575:
69:
44:
493:. This specialized structure allows the pathogen to penetrate the host cuticle and cell wall through the production of a penetration peg. After penetration, the pathogen produces infection vesicles which invaginate the cell membrane, and drain nutrients from the plant. Later in the pathogen's life cycle, when the host's infected fruit or foliar flesh dies, the pathogen switches to the saprophytic life cycle to feed off of the dead tissue.
520:
conditions necessary for disease propagation. Also, to insure a healthy crop to begin with, growers should propagate using only certified, disease-free stock. To prevent post-harvest storage rot, fruit are often subjected to hot water dips or wax coatings. While these methods have been shown to decrease disease incidence, they are not an efficacious solution for the prevention of post-harvest
323:. Browning of the chestnut burs at the blossom end may be a first sign in August. At harvest time, blackening of pointed end of the chestnut shell and kernel indicates infection. The extent of blackening can be variable. It can range from a barely visible black tip of the kernel to the whole nut being black. Parts of the nut kernel with no color change remain edible. Regardless of host,
307:, one of the most economically important hosts, as an example, fruit symptoms manifest late in the season as infected fruit ripens to maturity. At this point fruit develops large, sunken areas of decay that are dark brown to black in color. Occasional fruit cracking can also occur when linear necrotic lesions develop into deep cracks through the
551:
Both cultural and chemical practices need to work together to maintain a safe and practical spraying schedule for a grower. A forecasting system has been built using the humidity and temperature requirements for this pathogen. Using this system a grower can predict what sort of spraying schedule will
519:
spores are spread by rain splash, avoiding overhead irrigation can be helpful. If the operation is small enough the grower might want to consider an overhead covering to avoid rainfall all together. Pruning and thinning out of vegetative material can provide extra airflow, preventing high moisture
311:
that can extend down into the pulp of the fruit. Because symptoms remain unseen before ripening, plants that appear healthy upon picking can become quickly riddled with disease in storage or transport. Mango leaves exhibit symptoms as small, angular, brown/black lesions that enlarge as the disease
506:
is inactive during the dry season. Direct sunlight, extreme temperatures on either side of the optimum range, and low humidity can all cause spores to become inactive. These three factors can either be extreme enough to cause spore inactivation single-handedly, or work in concert to have the same
436:
The disease cycle is impacted by which form of the pathogen (teleomorph or anamorph) is on the host. This distinction affects how the pathogen overwinters or survives periods without a susceptible host. If the sexual stage (teleomorph) is present, the pathogen sexually reproduces to form
539:
can be applied at the beginning of the growth season to prevent infection. Frequently, once fruit have begun to grow, any further fungicide applications simply mask symptoms until post-harvest. During post-harvest treatment, harvested fruit are often coated with fungicides such as
912:
Pandey, Ashutosh, L. P. Yadava, Rupesh K. Mishra, Brajesh K. Pandey, Muthukumar M., and Ugam K. Chauhan. "STUDIES ON THE INCIDENT AND PATHOGENESIS OF COLLETOTRICHUM GLOEOSPORIOIDES PENZ. CAUSES ANTHRACNOSE OF MANGO." International
Journal of Science and Nature 3.2 (2012): 220-32.
453:. These conidia are disseminated by rain splash or wind onto new infection courts such as leaves, young fruit, or blossoms. Upon infection, the pathogen continues to produce conidia throughout the season resulting in a polycyclic disease cycle. Once the host plant starts to
484:
lifestyles. The pathogen prefers a living host, but once the host tissue dies, or the pathogen finds itself surviving in the soil without a host, it can switch to a saprophytic lifestyle and feed off of dead plant material. Under correct environmental conditions, if a
685:
Raj, Mithun; Hegde, Vinayaka; Jeeva, M. L.; Senthil, M.; Nath, Vishnu S.; Vidyadharan, Pravi; Archana, P. V. (2013-05-01). "Molecular diagnosis of
Colletotrichum gloeosporioides causing Anthracnose/Dieback disease in Greater Yam (Dioscorea alata L.)".
