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712:, it determines how quarks and gluons interact through the strong force; however, rather than there being only positive and negative charges, there are three "charges", commonly called red, green, and blue. Additionally, there are three "anti-colors", commonly called anti-red, anti-green, and anti-blue. Unlike electric charge, color charge is never observed in nature: in all cases, red, green, and blue (or anti-red, anti-green, and anti-blue) or any color and its anti-color combine to form a "color-neutral" system. For example, the three quarks making up any
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1713:. The color charge of each of these fields is fully specified by the representations. Quarks have a color charge of red, green or blue and antiquarks have a color charge of antired, antigreen or antiblue. Gluons have a combination of two color charges (one of red, green, or blue and one of antired, antigreen, or antiblue) in a superposition of states that are given by the Gell-Mann matrices. All other particles have zero color charge. Mathematically speaking, the color charge of a particle is the value of a certain quadratic
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Since gluons carry color charge, two gluons can also interact. A typical interaction vertex (called the three gluon vertex) for gluons involves g + g â g. This is shown here, along with its color-line representation. The color-line diagrams can be restated in terms of conservation
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In quantum chromodynamics (QCD), a quark's color can take one of three values or charges: red, green, and blue. An antiquark can take one of three anticolors: called antired, antigreen, and antiblue (represented as cyan, magenta, and yellow, respectively). Gluons are mixtures of two colors, such as
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Color charge is conserved, but the book-keeping involved in this is more complicated than just adding up the charges, as is done in quantum electrodynamics. One simple way of doing this is to look at the interaction vertex in QCD and replace it by a color-line representation. The meaning is the
1600:
774:, but it was referred to in later papers as "the three-triplet model". One feature of the model (which was originally preferred by Han and Nambu) was that it permitted integrally charged quarks, as well as the fractionally charged quarks initially proposed by Zweig and Gell-Mann.
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In the simple language introduced previously, the three indices "1", "2" and "3" in the quark triplet above are usually identified with the three colors. The colorful language misses the following point. A gauge transformation in color SU(3) can be written as
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and electric charges, the strong force acting between color charges can be depicted using field lines. However, the color field lines do not arc outwards from one charge to another as much, because they are pulled together tightly by gluons (within 1
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All three colors mixed together, all three anticolors mixed together, or a combination of a color and its anticolor is "colorless" or "white" and has a net color charge of zero. Due to a property of the strong interaction called
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representation tracks these indices. Color charge conservation means that the ends of these color lines must be either in the initial or final state, equivalently, that no lines break in the middle of a diagram.
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matrix that belongs to the group SU(3). Thus, after gauge transformation, the new colors are linear combinations of the old colors. In short, the simplified language introduced before is not gauge invariant.
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is composed of three quarks, which must be one each of red, green, and blue colors; likewise an antibaryon is composed of three antiquarks, one each of antired, antigreen and antiblue. A
1243:{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}A_{\mu }&\to A_{\mu }+\partial _{\mu }\,\phi (x)\\\psi &\to \exp \left\;\psi \\{\bar {\psi }}&\to \exp \left\;{\bar {\psi }}~,\end{aligned}}}
785:(QCD) to describe the interaction of quarks and gluons within hadrons. In Gell-Mann's QCD, each quark and gluon has fractional electric charge, and carries what came to be called
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An animation of the interaction inside a neutron. The gluons are represented as circles with the color charge in the center and the anti-color charge on the outside.
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1595:{\displaystyle {\overline {\psi }}={\begin{pmatrix}{\overline {\psi }}_{1}^{*}\\{\overline {\psi }}_{2}^{*}\\{\overline {\psi }}_{3}^{*}\end{pmatrix}}.}
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red and antigreen, which constitutes their color charge. QCD considers eight gluons of the possible nine colorâanticolor combinations to be unique; see
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The pattern of strong charges for the three colors of quark, three antiquarks, and eight gluons (with two of zero charge overlapping).
