20:
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1482:) involved in the Colombian internal conflict through means of emerald smuggling and the selling of these precious stones on the international black market. The international demand for emeralds is currently at an all-time high, which secures the continued funneling of millions of dollars annually to illicit organizations in Colombia that acquire and sell emeralds on illegal premise in order to fund their existences.
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42:, located in northern South America, is the country that mines and produces the most emeralds for the global market, as well as the most desirable. It is estimated that Colombia accounts for 70–90% of the world's emerald market. While commercial grade emeralds are quite plentiful, fine and extra fine quality emeralds are extremely rare. Colombian emeralds over 50
103:
Fura, the woman, however, did not remain faithful. As a consequence, their immortality was taken away from them. Both soon aged rapidly, and they eventually died. Are later took pity on the unfortunate beings and turned them into two crags protected from storms and serpents and in whose depths Fura's tears became emeralds. Today, the
136:
control over the
Colombian mines. After Colombia's independence from Spain in 1819, the new government and other private mining companies assumed mining operations. Over the course of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, these mines were periodically shut down numerous times because of political situations within the country.
102:
An ancient
Colombian legend exists of two immortal human beings, a man and a woman—named Fura and Tena—created by the Muisca god Are in order to populate the earth. The only stipulation by Are was that these two human beings had to remain faithful to each other in order to retain their eternal youth.
1408:
Colombian emeralds are much sought after, and not just because of their superb quality and color. A gem's value depends upon its size, purity, color and brilliance. Even when they are mined in the same area, each individual emerald has its own unique look that sets it apart from the rest. Dark green
1448:
The terms Muzo and Chivor do not always refer to the particular mines that carry the same name. Instead, the two terms, originating from the local indigenous language, often describe the quality and color of emeralds. Muzo refers to a warm, grassy-green emerald, with hints of yellow. Chivor, on the
135:
Monarchs and the gem-loving royalty in India, Turkey, and Persia eventually sought the New World treasures once the gems arrived in Europe. These new emerald owners expanded their private collections with spectacular artifacts bedazzled with emeralds between 1600 and 1820, the time frame of Spain's
93:
For thousands of years, emeralds have been mined and considered one of the world's most valuable jewels. The first ever recorded emeralds date back to ancient Egypt, where they were particularly admired by Queen
Cleopatra. In addition to their aesthetic value, emeralds were highly valued in ancient
1494:
in the Muzo valley. During the day they scour the river beds and scavenge the mining fields for overlooked emeralds in private mines. By night, these smugglers try to rob safe houses that store the rough emeralds before they are able to be transported to safer areas. Guaqueros often compete with
1405:, and beryl. Emeralds are a variety of the mineral beryl that owe their color to trace amounts of chromium and vanadium. The source of these trace elements in the case of Colombian Emeralds is believed to be from interaction of the parent hydrothermal fluid and the black shale host rock.
131:
in the mid-1500s. It took Spain five decades to overpower the tribal Muzo people who occupied this entire mining area. Once in control, the
Spanish forced this native, indigenous population to work the mining fields that it previously held for many centuries.
1478:, and the government, has displaced millions and has killed thousands of people. The emerald trade is at the center of funding this ongoing civil conflict in Colombia. Emeralds have helped fund many of the armed non-state actors (
2193:
Pignatelli, Isabella; Giuliani, Gaston; Ohnenstetter, Daniel; Agrosì, Giovanna; Mathieu, Sandrine; Morlot, Christophe; Branquet, Yannick (2015), "Colombian
Trapiche Emeralds: Recent Advances in Understanding Their Formation",
76:, the increase in worldwide demand for the industry of the gemstones in the early 20th century has led prices for emeralds to nearly double on the global market. Until 2016, the Colombian emerald trade was at the center of
1452:
There are also many other smaller emerald mines in
Colombia which produce emeralds of all different grades, but these emeralds are usually of lower quality than the ones extracted from any of the three major mining areas.
1380:
and other minerals within the black shales. These fluids have been described as “basinal brines” and interacted chemically with organic material in the host shales, resulting in the precipitation of minerals such as
551:
The eastern belt of the emerald region of the
Eastern Ranges is located in the east of Cundinamarca and southeast of Boyacá, at around 110 kilometres (68 mi) distance from the western belt. Main areas are:
1528:– one of the most famous pieces of Colombian emerald-encrusted jewelry in the world. It has 453 stones totaling 1,521 carats. This piece includes the 45-carat Atahualpa Emerald, which was named after the last
1445:. Muzo and Coscuez are on long-term leases from the government to two Colombian companies, while Chivor is a privately owned mine. Muzo remains the most important emerald mine in the world to this date.
1278:
1855:
Branquet, Yannick; Cheilletz, Alain; Giuliani, Gaston; Laumonier, Bernard; Blanco, Oscar (1999). "Fluidized hydrothermal breccia in dilatant faults during thrusting: the
Colombian emerald deposits".
1923:
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Because of their value on the international market, Colombian emeralds create a large illicit trade. Emerald smugglers, called guaqueros, poach on the mines, particularly along the
2676:
1409:
is considered to be the most beautiful, scarce, and valuable color for emeralds. An emerald of this color is considered rare and is only found in the deepest mines of
Colombia.
111:, are the official guardians of Colombia's emerald zone. They are located roughly 30 km north of the mines of Muzo, the location of the largest emerald mines in Colombia.
1518:
Patricia
Emerald – this 630-carat, di-hexagonal cut was first discovered in 1920. It is named after the mine owner's daughter, Patricia. This emerald currently resides in the
774:
1032:
1027:
1055:
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times because they were believed to increase intelligence, protect marriages, ease childbirth, and thought to enable its possessor the power of predicting future events.
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2217:
La explotación de las esmeraldas de Muzo (Nueva Granada), en sus primeros tiempos – The exploitation of the emeralds of Muzo (New Kingdom of Granada), the first period
759:
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are the ones who are credited with discovering and marketing globally what we now call Colombian emeralds. Colombia, during pre-colonial times, was occupied by
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Colombia has dealt with a civil war starting from the mid-1950s that is still taking place in the country today. This sixty-year conflict between left-wing
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Asentamiento español y conflictos encomenderos en Muzo desde 1560 a 1617 - Spanish settlement and encomienda conflicts in Muzo from 1560 to 1617 (M.A.)
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TipologĂa y condiciones de formaciĂłn de las manifestaciones del sector esmeraldĂfero "Peña Coscuez" (municipio San Pablo de Borbur, Boyacá) (MSc.)