448:
Once environmental conditions are met (<95% humidity, 25–28 °C), the ascospores are ejected and infected plant tissue sporulates. Ascospores infect directly, while the infected plant tissue produces acervuli that produce masses of conidia on
423:
isolates sampled from across the broad host range shows enough genetic variation to suggest a need for more specific classification among this species. Work is being done to provide a modern classification system for what is being called the
445:. This provides genetic variation and the convenience of perithecia, which can act as a survival structure. If only the asexual stage (anamorph) is present, the pathogen must survive inside of infected plant tissue or on an alternate host.
501:
This pathogen grows best at 25–30 °C, a humidity >95%, and a pH of 5.8 to 6.5. Pathogenesis can occur at a temperature range as broad as 20–30 °C. Acervuli release spores only when an abundance of moisture is present, so
899:
Coates, Lindy, Tony Cooke, and Leif
Forsberg. "The Biology and Management of Colletotrichum Diseases in Production Nurseries." Nursery Production Plant Health & Biosecurity Project. Horticulture Australia, n.d. Web. 7 Dec.
379:
varies depending on the host species, but its major impact on some of the more economically important hosts makes the pathogen a huge concern for growers worldwide. For example, in
403:, cause up to 80% of plant loss in strawberry nurseries, and over 40% of yield loss in field. In just these two examples this pathogen is causing millions of dollars in losses.
296:
has sub-populations specific to each host. The symptoms can vary from host to host, but tend to manifest as water soaked, sunken spots on fruit that turn
515:
Control methods vary depending on the host, but there are some general cultural practices that can be very useful for managing this pathogen. Because
343:
spiking out in several directions. Under a compound microscope conidia appear ovoid in shape. On certain hosts the teleomorph of this pathogen (
312:
progresses. Again, these symptoms vary from host to host, but mangoes serve as a decent example for the general symptomatology of this pathogen.
1338:
1196:
1039:
17:
1235:
1389:
359:, this species can appear gray, orange, or pink in color, and will often exhibit concentric rings of growth radiating from the center.
601:
Sivapalan, A.; Metussin, Rosidah; Harndan, Fuziah; Zain, Rokiah Mohd (December 1998). "Fungi associated with postharvest fruit rots of
1325:
1170:
1135:
1013:
219:
215:
931:
415:
among hosts, this pathogen should be split into different species or at least different formal species designations.
1240:
675:
Greg Miller, Blossom End Rot of
Chestnut: A Small Problem Becomes a Big Problem, The Chestnut Grower, Winter 2017
731:"Identification of Colletotrichum spp. isolated from strawberry in Zhejiang Province and Shanghai City, China"
1409:
1065:
1414:
1404:
1399:
859:
Moraes, Sylvia Raquel Gomes; Tanaka, Francisco André Osama; Júnior, Massola; Sidnei, Nelson (2013-06-01).
68:
1366:
1317:
1250:
1162:
1080:
1005:
1227:
399:
1424:
1419:
1394:
849:: An anthracnose causing pathogen of fruits and vegetables. Biosci Biotechnol Res Asia 2015;12(2)
393:
1343:
1201:
1044:
942:
481:
163:
1263:
356:
327:
produces several signs useful for diagnosis. When observed under a dissecting microscope
8:
335:
conditions. These acervuli will appear orange to pinkish in color, due to the masses of
861:"Histopathology of Colletotrichum gloeosporioides on guava fruits (Psidium guajava L.)"
820:
787:
763:
730:
711:
642:
185:
63:
1299:
1258:
1144:
974:
882:
825:
768:
750:
703:
634:
626:
565:
877:
860:
715:
646:
548:
to further protect against storage rot, especially on fruit being shipped overseas.