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and a charge are different but related notions. The coupling constant sets the magnitude of the force of interaction; for example, in
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in the electroweak theory. In the electroweak theory, the W also carries electric charge, and hence interacts with a photon.
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has charge +1, implying that the gauge transformation has opposite effects on them in some sense. Specifically, if a local
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theory, the representations, and hence the color charges, are more complicated. They are dealt with in the next section.
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to describe the internal degree of freedom of the three-triplet model, and advocated a new field theory, designated as
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is made from one quark and one antiquark; the quark can be any color, and the antiquark has the matching anticolor.
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laws of color; however, as noted before, this is not a gauge invariant language. Note that in a typical
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Greenberg, Oscar
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and the labels red, green, and blue became popular simply because of the loose analogy to the
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carries the charge of the theory, and hence has interactions of this kind; for example, the
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The "color charge" of quarks and gluons is completely unrelated to the everyday meanings of
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Green quark has absorbed the blueâantigreen gluon and is now blue; color remains conserved
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968:: Color charge has "ternary neutral states" as well as binary neutrality (analogous to
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1472:{\displaystyle \psi ={\begin{pmatrix}\psi _{1}\\\psi _{2}\\\psi _{3}\end{pmatrix}}}
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The quark anticolors (antired, antigreen, antiblue) also combine to be colorless
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Han and Nambu initially designated this degree of freedom by the group
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Quantum
Physics of Atoms, Molecules, Solids, Nuclei and Particles
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in 1964, color charge was implicitly introduced the same year by
1679:{\displaystyle {\mathbf {A} }_{\mu }=A_{\mu }^{a}\lambda _{a}.}
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A hadron with 3 quarks (red, green, blue) before a color change
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denotes its antiparticle â the positron). Since QCD is a
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The quark colors (red, green, blue) combine to be colorless
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Shortly after the existence of quarks was proposed by
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is applied in electrodynamics, then one finds (using
1954:"Color Charge Degree of Freedom in Particle Physics"
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1960:, Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer, pp. 109â111,
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2000:(2nd ed.), John Wiley & Sons, p.
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2336:Mathematical formulation of the Standard Model
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1893:Color-line representation of 3-gluon vertex
1605:The gluon contains an octet of fields (see
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27:Quantum number related to the strong force
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121:Learn how and when to remove this message
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1010:under the gauge group. For example, the
1002:is a coupling constant. The charge in a
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720:universally have opposite color charge.
84:This article includes a list of general
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2054:(4th ed.), John Wiley & Sons,