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are green and sometime green with a blueish-tint precious gemstones that are mined in various geological settings. They are minerals in the
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19:
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1602:
1550:– the second-biggest emerald in the world, with 2.2 kilograms (4.9 lb) or 11,000 carat, found in Muzo, in 1999
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3941:
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119:
Historians believe the indigenous people of Colombia mastered the art of mining as early as 500 AD. But Spanish
4138:
3509:
2123:"An evaporitic origin of the parent brines of Colombian emeralds: fluid inclusion and sulphur isotope evidence"
1499:
activity is monitored by the National Police, but arrests are infrequent and jail sentences are usually short.
652:
392:
62:
2121:
Giuliani, Gaston; Cheilletz, Alain; Arboleda, Carlos; Carrillo, Victor; Rueda, FĂ©lix; Baker, James H. (1995),
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267:
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2244:
1699:
1556:– the most valuable emerald in the world, 400 grams (0.88 lb) or 2,000 carat, found in Muzo, in 1999
359:
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1508:
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3602:
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2718:
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1972:
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722:
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2030:
Reyes, Germán; Montoya, Diana; Terraza, Roberto; Fuquen, Jaime; Mayorga, Marcela; Gaona, Tatiana;
1495:
other guaqueros for the same loots, most of which return a large profit on the black market. This
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departments, is where most Colombian emeralds are mined. The three major mines in Colombia are
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2080:"Emeralds in the Eastern Cordillera of Colombia: Two tectonic settings for one mineralization"
2009:
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1515:. This precious gem can now be viewed in a vault at the Natural History Museum in London.
1120:
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38:. For more than 4,000 years, emeralds have been among the most valuable of all jewels.
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Although the Colombian emerald trade has a rich history that dates as far back as the
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2017:
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391:. Furatena was the owner of the finest emeralds of the Muzo territories before the
4224:
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Branquet, Yannick; Laumonier, Bernard; Cheilletz, Alain; Giuliani, Gaston (1999),
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104:
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4010:
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2014:
Mitos y leyendas indĂgenas de Colombia – Indigenous myths and legends of Colombia
1704:
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107:, rising approximately 840 and 500 meters, respectively, above the valley of the
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1998:
Mapa geológico del Departamento de Cundinamarca 1:250,000 – Memoria Explicativa
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Mapa Geológico del Departamento de Boyacá – 1:250,000 – Memoria explicativa
1471:
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43:
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2207:
2037:
GeologĂa del cinturĂłn esmeraldĂfero occidental Planchas 169, 170, 189, 190
2016:(in Spanish), Bogotá, Colombia: Plaza & Janes Editores Colombia S.A.,
1562:– An 18th century Catholic monstrance composed of 1,485 emeralds from Muzo
1544:– brooch made from a Colombian emerald from an unknown mine, possibly Muzo
4123:
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Emerald, Muzo Mine, Vasquez-Yacopà Mining District, Boyacá Department
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Negative by-products of the Colombian emerald trade: The Green Wars
901:
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in the northeast. The main municipalities of the western belt are:
281:
The western emerald belt of Colombia stretches across northwestern
39:
35:
4274:
2077:
1854:
587:
69:, are the locations where most of the emerald mining takes place.
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The emeralds occur mainly in hydrothermal mineralizations in the
329:
27:
4248:
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2487:
2339:
1924:"Fighting Colombia's Green War: Treasure of the emerald forest"
1900:
Colour of Paradise: The Emerald in the Age of Gunpowder Empires
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993:
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RodrĂguez Parra, Antonio JosĂ©; Solano Silva, Orlando (2000),
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66:
31:
23:
Emeralds, Muzo Mine, Vasquez-YacopĂ Mining District, Colombia
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Emerald, Muzo Mine, Vasquez-YacopĂ Mining District, Colombia
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2109:
10.1130/0091-7613(1999)027<0597:EITECO>2.3.CO;2
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Geology and characteristics of 'Colombian' emeralds
46:can cost much more than diamonds of the same size.
4106:
1729:
80:, which has plagued the country since the 1950s.
4435:
1857:Geological Society, London, Special Publications
83:
1732:"The Fascinating History of Colombian Emeralds"
1810:
1808:
1683:
1425:The eastern portion of the Andes, between the
4037:
2324:
2277:BoletĂn de la Sociedad Geográfica de Colombia
2242:
2161:
1947:"Colombia To Polish Up Lawless Emerald Trade"
1838:
1836:
1538:– 858 carat emerald, found in Gachalá in 1967
3718:
3520:
2223:(in Spanish), vol. 3, pp. 99–104,
2008:
1449:other hand, describes a deeper green color.
439:Small airports serving the western belt are
3193:
2213:
1996:Acosta, Jorge E.; Ulloa, Carlos E. (2002),
1995:
1805:
1679:
1677:
1412:
127:indigenous people, who were overpowered by
4044:
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2917:
2331:
2317:
1833:
1345:Colombian emeralds are found primarily in
528:
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492:
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258:
249:
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231:
222:
213:
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195:
186:
177:
2579:
1944:
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1789:
1787:
1785:
1773:
1764:
1725:
1723:
1721:
1719:
1717:
1715:
1511:– this emerald was named after the sixth
1317:needs attention from an expert in Geology
1755:
1674:
1650:
1648:
1416:
1293:
97:
18:
1686:"The Green Spell of Colombian Emeralds"
1376:fluids and subsequent precipitation of
651:Cretaceous stratigraphy of the central
541:Emerald occurrences of the eastern belt
271:Emerald occurrences of the western belt
88:
4436:
4051:
1782:
1749:
1712:
1486:Dangers of the Colombian emerald trade
1328:may be able to help recruit an expert.
939:
382:, the latter named after the mythical
4025:
3717:
3507:
3192:
2916:
2578:
2352:
2312:
2271:[The emeralds from Colombia]
2266:
1850:
1848:
1645:
1193:
1119:
1085:
1019:
893:
867:
806:
785:
763:
753:
3508:
2162:Ortega Medina, Laura Milena (2007),
1897:
1503:Famous Colombian emeralds of history
1301:
2173:Universidad Industrial de Santander
139:
13:
4094:
2071:
1845:
1793:RodrĂguez & Solano, 2000, p.86
1520:American Museum of Natural History
14:
4455:
4239:
4179:
2294:
684:
594:The emeralds occur mostly in the
115:Colonial and independence periods
4419:
4405:
4404:
4006:
4005:
3680:Conquest of the Chibchan Nations
2461:
2254:Pontificia Universidad Javeriana
2243:Tequia Porras, Humberto (2008),
1930:. April 29, 2006. Archived from
1700:"Colombia: Emeralds and Bullets"
1603:List of mining areas in Colombia
1587:
1573:
1306:
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998:
906:
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457:
257:
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194:
185:
176:
158:
151:
1989:
1969:About.com: South America Travel
1957:
1938:
1916:
1891:
1655:CiCeRi LLC Colombian Emeralds.