1304:
979:
872:
815:
807:
758:
742:
695:
618:
288:
1149:
1290:
1088:
926:
699:
110:
1070:
477:
1312:
1157:
1120:
1000:
965:
532:
442:
364:
275:
251:
225:
140:
130:
1383:
886:
754:
707:
638:
630:
545:
416:
120:
829:
772:
580:
490:
473:
52:
746:
1222:
1183:
1129:
1093:
1026:
666:)" University of Hawaii at Manoa cooperative extension service. Aug. 2008
239:
and fruit rotting diseases on hundreds of economically important hosts.
1330:
1175:
1018:
461:) will sexually produce ascospores in perithecia to restart the cycle.
454:
380:
100:
1188:
1031:
1356:
1214:
1057:
987:
528:
438:
328:
308:
271:
80:
936:
811:
622:
331:
can often be spotted if the diseased tissue has recently been under
1351:
1284:
1209:
1114:
1052:
992:
959:
536:
450:
348:
336:
316:
297:
541:
259:
254:
range, causing anthracnose disease on a variety of crops such as
489:
conidium lands upon a susceptible host it will first produce an
231:. For most of this article the pathogen will be referred to as
214:
is a fungal plant pathogen, being the name of the sexual stage (
729:
Xie, Liu; Zhang, Jing-ze; Wan, Yao; Hu, Dong-wei (2010-01-05).
339:
being produced on the surface, and will have black, hair-like,
300:
as the disease progresses, and small dark lesions on leaves.__
283:
263:
255:
236:
90:
384:
352:
332:
304:
267:
43:
600:
340:
279:
235:
This pathogen is a significant problem worldwide, causing
527:
In terms of chemical control, broad spectrum, protectant
411:
Recent research suggests that, due to the variability of
858:
786:
Weir, B. S.; Johnston, P. R.; Damm, U. (2012-09-01).
218:) while the more commonly referred to asexual stage (
684:
570:
1381:
785:
688:Archives of Phytopathology and Plant Protection
282:. It has been observed as infecting harvested
728:
441:inside of asci, and subsequently packed into
42:
876:
819:
802:: complex species or species complexes?.
762:
367:if the required resources are available.
735:Journal of Zhejiang University Science B
594:
476:, meaning it lives part way between the
14:
1382:
457:, the teleomorph form of the disease (
319:, disease symptoms may also be called
941:
940:
908:
906:
242:
1367:ff930729-9187-47e8-8a6b-e617e375da45
1251:8392d8c8-a78d-4498-869b-983ad5f1ece0
1081:0c48596e-52be-4ac7-943f-fb3054c58490
841:
839:
662:Nelson, C. Scot "Mango Anthracnose (
658:
656:
1390:Fungal plant pathogens and diseases
179:(Stoneman) Spauld. & H. Schrenk
24:
903:
865:Revista Brasileira de Fruticultura
25:
1436:
920:
836:
653:
406:
573:
431:
200:Glomerella rufomaculans-vaccinii
67:
878:10.1590/S0100-29452013000200039
464:
1136:Colletotrichum gloeosporioides
1106:Colletotrichum gloeosporioides
893:
852:
847:Colletotrichum gloeosporioides
790:Colletotrichum gloeosporioides
779:
722:
678:
669:
664:Colletotrichum gloeosporioides
552:be most useful for containing
496:
195:Colletotrichum gloeosporioides
57:Colletotrichum gloeosporioides
18:Colletotrichum gloeosporioides
13:
1:
587:
510:
370:
700:10.1080/03235408.2012.755336
611:Australasian Plant Pathology
292:. Some studies suggest that
7:
559:
10:
1441:
363:can also be identified by
51:Symptoms of bitter rot on
1274:
1104:
949:
845:Sharma M, Kulshrestha S.
191:
184:
169:
162:
64:Scientific classification
62:
50:
41:
34:
932:USDA ARS Fungal Database
400:Colletotrichum fragariae
609:in Brunei Darussalam".
