HK
2327:bb
2252:10
2214:bb
2096:cz
2029:58
2023:33
1891:29
1862:29
1826:29
1741:29
1727:29
1516:.
1464:25
1195:.
875:10
850:,
813:=
772:.
759:,
311:.
220:.
165:.
3506:e
3499:t
3492:v
3412:)
3297:.
3293::
3270:.
3266::
3237:.
3233::
3225::
3197:.
3193::
3185::
3160:.
3156::
3133:.
3121::
3115:4
3098:.
3078::
3053:.
3049::
3041::
3016:.
3012::
3004::
2979:.
2975::
2967::
2944:.
2940::
2932::
2899:.
2895::
2887::
2847:.
2820:.
2806::
2798::
2771:.
2767::
2662:)
2652:3
2645:A
2641:L
2637:5
2630:(
2625:)
2622:4
2619:+
2614:e
2611:t
2608:i
2605:h
2602:w
2598:A
2594:(
2585:J
2577:c
2574:4
2569:=
2566:Q
2527:)
2517:Y
2510:3
2503:A
2498:L
2493:5
2484:(
2474:+
2471:1
2462:=
2450:N
2445:A
2427:)
2382:2
2379:/
2376:1
2367:J
2336:A
2325:N
2308:1
2305:+
2288:)
2279:3
2272:A
2268:L
2264:5
2258:Y
2249:1
2241:(
2236:2
2233:+
2230:1
2221:=
2209:N
2204:A
2185:5
2182:/
2179:1
2169:5
2166:/
2163:1
2133:5
2130:1
2124:+
2121:1
2114:n
2109:+
2106:1
2100:=
2080:)
2026:/
2009:3
2006:/
2003:1
1975:)
1967:n
1962:Y
1958:Y
1953:(
1949:f
1943:=
1934:L
1888:4
1883:+
1880:t
1875:2
1870:)
1865:6
1857:(
1850:3
1847:1
1836:3
1831:)
1823:6
1818:(
1810:t
1797:3
1794:1
1789:t
1782:{
1777:=
1774:)
1771:t
1768:(
1765:f
1747:3
1744:/
1736:(
1724:/
1721:6
1710:n
1707:Y
1703:/
1699:Y
1688:L
1677:n
1674:Y
1670:/
1666:Y
1647:n
1644:Y
1640:/
1636:Y
1623:Y
1616:n
1613:Y
1587:3
1584:1
1578:)
1570:n
1565:Y
1561:Y
1556:(
1548:=
1539:L
1508:Y
1501:Y
1473:3
1469:Y
1461:=
1452:W
1408:3
1404:Y
1396:=
1387:L
1342:3
1338:Y
1330:=
1327:V
1285:Y
1278:=
1275:V
1216:Y
1209:=
1206:V
1163:.
1154:Y
1147:=
1137:)
1129:Y
1124:(
1119:5
1116:=
1113:V
1074:.
1069:5
1065:V
1058:+
1053:4
1049:V
1037:3
1033:V
1026:+
1021:2
1017:V
1007:V
1001:=
998:Y
955:.
950:2
946:Y
936:Y
930:=
925:2
921:V
885:.
880:Y
872:=
869:V
856:Y
821:/
811:Y
804:V
793:Y
784:Y
780:V
731:.
729:L
715:.
713:V
699:.
697:I
677:.
673:′
671:Y
654:L
614:V
594:L
568:L
547:Y
527:)
524:V
521:U
512:Y
508:(
488:)
485:Q
482:I
473:Y
469:(
449:)
440:Y
436:(
412:Z
392:X
372:Y
346:L
259:L
200:L
174:L
139:L
114:J
75:)
72:L
69:(
36:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