450:
144:
3975:Archaeology Museum of Sogamoso
2130:European Journal of Mineralogy
1842:Acosta & Ulloa, 2002, p.76
1816:"Emerald deposits of Colombia"
1692:
398:Major mines of this area are:
1:
3655:Pedro Fernández de Valenzuela
2214:Puche Riart, Octavio (1996),
1877:10.1144/gsl.sp.1999.155.01.14
1639:
84:History of emerald extraction
4391:Mineral industry of Colombia
4062:
3381:Diego de Torres y Moyachoque
2269:"Las esmeraldas de Colombia"
1945:Bloomberg (March 15, 1998).
1657:"Emerald: The Queen of Gems"
7:
3980:Archaeology Museum of Pasca
1566:
10:
4460:
4147:Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada
3985:Metropolitan Museum of Art
3650:Ortún Velázquez de Velasco
3588:Bartolomé Camacho Zambrano
2483:Battle of Chocontá (~1490)
2353:
2338:
2304:Las esmeraldas de Colombia
1509:Duke of Devonshire Emerald
1277:
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4373:
4310:
4287:
4238:
4178:
4169:
4137:
4114:
4105:
4092:
4061:
4001:
3960:
3917:
3876:
3728:
3724:
3713:
3695:Battle of Tocarema (1538)
3672:
3645:Miguel HolguĂn y Figueroa
3570:
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3435:
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3311:
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3000:
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2717:
2708:
2687:
2678:Ubaté-Chiquinquirá Valley
2589:
2585:
2574:
2533:
2470:
2459:
2363:
2359:
2348:
2267:Uribe, Sylvano E (1960),
1902:. Yale University Press.
1779:Reyes et al., 2006, p.106
1770:Reyes et al., 2006, p.105
1360:-driven fluidization and
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741:
736:
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689:
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159:
78:Colombia's civil conflict
4311:Individual emeralds (ct)
3947:University of Pittsburgh
3942:Universidad La Javeriana
3937:Universidad de los Andes
3719:Research and collections
1802:Ocampo LĂłpez, 2013, p.98
1413:Mining areas in Colombia
1372:led to the transport of
1364:of host rock within the
723:Altiplano Cundiboyacense
653:Colombian Eastern Ranges
289:to the extreme south of
16:Green precious gemstones
3603:Hernán Venegas Carrillo
3578:Antonio DĂaz de Cardoso
3194:Caciques and neighbours
2478:Battle of Pasca (~1470)
1730:Sanchez International.
4099:
3690:Conquest of the Panche
3673:Neighbouring conquests
2918:Religion and mythology
1965:"Emeralds of Colombia"
1476:Colombian drug cartels
1422:
1299:
24:
4098:
3552:Gonzalo Suárez Rendón
2580:Geography and history
2252:(M.A.) (in Spanish),
2208:10.5741/GEMS.51.3.222
1613:Muisca emerald mining
1542:Hooker Emerald Brooch
1420:
1297:
98:Ancient emerald myths
22:
3932:Universidad Nacional
3685:Conquest of the Muzo
3593:Gonzalo GarcĂa Zorro
3146:Mythological figures
3137:Monster of Lake Tota
2873:Muisca Confederation
2150:10.1127/ejm/7/1/0151
2010:Ocampo LĂłpez, Javier
1758:"Jewels of Colombia"
1684:Proexport Colombia.
1366:Colombian Cordillera
538:class=notpageimage|
301:in the southwest to
268:class=notpageimage|
89:Pre-Columbian period
4215:San Pablo de Borbur
3919:Research institutes
3660:Pedro RuĂz Corredor
2279:, 65 (in Spanish),
2196:Gems & Gemology
2142:1995EJMin...7..151G
2101:1999Geo....27..597B
1898:Lane, Kris (2010).
1869:1999GSLSP.155..183B
1608:Muzo emerald mining
1470:groups, right-wing
1326:WikiProject Geology
1315:This documentation
655:
627:La Vega de San Juan
380:Furatena Formations
320:San Pablo de Borbur
105:Fura and Tena peaks
4444:Colombian emeralds
4324:Duke of Devonshire
4318:Crown of the Andes
4124:The Emerald People
4100:
4054:Colombian emeralds
3640:MartĂn Yañéz Tafur
3608:Juan de AlbarracĂn
3583:Antonio de Lebrija
3562:Juan de San MartĂn
3547:Baltasar Maldonado
3537:Gonzalo de Quesada
3034:Goranchacha Temple
2688:Neighbouring areas
2186:2017-01-06 at the
1934:on April 24, 2008.
1526:Crown of the Andes
1513:Duke of Devonshire
1423:
1300:
692:Villeta anticlinal
650:
424:Peñas Blancas mine
25:
4431:
4430:
4283:
4282:
4171:Main mining areas
4165:
4164:
4019:
4018:
3997:
3996:
3993:
3992:
3843:Reichel-Dolmatoff
3709:
3708:
3705:
3704:
3668:
3667:
3542:Hernán de Quesada
3499:
3498:
3495:
3494:
3491:
3490:
3389:
3388:
3307:
3306:
3184:
3183:
3180:
3179:
3176:
3175:
3109:
3108:
3029:Cojines del Zaque
2908:
2907:
2904:
2903:
2900:
2899:
2783:Piedras del Tunjo
2667:Flora & fauna
2570:
2569:
2566:
2565:
2023:978-958-14-1416-1
1343:
1342:
1284:
1283:
609:Major mines are:
604:Guavio Formations
285:and southwestern
74:pre-Columbian era
65:of the Colombian
4451:
4423:
4408:
4407:
4386:Furatena Airport
4374:Related articles
4289:Individual mines
4176:
4175:
4112:
4111:
4055:
4046:
4039:
4032:
4023:
4022:
4009:
4008:
3910:
3900:
3890:
3726:
3725:
3715:
3714:
3625:
3557:Juan de CĂ©spedes
3527:
3526:
3518:
3517:
3510:Spanish conquest
3505:
3504:
3465:Cariban-speaking
3404:Chibcha-speaking
3400:
3399:
3321:
3320:
3225:
3213:
3212:
3201:
3200:
3190:
3189:
3120:
3119:
3101:Tequendama Falls
3096:
3064:
3007:
3006:
2925:
2924:
2914:
2913:
2893:
2881:
2869:
2857:
2842:
2809:
2802:
2795:
2776:
2773:10,000 - 2800 BP
2753:
2736:
2727:
2715:
2714:
2679:
2650:
2587:
2586:
2576:
2575:
2465:
2438:
2361:
2360:
2350:
2349:
2342:
2333:
2326:
2319:
2310:
2309:
2302:
2290:
2289:
2288:
2274:
2263:
2262:
2261:
2251:
2239:
2238:
2237:
2222:
2210:
2182:
2181:
2180:
2175:, pp. 1–121
2170:
2158:
2157:
2156:
2127:
2117:
2116:
2115:
2084:
2067:
2066:, pp. 1–120
2054:
2053:
2052:
2047:, pp. 1–114
2042:
2026:
2005:
2004:, pp. 1–108
1984:
1983:
1981:
1980:
1971:. Archived from
1961:
1955:
1954:
1942:
1936:
1935:
1920:
1914:
1913:
1895:
1889:
1888:
1852:
1843:
1840:
1831:
1830:
1828:
1827:
1818:. Archived from
1812:
1803:
1800:
1794:
1791:
1780:
1777:
1771:
1768:
1762:
1761:
1753:
1747:
1746:
1744:
1743:
1734:. Archived from
1727:
1710:
1709:
1708:. July 12, 1971.