394:Colletotrichum acutatum
375:The economic impact of
250:has an extremely broad
1276:Gnomoniopsis cingulata
747:10.1631/jzus.B0900174
357:potato dextrose media
55:caused by the fungus
1410:Papaya tree diseases
951:Glomerella cingulata
355:. When cultured on
211:Glomerella cingulata
173:Glomerella cingulata
36:Glomerella cingulata
1415:Fruit tree diseases
1405:Mango tree diseases
1400:Apple tree diseases
796:Studies in Mycology
347:) readily produces
233:C. gloeosporioides.
554:C. gloeosporioides
522:C. gloeosporioides
517:C. gloeosporioides
504:C. gloeosporioides
487:C. gloeosporioides
470:C. gloeosporioides
426:C. gloeosporioides
421:C. gloeosporioides
413:C. gloeosporioides
389:C. gloeosporioides
377:C. gloeosporioides
361:C. gloeosporioides
325:C. gloeosporioides
294:C. gloeosporioides
248:C. gloeosporioides
243:Hosts and symptoms
1377:
1376:
1259:Open Tree of Life
943:Taxon identifiers
566:Pecan anthracnose
207:
206:
155:G. cingulata
53:California laurel
27:Species of fungus
16:(Redirected from
1432:
1370:
1369:
1360:
1359:
1347:
1346:
1334:
1333:
1321:
1320:
1308:
1307:
1295:
1294:
1293:
1267:
1266:
1254:
1253:
1244:
1243:
1231:
1230:
1218:
1217:
1205:
1204:
1192:
1191:
1179:
1178:
1166:
1165:
1153:
1152:
1140:
1139:
1138:
1125:
1124:
1123:
1097:
1096:
1084:
1083:
1074:
1073:
1071:NHMSYS0001483019
1061:
1060:
1048:
1047:
1035:
1034:
1022:
1021:
1009:
1008:
996:
995:
983:
982:
970:
969:
968:
938:
937:
914:
910:
901:
897:
891:
890:
880:
856:
850:
843:
834:
833:
823:
792:species complex"
783:
777:
776:
766:
726:
720:
719:
682:
676:
673:
667:
660:
651:
650:
603:Durio graveolens
598:
583:
578:
577:
576:
289:Durio graveolens
175:
72:
71:
46:
32:
31:
21:
1440:
1439:
1435:
1434:
1433:
1431:
1430:
1429:
1380:
1379:
1378:
1373:
1365:
1363:
1355:
1350:
1342:
1337:
1329:
1324:
1316:
1311:
1303:
1298:
1289:
1288:
1283:
1270:
1262:
1257:
1249:
1247:
1239:
1234:
1226:
1221:
1213:
1208:
1200:
1195:
1187:
1182:
1174:
1169:
1161:
1156:
1148:
1143:
1134:
1133:
1128:
1119:
1118:
1113:
1100:
1092:
1089:Observation.org
1087:
1079:
1077:
1069:
1064:
1056:
1051:
1043:
1038:
1030:
1025:
1017:
1012:
1004:
999:
991:
986:
978:
973:
964:
963:
958:
945:
923:
918:
917:
911:
904:
898:
894:
857:
853:
844:
837:
812:10.3114/sim0011
784:
780:
727:
723:
683:
679:
674:
670:
661:
654:
623:10.1071/AP98033
599:
595:
590:
579:
574:
572:
562:
513:
499:
467:
434:
409:
373:
321:blossom end rot
286:of the species
276:perennial crops
245:
228:gloeosporioides
180:
177:
171:
158:
111:Sordariomycetes
66:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1438:
1428:
1427:
1425:Fungus species
1422:
1420:Colletotrichum
1417:
1412:
1407:
1402:
1397:
1395:Mycoherbicides
1392:
1375:
1374:
1372:
1371:
1361:
1348:
1335:
1322:
1309:
1296:
1280:
1278:
1272:
1271:
1269:
1268:
1255:
1245:
1232:
1219:
1206:
1193:
1180:
1167:
1154:
1141:
1126:
1110:
1108:
1102:
1101:
1099:
1098:
1085:
1075:
1062:
1049:
1036:
1023:
1010:
997:
984:
971:
955:
953:
947:
946:
935:
934:
929:
927:Index Fungorum
922:
921:External links
919:
916:
915:
902:
892:
871:(2): 657–664.