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1717:in the representation of the particle.
884:Blue quark emits a blueâantigreen gluon
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2099:Introduction to Elementary Particles
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1994:R. Resnick, R. Eisberg (1985),
1743:{\displaystyle \psi \to U\psi }
977:: Quark/antiquark combinations.
951:Fields due to color charges of
53:or discuss these issues on the
2487:Causal dynamical triangulation
2116:Christman, J. Richard (2001),
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2030:(2nd ed.), Mc Graw Hill,
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1958:Compendium of Quantum Physics
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287:Spontaneous symmetry breaking
2097:Griffiths, David J. (1987),
1966:10.1007/978-3-540-70626-7_32
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1925:Gluon field strength tensor
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1697:= 1, 2, ... 8). All other
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18:Color (quantum mechanics)
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1900:non-abelian gauge theory
1359:of quark belongs to the
1270:{\displaystyle A_{\mu }}
2279:Quantum electrodynamics
2269:Electroweak interaction
2134:A Brief History of Time
2082:, Perseus Books Group,
2078:Georgi, Howard (1999),
1000:fine-structure constant
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305:Electroweak interaction
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2151:Close, Frank (2007),
2052:Understanding Physics
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1034:tensor index notation
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339:Neutrino oscillations
259:of the Standard Model
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2482:Loop quantum gravity
2421:Theory of everything
2416:Grand Unified Theory
2390:Neutrino oscillation
2237:Quantum field theory
2153:The New Cosmic Onion
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257:Elementary particles
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2118:"Color and Charm"
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2089:978-0-7382-0233-4
2037:978-0-07-051400-3
2011:978-0-471-87373-0
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2524:
2518:
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2512:
2511:
2508:
2507:
2505:
2504:
2502:Twistor theory
2499:
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2393:
2392:
2387:
2382:
2381:
2380:
2370:
2365:
2359:
2357:
2350:
2348:Standard Model
2342:
2341:
2339:
2338:
2333:
2328:
2323:
2317:
2315:
2311:
2310:
2303:
2301:
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2259:
2254:
2244:
2239:
2234:
2233:
2232:
2227:
2222:
2211:
2209:
2205:
2204:
2201:Standard Model
2197:
2196:
2189:
2182:
2174:
2168:
2167:
2161:
2148:
2142:
2129:
2113:
2107:
2094:
2088:
2073:
2070:
2067:
2066:
2060:
2042:
2036:
2016:
2010:
1986:
1974:
1940:
1939:
1937:
1934:
1933:
1932:
1927:
1922:
1915:
1912:
1875:
1869:
1863:
1836:
1814:represent the
1801:
1797:
1759:
1739:
1736:
1733:
1730:
1701:belong to the
1687:
1686:
1675:
1670:
1666:
1660:
1655:
1651:
1647:
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1636:
1603:
1602:
1591:
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1526:
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1506:
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1498:
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1436:
1435:
1430:
1426:
1422:
1421:
1419:
1414:
1411:
1376:
1342:
1338:
1307:
1304:
1264:
1260:
1235:
1226:
1223:
1215:
1211:
1208:
1205:
1202:
1199:
1195:
1192:
1188:
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1178:
1175:
1173:
1168:
1165:
1159:
1158:
1155:
1150:
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1143:
1140:
1137:
1134:
1130:
1127:
1123:
1119:
1116:
1113:
1110:
1108:
1106:
1103:
1102:
1099:
1096:
1093:
1090:
1084:
1080:
1076:
1071:
1067:
1063:
1060:
1058:
1054:
1050:
1046:
1045:
1008:representation
983:
980:
926:electric field
918:Main article:
915:
912:
911:
910:
907:
900:
898:
895:
888:
886:
883:
876:
874:
871:
864:
861:
860:
857:
850:
848:
845:
838:
814:free particles
794:
791:
765:Yoichiro Nambu
744:
741:
737:primary colors
685:
684:
682:
681:
674:
667:
659:
656:
655:
652:
651:
646:
641:
636:
631:
626:
621:
616:
611:
606:
601:
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591:
586:
581:
576:
571:
566:
561:
556:
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546:
541:
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531:
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511:
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501:
496:
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486:
481:
476:
471:
466:
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396:
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371:
366:
361:
355:
352:
351:
348:
347:
329:
326:
325:
322:
321:
303:
300:
299:
296:
295:
275:Standard Model
269:
266:
265:
262:
261:
255:
218:
217:
211:Standard Model
201:
200:
183:
182:
145:
143:
136:
129:
128:
83:
81:
74:
69:
43:
42:
40:
33:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2617:
2606:
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2598:
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2500:
2498:
2495:
2493:
2490:
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2483:
2480:
2478:
2475:
2473:
2472:String theory
2470:
2469:
2467:
2465:
2461:
2455:
2452:
2450:
2447:
2445:
2442:
2440:
2437:
2436:
2434:
2432:
2431:Supersymmetry
2428:
2422:
2419:
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2414:
2412:
2409:
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2401:
2397:
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2263:
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2258:
2255:
2253:
2250:
2249:
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2243:
2240:
2238:
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2231:
2228:
2226:
2223:
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2218:
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2206:
2202:
2195:
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2183:
2181:
2176:
2175:
2172:
2164:
2158:
2154:
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2145:
2139:
2135:
2130:
2126:
2119:
2114:
2110:
2104:
2100:
2095:
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2076:
2075:
2063:
2057:
2053:
2046:
2039:
2033:
2029:
2028:
2020:
2013:
2007:
2003:
1999:
1998:
1990:
1977:
1971:
1967:
1963:
1959:
1955:
1948:
1946:
1941:
1931:
1928:
1926:
1923:
1921:
1918:
1917:
1911:
1909:
1905:
1901:
1891:
1887:
1884:
1878:
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1859:
1825:
1799:
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1776:
1757:
1737:
1734:
1728:
1718:
1716:
1712:
1708:
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1700:
1696:
1692:
1689:(there is an
1673:
1668:
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1496:
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1428:
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1374:
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1340:
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1312:
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1291:
1285:
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1233:
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1206:
1200:
1197:
1193:
1190:
1186:
1182:
1179:
1174:
1163:
1153:
1148:
1141:
1135:
1132:
1128:
1125:
1121:
1117:
1114:
1109:
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1094:
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1074:
1069:
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1052:
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1035:
1029:
1025:
1021:
1017:
1013:
1009:
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1001:
997:
993:
989:
976:
971:
967:
962:
958:
954:
949:
945:
943:
939:
936:
932:
927:
921:
904:
899:
892:
887:
880:
875:
868:
863:
862:
854:
849:
842:
837:
836:
835:
833:
828:
826:
822:
817:
815:
811:
805:
803:
802:
790:
788:
784:
780:
775:
773:
768:
766:
762:
761:Moo-Young Han
758:
754:
750:
740:
738:
734:
730:
726:
721:
719:
715:
711:
707:
703:
699:
695:
691:
680:
675:
673:
668:
666:
661:
660:
658:
657:
650:
647:
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637:
635:
632:
630:
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622:
620:
617:
615:
612:
610:
607:
605:
602:
600:
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595:
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590:
587:
585:
582:
580:
577:
575:
572:
570:
567:
565:
562:
560:
557:
555:
552:
550:
547:
545:
542:
540:
537:
535:
532:
530:
527:
525:
522:
520:
517:
515:
512:
510:
507:
505:
502:
500:
497:
495:
492:
490:
487:
485:
482:
480:
477:
475:
472:
470:
467:
465:
462:
460:
457:
455:
452:
450:
447:
445:
442:
440:
437:
435:
432:
430:
427:
425:
422:
420:
417:
415:
412:
410:
407:
405:
402:
400:
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395:
392:
390:
387:
385:
382:
380:
377:
375:
372:
370:
367:
365:
362:
360:
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356:
350:
349:
344:
340:
336:
332:
324:
323:
318:
314:
310:
306:
298:
297:
292:
288:
284:
280:
276:
272:
264:
263:
258:
220:
219:
216:
212:
209:
208:
205:
197:
194:
179:
176:
168:
156:
155:
149:
144:
135:
134:
125:
122:
114:
104:
100:
94:
93:
87:
82:
73:
72:
67:
65:
58:
57:
52:
51:
46:
41:
32:
31:
19:
2576:
2564:
2454:Supergravity
2314:Constituents
2294:Weak isospin
2252:Color charge
2251:
2242:Gauge theory
2152:
2133:
2124:
2098:
2079:
2051:
2045:
2026:
2019:
1996:
1989:
1979:, retrieved
1957:
1908:W boson
1896:
1882:
1876:
1870:
1864:
1858:color labels
1857:
1823:
1785:
1719:
1706:
1694:
1688:
1614:
1604:
1396:
1364:
1323:
1317:
1294:(a bar over
1289:
1283:
1027:
1023:
1004:gauge theory
985:
974:
965:
956:
923:
829:
818:
806:
799:
796:
787:color charge
786:
782:
778:
776:
769:
753:George Zweig
746:
732:
722:
708:(QCD). Like
690:Color charge
689:
688:
301:Constituents
283:Gauge theory
204:
189:
171:
162:
151:
117:
108:
89:
61:
54:
48:
47:Please help
44:
2515:Experiments
2406:Technicolor
2368:Dark matter
2262:Quark model
2230:Higgs boson
2225:Gauge boson
1904:gauge boson
1709:) of color
1607:gluon field
1300:non-abelian
1281:field, and
759:. In 1965,
731:. The term
479:Chamberlain
327:Limitations
103:introducing
2594:Categories
2522:Gran Sasso
2346:Beyond the
2321:CKM matrix
2208:Background
1981:2024-09-17
1936:References
1883:color-line
449:Iliopoulos
359:Rutherford
353:Scientists
313:CKM matrix
267:Background
165:March 2009
111:March 2009
86:references
50:improve it
1796:ψ
1738:ψ
1732:→
1729:ψ
1699:particles
1665:λ
1654:μ
1641:μ
1577:∗
1566:¯
1563:ψ
1551:∗
1540:¯
1537:ψ
1525:∗
1514:¯
1511:ψ
1492:¯
1489:ψ
1453:ψ
1439:ψ
1425:ψ
1410:ψ
1389:antiquark
1375:ψ
1337:α
1263:μ
1225:¯
1222:ψ
1201:ϕ
1191:−
1183:
1177:→
1167:¯
1164:ψ
1154:ψ
1136:ϕ
1118:
1112:→
1105:ψ
1089:ϕ
1083:μ
1079:∂
1070:μ
1062:→
1053:μ
639:de Mayolo
584:Schwinger
524:Kobayashi
414:Gell-Mann
379:Sudarshan
56:talk page
2566:Category
2547:Tevatron
2399:Theories
2356:Evidence
2220:Fermions
1914:See also
1750:, where
1016:positron
1012:electron
935:confines
629:Guralnik
574:Politzer
549:'t Hooft
504:Weinberg
499:Majorana
489:Schwartz
454:Lederman
439:Anderson
429:Friedman
389:Anderson
384:Davis Jr
369:Chadwick
2578:Commons
2542:Super-K
2378:problem
1357:flavour
1355:. Each
1277:is the
959:is the
942:hadrons
940:within
743:History
614:Englert
589:Wilczek
554:Veltman
529:Maskawa
484:Cabibbo
444:Glashow
419:Kendall
404:Feynman
364:Thomson
148:sources
99:improve
2600:Gluons
2159:
2140:
2105:
2086:
2058:
2034:
2008:
1972:
1881:. The
1387:. The
1322:. The
1279:photon
1250:where
1231:
998:, the
975:Bottom
953:quarks
938:quarks
821:baryon
729:charge
714:baryon
698:gluons
694:quarks
644:Lattes
634:Kibble
594:Cronin
579:Reines
544:Yukawa
459:Maiani
434:Powell
424:Taylor
409:Rubbia
88:, but
2444:NMSSM
2121:(PDF)
1824:color
1772:3 Ă 3
1770:is a
1711:SU(3)
1693:over
1320:SU(3)
986:In a
825:meson
779:color
772:SU(3)
733:color
725:color
718:meson
649:Zweig
624:Hagen
619:Brout
609:Higgs
604:Vleck
599:Fitch
569:Pauli
559:Gross
534:Mills
519:Salam
474:Nambu
469:Cowan
399:Dirac
394:Fermi
2439:MSSM
2157:ISBN
2138:ISBN
2103:ISBN
2084:ISBN
2056:ISBN
2032:ISBN
2006:ISBN
1970:ISBN
1902:the
1852:and
1292:= â1
990:, a
763:and
751:and
727:and
696:and
564:Pais
539:Yang
514:Ward
494:Perl
464:Meer
374:Bose
150:but
2537:SNO
2532:LHC
2527:INO
2002:684
1962:doi
1874:+ q
1868:â g
1621:as
1180:exp
1115:exp
966:Top
509:Lee
213:of
2596::
2123:,
2004:,
1968:,
1956:,
1944:^
1871:ij
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972:).
944:.
931:fm
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2186:t
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2112:.
2093:.
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1816:i
1800:i
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1572:3
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1024:Ï
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118:(
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109:(
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66:)
62:(
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