1696:
1690:
1689:
1681:
1672:
1671:
1669:
1668:
1659:. Archived from
1652:
1597:
1592:
1591:
1583:
1578:
1577:
1576:
1338:
1335:
1329:
1310:
1309:
1302:
1236:
1157:
1136:
1002:
910:
881:
860:
746:
732:
725:
718:
706:
694:
687:
680:
669:
656:
649:
531:
530:
522:
521:
513:
512:
504:
503:
495:
494:
486:
485:
475:
468:
467:
461:
441:Furatena Airport
393:Spanish conquest
261:
260:
252:
251:
243:
242:
234:
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225:
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216:
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207:
206:
198:
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161:
155:
140:Regional geology
4459:
4458:
4454:
4453:
4452:
4450:
4449:
4448:
4434:
4433:
4432:
4427:
4395:
4369:
4306:
4279:
4234:
4161:
4133:
4129:The Salt People
4101:
4090:
4057:
4053:
4050:
4020:
4015:
3989:
3956:
3913:
3908:
3898:
3888:
3872:
3720:
3701:
3664:
3623:
3566:
3512:
3487:
3459:
3437:Arawak-speaking
3431:
3385:
3363:
3303:
3281:
3252:
3243:Quemuenchatocha
3223:
3195:
3172:
3141:
3105:
3094:
3062:
3043:
2996:
2919:
2896:
2887:
2875:
2863:
2851:
2836:
2830:
2807:
2800:
2793:
2770:
2762:
2751:
2734:
2721:
2704:
2683:
2677:
2648:
2592:
2581:
2562:
2535:The Salt People
2529:
2466:
2457:
2436:
2355:
2344:
2340:
2337:
2300:
2297:
2286:
2284:
2272:
2259:
2257:
2256:, pp. 1–91
2249:
2235:
2233:
2231:
2220:
2188:Wayback Machine
2178:
2176:
2168:
2154:
2152:
2125:
2113:
2111:
2082:
2074:
2072:Further reading
2050:
2048:
2040:
2032:Etayo, Fernando
2024:
1992:
1987:
1978:
1976:
1963:
1962:
1958:
1951:Chicago Tribune
1943:
1939:
1928:The Independent
1922:
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1917:
1910:
1896:
1892:
1853:
1846:
1841:
1834:
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1797:
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1698:
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1682:
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1593:
1586:
1581:Colombia portal
1579:
1574:
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1569:
1536:Gachalá Emerald
1505:
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1459:
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1339:
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1324:
1311:
1307:
1292:
1286:
1156:
1151:
880:
875:
859:
854:
851:
811:
790:
775:ColĂłn-Mito Juan
728:
721:
714:
709:
702:
697:
690:
683:
672:
665:
648:
592:
549:
548:
547:
542:
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100:
91:
86:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4457:
4447:
4446:
4429:
4428:
4426:
4425:
4413:
4400:
4397:
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4394:
4393:
4388:
4383:
4377:
4375:
4371:
4370:
4368:
4367:
4357:
4351:
4345:
4339:
4336:Hooker Emerald
4333:
4327:
4321:
4314:
4312:
4308:
4307:
4305:
4304:
4299:
4293:
4291:
4285:
4284:
4281:
4280:
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4272:
4267:
4262:
4257:
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4244:
4242:
4236:
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4232:
4227:
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4217:
4212:
4207:
4202:
4197:
4192:
4184:
4182:
4173:
4167:
4166:
4163:
4162:
4160:
4159:
4157:Pedro de UrsĂşa
4154:
4149:
4143:
4141:
4135:
4134:
4132:
4131:
4126:
4120:
4118:
4109:
4103:
4102:
4093:
4091:
4089:
4088:
4086:Rosablanca Fm.
4083:
4078:
4076:Las Juntas Fm.