851:
835:
806:(1): 115–180.
800:Colletotrichum
778:
721:
694:(8): 927–936.
677:
668:
652:
617:(4): 274–277.
592:
591:
589:
586:
585:
584:
569:
568:
561:
558:
546:benzimidazoles
533:chlorothalinil
512:
509:
498:
495:
466:
463:
433:
430:
408:
407:Classification
405:
372:
369:
244:
241:
226:Colletotrichum
205:
204:
203:
202:
197:
189:
188:
182:
181:
178:
167:
166:
160:
159:
152:
150:
146:
145:
142:Colletotrichum
138:
134:
133:
131:Glomerellaceae
128:
124:
123:
118:
114:
113:
108:
104:
103:
98:
94:
93:
88:
84:
83:
78:
74:
73:
60:
59:
48:
47:
39:
38:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1437:
1426:
1423:
1421:
1418:
1416:
1413:
1411:
1408:
1406:
1403:
1401:
1398:
1396:
1393:
1391:
1388:
1387:
1385:
1368:
1362:
1358:
1353:
1349:
1345:
1340:
1336:
1332:
1327:
1323:
1319:
1314:
1310:
1306:
1301:
1297:
1292:
1286:
1282:
1281:
1279:
1277:
1273:
1265:
1260:
1256:
1252:
1246:
1242:
1237:
1233:
1229:
1224:
1220:
1216:
1211:
1207:
1203:
1198:
1194:
1190:
1185:
1181:
1177:
1172:
1168:
1164:
1159:
1155:
1151:
1146:
1142:
1137:
1131:
1127:
1122:
1116:
1112:
1111:
1109:
1107:
1103:
1095:
1090:
1086:
1082:
1076:
1072:
1067:
1063:
1059:
1054:
1050:
1046:
1041:
1037:
1033:
1028:
1024:
1020:
1015:
1011:
1007:
1002:
998:
994:
989:
985:
981:
976:
972:
967:
961:
957:
956:
954:
952:
948:
944:
939:
933:
930:
928:
925:
924:
909:
907:
896:
888:
884:
879:
874:
870:
866:
862:
855:
848:
842:
840:
831:
827:
822:
817:
813:
809:
805:
801:
797:
793:
791:
782:
774:
770:
765:
760:
756:
752:
748:
744:
740:
736:
732:
725:
717:
713:
709:
705:
701:
697:
693:
689:
681:
672:
665:
659:
657:
648:
644:
640:
636:
632:
628:
624:
620:
616:
612:
608:
607:D. kutejensis
604:
597:
593:
582:
571:
567:
564:
563:
557:
555:
549:
547:
543:
538:
534:
530:
525:
523:
518:
508:
505:
494:
492:
488:
483:
479:
475:
471:
462:
460:
456:
452:
451:conidiophores
446:
444:
440:
432:Disease cycle
429:
427:
422:
418:
414:
404:
402:
401:
396:
395:
391:, along with
390:
386:
382:
378:
368:
366:
362:
358:
354:
350:
346:
342:
338:
334:
330:
326:
322:
318:
313:
310:
306:
301:
299:
295:
291:
290:
285:
281:
277:
273:
269:
265:
261:
257:
253:
249:
240:
238:
234:
230:
229:
227:
221:
217:
213:
212:
201:
198:
196:
193:
192:
190:
187:
183:
176:
174:
168:
165:
164:Binomial name
161:
157:
156:
151:
148:
147:
144:
143:
139:
136:
135:
132:
129:
126:
125:
122:
121:Glomerellales
119:
116:
115:
112:
109:
106:
105:
102:
99:
96:
95:
92:
89:
86:
85:
82:
79:
76:
75:
70:
65:
61:
58:
54:
49:
45:
40:
37:
33:
30:
19:
1275:
1105:
950:
895:
868:
864:
854:
846:
803:
799:
795:
789:
781:
741:(1): 61–70.