4073:
4067:
4065:
4059:
4058:
4049:
4048:
4041:
4034:
4026:
4017:
4016:
4014:
4013:
4002:
3999:
3998:
3995:
3994:
3991:
3990:
3988:
3987:
3982:
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3972:
3966:
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3958:
3957:
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3939:
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3929:
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3915:
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3911:
3901:
3891:
3880:
3878:
3874:
3873:
3871:
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3865:
3860:
3855:
3850:
3845:
3840:
3835:
3830:
3825:
3820:
3815:
3810:
3805:
3800:
3795:
3790:
3785:
3780:
3775:
3770:
3765:
3763:De Castellanos
3760:
3755:
3750:
3745:
3740:
3734:
3732:
3722:
3721:
3711:
3710:
3707:
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3657:
3652:
3647:
3642:
3637:
3635:MartĂn Galeano
3632:
3627:
3620:
3615:
3613:Juan del Junco
3610:
3605:
3600:
3598:Gonzalo MacĂas
3595:
3590:
3585:
3580:
3574:
3572:
3568:
3567:
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3554:
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3531:
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3497:
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3475:
3469:
3467:
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3441:
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3433:
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3408:
3406:
3397:
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3390:
3387:
3386:
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3383:
3377:
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3365:
3364:
3362:
3361:
3356:
3351:
3346:
3341:
3335:
3333:
3318:
3309:
3308:
3305:
3304:
3302:
3301:
3295:
3293:
3283:
3282:
3280:
3279:
3274:
3268:
3266:
3254:
3253:
3251:
3250:
3245:
3240:
3235:
3229:
3227:
3210:
3197:
3196:
3186:
3185:
3182:
3181:
3178:
3177:
3174:
3173:
3171:
3170:
3165:
3160:
3155:
3149:
3147:
3143:
3142:
3140:
3139:
3134:
3126:
3124:
3117:
3111:
3110:
3107:
3106:
3104:
3103:
3098:
3091:
3086:
3081:
3076:
3071:
3066:
3059:
3053:
3051:
3045:
3044:
3042:
3041:
3036:
3031:
3026:
3021:
3015:
3013:
3004:
2998:
2997:
2995:
2994:
2989:
2984:
2979:
2974:
2969:
2964:
2959:
2954:
2949:
2944:
2939:
2933:
2931:
2921:
2920:
2910:
2909:
2906:
2905:
2902:
2901:
2898:
2897:
2895:
2894:
2882:
2870:
2858:
2845:
2843:
2832:
2831:
2829:
2828:
2821:
2816:
2811:
2804:
2797:
2790:
2785:
2779:
2777:
2764:
2763:
2761:
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2755:
2748:
2743:
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2730:
2728:
2712:
2706:
2705:
2703:
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2697:
2691:
2689:
2685:
2684:
2682:
2681:
2674:
2669:
2664:
2659:
2658:
2657:
2652:
2643:Bogotá savanna
2640:
2639:
2638:
2633:
2628:
2623:
2618:
2613:
2608:
2597:
2595:
2593:Cundiboyacense
2583:
2582:
2572:
2571:
2568:
2567:
2564:
2563:
2561:
2560:
2555:
2550:
2545:
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2296:
2295:External links
2293:
2292:
2291:
2264:
2240:
2229:
2211:
2190:
2159:
2136:(1): 151–165,
2118:
2095:(7): 597–600,
2073:
2070:
2069:
2068:
2055:
2027:
2022:
2006:
1991:
1988:
1986:
1985:
1956:
1937:
1915:
1909:978-0300161311
1908:
1890:
1863:(1): 183–195.
1844:
1832:
1804:
1795:
1781:
1772:
1763:
1756:Genesis Gems.
1748:
1711:
1691:
1673:
1643:
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1638:
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1636:
1615:
1610:
1605:
1599:
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1595:Geology portal
1584:
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1497:illegal mining
1487:
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1462:The Green Wars
1458:
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695:
688:
685:W Emerald Belt
681:
670:
663:
660:
647:
646:
643:
640:
637:
634:
631:
628:
625:
622:
620:Somondoco mine
617:
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591:
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143:
141:
138:
116:
113:
99:
96:
90:
87:
85:
82:
63:Eastern Ranges
61:, both in the
49:The Colombian
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4456:
4445:
4442:
4441:
4439:
4424:
4422:
4418:
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4411:
4402:
4401:
4398:
4392:
4389:
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4379:
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4376:
4372:
4365:
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4358:
4355:
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4349:
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4343:
4340:
4337:
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4331:
4328:
4325:
4322:
4319:
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4313:
4309:
4303:
4300:
4298:
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4231:
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4218:
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4213:
4211:
4208:
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4201:
4198:
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4193:
4191:
4190:
4186:
4185:
4183:
4181:
4177:
4174:
4172:
4168:
4158:
4155:
4153:
4152:Luis Lanchero
4150:
4148:
4145:
4144:
4142:
4140:
4136:
4130:
4127:
4125:
4122:
4121:
4119:
4117:
4116:Pre-Columbian
4113:
4110:
4108:
4104:
4097:
4087:
4084:
4082:
4079:
4077:
4074:
4072:
4069:
4068:
4066:
4064:
4060:
4056:
4047:
4042:
4040:
4035:
4033:
4028:
4027:
4024:
4012:
4004:
4003:
4000:
3986:
3983:
3981:
3978:
3976:
3973:
3971:
3970:Museo del Oro
3968:
3967:
3965:
3963:
3959:
3953:
3950:
3948:
3945:
3943:
3940:
3938:
3935:
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3928:
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3916:
3907:
3906:
3902:
3897:
3896:
3892:
3887:
3886:
3882:
3881:
3879:
3875:
3869:
3866:
3864:
3861:
3859:
3856:
3854:
3851:
3849:
3846:
3844:
3841:
3839:
3836:
3834:
3833:De Piedrahita
3831:
3829:
3826:
3824:
3821:
3819:
3816:
3814:
3811:
3809:
3806:
3804:
3801:
3799:
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3786:
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3781:
3779:
3776:
3774:
3771:
3769:
3766:
3764:
3761:
3759:
3756:
3754:
3751:
3749:
3746:
3744:
3743:Acosta Samper
3741:
3739:
3736:
3735:
3733:
3731:
3727:
3723:
3716:
3712:
3696:
3693:
3692:
3691:
3688:
3686:
3683:
3681:
3678:
3677:
3675:
3671:
3661:
3658:
3656:
3653:
3651:
3648:
3646:
3643:
3641:
3638:
3636:
3633:
3631:
3630:Luis Lanchero
3628:
3626:
3621:
3619:
3616:
3614:
3611:
3609:
3606:
3604:
3601:
3599:
3596:
3594:
3591:
3589:
3586:
3584:
3581:
3579:
3576:
3575:
3573:
3569:
3563:
3560:
3558:
3555:
3553:
3550:
3548:
3545:
3543:
3540:
3538:
3535:
3534:
3532:
3528:
3525:
3523:
3522:Conquistadors
3519:
3515:
3511:
3506:
3502:
3484:
3481:
3479:
3476:
3474:
3471:
3470:
3468:
3466:
3462:
3456:
3453:
3451:
3448:
3446:
3443:
3442:
3440:
3438:
3434:
3428:
3425:
3423:
3420:
3418:
3415:
3413:
3410:
3409:
3407:
3405:
3401:
3398:
3396:
3392:
3382:
3379:
3378:
3376:
3374:
3370:
3366:
3360:
3357:
3355:
3352:
3350:
3347:
3345:
3344:Saguamanchica
3342:
3340:
3337:
3336:
3334:
3332:
3328:
3327:
3322:
3319:
3317:
3316:
3310:
3300:
3297:
3296:
3294:
3292:
3291:Tundama
3288:
3284:
3278:
3275:
3273:
3270:
3269:
3267:
3265:
3261:
3260:
3255:
3249:
3246:
3244:
3241:
3239:
3236:
3234:
3231:
3230:
3228:
3226:
3220:
3219:
3214:
3211:
3209:
3208:
3202:
3198:
3191:
3187:
3169:
3166:
3164:
3161:
3159:
3156:
3154:
3151:
3150:
3148:
3144:
3138:
3135:
3133:
3132:
3128:
3127:
3125:
3121:
3118:
3116:
3112:
3102:
3099:
3097:
3092:
3090:
3087:
3085:
3082:
3080:
3077:
3075:
3072:
3070:
3067:
3065:
3060:
3058:
3055:
3054:
3052:
3050:
3046:
3040:
3039:HunzahĂşa Well
3037:
3035:
3032:
3030:
3027:
3025:
3022:
3020:
3017:
3016:
3014:
3012:
3008:
3005:
3003:
2999:
2993:
2990:
2988:
2985:
2983:
2980:
2978:
2975:
2973:
2970:
2968:
2965:
2963:
2960:
2958:
2955:
2953:
2950:
2948:
2945:
2943:
2940:
2938:
2935:
2934:
2932:
2930:
2926:
2922:
2915:
2911:
2891:
2886:
2885:Cabildo Mayor
2883:
2879:
2874:
2871:
2867:
2862:
2859:
2855:
2850:
2847:
2846:
2844:
2840:
2833:
2827:
2826:
2825:El Infiernito
2822:
2820:
2817:
2815:
2812:
2810:
2805:
2803:
2798:
2796:
2791:
2789:
2786:
2784:
2781:
2780:
2778:
2774:
2769:
2765:
2759:
2756:
2754:
2749:
2747:
2744:
2742:
2739:
2737:
2735:Lake Humboldt
2732:
2731:
2729:
2725:
2724:<10,000 BP
2720:
2716:
2713:
2711:
2707:
2701:
2698:
2696:
2693:
2692:
2690:
2686:
2680:
2675:
2673:
2670:
2668:
2665:
2663:
2662:Eastern Hills
2660:
2656:
2653:
2651:
2646:
2645:
2644:
2641:
2637:
2634:
2632:
2629:
2627:
2624:
2622:
2619:
2617:
2616:Juan Amarillo
2614:
2612:
2609:
2607:
2604:
2603:
2602:
2599:
2598:
2596:
2594:
2588:
2584:
2577:
2573:
2559:
2556:
2554:
2551:
2549:
2546:
2544:
2541:
2540:
2538:
2536:
2532:
2526:
2523:
2521:
2520:
2516:
2514:
2511:
2509:
2506:
2504:
2501:
2499:
2496:
2494:
2491:
2489:
2486:
2484:
2481:
2479:
2476:
2475:
2473:
2469:
2464:
2454:
2451:
2449:
2446:
2444:
2441:
2439:
2434:
2432:
2429:
2427:
2424:
2422:
2419:
2417:
2414:
2412:
2409:
2407:
2406:Mummification
2404:
2402:
2399:
2397:
2394:
2392:
2389:
2387:
2384:
2382:
2379:
2377:
2374:
2372:
2369:
2368:
2366:
2362:
2358:
2351:
2347:
2343:
2334:
2329:
2327:
2322:
2320:
2315:
2314:
2311:
2305:
2299:
2298:
2282:
2278:
2270:
2265:
2255:
2248:
2247:
2241:
2232:
2226:
2219:
2218:
2212:
2209:
2205:
2201:
2197:
2191:
2189:
2185:
2174:
2167:
2166:
2160:
2151:
2147:
2143:
2139:
2135:
2131:
2124:
2119:
2110:
2106:
2102:
2098:
2094:
2090:
2089:
2081:
2076:
2075:
2065:
2061:
2056:
2046:
2039:
2038:
2033:
2028:
2025:
2019:
2015:
2011:
2007:
2003:
1999:
1994:
1993:
1975:on 2013-04-29
1974:
1970:
1966:
1960:
1952:
1948:
1941:
1933:
1929:
1925:
1919:
1911:
1905:
1901:
1894:
1886:
1882:
1878:
1874:
1870:
1866:
1862:
1858:
1851:
1849:
1839:
1837:
1822:on 2016-12-29
1821:
1817:
1811:
1809:
1799:
1790:
1788:
1786:
1776:
1767:
1759:
1752:
1738:on 2014-07-27
1737:
1733:
1726:
1724:
1722:
1720:
1718:
1716:
1707:
1706:
1701:
1695:
1687:
1680:
1678:
1663:on 2013-08-25
1662:
1658:
1651:
1649:
1644:
1635:
1631:
1627:
1623:
1619:
1616:
1614:
1611:
1609:
1606:
1604:
1601:
1600:
1596:
1590:
1585:
1582:
1571:
1561:
1558:
1555:
1552:
1549:
1546:
1543:
1540:
1537:
1534:
1531:
1527:
1524:
1521:
1517:
1514:
1510:
1507:
1506:
1500:
1498:
1493:
1483:
1481:
1477:
1473:
1469:
1464:
1463:
1454:
1450:
1446:
1444:
1440:
1436:
1432:
1428:
1419:
1410:
1406:
1404:
1400:
1396:
1392:
1388:
1384:
1379:
1375:
1371:
1367:
1363:
1359:
1355:
1351:
1348:
1337:
1327:
1322:
1318:
1313:
1304:
1303:
1296:
1287:
1280:
1276:
1273:
1270:
1268:
1263:
1260:
1259:
1256:
1251:
1248:
1246:
1241:
1238:
1235:
1229:
1225:
1222:
1219:
1218:
1215:
1210:
1205:
1200:
1196:
1191:
1186:
1183:
1181:
1177:
1174:
1171:
1169:
1165:
1162:
1155:
1148:
1143:
1139:
1135:
1129:
1126:
1125:
1122:
1118:
1115:
1110:
1107:
1105:
1100:
1095:
1091:
1088:
1083:
1078:
1074:
1071:
1069:
1064:
1060:
1057:
1056:TibĂş-Mercedes
1052:
1049:
1047:
1043:
1039:
1036:
1034:
1029:
1025:
1022:
1017:
1012:
1009:
1007:
1004:
1001:
995:
991:
988:
983:
978:
975:
973:
969:
964:
961:
960:
957:
954:
952:
947:
944:
942:
937:
932:
928:
925:
920:
917:
915:
912:
909:
903:
900:
899:
896:
891:
886:
883:
879:
873:
870:
865:
858:
850:
844:
840:
837:
832:
828:
823:
818:
815:
814:
810:
805:
802:
797:
793:
789:
783:
779:
776:
771:
766:
761:
756:
751:
745:
739:
738:Maastrichtian
735:
731:
727:
724:
717:
712:
708:
705:
700:
696:
693:
686:
679:
675:
668:
664:
661:
658:
657:
654:
644:
641:
638:
635:
632:
629:
626:
623:
621:
618:
616:
613:
612:
610:
607:
605:
601:
597:
589:
586:
584:
581:
579:
576:
574:
571:
569:
566:
564:
561:
559:
556:
555:
553:
546:
539:
476:
460:
448:
446:
442:
433:
430:
428:La Palma mine
427:
425:
422:
420:
417:
415:
412:
410:
407:
405:
402:
401:
399:
396:
394:
390:
387:
386:
381:
377:
373:
369:
361:
358:
356:
353:
351:
348:
346:
343:
341:
338:
336:
333:
331:
328:
326:
323:
321:
318:
316:
313:
312:
310:
308:
304:
300:
296:
292:
288:
284:
276:
269:
170:
154:
137:
133:
130:
126:
122:
121:Conquistadors
112:
110:
106:
95:
81:
79:
75:
70:
68:
64:
60:
56:
52:
47:
45:
41:
37:
33:
29:
21:
4415:
4403:
4363:
4342:Mogul Mughal
4247:
4240:Eastern Belt
4187:
4180:Western Belt
4052:
3903:
3893:
3883:
3877:Publications
3624:Lázaro Fonte
3368:
3324:
3314:
3286:
3257:
3248:Aquiminzaque
3216:
3206:
3129:
3002:Sacred sites
2937:Chiminigagua
2889:
2878:~1450 - 1540
2877:
2865:
2861:Early Muisca
2854:800 BC - 800
2853:
2838:
2823:
2819:Lake Herrera
2772:
2723:
2700:Tenza Valley
2695:Ocetá Páramo
2672:Suárez River
2601:Bogotá River
2517:
2497:
2376:Architecture
2301:(in Spanish)
2285:, retrieved
2280:
2276:
2258:, retrieved
2245:
2234:, retrieved
2230:0902806-38-6
2216:
2199:
2195:
2177:, retrieved
2164:
2153:, retrieved
2133:
2129:
2112:, retrieved
2092:
2086:
2059:
2049:, retrieved
2036:
2013:
1997:
1990:Bibliography
1977:. Retrieved
1973:the original
1968:
1959:
1950:
1940:
1932:the original
1927:
1918:
1899:
1893:
1860:
1856:
1824:. Retrieved
1820:the original
1798:
1775:
1766:
1751:
1740:. Retrieved
1736:the original
1703:
1694:
1665:. Retrieved
1661:the original
1554:Tena Emerald
1548:Fura Emerald
1530:Inca emperor
1522:in New York.
1489:
1472:paramilitary
1465:
1460:
1451:
1447:
1431:Cundinamarca
1424:
1407:
1374:hydrothermal
1344:
1331:
1323:for details.
1316:
1285:
1208:
1011:Chiquinquirá
940:
889:
764:
699:Chiquinquirá
608:
593:
550:
472:
451:Eastern belt
445:Muzo Airport
438:
434:Quipama mine
409:Coscuez mine
397:
383:
365:
283:Cundinamarca
280:
166:
145:Western belt
134:
118:
109:Minero River
101:
92:
71:
59:Cundinamarca
48:
26:
4354:Atocha Star
4081:Macanal Fm.
3962:Collections
3163:Pacanchique
3153:Goranchacha
3024:Moon Temple
2987:Chibafruime
2503:Muisca raft
2371:Agriculture
2202:: 222–259,
1492:Itoco River
1362:brecciation
1347:sedimentary
1319:. See the
1180:Valanginian
1142:Hauterivian
987:Aguardiente
919:La Frontera
895:La Frontera
636:La Estrella
633:El Diamante
615:Chivor mine
431:YacopĂ mine
51:departments
4360:La Lechuga
4071:Guavio Fm.
3895:El Carnero
3863:Uricoechea
3838:De Quesada
3618:Juan Tafur
3395:Neighbours
3354:Tisquesusa
3339:Meicuchuca
3019:Sun Temple
2992:Guahaioque
2977:Nencatacoa
2967:Chibchacum
2866:800 - 1200
2839:>800 BC
2758:Tequendama
2719:Prehistory
2649:Suba Hills
2416:Muysccubun
2287:2016-07-08
2260:2016-07-08
2236:2016-07-08
2179:2017-01-05
2155:2017-01-05
2114:2017-01-05
2064:INGEOMINAS
2051:2018-05-13
2045:INGEOMINAS
2002:INGEOMINAS
1979:2013-05-07
1826:2018-05-13
1742:2013-05-07
1667:2013-05-07
1640:References
1560:La Lechuga
1350:Cretaceous
1334:March 2014
1250:Los Medios
1228:Berriasian
1221:Rosablanca
1204:Rosablanca
1168:Rosablanca
1161:Las Juntas
1109:Trincheras
931:Cenomanian
885:Loma Gorda
630:Las Cruces
624:GualĂ mine
600:Las Juntas
368:Rosablanca
303:La Belleza
4297:Las Pavas
4255:Somondoco
3848:Schrimpff
3818:Langebaek
3813:Izquierdo
3758:Broadbent
3748:De Aguado
3349:Nemequene
3313:Southern
3205:Northern
3168:Thomagata
3158:Idacansás
3131:El Dorado
3115:Mythology
3069:Guatavita
2972:Cuchavira
2814:Aguazuque
2591:Altiplano
2543:Zipaquirá
2421:Mythology
2386:Astronomy
1885:0305-8719
1634:Somondoco
1618:Las Pavas
1468:guerrilla
1391:muscovite
1321:talk page
1128:Barremian
1121:La Naveta
1114:RĂo Negro
977:Churuvita
963:Pacho Fm.