738:
734:
724:
691:
687:
680:
671:
663:
614:
610:
606:
602:
596:
581:Fungi portal
553:
550:
526:
521:
516:
514:
503:
500:
491:appressorium
486:
474:hemibiotroph
469:
468:
465:Pathogenesis
459:G. cingulata
458:
447:
435:
425:
420:
419:analysis of
417:Phylogenetic
412:
410:
398:
392:
388:
383:produced in
381:strawberries
376:
374:
360:
345:G. cingulata
344:
324:
320:
314:
302:
293:
287:
247:
246:
232:
224:
223:
222:) is called
210:
209:
208:
199:
194:
172:
170:
154:
153:
141:
56:
35:
29:
1223:NatureServe
1184:iNaturalist
1130:Wikispecies
1027:iNaturalist
524:infection.
497:Environment
482:saprophytic
333:sporulating
237:anthracnose
1384:Categories
588:References
529:fungicides
511:Management
478:biotrophic
443:perithecia
439:ascospores
428:complex".
371:Importance
349:perithecia
272:vegetables
216:teleomorph
101:Ascomycota
97:Division:
1291:Q59511597
1228:2.1157019
887:0100-2945
755:1673-1581
708:0323-5408
639:204773204
631:1448-6032
317:chestnuts
309:epidermis
149:Species:
87:Kingdom:
81:Eukaryota
1352:MycoBank
1344:10952340
1313:Fungorum
1285:Wikidata
1210:MycoBank
1202:11315461
1158:Fungorum
1121:Q3683010
1115:Wikidata
1053:MycoBank
1045:10386578
1001:Fungorum
966:Q3772404
960:Wikidata
830:23136459
773:20043353
716:86452965
647:37024997
560:See also
537:mancozeb
531:such as
507:effect.
351:full of
329:acervuli
298:necrotic
220:anamorph
186:Synonyms
127:Family:
77:Domain:
1331:5253613
1176:2569005
1019:5253592
821:3458417
764:2801091
542:phenols
455:senesce
337:conidia
305:mangoes
264:legumes
260:grasses
256:cereals
137:Genus:
117:Order:
107:Class:
1364:NZOR:
1357:207076
1318:207076
1264:192930
1248:NZOR:
1241:474922
1215:158410
1189:961820
1163:158410
1078:NZOR:
1058:245491
1032:328164
1006:245491
993:GLOMCI
913:Print.
885:
828:
818:
771:
761:
753:
714:
706:
645:
637:
629:
397:, and
303:Using
284:durian
278:, and
268:fruits
1339:IRMNG
1305:3GNCH
1197:IRMNG
1094:28234
1040:IRMNG
980:3GCJP
900:2016.
788:"The
712:S2CID
643:S2CID
472:is a
385:China
341:setae
280:trees
91:Fungi
1326:GBIF
1236:NCBI
1171:GBIF
1150:X3WS
1014:GBIF
988:EPPO
883:ISSN
826:PMID
769:PMID
751:ISSN
704:ISSN
635:OCLC
627:ISSN
605:and
480:and
353:asci
258:and
252:host
1300:CoL
1145:CoL
1066:NBN
975:CoL
873:doi
816:PMC
808:doi
759:PMC
743:doi
696:doi
619:doi
544:or
535:or
365:PCR
315:In
1386::
1354::
1341::
1328::
1315::
1302::
1287::
1261::
1238::
1225::
1212::
1199::
1186::
1173::
1160::
1147::
1132::
1117::
1091::
1068::
1055::
1042::
1029::
1016::
1003::
990::
977::
962::
905:^
881:.
869:35
867:.
863:.
838:^
824:.
814:.
804:73
798:.
794:.
767:.
757:.
749:.
739:11
737:.
733:.
710:.
702:.
692:46
690:.
655:^
641:.
633:.
625:.
615:27
613:.
556:.
387:,
274:,
270:,
266:,
262:,
889:.
875::
832:.
810::
775:.
745::
718:.
698::
649:.
621::
424:"
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