946:La Corona
890:undefined
878:GĂĽagĂĽaquĂ
843:Coniacian
827:Cimarrona
817:Santonian
796:Campanian
788:Guadalupe
563:Somondoco
414:Las Pavas
404:Muzo mine
291:Santander
36:silicates
34:group of
4438:Category
4410:Category
4381:Emeralds
4265:Guateque
4139:Conquest
4011:Category
3808:Humboldt
3778:Duquesne
3730:Scholars
3373:Turmequé
3315:caciques
3277:Sugamuxi
3272:Nompanim
3233:HunzahĂşa
3207:caciques
2890:>2002
2835:Ceramic
2655:Wetlands
2636:Tunjuelo
2558:Sesquilé
2525:Zoratama
2498:Emeralds
2471:Specific
2443:Toponyms
2431:Religion
2426:Numerals
2391:Calendar
2184:Archived
2034:(2006),
2012:(2013),
1567:See also
1474:groups,
1387:dolomite
1267:Arcabuco
1190:Furatena
1104:El Peñón
1077:El Peñón
1042:La Palma
1016:Tibasosa
951:Simijaca
902:Turonian
869:Chipaque
831:La Tabla
730:El Cocuy
704:Arcabuco
662:Paleomap
639:El Perro
578:Guateque
389:Furatena
360:El Peñón
295:La Palma
40:Colombia
28:Emeralds
4364:unknown
4338:(75.47)
4330:Gachalá
4302:La Pita
4270:Macanal
4260:Gachalá
4230:Briceño
4205:Otanche
4200:QuĂpama
4107:History
4063:Geology
3905:EpĂtome
3885:ElegĂas
3823:De Lugo
3773:Correal
3483:Yarigui
3455:Guayupe
3445:Achagua
3417:Sutagao
3369:cacique
3299:Tundama
3287:cacique
3074:Iguaque
3057:FĂşquene
3049:Natural
2982:Chaquén
2962:Huitaca
2957:Bochica
2929:Deities
2849:Herrera
2808:Sáchica
2801:NemocĂłn
2794:Galindo
2741:El Abra
2710:History
2626:Teusacá
2548:NemocĂłn
2448:Warfare
2437:Society
2401:Economy
2396:Cuisine
2364:General
2138:Bibcode
2097:Bibcode
2088:Geology
1865:Bibcode
1622:La Pita
1439:Coscuez
1383:calcite
1370:orogeny
1368:during
1279:Sources
1214:Macanal
1185:Ritoque
1173:Ritoque
1154:Cáqueza
1087:FĂłmeque
1068:Capotes
1038:Capotes
1033:Tablazo
1028:Tablazo
956:Capacho
924:Otanche
914:Hondita
857:Villeta
836:La Luna
822:La Luna
801:CĂłrdoba
770:Guaduas
755:CĂłrdoba
716:Duitama
674:Guaduas
645:El Toro
642:La Mula
596:Macanal
583:Macanal
573:Almeida
568:Gachalá
419:La Pita
350:Briceño
335:QuĂpama
330:Otanche
307:Florián
299:TopaipĂ
293:, from
4417:Images
4326:(1384)
4320:(1521)
4249:Chivor
4220:YacopĂ
4195:MaripĂ
3909:(1889)
3899:(1638)
3889:(1589)
3858:Triana
3828:Ocampo
3803:Hammen
3793:Gamboa
3788:Friede
3783:Freyle
3753:Arango
3738:Acosta
3473:Panche
3359:Sagipa
3331:Bacatá
3264:Suamox
3238:Michuá
3095:Ubaque
3084:Suesca
3079:Siecha
3063:Guasca
2942:Bachué
2788:Checua
2768:Lithic
2746:TibitĂł
2621:Soacha
2488:Chicha
2354:Topics
2341:Muisca
2227:
2020:
1906:
1883:
1626:Chivor
1443:Chivor
1441:, and
1427:Boyacá
1403:albite
1399:quartz
1395:pyrite
1354:shales
1352:black
1272:Cumbre
1262:Tambor
1255:Guavio
1245:Cumbre
1240:Cumbre
1209:hiatus
1073:Socotá
1063:Aptian
1051:SimitĂ
1046:SimitĂ
994:Albian
941:hiatus
936:SimitĂ
864:Conejo
765:eroded
558:Chivor
545:Chivor
385:cacica
355:YacopĂ
340:MaripĂ
287:Boyacá
55:Boyacá
4348:Chalk
4332:(858)
4275:Ubalá
4225:Coper
4210:Pauna
3927:ICANH
3868:Zerda
3853:SimĂłn
3798:Groot
3768:Celis
3571:Minor
3530:Major
3450:Tegua
3427:Lache
3422:Guane
3259:iraca
3224:Hunza
3218:zaque
3123:Myths
3011:Built
2752:Sueva
2631:Torca
2611:Fucha
2553:Tausa
2519:Tunjo
2508:Ruana
2453:Women
2411:Music
2283:: 1–8
2281:XVIII
2273:(PDF)
2250:(PDF)
2221:(PDF)
2169:(PDF)
2126:(PDF)
2083:(PDF)
2041:(PDF)
1378:beryl
1358:Fault
1199:Murca
1195:Ăštica
972:Pacho
849:OlinĂ
809:OlinĂ
711:Tunja
678:VĂ©lez
588:Ubalá
345:Coper
325:Pauna
129:Spain
67:Andes
44:carat
32:beryl
4356:(25)
4350:(38)
4344:(62)
4189:Muzo
3952:UPTC
3478:Muzo
3412:U'wa
3326:zipa
3089:Tota
2947:ChĂa
2606:FrĂo
2513:Tejo
2493:Duit
2225:ISBN
2018:ISBN
1904:ISBN
1881:ISSN
1705:Time
1630:Muzo
1480:NSAs
1435:Muzo
1429:and
1147:Muzo
1099:Paja
1094:Paja
1082:Paja
1006:HilĂł
968:HilĂł
782:Umir
760:Seca
750:Umir
602:and
543:C –
443:and
378:and
376:Muzo
372:Paja
315:Muzo
305:and
297:and
275:Muzo
273:M –
125:Muzo
57:and
3371:of
3329:of
3289:of
3262:of
3221:of
2952:Sué
2381:Art
2204:doi
2146:doi
2105:doi
1873:doi
1861:155
1021:Une
982:Une
667:VMM
659:Age
53:of
4440::
2275:,
2200:LI
2198:,
2171:,
2144:,
2132:,
2128:,
2103:,
2093:27
2091:,
2085:,
2062:,
2043:,
2000:,
1967:.
1949:.
1926:.
1879:.
1871:.
1859:.
1847:^
1835:^
1807:^
1784:^
1714:^
1702:.
1676:^
1647:^
1632:,
1628:,
1624:,
1620:,
1437:,
1401:,
1397:,
1393:,
1389:,
1385:,
1356:.
1197:-
1075:-
1044:-
1040:-
970:-
829:-
606:.
598:,
447:.
395:.
374:,
370:,
4366:)
4362:(
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2888:(
2880:)
2876:(
2868:)
2864:(
2856:)
2852:(
2841:)
2837:(
2775:)
2771:(
2726:)
2722:(
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2206::
2148::
2140::
2134:7
2107::
2099::
1982:.
1953:.
1912:.
1887:.
1875::
1867::
1829:.
1760:.
1745:.
1688:.
1670:.
1532:.
1336:)
1332:(
713:-
701:-
676:-
474:C
168:M
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